@electronicghodrat

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BASIC ELECTRICAL MACHINES
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3) Direct Current
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= 1000(2) = 2000 A-turns
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= 18 in.
NI :iu
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= 200 A-turnvlE in.
= lll.ll A-turndin.
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9
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: lffi(2) = 2(XI) A
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( f -r) .-!llrs [rg,+gt;.vlrt t',r1.:r l, ,* l-p J* 't t ) f
l=5cm*l0cm*Scnr*l0cm 'r.lrT9*r
= 30cm
1 = lO(0.01) = 0.3 m
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of
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1) Reluctance 2) Resistatrce 3) Copl.rer l'/i re

4 ) Resistivity f) Conauctivity
I
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rft-, t' nLlt,r. olL rTLi'iJ.:.r.1, F-L.= osL ;(- ^"*trL x . r,. .r.-*L;
ooL c:JL. fl ,et* MMF sd ,!s '-21.,.*, . rr, .t.oly; ,T.r" - U& I
, fl,JrJL r *"1s.o19- r1,-.y orL gT.rJ tSF.,- ,V urf ..-ol .r. , $1, S,
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. J r^^.,,r. 6L!j Ii :.#!
: r*rt" ( nnc ) r-",
l,,o= 3.19 x ,o-tkilolincs/in2

A-turns/in.
T
Ft4 = 4tt x t0-?A/m
c*l |tb d+Lt x *-i l.

,r*b s.rr ,r**tl;Lf slr. ^"* t*L a dr_
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f, (l - q) "Llr. ((r).r--Ul*es 2on ,lr. t- rro) -ull* .r:*b .r-r, tt tl
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"rb --tL;ir.f -; i
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slope:rL=
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' (';'.S'JL I )s.rrTi:p \ (r - ,1) ^L1.,;l ola. ! B 'u;L '1
1) Permability 2)Non Ferromagnetic ;;)€

\J ,r-*t t-"" .s b.l l.r. L .t |;: T
a
t ,s*Ll), eri :.,.U I ,9m
Ol.r=.r
)A ,Jq i6:ss )F
c
o
o
I
n-
Field lntenrity, H
..et>,lp) r-Ll:;,,lf .# tty<glx H pt B olr** l1-f Jg

( "' t'9" lh
I 1 nuc Ft+i- )l
Examplc I-S (English) -O Jb.
30 A-rurnVin. ,1, ( H ) .-+U; \r-t; lro tl tt,SlaLi-'.. rs
ulJi..
.^Li-**1,," (.rtr,JlS-) g "**L-".+9JL $L,*'
',
r)-
"L1., ) .al p= lro lroal- t*lr*.: (f -t) "ttlrrt

'-"S*or[i:-l :li.J.(t-rr,a
B=tuH
= 3'le x lo-3ffi#(30 A-turns/in')
= 95.7lincs/in2
Eramplc I4 (SI) :( SI F^'^+.,) t -P Jtr"

9fi)Aim ,Lr1 E ) .t-tL"".-,1-\:..r rJ--u,.ll5 )l .xqglcLi.." rs
. atr-" ,-*lri (.lb JlS-) g 0...- l-" .>-tlL , J'!l+*"'
,J-
.Ll.r) 't-l tt = ,u)lr..Sl, fnlr'.. : o.lb-l (t - 1) .l*L.il
'-td- : tsJ , (r _,r, u
g = lall
: 4r x l0 '*1900 A/m)
= 0.113 v. l0-2 T
6lt ',ri t Cl-" t9
"5'pl
Examplc I-7 (En1tish) l('nnC' f!+-) f -y Jt
200 000 lines JsLrL: , errylf C.r.CL-n'l*;L.sl^Li-..rr
. obi^. url'.lr Il rr-[-. ... .}lL , .r:t t'
:JL-
I *.rr7,e c,-s-l.r B rorf oslr-.1(t -f a ) &1, 1l l.;'l
n=9A
= 200,000 lines/4 in2
= 50,000 lineVin2 = Je kilolirrcVinl
B = F^tH
.
sis ori*. *rJnr- J L
n=Lp
$ kilollnlrd=t=n',, -
- - 15,670 A-turnvin.
-3.le x lo-'!i!g!ilgvi#
A-turns/rn.
Ematfu r.t (St, :1 sr 1.:.'*. )r-r Jti"

,0.002wb J.rL rb C:" * o/t $* cL * lp )l x .eloLi'.. r"r
" H c--t-.u-='lL $t*.
o<
.^LJ,^..r*1.1
P, . :-l :../\
:J-
:1.*.5"..-l-- l, 6 .roJf os[i;-l (r-r b ,1 &l;;l 1,.!t
6
B=T
p=o'QLm = 0.02 Wb/m 2 = 0.02 T
0. I
g=poH
'f
a=!-
kt
: ...rS ,14.. oJX-, J L
o.o2 T
4r x lo-?l
A/m
= 15.9 x l0r A/m = 15,9fi) A/m
IY ,--tL; ,.gbrl". lt
-Ur
: $-$Un# rlr" :r H, B cr*.,Li -11t .L+l.l t - f
1.2 NONUNEAN EFFECTS OF FERNOMAG'YET'C NAIER/,ALS
J- rr*l"r.rlSlr .f*tbrl .r..o .rl-r",-Lti Lr*-tL;6b.rl* tr olS.,o
.f-tt*..sbrl.. tt ol5,r" Ll . s.ltoo" o"L 2l*, $ aUU"oy4?9;tt&l-. crl
. .r9^!.*n J-.a...-i c5,l $ r21t;t elf | r Jq.a-i J2 f ,g:* Li. fy .l 19" ,-1. b
io ,t
" ,l, -t,
"X
.l9..lso5,-J;l.l c.-9' +!. -st**.J,r*b s-lr,r**tL; tf .rl:. A:J[r- l;"j
. -r.;4... l.ri -,1;.oK ^+l-La.r[t "hl2j c:'i; . +t- "ri.lyl B fl .r*tLn rl
MIvIF '-rr'
lf oili."rt. a+25 t . s,l
\ Jq?l clL
;t-tla+J-i
(.
!r r J.J .t"l ,-rl
t )" y{T .,-'lf ' L,o *? .*'f gl*":r:#! tl :.r* 1*H )u,
e2.,o+l ,;J .." lls .rol.;; lt j"fu,? l oT g u'JL, ,b (H
^*Jrl "a*l;s
l.Jf*
,.r so' ,-rf ,rl"rg*;g -;-?o:J Jb. .5- t:;ffS#
o&,' 9. yl rJlJ c',J.(*, Olil*. l"*l.ls . srlJ J9>9 ,;t- ,Jyyl ,(- uptt*l
iL. )lxr-ry9;l 6.rlSj.o ' t5*Lr*s'r9; c;l.x Jb .sL4 ;sl:.^,.*t
:*,-ryil url&l ,s , J9- r-blr;.Jl$'ljl ;t; 6&, olyl*. ,$.rlr r*r;f
fr< c52r6 olil*" -Sl ^r*Jl ($**tb:y ^'' .o ,-li. '.k,r) .>l o+sf 6lr- |
iL. -ls l* 4tSl- arlqob , .tu;J ll.16 r.ryfl ,:r" osr,;l"i et* 3 .sr9t* rLl.i
5ri u-o t'l .,ir* (.r-$h:y ^"...Jt ,!:.
.- .ro) -\.j; J.lrt ;t* Jtt.9L-.E,r
6frL oljo"* rb JtL t- rt,l . p*;S st*jlr H )\trtxel;lcrJL-,,.,*+Ui"
q9[A+'"".6 al,r, l.r H *-r B .-l.poi u#*;. (f -O) 'll: ,,i:iti.olr-
"Llil
g;th#j-l' L B-H ..5q.-i-.j" ,la.;';" crlo" . ri.r:i. ,b Jrl* .f*tb rl
(r);"r4,J+tL;
tf rly sl-, B-H g;LFi-i.oS.-lc-1, . .rr,5o. .r)Jrl
. Jy Jilr;u Ol t .iJ:;." .r*+l;;
J*fu ;Li q--L ^- .il B-H # 5 C'.-1.* t. (l - A) Jg.r br. L

,.-> | o*r.j
1) Saturation 2) Core 3) Magnetiz ing-Curve

.stdJL ."L lA
"S;SJI
a
j
,=
c
o,
o
x
t
tt ,#LUt ols*o <>*7:.,ii ( )t^.
.rb ,j& i,st* )t4
Field lntensitY, H
,#LLi. tf a.r[ 4 ,];uF,-tL+ 6io.:. l1 - 6 Jg

" I orLl a.-L :..!\jl
. .:,11, roolp B :l r!*l.;-il . H .rLltl l* o*-L o-l ,c

'rLi
.T o,rL; o..-l- lV
" )9.r.o
I'f*# T o.lka*-L J,llr I ork o.--L;l H F*, tt
( t )',rr^r. "Ll;rl
^"...A O-r'l; et+l or-1, ol2J . r;:*l tittf- B-H ^;:! a{ on-1, ol
. sr,:,*. 2S.f
.y orLl c.--L ]C
' H ,Llill- ts \*'L a'>f t'- 'lo* el+l " )LS o+'-r'a'-L t"l'r"
(r).r;^r-'r
")!rr,
(r )
urr+ r,sl; l"r B-H rff t":i;ili;,;
"*
i,...'-.sl,r'(l -Y) J5-ro$ rJ ( ENG )r-,*..slrr(l -r)r;*
g*lo+Jf ri ( SI )
I ) Knee 2) Cast-Iron 3) Cast-Steel

Lr*#tLi. tsb.llt" t-, .rrbT
120
llo
r00
c
90
T
.g
o 80
.=
g 70
a
60
'a
co 50
o
x 40
!
tl'
30
Ar.
Td
-b
:ll
70 90 110 130', 150 170 .t90 zto 230
OlUi" Of.qo e-U
Field lntensity, H(A-turns/in.l
---F-i- JJ oJ? t rgfa:;r) r Af csl, cf sy" c,*tCi. ,r:o.." I 1 - 2 <Jg

NG
r.8
t.
t
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
E 1.1
a
t
tc
1.
{,
o
x 0.8
:
tr
o
d"
n
{l1
o0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0,1
0 5 6 7 I ,g 10
Fieldlntensity, H(kA/ml g4Ut O/.;'oo co*i;
SI '":"t" )r O:* t 5iflo:;rs tASs cSl.r, ag!.sg; u*Lbn (# II

- y Jg
',riL ..,;l.,, To
"$,FJl.el*
ExanPh I'9 (English) :1 ENG eJ.".t-) l-1J13"
CLI oJgr gs> 1l t "."ur:- , r.:>l et* (f -,f ) JS r;lt' s5l^'''*
.+lt! .p
-lrs ( B ) ,b JtS+c-l-. - rrlL.,.;>l JS r.l"1 $s"
I = 3in. * 1.5 in. + 3 in. + 1.5 in. :Jt-

=9in.
H =Y! . ,.*2lr (t - ra ) "L'lr,t

270(41
- 9
= lJo A-turns/in.
t - A .)g
- l rJb +LY.r. 4:'^'o' |
B -l os9< p9L H l++lr" .F"5"" ostju;l (l -i) 'l5l ,.r B-H ,rr^'";l
B.aS Fi##" Jt-+lt. . ("rr+.sl.r B-H ,Jrhn) 1*.-
lt;a .5;# cls tl ls
irl;*.-:.Sro5 F?r""trh t-,;rlr-r . J9- ttl:-49Kilolines/:rrr? oJsl'"
.rJ asti-l (t - t) &b.;l
Exanph t.I0 (SI) :1 sI f*.,#) t - lo Jl3"

eLrosgr gsq;l c-.oLr-"..;:-a,lGs* (f -t) JS.9*lt' r.tlc.'r
. 4'.. ..a Crl lr ( B ) rb,Jt+o.o-L..:*r9Jb . c>le.;l9d.ro*.J5.rroT etji.
I'l .J-+tL; ab;l-t t., *bT
I - t " ,Jb +Ly.* d:.-a i 1

- 1 JSt
/:4cnt*2cm+4cm*2cm
= 12 cm
= 12(0.01) = 0.12 m
' ls (1 f b )
f4) - "J"'l'
't
tt =Y
'
ut :240(2).
o.lz
= 4000 A/m = 4 kA/m
l) B . H tpls L e osJ o"tu-l (1 - v) JS- .rr B-H ,s:*" jl JL

l-.i,|.r" 6.rJ c-9; . J5v rnlr- )b o/yl J"t B fr5# "li.-)L C.,-lF*.
. Jy J.o t* ;LrK (t
- 1) ALlr,,5't
1.2,1 lfitfrorlllrtt lr"*1rt-+a I

-Y - t
o.r-oL;L ..r-*r!Ln ry .lly.r.r aS JL
s f<:V gl-oor*+ jl .Ss.r!
,J;-..:.n jl .--l i* o-r** cxl ,1"- cal; s .lr.n),-::...^;.o os*+ oLo sr"li,,"o
,.=,* .f-tLi" ry
a.:..i Jrr ai f-5". e.f ,.j:iJS .5-S (l
- I ") .-l*, .;tt. B-H
.5!i5Jl ,"el( '* i t Cb TT
,f"1" ( H MIIF .i*lil l*. *5 s* r:V* OTjlr.ut'o.r.l; or.{ uft

"Llil)
(r - l. JS' lr Y b I ^Lii) J-t' elr,'o la:*o d+l b "tl** B -:.lb
"l*lll;"-
H r MIIF es*|.r" F-L.r tu o- lrTs Fir reo5 l, 66 f.;* o[r* f I JL
. (l
- t..-l*,.rry L ^l.3!) s,3.rolry.r* B uf^*r"..
y ,rJ9
I t'',1-7 u "2\
8r.,
Raidurl
Magnetism
ez) )3.,* 63JD t ,-f -r" #LbA (p. 1

- | o cJl.;l
.f"tL; c-*,-b Gl . \j-(,+.li- l.l .-pb ^"..-.r! yosL ,-21-.rt
".t- .,**tl;i"
. .u ti... t }}L;
t .uL- l, ^'i ./0 .,,s o.r.r ,l++
,*L--rr) rq+.6rrLtit ItTo-,--l -t;;il;;-;-f' J;
, (,srj. H ) ,J"r" .f-tb Ol** l:-r.j; . r^:; r-6lf -p B e)te41 ,s (,rs-.
.,s.oLosJ,rU Gy.r t* COat"iVe cSS-t* lt B OJf. y ,-t > jto, .r-1.
.rof9- ebln:*o o.2l*9J , .ra;S .,.r; rl;.* u\.r.Sl . (l
- t o .-1ft,2s f ^Lt:;
(t - I o J3 2r laL',L:) ,r'*l9a"J9las:r\-ilb" B +r\ t>)t.'irl ,.r . $
,J+ a*L cr+i. " IJJ-.. lrTl f*rlt* Ji.. lrol*rta.2!9.1 fl JL
1) Residual-Magnetism 2) Coercive-Force
YT u".#tLi. g[b.rl.r" l- ,.rrLuT
. f .Y . Ytlii ,-bs:l d"LL ^"*- ciJ- . r.j; .\olrdJa#J:l .rrr.r. a- 2 aLii; rs .

/.,-
,rsrsP B ol5loaslrovr, d;l r .r.-lan (l)..-ir-*rAiLrJ tr tf tg r ,*j.
. .r.,e Lo" rFjJp --$ o.!* .* l, $ .ro tr^,
,*y$
. oS .:.1ls a--g .r;t+
,.rluJti:" B-H .,i+.j. .-Lo:;* f.n q c..r*; ,*rjji*rn îl- :.jJl
'rof9'- -Ht q Lyr -8, e29"o-olrs -r.i! Ht qLy:. nf .51;ocL.:;l*,,
' J9r
,ststl B ,l"i tr tt't* ( H) ,f-ttii. ol"* .:$,s|,* i:
'Je
t* 9 p-*.o H $*lylcLr.
.,s l*TaS orl; gTa-,f*, rt.* ,ul 9 .uT rol-l; (b&
. drT..,i.-o K al_r.
,s
l*,'' .rd l*.5*-tl:.i,..l*olr,J**ttr; j; osL iS- otsra .g
t'.01,
(r);-e.1,-,--tL;
".ll5*
4 ol. ooL gT,-r"l..rl;osL oTort f rf-.*rrtt /.-_.1
+lt ,s*"tb.:.1s olL .syi.rs rJ.rs H J B f*^lr*.1 fl;,o.lL .:;Lr. ,.-f ( I
. s.r*Srli ,J-e.t' 4 or.r.
eriost..!r, (r*fL..,b Jq) ( Bmax ) ,b JtS"Ft- . "4l.l;,-lS*
"
.rb Jl$ Fl* t c-slf c+.rJ.i*lil t. .sL* c:rlr c:.rr ;l .s*b .,**tLr"
*l.ff :ii;.:lli 6
"J-*t' +l*-+1-^*,'t 5(e f la--L qLyrrb Jt$)
. rnr#.
'ii-r;l l, c9+ .-"tt* ,; s,r. l; ooL ( (f )or-f ^LL a{ ?yy) ,si*.
. rr, .,nlr e
bt ;t r'rfrrj"'^ril ;ts- 6i;i"- ste. .-o
.f-tl;i" -r;fJl.sk+lSir,* s.r" 1,, ^.: *i!ojlullorf osb;.llorl, JtS".i)L;t1rl jl

.. :(o" ,$y ,r.* ls gser ,s,l r).sUb . ...1*
,flp
n-:npbl-Il(Enrtish) :1ENG Fi.-,.,) f _llJtJ"
Jsl--" ( f max ) .srL, f..tL ,,3s* 6-:i{-o J-* rr -orr--*"
ol.9|..;x t...+-" &" Ct- o..o*l^. ,.. -l-[L . f*)rT rf y 350,000lines
1) Hysteresis-Loop 2) Demagneti zLng

3) Magneti z ation-Cyc Ie 4) Curie-Point
6tt '* " t Cl* Yf
"Sj;SJl
:fr .ry
. "r-1., 50 kilotinedin2 ,b ,JlSa ;51* tt ora.ilu-o",-i2 :.iJl
\ lm kilolincr/in' ,V,tJt+ iSl- L uftb.,.r ")lr' 6:-n ..,;2 I r.-
. r.lL
.&
:Frl.t(l-ya) oLl; jl : .iJl
d--
l,Dmtt =--
^
Adn
^ dt-
A-io = *
Iln.t
^ 350 kilolimr - . ,
n66-soEoriffii;f =7m' : l-iJ
^ fu.t
^*=Dr
350 kilolincs
-- 100 kilolineVin2
= 3.5 in2
Etn ph I-12 (SI) llsr |.**-) t-tTJll"

re o /o oYA J "L- (Q max ) arl, f*f t ,tt* cl--o'l* 2s 1."r lr^*'
:fl . a.:-a crrlr.sl; ;.o; &* Ct- o.*L. .-"-JL ' f*)tT sf y
. $ly \L.: o /L )V JlS" iSl* I'o"+ jl ^;'ou,r? :*iJl
. $L )rt* /? )V,,JK" Fl.- L d;fa:"r.r
")lt a:nne"-'- (v)
1
:
: Jt-
,r*.=* I r*rl. (t - T b ) oLlr)l :: (,.!l)
n-"-ff ,' 3.5 x l0-r wb x l0-t mr .tu

0.8 T
- 4.375
A.h -* =U+sI& =2.tt7s x lo-3m2 '(=)

T6 ,J".*t t r" cS b.r l.r" tt ,-,.
[l T
t.g nA6,NEfrC g1nCUIfS : s.+bbn ,.9lo2l.r.o I - r

rtJ". J" s)lrt u- ,#L;6brl."
1., 1l ost Jti. q.;;' ..,"1.rr
J l*" " )19,.r. . 1.t; l"* o lo, \5 J ..r-o ,.9 UU. li l) brlt -fi I f.o li" ;':-"t ,
. -u;|,q" e.f- e* rr a{ lr u*}L; L9brl."
Jrt .i*:b :.ijl

I
, .r*T rl-.lt ,J, LJI* rb ,T.lr l+.alr^t f | ' ..>l r:+y"t*rtl-:inrl'u'(*"

. f*SlTr3. r::-! 1., ;l=t s.lf" MMF
,et* o[r n o ItA,. oS' "', + .sr,F;SJl.glarl'u ovLuJl9 L' o;S;*l

. J9a ralf gmt' t- .,!FJI6SJ-. Gs.t* oL" Jl*" Jn-"1 rt'Lt brlt" cxlil
.,i+,,.:*l osL ;t**,rlrSJlqgtorl.u "-9Ll & ,-o-|.* J.r.rl-Lt

GMF) ti FJ". C.-.&.t! l-, orr..j .' l*.;+*o ,'l5 .r" l.r RI .tq.rtl .,. LJ
. sl.l f L;l ls x),-tJ., *! ,J*,.tL;6hrl.".rr ..r;T.-rt Ji J.l,.
. rr-(,-l-^-- 1., B *L &* Ct- I (d) ,Ll c;-;lo tr - t
H r B -H gta;r^," 6ls )l a:*.o Lr.t Ci.;l.l 9 B o$: fy''" tt - f

'FJ* '-t*- l,
.-l** ail- rr.rrs l, ,(t ) MMF r-s\+il ,b t, ) Ht dq#lJb-r
. Je: Jbtr.(JS MIvIF ) ;l=- ..rr. M1'IF ob HL ..s[JJl ge ,.", or.5
i p9.r .i.rb I v
2b , -$L ty''" os- JL.el MMF fl ,.:-l .:ar. ,j.-*tUt .r1". €"
tf: .,l* .,"
-El*. ^.f+ I C*jl .-[:5 ,tl s" L r .::*,1 or,r+#i ;'J;:
.-JL; csbrl". &t*" a{ s..-J ..5F osL ,-,[5 g.l .jrol.rj , F5'.".g2l-l-ly'
. ...* I
I ) MMF Drops
t .rl.* t?
"trSJl15tr^
Example t"IJ (Enslish) ( flUC **),1 - lf Jb"
I
.i-l's-n-' o.5r.r6ki.-t-.:,"1 r_es* (f -f t)JS-.9.lt ..glo.:*o
50 krlollnes, e.r".rb f.tlr-.r fl .*l Jr 6-rl t 7f O J"L. toJy
:.4rlL, "r;L
+T.r:-r'ew tqi.- L-9: rrL ^S jli ".rr. MI{F : 1.rlt;
'ei:.. rrn' ,1" ,tt.,,- : (
=)
Cast Stecl
-
| - t f JU ozLy.r,u-.l ll * 11 cl$l
:'t-
\-:*i. tr*s+." J"fu (f I ) Jlr+ .9rtb" Jr*
- Jl*. #l J- .sl-
oJ-lr J.ra u--:> ,l Jsl c,."; ,,.:*lo.u:: J.5;: +.o-i rJ jl' Jl*" ,-ol.t" .rL "r*
, c.> I .grSu;*, r)Ji sr-.? ) .&s ri..*i 9
Tablc I-I ,-t c!s+
Cast iron 5() k 1.25 40 k 68 3.t 238

Cast steel 50 k 1.25 'ltf k t0 5.5 55
Total MMF 293
..-:*lo.ul ,, -ySa J:- (rl rl.rsloS fn-.*t Jl-

d, 50k 40 kilotincs/in2
B-n:llx =
YY L". (.9 larlr. L (5/ [j,j, T
'r--t
."t l.\:ri,.rirx-i Jr (rl6l.r- 1., H ull**" (t -t) JS. ai a?i I.,
I -.r'J ra 6 l.r,_r
l: I in. * 1.5 in. + I in.

= 3.5 in.
I frrl.rq5rSoi;, al.t
")19,
I = 2 in. + 1.5 in. + 2in.
: 5.5 in.
. J,lrT c' , Sl-, ll HL Ol-i* J L
J- s.*i ,J J.6
...>l HL.sq+tl er.." jl-o- r.r.l" IvIl,lF JS: 1oJtl
total tvtMF = 238 + 55 = 293 A-turns
Total MMF = N/
293 = 5001
/ = s?# = o'586 A
Exanplc I-14 (SI) :(Sr ttu)t-tf Jti"
.r;lr& ^". o J5.r" 6L* CL- ..>l et.* (t -l T) Jg&lL,sl^.r "a
.r-tt o
f o o o\(A ar*rb .r" .rb f*.olr^t fl . -1"* Ct * o/o." J"t* t 6r;.
]
' r'!L
sp .vJi G*? f** L*e-r'l' os.rl* s.r-r. MMF .;f
'G# f# ol*r ' (=)
|- | f JU +Ly.r a:ro .1 - ll cJSi

slr.+.iL Cl" YA
"$itrll
:J-
. l-"A.f*. r[*fu; (t - r)
Jrr.o 4':rrJr J:r>&bJl"tJl*.,.1'|& al;
s.*3 t 6 ry Oq u-+ :l Jf l \r.J ..i-lo-r.l ,l=5[.:]..*ii rJ jlJl*. *lr.l ,L;
..> | .grSou"r r),i ,*.? ;l rl "
Tabrc IA t -f <Jt+
Cert iron 0.75 x l0-r 9 x l0-1 o.83 9.4 k o.fi 658

Crrt ctocl 0.75 x l0-r 9 x l0-' 0.t3 0.5 L o.il 55
Totrl MMF 713
l,-,rls.*J.,.s sr,+*b rJ J.o 6lr ,.:-lo Ji )i -957 Jf+ r-1'1l sl.rslo5 f+-* JL
6
u=-A 0.75 x l0-r
=0'837
, sf ,-l*- .Jr.$ rr J^.rr l.r H r rf o.lli:-l ol-* (t - Y) JSl ;l
: f*Jlr or+ rf l,r
l=2cm*3cm+2cm
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m ,L4,1 ,vl 11L,1 \".--1bA
I = 4 cm + 3 cm * 4 cm t *rlr .sfo;g-, r)li ..51
=llcm=0.llm = .t t,tX .t D1,.,,-:- OO
. J.rrT rb& c:..*i ,J .l$ .Sl.rr HL Ol.**" J L
1.,
,,2-l ,1, HL al*!l ge.o" l*;b ".r5" IUMF JS : f .iltl

total MMF = 65t + 55 = 713 A
Total MMF = NI : (v)

713 = 5001
't =713
500
= 1.43 A
Elalrletcl-15(Esglhh) '(ENG t.."'*) l-lAJtJ"

.l-f c;;'LO*A!'--t )l Iosyel*
oJ.l (f - f f ) JS.;lt .91^"*"r+
MMF a--,1-,. .ryJL , .ritr l50-kilolines. .rl".o c,*l .r, )b F nt+ tl

TT -+L'. 6hrl.. t., *Ur
(t ) oJ^b ,rJ F ...:,*ru J5.r. &r" Ct- 6.t -l ,T- crf )V rtr
oL! ;|yo 9
. Jt"#' Af trt f Jsb 9 orr;'
II
ttin.
0.05
2 in.
tn.
i - t 6 JA +Lyyd...6 . t - 17 J9:
:rt-
,-r.,r7 ;l .:.; € ,.>lo.ll
.,-.,.- J.*,: .r:.*3 tr )li;€.L[:i"rls" 6,1
.;tL,Jr*;;rJt*...rrlJ-.slr,'>l ,jlr^ "l"rb uU." 2Qo !:.*3 tory

t,i_6r*.Jtfu (t -r) J:.r+
Tdlc I-3 t -f <Jg+
Cast iron t50k 3 50k t30 l0 1300
Air gap r50k 3 50k 15.67 x 103 0.05 7E3 5
Total MMF 2083.5
.,.rrl.l B rsl; . s-;lo.r.oT.>'-1. a-957 Jl"? o*l rl'rsl f.'-*t JL

n = !:
ls:ok
3 =
Sok
A l9o.l;l,x H
. -lg:*. .-l*- ,#l
B=rllrrH
B 50 kilolines/in2
It =' 7' = -lkrblit;vT
tkt 3lex,o-.=;ffi-
= 15.67 x. l0'A-turns/in.
1) Air-gap
.e l o
'*,; L ., t* Yo
"IFll
: frJ l" ( .,. lr* ^J ^ ti .r l rrnr ) .* l r-r--- u-j> .r l o5 ,r:*l rT .sl-
l= 3in. * 2in. +' 3 in. + 2in. = lOin.
(fmA-turns/in. )ft.rrT*.rL>\.\rr"is1, l, H JoJf o'rlt:'*t (f -f) JEjl
:lj.J , **l HL .st*-lgr -" jt*- r.rr. MMF .ls
total MMF = 1300 + 783.5 : 208J.5 A-turns
Example l-16 (SI) :( SI f,t-#) t It Jti"

-
. .:*l a:;L ..,"a u,,-l> "ll t oty el* ( f f f ) JS .r,* tt {.91^''*s
o.u;l
-
. ,lo- ..r-f" MMF 0=* L. .-..-9Jt , J.l L .tr t o/ o o I A
,l* (rl .r. ., b f"o lf-,, .Sl
J. t,* g 6 ry oL*(' .rlro aL ti )r F, dr..,r! JS .r" &* ct- 'S .' | ,T .v ,-pf
.,.u:;L tt' * of ool
-L 0.05 nr
1.3 X lO-3 m
t-lrJU+Lyy4:*6it-lf |K;-
: .Jt-
u+ u--+',l .:-*i € .:., I os..l ..l[fu rlc i 9.1 ;l,r-JLtrl.r. .r,l

6Jrr
Jr*.9*U. J:*.1 Jl*. dFlJ- sl-r , c>*l .rlr" "l,.tj ,b -&. !:.*! 9
. F 5 ',,. ,-l*Sl; (t - f ;
r'l ,J-*tLi. csbrl*" t.. *bT
HI
Casr iron 15 x l0-1 20 x l0-' 0.75 4.5 x 103 0.26 llzo

Air gap 15 x l0-' 20 x l0-' 0.75 5.97 x l0r 1.3 x l0'., 776.I
Totd MMF 1946.1
i,*2ls B Cl,r . -ulo"r.oT..rr- r- a;95- Jrr-,..r*l sl.u'l fr,,.."i JL
n -- Q = 15
x lo-:
u A 20Xto-. = 0.75 T
: *-S". ,-l*-- (r**i-;l ,,3lro oJ,ob ,s 11 H
g - laII
B O.75 T
tb 4r x ro-'*
= 5.97 x ld futr tri't 1.111Y ' r'0 ' vv \11
ht- --lr
: f*JlJ o'r,j; cl;iL o.ra rloJ u:.; ol.5l.x
.
I = O.OE m * 0.05 n + 0.0t m + 0.05 m
= 0.26 m nL: L\-X',t\:tlV'
MMF ,JS( )r*rrtr!i-Ll,H
4.5kA/m. Iosfostj':*l (r-Y) J5*.rt
: l*J . ..-l m. 6l,f:ril er.." rl-n )Q
"sy
total MMF = ll70 + 776.1 : 1116.l A
..e11i c."0. i Jrt aS;TL (f - t?) t (f - tO) csUJU..," d c>l 6T a,-; JL
*l.rlr. &b_.ry @, .>l dlr. "l-ti Jrt .rrlJ' To o
Srfo )ll,r*- 1,,; leocL U $*-t L;-rFJ t.r b$:::I*-rry

15. : "5*
lir
*r.-..e;r"5M!vur:::!:djt . r:5,r. ,'tsl
"-_Ll "":k*b_:r**.: _*iL*-
ctFl .'tJ r* .rrr ols,: t ot'r .' li-:. :..tr'. *lr*r!_:rojr*,:l_l
AL,ti u losyl;:l bs1y.r" 6"f.irlfls grr crrl .vl+ tl , s-.3ls f+19;
lx) F.rl.;l-n,..rt-t
'-dr\l-Fi4rP?,,@Jp,&-@-.#
"-f*,1 .tt ssltt.5l(-, :;cr-JKl.,.lssf ;r.l-;r.t

;U
^tbb",;L;sr1'twu;T"*W.:;
:f ;f i"tTi,"-f+J;
.,SrSJl ..gtdpt CL.- rY
Exomplc I.l7 (English) l(gNC F*.#) I - ly JlJ.

c;L a25o:;,, .)fiu".-- )l sory,,rl* (t - lA) JS ..erlLq5l^'',*,r-
24Okilolines. J"l," (0r) .jl* "l,"Li.r".rb fi-"lrt'fl .*lo$
,Ft o*[.rr Cti" eI- aS **l ,T r tf.f ."J .'L L ;* :tr MMF , s.l'l-
&*CI- ..u;L Are-l f .,.lr.&lt eti" * r ( bba ) ^t -.
e".rh .:*1, q:,a-, r-:,a*!
&.r e*|1+:;"*t \r€' "'c " \:"*i &* & t t, Vl ?
, {,!lc1'l o / lSro J* . -r;L*
"d Gl* J..li;l f
0r=6r+02
I | Y cJU +Ly.n o;-..6 .1 - la

- <JS:
' Jb
, r.:* I os.i ,L**; ; L.. -. jl o:*o
r.:r-j,i;, |
f- a),>-l ,jlr"
( f "Lb rs.-l"b oSaf.r ,::..*i- 1
. (acdb ) v+ ."
'* .:.*i- 1
. ( aefb ) .:-1, ." * .-,n ,i y
-
Tabh I-S t-tAcJs+
Part
Lrft 870k 8 l09k 190 15 2t50

acdb ;+ (dr + r0:) ------t -,1----, ----?.'
centcr !zmr, 4 60k
ab I td'l ---+ ---r I sum ol
Two air
^ 2&k
8rpc i to'l
4
----+
60k
:'iT------1i---':i J "l"o'
Risht loror 6 rosk 147.6 13 l9l7 +--J
I
etb L O, (F-----
u-*tt* csbrl.r" tr .tbT
JL . t"+$r+" J+fu (r -O) J:- .e.'lt- ,Jr- Jl*" drl J--.sl,r'
. .->l d$ -x ^-f7 Jfs+ ,..rrl gt1.nt
: f*Jlr !bl dlrr 6.Lti rr.-L[.:; cS ^''".t sf :" '.i.*i JJ

s = hq = fQ kilolines/in:
: r*rt, (t - r) J5* ;t
Ha = l2 A-turns/in'
L= -=8,==, = 18'81 x 103 A-turns/in'
8rP
Hliso-',=
y4 3.lg= x l0-'
6l; MMF ^tLr l*Tgr"-'.. 9 drt ,-[*-- Sf:" ,"-*i JJ lJ HL cgt#t JL
Hl = 36 + l88l = l9l7 A-turns ' r5"" J^" (aefb) -:-*lr.:,o r!.*i
: HI l9l7
H
T 13 -- r-"-'r
-
= A7.46
I ,*rr, (r
-,) J$ ;r
I = 105 kilolines/in'
h : B X A = l05k(6) = 630 kilolines
I rtrls (acdb) t* c"o- .:''*3 qglt
$,=Q,+h
= 240k + 630k = g70 kilolines
a=Iok
g- = 109 kilolines/in2
:r*)1, (l -r) JS- rt
H = lglA-turns/in'
Hl = 190 x 15 = 2850 A-turns
total coil MMF = 2850 + l9l7
= 4767 A-turns
: l*
2850 + 36 + l88l = 4767 A-turns'
Eramplc t-IE (sI) :1 SI p*,,*) I - lA JlJ.

. -t:,1-*.grSa',;;., ory rft.* (f
")ltr,.r-.- )l I -lt)JSld",L..910:..o
.,V t.,y MMF , riL ,e /o oolf J"L (Q) dl* ^l-ti .r'.rb r*-tlr*'.5t
irtr-J t CL,,- rf
"ltSJl
c.rr-# I ( b La1 ..:*o rltort .r" &* & 6c- uT..rr.; . +J .,[*- | 1.,
A::s.o \klr.""o ' rr:.*i

&* eL- , .Sltr. Af *of ooYA,.j-lf.o&lt S* Ct-
J*. s.:;t** er* of ooA ^', h v.? ."0 .".0..J $*Ct- t t, !:. o/ooyA
,,.:*l -io o
/oo1 .f lfo &ly;l f
l.S.,p
: Jl-
. .:- I o "r-i c.ij- L ; Lt q.*i o- jl ^l' *o sl I
, r> | ,jl* "Lb ,r ,J. b 6 .sfr c..^-.i

- 'y
(acdb ) .-+ s"./t ci*t'j; - Y
( aefb ) c* l, .". " *r*i y

-
,ol 1*rot- JL f-. r." rlrSj; (t - f ; Jla* .9tlt f9.+ "Jl*. ol J- .sl.r'
,,;llo$ .1* c,9S7 J:r+
h=01+9,
ArGaps<m
t -tAcJUulyy,-*.F t - l? JS.1
, ;r;1" .*l.t'f5'.o ^Lb -l",,Lb 6f.r. s, o..i Jr
a=9- 24xlo-',
A 2E x 1g-r
= 0.E6 T
YA .-t--t L'j. 6brl." t* Uf
-
Tabh I-6 | -f c!s+
HI
kft 7+84.2 x l0'' 50 x 19 ' 1.68 7.75k O.23 t782.5
acdb tdr+0.z) -----)
I
C.cnter i 24x lo-1 28 x 1g-r 0.86 500 0.07 3s )
ab ' (d,) ----r I sum of
Two air T zo x lo-' 28 x l0-4 0.86 684k o.oo2 1368 I
MMFs
sap6 |
Right L_60.2 x
(d,)
lO-a 35
-----)
x t0-1
t.72 9.3sk
------)
r5 l4o3€---J
o.
I
aetb (+2) €------ (F-----
: f=rl" (l - v) JS- rt
Ha = 0.5 kA/m = 500 A/m
: B
H.i, sP
o.. r 9,tru*=, =
kr = d7 X l0-,
684 kA/m
6yE -i l*-til Ctl6f.a", oJt .:L,o +:..h ,Sf.f .r..-,{ .rJ l) HL (.s\rrtlJL
..'(oo J^t ( agfb ) .:*lr'" 0 .'.:.*i r5lr* MMF
Hl :35 + l36E = 1403 A
Ht 1403
H:i=ffi=9.353kA/m
/,1 t '/ , Lr'/ ,r'
. p2ls (r - Y) J$ ;l
B = 1.727
0z= B x A = 1.72 x 35 x l0-a-60.2x10-'
I C*rlc ( acdb ) '* ca .:'*i 6lt
0,=0r+h
= Vl x lo-a + 6.2 x l0;1 = 84.2 x l0
B=,ffi$^'t,687
H = 1.75 ftA/m
,,,
r ,,, \ r,s 1 /.v . 6'2ls (r - y) Jg ;t
Hl=7.75k x 0.23 = 1782.5A
k-0/ Total coil MMF - 17t2.5 + l4O3 = 31t5.5 A :I
1782.5 + 35 + 1368 = 31E5.5 A.
olr ''r " t CL Y?

"SFJI
SYTBOTS CHAPTER I
'TIRODUCED 'N
Units
Symbol Definition English
l,t Magnetic flux lines (or maxwells) webers (Wb)

Wb/m2 [or tesla (T)]
lB Flux density lineginz
rA Cross-sectional area in2 mt
fu Magnetomotive lbrce ampere-turns amperes
A/m
(A)
AH Magnetic field intensity A-turnVin.
?I Mean length of magnetic circuit inches m€ters
Yw Number of turns of wire turns turns

A-turns
Afr Reluctance
li""vF
A/T
lines/in2 T
1P Permeability of magnetic material
A-turnVin. A/m
to h Permcability of air 3.19 x ,o-rkilolineslln2 4rr x to-? :T

A-turns/in. A/m
JJJl.t,l.j*"J-f lq9.rLT fu 9r.rr JJI Jtai rr 6-r.i 6r1'.) &.s.rL.:;lft)l-

gr*LU; JLl - 1
,b Jtsa _ r
*t cL -r
(UUf ) ,J'+*tl;; 6r* .5r.r- f
,f*tb ol"* ..:$ - A
.f"tl$" Jl'r" t*l- J* - f
G,lt ft'r- JrJ Jl 'r; - Y
1
Ur. .r.r[L) .r-6y'.r- A
"--.f
,r-t L;" o s [; ) u*,rtL:.; 6.r,r rv i9,; - t
L ( ^"* l-,,
lra ( u*$t-:r" tS,rq irrr) ^-,,1,, Lx |

- o
t€.2,<t&
0f
itJ;u,yt,-6/"
..ol q
a
J'-ê'a
fI
PF"YC'PI.ES OF VOLIAOE A'VD
TONQUE GEflERAT'O'Y
r1 rr l:'aS r j Ur ,lrl*";
"!f"
r, LiiS r i Ut ufu lq+ ,F;("
loooi"
( t)
.rS*lt, f, I a!;u l a).rl o, l.r ;i*6" ,s).rl .S ----rr loJ*, ,. Lt"
,s).rl ar ;[-;&.sjrl aS .,!L )r . .(=.o,-t+;fuK. d.rlo'1.,.*i5Jl.sj.r,l
(T)
^,,*jSJ l,,s).rl oS .,rJL 2J 9 rl.U ,ylr) l, r.l+J , J9,&so &"+ ;!F.lr
(')
,2b fiptl. I' Jrl M:r . r+-f ,*r lrrrh.r . ssr.S J** jfuK" ,$il
crl.r" . fyr.t l;,lT $*#tb ol"* -i*l* s ,:fl9l ,{-b. J[.s Jt+
:r,J.tlt",.o .-t;t.F .rrl.r" . f*5"" t+ .rbT ",S-f"
lo.r-r-r" t bryl;) .rS Jrl tt
' fil+'"" .rl.rt +i tsy lt.&"! , a;*;SJl ,.fJLi. fr- o-V*
I 6cla € .rr o.r,i'EUl jUr - T - I
2.1 VOLIACE A CONDUCTOR

'NDUCED 'N (r)..rlrli
rl , ":-.ilS lr 6lo.u;rl .rl=,*, o.r*\ ,l* Jt tf o .rgs,>
(A)
LgLtaS r;S 6f s:*.f.tlri. olr-.'c ge2J (cssLol r.* '5-tl6 *^ll*.l'
(t){o"t.o1
,-;l-*, ..r.& ..r-ol*'LiiJl;U, fr*-.r.1 '>29aal ,s '.r*[c Cttrrt'
&.-". JJ F;-fldScli[JroJlJti O*;A.a " ss.So. "*lr" jU: f:r* ,'l.;iosL
(Y).-r-l
"tiJljUr , +l.; C* 1., l00millionlines t,r"r.!J.L.cs.r[& ,o--b
,fl:vJb.r" o.rlrb oib , J9a Jitg> .r:J, .t J"L. ((A)t* .r*Ji jUr)
: l.'Jl'l (nNG ) t'*"*r'l ' lsSo" ot* c";+-*l
E = Blo(sin 0) x l0-8 (2- la)
' I C*rlr ( SI ) f-*=* .rr
E : Blt(sin 0) (2- tb)
s9t +r (f -l ) Jl*,-.rr C.r& sLTa{ +U;o;1c:}lsb;16=.--orli'L*lr,Sl.rt
I)Dynamo 2)Generator 3)ltlotor

4) Faraday 5) Wire 6) Conductor
7) Induced-Vo1tage 8)Genetated-Voltage
,5[* ',r'l t .rt* fo
"!i5Jl
Table 2-l f-f c[s+
English (Eq. 2-la) SI (Eq. 2-rb)
I lineyin2 B tesla or Wbh2

/ inches I mcters
u inches/s t) meters/s
,*rl. ..g9i oJs[r. 9s ,s

.
rq*-.,J
or,i etiJl ( I ).ruU^t ;LJr- ( E ) - I
.,bJKr-(s )-r
.f.tb ol+o".rs 5r-;r. f* iy J*- ( t ) -f
(T).-r- ( u
ro.ir )-f
(r)o*rl; ( g
)u,LtL; e f#d-, )-o
.,._*lf-n* f,r)l
(f ),.rrtr.
. J9r r-6 1r.* e c*91; s5 .Jf..,lro. ,.* fl :.!l
(O)
a>.,J to ,s:L g *91;.r.5 ,Jyoll* - .r., p** fl i:
"-oll-
,:j5 ol*r-; J$- ^+t l* . Fr*S-. .)* ," l, (r - I ) J5* .--lL o-,; icl ,r':;
:"S
rr(oor C* l, )V,L;L; t* ,-5.5r a olL r:1..' 2s f# olS.2o .-iJl- I
0 JL r*1.r. lr, J9r JAlt;,.rs- f* ss (o-r';: +'.J9-) o$'tlljt:J9 lsJ,
C- fr-- L*9- )UL.L6 tr.F+r, s,s c5.;- b ,K* '.:.-(f .,J a*;t:l
ol rJl.xj. Jgr rarlp f*ft l-tSl- (ou+"Jr-)o$ 'bJljtrJe liJr.rsSo"
. J9r J-6ll- oa.r" to .r- e +91.1 .rJL
L-y )V' LrU; )l ,f , , J9.; els c olL .:1".7 ;s t* &tf ,.r . 6 - Y
;t',11 reJ 161* |"- (o$ "ir-) "s LiJl;uecJL .xl.r" ".f Cd f,**
. rr< $lf f.Jl.ji " v ."JL 1l
- T"
I ) Ins tantaneous -Vol tage 2) Velocity

3)Angle 4)Parallel 5) Perpendicular
fl rr[l.:;5 s )dtrl*l+*
"pf"
$tS a-.i-.rl t., r rl.r, .l.r5.-f-l.r- .-!iJl.,r ^S sl- cS.rrt l* ':51- fl . .r- f
o-r: l:iJljlr-l: I .;!,u &, lr.j.rb LtL; a-9Sno f* esf crl rr , rf eV
. .:* I .F *:.JL ,*l .1,
c
->-{-_ -J>- __+>__
--_+>_
Conductor
Pointing ,
inioF.i"' ,#Lbi. o( V osrt 6Jb & d* f - | J*,,
Examplc2-l(En1tish) .(ENGfr."#) f-lJlJ.

,b JtL-rose-a+l 1o r* J* fl p.r"l.r (r-Y) J5*
. f='15o"
(.5slo) r*r.ros,i; "lsJl 1LJ9 a*-L-. .:,-9JL .r.!L 100,000 lines/in2
,i:JL 9r .5l, lrJb. crrl - s.ltt .*b r G*lFo .s.lbc51r' wr o5;,T,rt Ls;i
'""5 ''l* 2'1
(e) 0 = 35o
(b) 0= W (maximumvoltage)
f -t rJb+Ly.rfryL-rf -IJlJ.
rit( ',rnt Cb fT
"$iiSll
:J-
!o fi*Jrto.S;TLrjc-51 .*tr.,-t{* oJli""l (f -la )o&l.r;l
(9lre) "rl" rlt ol** orlr 0T6-rly k;i t, .ut-* e+l
(r) E=Blo(sind)xlO-t
= 100 x 103(7x40xsin 35.) x l0-t
= 16,060.2 x lO-s
= 0.16 V
ol E= lfi)x ld0x40)(sin90.)x to-f
= 28,000 x l0-s
= 0.28 V
Eranph2-2(sl) :(sI l.'"{-) Y-TJll"

,b.JtSar sL;:io /b r*Jrt.SI .r*-n5*$';2s (r-r) Jg
o
12
n!T"x LS.f., 1qr-JJ oJ'.l ctiJl;bJ9 o'.r-L' ': ',y'L 'J-**i.SF rs )l-: 175
, r"5..-L- r"; dL rJ LSlrlrJb. cr-l ' 'r*tt t*b r *l/f r"'**ir- L23r
(e) 0 = 35o
(b) 0 = 90" (maximum voltage)
| -r <Jb +Lyr rLfL: lr - r 4s

: ,.'ll-
f* J*^SrTl*, Jf a?5; +l' . FJ* osti:-l ( r - t b ) ^l+tr rt

. (Sfra) srls .rl.r, ol.* grJtr OT 1,J,.qo:.;L Yo ) ,t ./ T J*ii d, *l ;. o /6
rrlsS r iU: "**l* "!f"
(a) 6=8fe(sind)
= 1.5(0.2X I .3)(sin 35")
(b) E = 1.5(0.2Xl.3Xsin 90")

: 0.39 V
I 1oo.l s+Jy jUr) o$: (l )o*r\

'lii.tljhlr T
- I- I
2-t.l Polarlty ol the lnducd Yoltage
Ll ..rsr$" "uljtJ: (..s"b) p* 4 rs o;eS; aS ,+rLrr J$ c.-*r;l
!i4., J.tl. 1.,,* rl* dS f,*J*' Ltf ..lf n+i jUf ,alor\rJLg..:l^t.,o.-6;o-.g!
,l* crlr.r, J.f 'liJl;Lilr C*.rrfl v2frl ,s , Frjt"#,l.oi ^" , .rlr. €
q;1 o* Ot** r-;l oa.- oS s.l fr:. +1, O*:a.o . ssS.. ,lf, Olr.f i; o:*
s;d. "r o.l,Lt L4-,-A*, li d;LiT, srls .rSL., (rssb; t+r- .5J- qf t rb
. J.r.-;uaj.,;:. lr r[*r+ o,l c-f- (f )-f*.f" *1., \bJ or-ti o.1
Motion ol
Negative Conductor
Polarity et (uP)
This End /
South Pole
Current
Flow
Positive (Out)
Polarity of
Voltoge at
This End I
lncbx oi6 c,.:b iy - f Jg
. ('=o li <u l, (:-J
1) Polarity 2) Fleming I s- Right-Hand-Ru.le

'.n*L .tL ff
",lFJlcalt
l.l
.l"l.r syi. u.,1.r." *J a{t# s.-ia,l )Sl . tr).S+. J*;rs (f - f ) JL
q5 Jb
'Sj-
.lfr. oJt ogl*r est'.lJ l.l C.rL.f sh> ',>-1, !:rJ ,Ft .-ajSl' forl'A (f.-)
'tdljUf no-r\ .:*1, c-r &t d,S;l go.-od,,.+.7..o. '\A+.'. Oti- (6Jla) f*
jLJr s{j. +.,\ o5.:tls c+9- +l- o;Jl '.rlr5i'.-i:*tt"l, (f.*) .s"lo o'ul;
'r
Wfl oS 4l.r. . J9r J.oly. c*lrr>*s.rt*9 c.;l3l sl'u'l1r
#*.5;tTrl.t
s o\f &{- as*l .r" (JJ Ja .-1"- c,) rr ef caJb .l,2- q.+ t* rb
o-r'l ctll;bJ9 A'.:;r\
9r.r-o q9rl.b ,6f s(." t rV q.? fl tl ' ssSo.. ,-ef *
. ssSo; ,et' 6-u!'[îJljlrJr c";.r\ l,.t\f e.{f stfrl ,s . s;y,Cy f-o t{
Motion
<-..-4 l/r Motion
n (a) (b)
U
l\ t\l' ,/
Mo'ionn
i moiion
(c) (dt l.
f -f ,Jb +Ly.r" clr;Jb i f - 6 491

fA rrls.S t )dt"l*1"* 15!f"
Exanph 23 * l1
-Y JlJ"
..S .J, ,ulr rbr.r,;b 1l osti-l t., .*J,& & .r" lJ (f - A) J$
. l+* l, ,$ lill ,s loj lJ-l c;:.r\
o c
"J
: ..Jl-
.gt( tt- ts Otf L:*tc-" oS &+"!,:*1, ..asJ Oib dy a"t tt

ftrtl*,,n.t.
-iA d r 5 .91*.1('l .r" ot.r e+e t6ry $Kd-.i,a GJb J* a{ c, a
. Jgr JnlF .r;K aî,, &1,
gb-xlo .,p.o €.lJ (,.g"ta) ep 4 di!F;, gf)rt y - I -y

2-1.2 Slnglc Coduclor tn t Clrcular Path
-,
cala.xf
".l*" 6* (.or-*) 6rl$ c5.p s,.-*- l-o, t bt1...lrj sr " )lg.r.
;l o.rL 1[* ., ,ialL 4 (f -?) ..Jfu . u1*" ,* lr.r# tul " Lils 6Jln 5,>*l
(T)..rra, (t )Jk,
6[Jio* " Lil.r ,5,Jb aS s-oq. ,b l, !slo'ls ,*,,* s*l
Ccnter . ." --.1 clS,.> .ls ( ,j* , c:+1")
Line
i
I
+L+tg <z,sL +.* c4p t) l,t <sh.zb ,-n 4 aS asrlb 4 <,* b i f -, Jg
l) North Pole = Positive pole

2)Negative Pole = South pole
,J$jSJlcalt* i t ,rrl* F?
jblr;l d ,,,r"o;l ,.r , 15,Jt lr.-h15 a+.rr y?o 6.ltoat5ro

J"6.JlS;*
..^-lJ[i CrLi :"1 ,t | --b . $ sols. ,lr*"v o-r,$ 'tiJl
Cd lrt*t g"l lU r 6Jt c52- ,VLbrsjlr.soto a' ^Le, .r.r i.iJl
. J9rr.olf P.', a "r.l "tiJl jUl o+"-'lt , \S#d
drl Jrt Jr crJi.ai*lrs ssf b oti.rt-, a ^L.-;;l 6.llo ot5ro ..-
, s.rrS-. * ^lrJ.p.rr o-\..! etiJl3LJ5 lU, \5*. C* l, d;J.l#{ Jb-tA, Jr-
A.'\+! JJ, o ry sl"trLt l,Jr.rtg.rLlc52- l+ *l.rrd-, b ^l.i c, o2,.)l! b
.-! ..' rr oib;l o.rti-l L . ( f*ftjUl) .rs So.&Lor.! 'bJt3tle lSt,
. $lr*o s,;5 a.*i,o arb .iA b ^Lu.l. jUr d,'lq#,J\ eS
l.^,1*.1, .*+"lr
crf J:t )re.)td.* l.rr rr; c .iA r ".r€ b ^fr, ;l,5sLa otS.,.o . n
,sl!,ry C $iia-01+)llrb u(* C*l.r.sj'Srb-trb"h-J *f sn
, rtr g ^hii; a- o2i)ll, b srl, J:l )d- o$ otijljL-t-l b ,n J*
)U,LrL't l.rl go ty shLtL; cs)ly .5rtb *lp ozt+9s e ^LiU r.r . s
. J9v J.olf .* o-\,1 etilljlJg a-."* .tr, J",S*,
Cr&
LtL; aL-.J li .tJ *rr.;.rl tJ Jr.r, d ^k;; .-lrL 6 +ki;;l,5slofl l-o
oF)f tt t, uls .r.olr.s rt,- )# o-\.r eliJl;u9 lU r v1o,. lr,.g,:,r*.2b
Cry
rrl- . J9: Jntf (f*tL) ,-lSlr- jtr ar,lr etiJtit4 l-.irlr.r"51"*.r* d ^!u o.,
i n5 ..;* ls c+r
tl ^S f [rs l.r) ,.re"l+o Ltf )U: o*.,\ cd .,# J* :s ..o - 'q
S.l\ t:2tE;,1 ,t , ul.. .-*b rb LrLt,-L-,,rJ9s f ,ry (.9rla (5J- e:.(:?

. -l.;: .ralf ,-ef .o )dt
(f*Ft) jSl"- d ^|.tu rr or.i1 'tilljU, ,.it+lLcrc"tl- l-- T
a*;.r\"J") ." -li$5aî-&1" J*-,cJL ..,r1 .rr jUr #.r\ ,/.so"y
. ( b .rt-r
" l.orls ssfrl r" (da
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l-.r,f .rr . r-.,,( a o*lrl 'lr* or..ro)lt, b \Sr"
"t.ii:) C* l.r g;-S )b,LrLt
da .r,1-..rr jUr q-.r\ a5.r;L Olir Jtb +! . s.l rolp r,* GliJl;t!9;l*
ctJl;lJ9.rlti"
C d .x*..-$ It or.1 J, oJ-rt Cd .r,r*o.rJ jbJr #.r\,_;lt
fY .,rl:*5 r jUr &l*
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.rs c:l; ls ,.g.t*r,o r aS
tbr -r $.\*o ol,! gL; .*- r ls o.$ 'hLJljLJr .rl;o;i (f - Y) J5d

;f 6 d-Lo ,,;:*lo-r.& ue;.,l. Jg 6rs rj.- (d t C t b, a ) uSz- y
. J9- J5l5*.Cr. Cda .l*o.rJJ s+-l. abC :* tJ )VSq;:\ .:*l-r-
'-Fl
g
o
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6Li c-o.r 6)b 4 r.l ari ,N( jHS ,il.r2.i;, Iy

-y Ui
.b.ftcf <:,s L q.F cttcD sr c# f Ol+r*ODr d1g.sb4ofo b i f - A Jg

.sk ',n*t .;l=, fA

"Sr5Jl
yp: Jl.* ,, l.ii f jl (.,$" 9 er+j.) -* I JL* 1.Li 9J .Sl*,51
ol.D" altrki crlc,n lr.5slo o.,1tt9s: (y -A J$) "9; 63li':."1(.t'" r,r..j )
rtJ6{,J.lS
"r.r" Y?o ,Sob fl
aS
f'+rl"* J.r,Si: .rS-ul L ,..:.r..-i,l ,s , fatlTts
ob; *V +1" o"-a.o . s:aoo.rl+.l' o.r;) cl-iJl;bJ, jl .-l.lSJtSi* T r.::.19,o;*lr.r
t^"tt 15rb rJ 6J.t 'bJljUr .-r5.rlt l, ,Li jl '5, .p,-Lb.rJcs-rtoolSro s;L
f .:JL.l" ol.lrr t2cr a5 '-*l ,T. ,;y l.-al ,s a.:-Jl . .1, ".oly; (;51-)
*,lr.,oi (r - 1) Jg , $l-nn ot-S* (t ),r-f" r ,-JL r" .rl.rrr L>sr l. ,;"i
(Y)
F.or+. f* t++lJ" , JA.r.r. ob, ,r-f" f l.*# 4 al- 1., o-ui "tdljtttr
. sr.Sr. rlr ttj# 6r.r,laJljU, (t),-,-lSi , r* rlx 9J U+tJ .rl'€ tl
^S
. + Lu ,*;t 6;rb ,.-rl.rJ" ur &T- Ll*
,#tt'q S;.,,r-&,tJ 6Lsr*r.cS:la&sJdJJ ,lA!(jbJs ol,*i;. f - 1 Jg
.9rln 4 lr.h-9:" ou,: o[i.ll jUf T

- t -f
2-1.3 Average Voltage lnducd by a Slngle Conductor
.(,.," l, (f ),rUl--l or..ir eb-!l;lJr -: "fosl.:*lol.*:o. (r - t ) &lr rt
(A)
.S*.s l, -* l) L*9:.o$ obJljlrtr pJl., zsb *l- Ul . J{.-; o.*L. .5rlo
' rJ'S* .b.,. lr (l -? JSl) .t-J,-L--- u!. * lr!5lo)'ls -'--4 oS.gslo
(C*ft jLJr b .p )Ur) ab .r*. J*.rr cs.rln o,,rl.5l; L*9... or.i; etiJl;U9
I ) I\po- Po le 2) Four- po le 3) Frequency

4 ) Instantaneous-Voltage 5) Average-VoItage
f1 )tV;S t )Vt.r-l*
"!f"
. S,-T
.. rJ- L!J- .'.*;+,
v.. I
E,: L9
2t
x l0'8 (2-2a) I r"rl" (gNC ) *.,r- .r"
Er= T9 (2-2b) I trr's ( SI ) l!**.r"

2t
.lL;. qgs[.-Tqs!*;**.r" ,T.l-19 cr J*t" r oJ9, )b cF?.-o 6 *lJ.,l:.1 .r"
^',"|1, gL-. o*;l-: .--.-,' oLj .&b. t t!ldr"Ll:,r.lr c,r*-a.s . JJ.- a+i
. r5.r. ,t 1., db,.l*. 6rb oS c.-l ;L, 6.,Lo t
Erample 2-4 (English) l(nfrfCf*+-) f -f Jtj.

,* lr.s"b oT.r, df",rS". b.l, l, (T - t) JSi
alijisrs.lrr ! Too ..i-e
(t
)ds +L. .4'U- . .r^rL 100 kilolines, )r*L; * ,b .Sl r .Lr(,rs ,-rl.rrr
. 1.5 JLb ,s t*9:1" o -l'; '[J I
: ..JL
ft
,-,t*- l.r t crbi -vt' t+*1.r" . f"l* oshg-l (f - f a ) oJ*'tr rt
i
I rf-
20rev/s fr)lJ $q o.iois sr.tt-r I Yoo L:*3 !s fl .
f2UJg*
'wll : =
60
fr(
J* ^+bt' r'rr" J9J )b tt)1'a-t'!t lrs ' $f..'t )iJ Yo o*b:a,rr t5rl5 fl 6*
(Sfrr) "rt ..ll-.j.5.rr" i p.1)!eL;.--r. t ,s"blr **# sl-r ' ';::(-o'
,:] r j:#=o.o'tt,
"'.1+
:ri:
t6 to-
'r='7" ' a-d ,1J
: I r'loo x l0r\
t[ o-ol2s-/ x lo"t
: o'04 V :1 Sr r*..+*) T -A Ju.
ExanPle 2'5 (Y)
os9- o;t: , oUJl) I TA 6rb .rr; fl . rFS*" .F:"1., (T
- r) JS
.6rb ,.:L*9;.oJ,i eLJl;LJrc*L.. ,.*r9JL.,.r.lL ,to/ool:j.l ,r rV s
I ) FLUX-PER-Pole
.,!*'5JI ,-sl* ',," t .rL Ao
' Jl--
.-L-l, (t)oL, r-.Lt-.;l.rs .f*l*63[i'''1 (f -yb)ol"rl",;l
.5Jb ^(,,,1.91,- 1;)l gL., .-.1.,a*l.rs , s*1, qr-b; 6l*sl, I yA t2sr Jl . "f
,JlJ, lJ), oLJ f ,rJî 9s f** Jr . rt "ol9; ^.-b...1-
..
IYA
-ri-6r
JV ol*sl,r .d
:l-iJ . (9lrr) .rr.oll- (c-;s \o) ,l*"1, nl2 .rl:rJ
rrl
,=Z"lE=0.0126t
.,*
-ld
F = -l
un
2t
l/t x to-3\
:-l--l
2\ 0.0126 /
= 0.397 V
orf /? 6ly s* lJtS& cst$ ( t ) ,L;0..*L. aS t*rto....rr,"lrrgUb. ,l

,ui dr*+l l+!-i sl.rr: ,l, (T - y) *)Jsl".o drl.r-... , .:t -l-.
x lO-t
u8 dPS 60 (2-3d I f*.,|s ( ENG ) r"*-- .,"
F 6Pa . p.,'.,|s ( Sf
"t
,1 :-
2n
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f csgl-- p , (r -A) JS rs,lijl; .>Q.-ki sl.s,: FLlr p Jn-l l.rler rs

6rln.slq'll.,wr @ I, S t6ry.wti.r.orb 0 (f -f)&ll; rs..ulo*.
. ,t;
"f "+9; ".rr. c;sLT f..*r- rr.rr lnc:.J r;l +1.. "+Jl . r;;l+r.
"LTo,
Exomph 2af (rf,,nslish) l( sNC pa*;.) y

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. .: .-JL , .-vi;6*o Wki f J Cr+r ciiiJ 2J.29J f oo o ws+ l- (.sJli ..s*
. s.lL 300kilolines ykir.orb -51 .grb.,s.L-9;" or.i eLill;LJe .1-ilt;
,r.>l.raia:J*'i*rl*, $t', *Jr4t-r oJ.j; elill;bJ9 r*-ol9+.rfl I(v)
:JL
%:tiJ. r*.rs* s^s (y-r a ) aLrr jr :-iJl
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=O4V
AI rrl*l^S s)Vt.i"l.*
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st2" J9r-r,. *Jt-.+lrs ^'i.ll 9 1+J". osti:-l (f -f a ) oLtl., jl . v
F_ _ OPS
x lO-t . Jg+ Jn l* ,b .F
ut 60
, - ffiEt 60(l)
e=pg;15=n @=1u6*; *_+
= 750,000 lines = 750 kilolines
Brmptc2-7(Sl) :(tS| f-...*-) Y-YJU"
: ," .*;L.o , &;.,3*.o.q'-b.rr Ot"l, Yoo *o- I.1 ytj rJ CHy 15;rln 4
..s1, .,.tto/ oof Jip.rb &I*s*,L*i-.:* "lill3bJ, I ( . )
f, vki.p.rb , $1, d:4 L-9.. or.! etill;trJ9 r"."lr-., 'fl . ( b )
..J.-,1--
:Jl-
x l0-'-x 2 x 40o : (y -r b ) ^L'l.r,l . ( a
Et =3 2r f*rlr )
= 0.38 V
s25r. J96+. *Jf^trlrsc-Jl t-I"'ostis-l (V -f b ) ol.rl., jl : ( b )
.,:*l ,b .F
E, =
#
, 2tr(l)
---p6 a=m
5_2rE,
= 7.9 x l0-3 Wb
24 VOLTAGETN[|'|JCEDgV ACo'L ;
(t).i\ls4.rro$ hlljurT-y
crl.:,.. , F.ttro"J5;r .-p lr .gsb 4 .rr os.l "liJl thJ, pxf" fl
.&.r. f., (T - ! o) ,Jg . Fir .rlf ,gt, rl5n * l.r .rll. 15rla rr" ,-l,:l
q." .rs -i)K c.",1 : c:- | o r.t d;.tl"Sr*t r, ( T ) .9r5., S: .i)lS{ oTr.laS C*rS*
(t)..*L
s C,slr"rclolii oS cr.ll.r a+f rrlt . si.16p vh r" d- .sloot.ri,
1) Coil 2l Single-turn-Coil
3) Clockwise=Clrl
c9ltJr"L.r.L AY
"!rSJl
)U,LtL; s.tly.pL*u,r f t b , d cslocssb 9 ."(*o C* l, )VL9L6 e
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Jr"i+o d-tJ:-.: \i..1- Uljl ."f *tf- CJl.r rVLtL; F r.lu*l a-..i; 2J 9 oJgr
*-i)S .S, fl # ,h. sr5o. 'bJljU, .rsLo es ,.rJiii c5.rrr .5; *i)S .5* 2r oS
. J9r JAlf 2 N ;bJljlr-Jr sr -fy 6thirto sls,u,t"JL luls.g.r9s N
z=21{ (2-4)
Axir of
Rotation
"u
\) ./ \)
Ar/ A,
{+) (-}
,#Lbt ol+. & ogsJ cSsgr rdr.ilJS & o(ttr c;zl.r iy - I o cl$,
l.r.(',no-l-i,;*1, !:sr oiti r r*,J*". F.r"l., (y l.) ,-l*, o,;ttgr JL
-
,-r1., c (.sJb.r" or.! cliJl;LJ, #J\ d C*rl"* ro.:rg,a*l ,s . F-5-" Jtrl
ri6 a.*i- &1, oA e 15rli rr 6*\.;l 'tilljL:J9 o*r\ t6ry$54e-i,. eV
.rr r.SlaL^J;lJ9 69---* (ArAz) .i)K r 9J c,,* jUr o$T a-..;,; . J.it+#
.r.rti l, L, s;d*. 4*? f-o L jLlrrr d,,lds:.*.ilrcrl . sL-. e 9 C at<.*"L
L*9... )Vl ,rl . ,*J .-L-- l.l ri,rtr ,.-S -i)5.Sr.rt L.rr"o J.i'tiJ13LJ9 oS s;Lo'
f., (T-f)
^t-lrolq:#.JL. f*stT r:"'r-:..'rls 4 ,sl.x r;-.rjUrrl'l"
oS
i u* cF.n+lrs.rrs N -i)S € .sl.rt
zQPS x lO-t (2-5a)
ut
60
I ( E1IC) l**- ,.
'.*.,1,
F z$Pot i ,.;rl.r ( Sf ) ,.4,r ,s

F
"8 :+ (2-sb)
2n
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,;-1r 66;;.-o , Jq.ii.*.o ?p;)K .rJ .llsr: Z .*lL-rlLr.1"

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:t*rl.r (ENG) r** r.
F NdpS x l0_r (2-6a)

"t
L:
30
. ,.rrl.r ( Sf ) r;- ,"
NQPoo
Er= (2-6bl
. J9: J.o'-,,-)Kcsb.rl. rl.r,: N (r - ?) Llr.r.r"
Examph 24 @nslish) I (nNC tL"#) T -A Jti"

4 Of.rr tr Jrr lAoo ..-cr t 9*lrfl;r-
a'iioii"r d.rrr Too .i)5..!
oJ.i stiJl;LJ9 , $tt 300 kilolines, ..ts ,t ,bfl . rtr-'.-.. f **-
.
"J*
,-l*-- l, .-i)lS ,sL*t-
"J :JL
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jl ,.-if 5J (\-? a ) l* (l-A a ) \tstjl .t J.o jl ol9:*.
400t300k)(4x 1800) x 10-6 lc*rl, (y-a a
'.:-
ut
60
)
= l44V
Eranfu 2A (6I) :1 SI f*."#) t-1JlJ.
..! Oft. o=-b.lJ ,["1, l l o ..:-s- lt 9 .-l ,fy* cg.lgr Yoo .i)ls.5-
,st-g. oJ,i 'loJl;Ul , ul.r.lt: o/o of v t+ .*.rb fl . .r;,;-a-r f ,n.:*1
. t*5
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os[i:-l t., . ol.i*. (r - ? b ) l. (r-o b)I"lrrjlJllbjl

"Fstt-l 4O0(3 x r0-3x4)(190) :Frl"(y-ab)oLl.r,,t
E:--:
ug
2r
= 145.1 V
r9l( '; '! t Cl* Af

"StSJl
En nph 2-10 (Enerhh) i(U1VC fr-#) T-lo Jl3"
.r9a.r c9;9s Ao .iiS.! dL,*
.xl .1, . f*#". F .r" l, ( f t I ) JSl
I Ao o %.stt -lr-l Ctl r ." -. lo.r.l a.t >.- ,gtSa:a1 .)Ji u.,-? .ll Alo,.;1.:-l
g-l&.JAi 6*g p-* .p.l Ot:t 0.,-L. .:*ry'L . .r;26,:+o ciioiis.lJ JrJ
S* CI- . J.!1.. .-l fO rlgo *i)5.rsl"'9;.,,0r.1, Lill;lJ9 C*ol:*- L.*
e oS;T.r
Cart-Steel Core
--D
i
b Rotating I Hd.tr,
I cvlinlrr----- l-*-
Y r\ /t"sll"
\
f l/e
800 T urnt
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le
7
ln.
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rlffi I
J
3-
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Excitetion
I
Coil
8i
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, .> s'-i rJ jl Jb. c,,l

| o.r^l .l*S,.l;
. ssS,*. J-rt t& (Jtî o#n) Cr" Jl-i JlL.r"Ll r. Jrl u:'*i "-i'lt
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Jrl JL-i.r" (t -lA) JUovLl AJt*"dr*r',-r+. f*.*5". l5 (1-, a) 61"?1,
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. 3OEs : Frl" (T - ? a \ "L1.,;l osli:-l t'
@:;P5;15:a
30(25) : lj.J
6- 50(2X1800x10-t)
= 416,667 lines = 416.67 kilolines
I p;s Ci.-î
- T) J:r+ olr"". ( 0 ) ,b d*;ls

l, L
o< +f l* t,
"r- JL.S: (T
crl C*l cr-*i a5 ,.;;L*p. of Ftt l*+llt. . slf o+L. ;1"l- r:r" IulMF rtT
r',7s)* .5"f )l+--.,jlrt o.t"ti ,J , 6s9- .9r5a':;*.r ')1.:p cr+)l ,g:Sti; ;ls"
' srl'r
ToUe 24 f-f cJg+

Hxl
Cast stcel 4t6.67k lu.2k 135 28 3780
Two air gaps 416.67k l04.2k 32,65 0.1 3267
Tcal MMF 7{M7
B=
*= ry = La4.2kilolinevin2
F JrTd €gr,! 6;fa5',., r)ti c.'+-ii rSl.r l,r H r osf o.1li':"'l (t - P) JSa ;l
: fr{-d#. ,-,1*- cF.7.ll l, H Gl* aLli rr.sL ( 135 A-turns,lin )
B
ll--
F4
104.2
- l.lg x l0-3
= 32,65 A-turnJin.
a..p; rs . ,q.S,p o.+-L. ls1 x tr.sQSlJL
I
00tal MMF = 3?E0 + 326i1 = 70/7 A-turns

.slt 'r*;l t .;t* d?

"!,;JJl
:f*Jl"(t-fa)"Ll.,,jl
7M7 = N/ = 800/
70/.7
'I--:8.8A
800
Examph 2.Il (SI) i ( Sf F-*#) f I I JU.

-
,r+ q9rrr Ao .i)K.s* f** olr.r . pr;50. .k :" l, (T-l y) Jsl
tl[ r:--c- l- o;19*lCrlf ...*l o.r,J; d!-r! r-S2Sc.r-r.,
")li u,*? jl .Sla;|.:*l
1*:** -l.tr.*Gr f+-.1J..r[f o*L. s*r$ . J;J.',i co,b :r.lt*sl,
&* CL- .r"-5 dr f A,rlr.r .i)lS,;st-9;r. or.i ebJl;LJ9 fr.lr^r&T- Lt;i*

& e /"olf .;tlr.jlf" &lf I grf 2i*, o/ooyA l) o;1.:-l I LrSt a:,*sr":9r
, .> | .gfo:;*, .)li ey )l ;,"- .JL ,r-+ . r"s;y
Cast-Steel Core
*d"n
cvtinder-\1f,
F"(
I
| - Roteting I
t_ '{ coil I
HH -\l
IH
urns o.''P
Lo,,o.o I
I
Fiald I
Excitation
Coil
0.2
ly - ll Jb +Lyy A:r.r! if - lf Jg
:J-
!:.*j ,J jl Jb. Orl
, c-,1 os.i; ,lro$].:
. .lq,;:,*o rf ), (J,^t dr;r-) r:" J.î JlL,J"Ll- Jrl .r.*l . .i.tt
, rs So. .,?)L JrlJtai JIL" oLlJ., frr ca..i :,-
)l )rh,-b c.,rf cSl, . f*rtT,€ gs ! 1., jUr +Ji .4- p, rt!- stl ls'i I
r J9; JAlf (l
- I ?) Jb. art;:. "Jl*" c*irr*. rq.l*oo3li'',1 (f - ? b) ol*1.,
.f"Jt+".-L--ItTO\f 14.* & 1*MMF .F tryrt:l Crt*l.r L..;r"
AY )ths s )ds.,- l+=
"!f"
lgrt ,'.* ;
i -r'" (y - ? b) &lr rlo.rl-i;*l L
,=H Z*-*YXA": l"'

:l!
25r
* - 5o(2X188)
!-
: 4.17g x l0-r Wb i P9c ')4"ît

oTo, ^-e:; I, b Jp ,l, (T - r) Jr- ,-rlr+. 1 * ) ,b ,*ls l-
.frIL; Jl.r. r-.r*l l".cl ..:--6 ^S ,"r9;r. t& Lil,lJ .19; .-t^.- ,V "ry MMF
. s.rll rf,l .r ,5*f ,l*, .jl-r" aL.ti rJ J dc9-.5rSoi:;-.r .)Jrre--;.2;l
Tabh 2-3 f -f <Js+

Hxl
Cast steel 4.18 x l0-3 2.5 x l0-3 t.61 7.3k O.7 5r l0
Two air gaps 4.18 x t0-3 2.5 x l0-3 1.67 1329k 2.6 x l0-3 34s5
Total MMF 8565
. t""l-" .-L-' lr.rbJt5" l-rl .f+ar+" Cr o-)b th lt,-l-1" Jrrr OrJ x :.h
B:*=HiF
: 1.67 Wbim2(T)
#-",-l*-- cfa:;*, ")Jr" .:r.*ii slrlt H ., orf ostic*l (f -V) ,lS*.rt
. +Tcf ss.! g#:a+l H ..jlrr aLb Jr csl- . ( .r x r-T!5y/f
)
l-{ t = vtf K,)/rrt .

!' f. , A7 *l- ")}
H-- B
lI4
i.f ,,r, -!- =
\J]-t'*" - \pcLtlr]
1.67
=-..'....-
4tr x lO-'
ti l1*. [.,I t'. '
= 1329 kA/m *r?p*\/1i LrrJ L'/'' t ( x, ()
o>.*:-.: t. . FJlo *,0 a* [*. 1.,
Hxt SLn"- l J L
total MMF : 5l l0 + 3455 = 8565
,rp{,p E{fqf
I
N- rrn Lr n lf z f[ tf t\ |' o. {[tr ..rla / \ /\\r)
i,.
I
3, n -ll ^ '-:
h.
.5SiS.Jl .slt '* i t CLt AA
',*.ll-l ( I -r b ) ol"'l.r ;l
8565=N/=8001
I = -8'#
800
= lo'? A
'(l).r,1 o5.,lir_r
2-3 L€rYzs LAW
Jg, ..Jclrs lr.i)S f.,."lr--rft . p-s5o";" (f - l.) .-l$* o2l9r JL
L..;J'ii . J' Folr- â19. !slo.r^" rt*'. t.1 ''>29**'rl ,s f*sl|sr,.rl.tl"t
'Ll*
. s;f;j C* ul.rrr drltt cl+-i ol:5 "illi,.o
(T )S't'.-'
. rrl.r rfi ;5r P .rr orl9.o .S tst.r '.-ri'Jl
(t) (.rt) l-0. *e[L l.-
.i)ls.r. ot f etfrl ,s ,*J Jf..l" t9lar-- .rl'.r"JsJl.!9i(-l)Kartl tl
ciJ[;. ,-blf c-stt.xl .rr fv.rlT.rr ,l.rl*, lr.i)lS f*olrttflJ L ' s'r So' tlf ,
. s;l;j C.* ,-:lsl.l Cxl a{ s^-r--,j oli.S
clf .rr tS Sl<L"-l 'st7 : ..iJl

. lr-,rls g2&
. FJri fi )ll-'.r.6 ( leo .r.9ti" l'-'
"t.,)
. ss5*.. sL, J)S ot.rri.lil l. (f )c.*tl';..s:.ro' lC
^S
J&. rls;lr *liiF:+ cS*--1.,**tLo 65.;* o** c,r,+"o rtlr- oS *i5 r'L
t:r,t\,o *,>l ,r."L / uyti or o.S $.+rtl$. Lst.t* o'r;*o;lt2't JL ' 'rlt*o"
l,
$+i.tt:; ul+o, or.rr tsrb.rTr" ^S f*#"' J+ .rt (Y - lr a ) Jg 'f'l-S*
s-L,t-.:.,.51a::--.rl* 4 .grto cxl ot fl ' t<o' .:+ )llt .:''*? 9 srls rl;
A'"i.a 6.rb ;A r.5rl.o otr q.? e.tf ..rrl.r" +L;.r:.r rl*i+.s"1o;l &.rA
t9s* ,t\:- attt.rlrs ,,e5;.. ^+l (T - lf b ) JS&JL ' Jr+ $lr; 'u;K
o*f d *f". dr*.r1*.t;J,g,[l . "r.:T.t' rt+v LJ+.tL;.'n ol+*'
rP ;-rsslo;l
jUf otiJl cr ra.- o5,ttrf Ir o.rl..o.o o.-r.s *Jy L9*=.bUi" ,1"*'
".r,S* tgrln.rJ
lrr.9.rlr.2r a-*.lj.o Jg, d,clrs p*r.;So"rbr.rl, (T- !r'c) J$ ''''1*
.-iJ[;'
.gitr rs gl+0. oS fr,r,l.no.,rJ JS- crrlov a+f l* , '.-l o'r'i c'llsS .Jl^*ldt .rlro'
ol.ro.,s JsLu tore o#.4 *4 o "' 't!rb,rt.lrs gl'r''n :l;fl;x*l;" c5s[o
1)Lenz' s -LAW 2 ) Friction

3)Wind-Resistance 4 ) Magnetic Force
A1 rrbrS t )dt.F*l+
"af"
. sg,loc rl++ .5rl.o .Sf. J-ti. .rs ( o-urls .,tr) o.ri.S .riJt.;. ss* nS * |
,6$ * ol.r*..,s Jrb t* .srln ol*r*"1*lyl tt tS .g;L ob Fb +t
. rrA:rc .*lfl jo, o.srls jlt cSf.r lsJ
: (r**) .5rto.5.,!-i oo":; rJr, (l ).str*- T - f

24 FONCE PNODUCED BV A COTDUCTON
or.$'LiJl;bJe Jrl q e?lr JLî dr,l (T -f ) t, (V - I ) .s1,",o.ii rs
ft r.9slo p+.ltt .f.rLt st*,! ^1=r
,rt fl .
^5 F "S Frf
r:.* (ool t Ji)
o.lslJr. rr.L*.'tilljUr.t.llo.rs , TsgTsr,.rl.ll+ .f*tt:'o olr*" 4 r.r:.rJ
. FSr" L,-,\.a bsyyr, (.!-f1 (t)rrLuS.F*|"* Jr-l* 4+lr Jr.î o-l
(cr
ir- ffJ,
<19;" qgrb ia
-6&; L*3 )l oJ-b Ol.+.iii . ,#Ll:&' a1(4 qs92.t
..tu( o.ttr as(s

CrL* t l* +L, )l nL.b Ol+. tr
,;Lbi. .rD , Oltpaigsscsr*g1-tto : b
, <il o.* c.* frf dit :- 6)b
, (*lo.t u2 &t Ohr. , glt;i" O(4 g92s cSp" 65lb I C
I ) Force 2) Torqve
dL',,'' t Cl* 7o
"lrSJl
I
(t)'.rr.lLr*o,,*T-f-r
24.7 Elot-Scvart law
ostir-l Li olr+. t tt*l (r -Y) !\r,-yU. s..lt.F )l )ltLk orb
9 s.2i(,,0 ol*;+ oT jl oS .,ô- L-; (o$ +Ji ss.*)
dLL 6lr lvlrr otrl
. ,n-rll ENG f** rr . J.rA-:.-l*-- 1., srlr.llt.f*tLio ol.* oJ.lr
(2-1a\
F=0.8858ilxft-7
: f*rl.r ( Sf ) f*';- lr
F= BII (2- Tb)
."f ostirf (f -f ) Jls+rra?.ra-l. rl-To* +t-, (T-Y)l*lr, 1l osls lc;l;

. sq.Li. y.9...^. olo* rJ ct"b ir"Jrt L . (Y - Y) Jvl:r.r.
".-tb
Tablc 2-1 f -f <Js+
English (Fq.2-7a) SI (Eq. 2-7b)
F pounds F newtons
B lineVin2 B webers/m2 (tesla)
I inches I metcrs
/ amperes I ampenes
24.2 Dlreclton ol Force. : qJ*j s{F" I f

- -I
6 ol*r.,t L .gJls {t-9- o-u, ,st.t* (T).-r"-o"J l+*.9lt
"*J3'
(f )(r.'. r.!.r
f f ,I5*) .rr,l*a orle,.1 o:;ls ;l "ll" .rlf .fJt& olr* oJ.rr
W r-r> \:!.1!-9 d^*,1 9 JAJ ,b lr,zt:, .-1"-!rr?L:sJo'?t+ c,;lS; lJSl ' (T
6l-r W Lr.> r.bJ ," ":r ,"'"&l *.1:,.o..*l .1" I srls(. .rl.*t^jt l, csslo Ot*r+
, Jy; l, o.l,i -;J9.
".ol* Lps.& lgsl"t-i
Example 2-12 l1-lIJU"
c9l,rq5sb-t*9 o-u, -roJi 6tr s{f . f"."Si. .F :tl, (Y - I A) JSl
f to.L- O"l l*TJ=1JF q-*> \:!J Otb o* "+.:. t, ..>lo-r.i; Lra.i,l. J5-,^
. a; l* s-u*.o
:,1'-
..rj:*.6 f .5I
"4"
I ) Biot-Savart-Law 2) Direction
3) Left-Hand-Rule
?l )'ULS r jUr
"l*l+ "!f"
(tO t' -3 oyE 62lrJ i y lf dg

-
F (cl
cti.c6d.*i.o &lt .ir\ OQf czp ( b )s( a)rJ9t)srlr-tAJll-,

d.*i, e)Eat)\OL-:o-r*f d ) g( c ) ,Jg tr .tr r:' L<g
J-i L.,. lc I
15$iSJlts[i#.lt t,;l*. ?1
Ennph 2-13 (Engltsh) . ( EttG t ..,.*) T tf Jll"

-
e*l to f:-,* crlr"..9rL J*. FrS,'. F .r, l) (r lt) Js!
,b fl . rr.t*,. osf Jir r" e*l ? Jl'.,| a{ , J& et lrrt.i &* . $l**.
(^LL 6r*) o$ ."Ji 6ss-.* er'lllrii. . r.t' crf .F f 400,000 lines.
a.r.i,. &1" Ol.., gTof-9 -l* r*TA .gJb Ol*r* aS s"5 ;; ..J1.* l,
. Jr.,! .ctf ,lu ,s r;5
Fihurr 2-16 r-l?de
: ..j-
6rln iy J* "J+f
oS *1., 6Je f"l* - Y a) ala{lr jl
os[i:-l (t
l, (B ) ,b JK"rorf osli",..l (t
- ya) al^?lr jl r* | ( 9 lra) .:*,1 wl r
f
A=6X6:36in2 lij . F..S#. ..-l*-

n :9 = 4ook
436
= ll.ll kilOlines/in2
:,J.i
"=ljll;I:,dxIx6x,o-?
Jg+ ritr- )ll" cb.E{ SF f*t.t'.r"."A \kr Oiti 1l o.lti:-l I.1
Exolnprc 2.14(SI) I ( Sf f:..,r.,) y tf Jll"

-
.WL ro ,.** ,..nrl.r" ..grti Jrt . F/rJ*, .F :" l, (T - lv) ,Jl;l
,b-51 .s5,.!o.:if.&.r" #Lyo "rlrrlo.rtJ$ g.r b.Ji &*..r-t**.
rrff . aJ.-l - l, (os"l *;-ti) aLLt 6r-# '-.{f f ,rl"L..r.lL ''ro/oot
. Jll, *rf lrr.rr SK'bls .if* eT oL- I "l.ll.r rr"TA.5rlno[r+6,-. I oT
?Y r, bS I j Ur ,l* l.*
"$.t'"
r-lVcW
. Jl-
Yo tJ.rlojr" Jrt d sf q5; +LJrFl-5#'6ob*l (f -Vb) nl"l.rrt
1., (B)
,b dt+ rorjostir-l (t - yb) "Llr;l l-.'il (slr") .*.1 ;;-*,:;L
A = 0.2 x 0.2 .= 0.04 m2 : l.rj FJ,i" .- L-
6 4x l0-3
uD=: A o.o4
= 0.1 wb/m2 G)
:u,n
F=BIl
= 0.1 x E x 0.2
=016N(newtons)
l)ltt c-.r t.t* c1.9a5 f*rL.frJ rr? snr orb.1l osl;.. ll.
(p* 4) Aob..Q-h-9; o$ .,r b.' (,!f) rrbis T _A

2.5 TOROUE OWELOPED BY A CONDUCTOR
f*|;*;y I nJ* sly ulr-l€ 6r.r l.r.s.rlo .!
o;lsl;To;1.:-lcS
J,.L Gs.,n "r"1 u\r .5rb crljl ft .(f - lA JS.l,) rS ..,1.rr. "rlr*
c;.r<; Glrn fl f"-1V., . ( f*rf lr:.lva etp*l ort+24,!r-; .r-.*i ro; s9&*o
esf ,;l.rJ,.r"Trs.rSF. 6tF Jf -11; aulsljT;*' oT r .r5 ;1.,.*-
,*l*-- c,+r? .-lrlr* .b:l (.If) ,rks . r'i sale- &L (&f) rJb,s
. Jrr;tn
f=,fxr (2- Ea) . p*2ls (nf.fC) *r- .rJ
y =.f Xr (2-8b) : f*rl.r (SI ) le** .rJ

,.slt'*rt .;l"" ?Y
"liSJl
rf o.-9; +L . .l"lt-- (,-tf) ttWS T JAJ,.[i,r , yr* F r*-lJrles st
.^5
F r"-1, ( sI ) r** Jr J 6rJ-' $.H F r-lJ (ENG ) r** r-: ..!l
ui*
r -lr (SI) t**rr,oJ-:, *ls r .sl, lnnC) **r";:l
, a:-* I ;;
f**.)J J o.r.l (Lb-Ft ) *y-s9- T -r-le (ENG) t!* r" le

. s.rl** (Nm ) y c-tytn T s-1, 1SI )
:x. -#b Jr*" .5rr i oJ.rti r .jif lJ.r.r" "S fiiS,." .S.lrT"l* L;-l.lJ
. s,ll*_. ,-, l,trJ )9-- U
a;l*;lrur7 L .l;r3. o;1..:*la5 s9,l*..=lt (f - trt) J.S,l ,s o-LoL )rl.us
(l - f 1) JS 1J r-:^-.r.a9 rb o.-19ai Ol*t: aS t fu .rto=l.S+.\> r5l-r;*';9 (.9rb
, l:* I o.r.j; c.l lsS;t-.-
JS.J;) ^--lrl g*r*9 o< c^3;15J[b \t+-";g # Ir d fogt**.1, JS- CrIot

"rt
L.1
c:rf ol.r* ")Li..o . J.[#"1o5,_rl.lJ" )9-- E, g-F Lss9." o-.l-b " Lill , (f - trt
, .:- I il"f rt )l f. 6
I t) Jfu Fr arL. ^L.L syn o5 "rf tl;s ot*;t ,"
rs ("5115 ol5,r.
"l-L ,rbS, *-l s,o ,,1.r9" )p U, txJ 6sq -s J,ab *tf drl ;J r .-tit (f
Force (tr5i)
Angle
--90"
tr(t ,lf 64bi. O(s3a a392s I cSs(o.9 L-'9: oJ-b )tlif'f

- |A Jg
76 rrLdS t )ds"ll* ,Ff"
.rl.ll. J-lr" ,,.td;" 6 f.rtL* gbr rttt . J9r ..lf ;t- ol-t Crl sr F
. g ,l ..-tb &.t Lslb ilrL
( B ) ,b JlSt ..-itt
(r).srb.-,1'rlv
jll ,j,ij;
lfu.rr-ip(&f)Jrl:.:.5a.,,;,JL, .l.;(,,,,o ,.4a ljls r dLrliolrgr f
" l(;,tr.r ,.:'i5
JLti.o cdJr 15rb ^q"Kb aS.:;l.l c--9; *lv . .r,lt**; .-li: osga s";b,.rl.lr,
, sL* ( f*f t) Fl"- aLL ,JbS etfrl.,s (Y- I A ,Jil) srls ,t; .-tj
Jrh^S 9as9, ,i,a f es*l ,.r s*; lV= al-ti.-Li jl to (.'rb ol5.ro dr++-.o.6
. (f
- 11 ,lSl ,s Fl ':*;r; +r'il#o .F F aLL
Fl
t
'[*-,,--l
r
Original Positron
Shown in
Figure 2-18
,#be' 6t.ro" 4 oetr <Srb & o(r9: if - t 1 <Jg

A. " etiJl;bJ9 .:rlr*o; o*la "f .r*4tr o*l?+l olqi*"
.,rt;.l.S ul.o-rju o5
,Lti. rs ,r.ok; ,r ti"# &.r".s.ltoot5ro" )b. (J.., d'+5 Y - I -Y \,,1i-?) *l
.gl^h'.rr rJ.rlo oKr^ r os9,+ p.rf L rl.P r.lbS, o$ 'tlJljUr "rJ ,l; .-k;
6$'[iJl j 1uJ9,>2r.o+l rs s.f ,l; -!9s t-9 riwJr
".:rrff ,i.a 9.tlb )rl^:.iS,
' J9r
dJ,,L t"*tt .,Jl:;S ol.l. (r -,r) &lr, r. (Y

- Y) Lly.r+FL t
trlr '# L Ct* ??
"SiSJl
' 1"21s ( nXC ) 1*-*- ,.sl.r J.rlT !:sr{ l, .''rlo -(- L*;
I=0.8858i.1r x l0-7 (2-9al
: f-rrl.r ( SI) f:.,,** ,gl,
T :
BIlr (2-9b)
a*l-...51,p 61.:". *1, (f - 1) eb f )*.--ll.rlf.r.l"
.^La|r., . s.:;1.^," o.;1..:-l
Lrlr.r.r. r d!?*L.6lr , tr.r& ,l.r.l" jl ^ki; 2o Jr &LL (.slaL-.J )rlss

rf oslq; lJ+> 9 .-tlb. cntlrr;l +t*.91^LJ
Enmph 2-15 (EnSIish) I (eD[C fr-^#") Y

- lA Jll"
,-lSl ,.r or.l ollrcrl.:;; *9-lr tsl.x . 1*, F5". .F :"1, (Y
- Y") .jl$,
Jl"* JlS" f** ..r*l;. . .r-,r.llT rri*! l, al-L JrbS .-l.- 9 ,l-r'io
fl o--r'*s , .rl;rTA .5rL ol*r: t Vl 5 Jsl* L r 150 kilolines/in2,
. sf s -.rL ,sr++it aa oLf 2.r . p,.5 rl1.. t. 1., b.rrhS,.-lly*t
45"
Cylinder Rrdiur
Equrlr 6 in.
f - l6 JUqly:n fi.*i- ly- lo cl9:; :.Jt_
c#t" '-t$-, t.* S pr<t-.*.rr."q lbr o9;ti 1l a.rti-:-t lr (t ) e*t";9 rs

osti:*ll- , t(* J., (ccw) (l ).-L nt.rb .i)b c*1p ,sr9b'l5 lsJ9os9,
tr gb+S f,*l.ro. r s;9T,.r"' 1., (l ) e.+-r;trs.,9bl5 rl.+* (f - 1a) 61"{1, jl
(e*f ?) uy o/A 'Jt-41.,.r r .S .rlr ti +l' ,.>-l *f: *-*t ul
,.r- ' g l-n""
1) Counter-Clockwise = CCW
?Y rrt..lS s )Vt J*l*
"!t'"
T: 0.885(lsgkx8x5x+) x l0
= 0.2655 lb-ft
,6Jg;c#!.rA t.* S prL* lJ rr? chrr o9;li 1l orti:*l t., (T) u:,-*b9 r.t
"Lti *Jt^trl.r, . r*!. $, (cw ) .--oL dvF qf tr sth,S crJL;-l ,s Ll
: lU . vl- r +l*, cr*o; c;lrilek oLi.&" r
""t':L'
r = ( | rtxsin +s")
= 0.5(0.707) = 0.3535 ft
lcr_
T = 0.885(t50kX8X5X0.3535) x l0-7
= 0.1877 lb-fi
f J-J , rtt .rlr,t,rt:.lS l.*/bltt.rfl liJ . r.:loo" Otra l- ,*Li:. ;rLdS ora
.(rr"Ttf ) JqA.:rl.r, l. ll Otr.f "r*lt
Exanplo 2-16 (SI) i(Sr t$r-.!t.,) T- lp JU"

Jrb.iSq.+ ,rlsii....-t*" ,.: -rlL .f",5* .F tt l, (y- yl ) Jl,
. )L.: I /A tbgJtSa f"-1., ^(*;.,19.o r.r ..-lSl .;J o.r't o.llsoLl; *95r)s aLL
xlrsr .,rl:;.5 f*lr* fl o*:n^b . $,l.i.r+"T A o[r t * o;l- I T Jsl'" I

. -lls *or.: \L ,-ri- l.l Ol*.f cfi
----1,I Cylindcr Rrdlur

Equals 0.15 m
I
f -f r<JU+Ly.r f&r.-.f -f I Jgi

,,S'jlIJl6triJt Cl* ?A
'J-
.#q .iA rr# oS 31v[*.rr.;; ra*J Otbjloclii-t t" (l ) .anr;9 r.r
(r-1b) ^Ll.r jl . u!. & (ccw) gcL *F.i)lt .:r.>rr rrbs t6ry
.i*;lr J*t* Crl+.o , r->l f-rtt JrhS *g gl.lr oS.---l+-"1 f*{". o.rli': .l
T=l.5xtx0.l2x0.l5 :lU. $lr* #L tO J.l"" f .S
= 0.216 N-m
t 6ry "r.:! .iA t.* S prl** Jr \r? (br oib 1l oslir-l l.1 (y) .r*a9 2J
e
b.s-lL-.S" f .iJl-;|.r, . ..'(,no & (cw ) ,.*sL a.?Js !,1.> ,s rgtuS
r = (0.15 m)(sin 45') ' rraj.-L- lr-T +tt 4Sl-{ . ebi.j a;|.:-l
= (0.15X0.707) = 0.1061 m
T = 1.5 x 8 x O.l2 x 0.1061 :u*

= 0.1528 N-m
,J f.r
Otrrr +1,.r:L*S Crsf rlr tr.sl; l.r-l ,*-1.-L- Otr: t., rr[::;5 ora
.) *T lf) sen, ,1,
2.5.1 Torqw Developd by a Coll € !-.r, al.rb rrti.i.f Y -A - I

i .l:15
(l
ts.:*'- f+JtsjL L Lgldil.:-|.99, , t f,,t)Q )orr.r J:.i)5.5, tl
ra.\:ro J*fu lJ ail-.! -i)15 6l^(jl-.rT;l . J..t-\J. &L (f
- yT) J$ ,.9rtt
CJ[i .l-; 15 c*i.. )l .-1, .",0 )l sll'. -r-;lS o.r*i- r-rg.la+ ..;? \b .1l olr;+ fl
rtt-lolf G!.:.o..a.S,S" te*l )lLca- 6l*jl .-* ,*Jl*i.l .r".os5*.
,-.'!* "*Ji (CW) .:*rL a{Jrr ,-1^>rs,"5.19tuS1':*,rJ.. (\r?,.. ." of-b)
r5.i,.; ["- ..-r;.r.-.,r;- ulg-,| 9 osg. a-* ..fuc.JL :l ;Sy dLL Jrb,s l.rJ
t L>slr.""'" eslof* JJ (-9F a{ A*t{ aS..-l grl srl" Jb ,-gLt:--- e,,l .r" 6
, fr-b.\,r^ ef 6sr, Jf,.r.r"l.l efy Cxl.l fojL.S.lLOt:+" lJls.i)5.;7 ca
1) Single-Turn-Coil
?7 rrt:,;;S r jUr.i*l*
"!f"
r-rr 4k
( BEIvIF ) I dr^' rj 6Lrr | -?
2-6 BACK ELECTROiilOT/,VE FORCE (€,ACK EnF)
oT jf a5;1.* -fl , srlo oS f"-.*+*. I r"J* uF;|, (f - f q) J'i
'tilf jt!9 gi"rh .r" y; ,>)t*j,lJ.r o5.*5 VL (s:ir ,r:JL) -r;16o' J,.i(,ro
c;rta s+&*o.rrlrass--l.r|r *iJtr. o.rl...o;Ul ;LJ, dr,l o*.r\ . ssrSo.
65)*. sb tstr oTo* .:--l 6J[* ol*r t-.jtilljLJr cS;l--rT.ll . +T.rs .l.r-
A ul. lt*l t";ir" s,,,SJos .,J ,,*6. tSr*" $ 6y* . s*l*. a:.iS
"JL', .rJ f "liU
. FJ"" r+i.€ ,iT o- €lt *
lra 6 .r;1l*.rr \:-1, c.*r ottJ;l oslq: I l., .ul;* lF 6.,l5.l.;lt;
. .> | .iJ lt- Ol*rr s.c-" t* o r,i; ' bJ I j Uf o*r\
.5li5.Jl .slr
'rilL Cl* Yo
SYIIEOIS CHAPTEN 2
''VTRODUCED 'N
Units
Symbol Definition English SI
It) Veleiry of a conduclor in./s m/s

T, Lcngth of conductor in magnetic field inchcs rnct€fs
f0 Angle betwccn wire's motion and lines of flux' degrecs &grces
rl Tirp it takes for a conductor to go frrom zero flux scconds ccconds
to maxirnum flux cut
A z Number of conductors
? E, Average induced voltagc volts volts
Y r Rrdius fcct
A P Number of poles :*'"
1 s Rotational specd (English) rcv/min
lo (t) Rotational spccd (Sl) nd/s
il F Force produced by a conductor *** newtons
IY T Torque tb-ft N-m
f .F;o o$ ortii-l 6;tanil C),r

i
.5Jlb4**--1
srl.r ,l; .,**tl&" ol.r*" orJJ nS.s"L Jrt - f
)ULtLb 9 1* 'Sf cx o*91;- y
-5f* ^-(,r,'sr. t .r5,* C*lro.rb 6s..*ir jl c;Jb 69 slx p;)l oL;-f
15.," CJ lr.,l,
L-9," o-r.t cliJl;LJ9- 5
ln*.to slsu f
-
ek-v
IF'LJ slsr,:
- A
,J**Jf l f*=* JJ rtlrgs ,.:.s.l- - t
SI f.l.- JJ Li'l29t '->'s.s-- 'l o
.grb & t-i o-u, ""Ji cgl-t* - I ,l
(&f) .rrbS- t I
(1f
.:.^t:,
DC (tt4,c)bu 1o
^{ry
DC n ACHt N E COTUSIR UC nof,t
YT 15ltvtIirt :tL
DC 19lCu^b drl"itL
laôriro
ortr;sgrl DC rsb:iy lbt;:lr) * Ly.r..-lr:f srlg o(*l jl J-,

t, ;bTJtî cxl;l ,-i..u .FS* .:rrr*a DC,.slt xtL .gJ.ob JSl J ot":rL
I OC tJlt *sL fr." aQ---.";
i-, AnnATUnE .;41..02Ty_l

\::re\.e (.-tf) rrlsSr jLJr *J* Jr,l n' C.l, (T,-!oi) .l*e '!,î rs
l6 ,*+J J t*rf
.$r+r.r*-tb ol**" .5; olr.i)S *tt jlrJ-r -Ji (.9lJ., :..iJl
of +o" .! orr" s;|.:o, o;l.rl;T^S ;)K ;t +l' (,-t"f) ,rbS +Jr- slr I v
. 152*.r ot*ra r *iF+ .,**ttt
ufos.:l .5jLV (:r) o,..rt;lgJ r:"0*t 6rt x qJ)K DC calt *iL 2a
t 24a2l.sl."r)5o.1,o.7.o 1.-.,. a-:iS.r--a*..11 DC cslt in;l L syt*" L)tt-tr'\
(T))r.-. .S'
,f2, r.r rt5,slorlr c.Li.o gT rsu I oso", .slrls ,.'....rT
(f
lsloj,l"l .:Lir -l.-;+ . r,a.a# .Jt*fu lJ ).rrr.9lo;l+;l 0..*n.5' 9 s *5*.
Ol*.1; o.** cS r:, *l OT -jL*. ,.j.rf. lr.r. rT ^'' ,^ d+l*Jr\ $t{+' .r)ly;!.Jl
" )15.*o . sr.ir*o

,S)l-.lt b.rf *l c.tts..rq.*..1T6* f.+- 9 c-- | sg<.i,a " )L [S l;-7 ]
lt.r*sT (.S"* f*) .,;* fn#- 6r;n.i t t>l or.s +-fu .i)S O,r.r:" )l )tu)T
I ) Armature-Winding 2) Shaft 3) Laminated

4) Eddy-Current 5) Slots
,stt.*t t Cl* Yf
"!i5Jl
Commutator
DC o.:L & .p:t eL:t l p - I dg

3-t., bmmutatlon I (.s;L 3.4) or+rlrrJf I - I
-
o* (.f*."rT.sltp)5,.sUt*;) b6a C* .sUl-*; OC sgLt *-L r.r
(l )ri U*6
.r.6o.r.i.-l*S,il r,*. rSLoa;*: :l:ytr#aS,::i5 -r.L . s+i.*o &,
er:a.o J 6rJ< ,j*Lt 1.." a{ c4*.; Lf dl.o^vrCtl. -lc.lr5.rl;r6*.tT sS*.rl''",01
obr rtb srL 9 rrlr Jr+r,.xt, ;* .*tl,&" ,s!.1 dlr''n .i, too;; ol cr*
+ l*!l.,,-.rl erb olt- l. pC g.*t 5 .>l.rgbe5cr=o.o **tl o5.:;L
.-e y* o'.,rbr"S
,h* jl ( td)lS) ,a*2Te* g* ol*.r+,styl:.).-JL ,s
tr:S1
(T)t*-5
( :*tTC# fr,i* Q ty"r5,S*:t;lo[r.s ,tyy.-JL2"r9.r9.;*o
. .)*1l{
$*"tL* ol** € ur.rJ (.9rlo .5" fl oS p*+s (f J..r) '!a;,-f.î r.r

-,!" ;$', . (f -y JS.l - .-bJl3l',Je) rr". ""Ji .9rlo tr ?eL:.;l.:Je, .r.;r7-
, rr, \".tf (DC ) p*i:.. jUr o" (Ac) v-rL-jlrJ-r"rl&V.rl-lr-rS."-b,o jl
1) Commutacor 2) Load
YA DC .9t{+"^*L ot :tL
J.oL r.fy [, ..o.* lL;l |.,gs;L 5'& J.. ey & :ibe"S c**u rs
DC
olr,p 4 or.rJ 6 "o.* ,b l, tj.rrJ & o)15 4 (r - T) ,tS-l . sp
"."tb
e- o;19.o ( A ) .i)lSaloJL*i jl ,JS ,24a2T ol.rrJ llS'^ ..r;;gr..;c gJ
"-tji
rf ry a1 et*c.i ( B ) .i)S.S, Jlr*; t t>l Jt-:' $Vf .rJ A.,*. a.ro:
( I )€rrlt
,r !-i ol*r* !or.l "tiJl;bJraSsi5-r-L . .u: too. ,bt#b.r.S .r. B
. Jr.-:r- (f Y) Jg;s 0.r.,1 osls ok;
-
frJ. w! ,o1.,r5.ulrt-i DC :flfi (r)(ur.,) *7b ov trlrJL
*i)lS ."7 r.:*1, ."rr-r t.5loc#p* t.{ *; oy " to'l".f U-.:,
Cti:" alo€:.rL
(c..:. \-td) JtJ '-L; aS *--lrT r,c.e (f - T) JS.zJ , c:&lc-.;olo r5sr
o*.1 .,.Lii €:.rL;l o[.r+ 6,: ry29t o;1.*o otf Lr'te l.1'; "r.f+" f Fl
C,rb
t1^S{rJL *-l[L.1" g , A ,slw.lto ol5r.o a5.:-i5r.L , rlrl,,...t.rll,.s.trd..!rJL
etf (Cb €:.rL J.,ti" .rr B :.rlir& yl.--,-Llli" .rs A ) -.r5.rly
"rl.r.
.irr l.1 ,j)llt {rrL u'ld ,.-Jl^ll r. , sor* CJ (.fj +-If) &"+,,.9r Jtj
,s ,,rg.io.o ,lfn B rf "i-r l., &:rL ol.-,,L, oTt* oL;*" 9 o.u 6Li A.f
4 .r. ,s o-rJ; 'liJtjlrJ.l ( ,r; *-l5) &"#r JL, f lSL" .S Fr". tr:" l,-r,l
, s.lr{,,..-:6Li-i)5!-ir9;b6--o^l;oJ,.xl,t.lt;t sd:*r,-r,a $ f A.S!'".r'lto;l
,ttr,5 s2ls rfl (r)r--TTJJL Sr rt*,9lo.r** DC ul, '*"L rc
;Uff::ru;tJi
.**-,ur-.iss'r!*;@hi@'{'r_tqns'*r&{dsM
t*ril]f,:$ + d,*-s
(:;^.o.1,., O"". r. o-1r* C,r*l o.lLr.lJ , J9r .lolri; .'r,a " )LlS ftll.iy B f A
, oJ.!'lfjl :bJ9 gs9o, .ri-, Cn*" pL*, ffiffi
.-,. loT ni* )lx.* l, , Ji*#. o+r dr.o.!t rs &*3; y ,-b o*- (f ).f L.;f
o,[i-J .xl.rr: s*l;+" ,-b: f+ ls tibgJc'o:9"&trl+ , &o;"s- J* tlSln aS
.i:^JL c>29a:o$.tbr.rrOtf B, A ,J'-. ** tJ,.r+r
r.r ,.r5oo ,jl*..f a.i,2a
liJ,."*I;- B r [ .grb,r.rror.!etiJl;UJ,&*qJy J-e ft5;e. JTor*l

r.r [.] ,.l.rl.! rfgjUr.t)btl.,*" ri*i,g.! o#? lx) r s9"&;.c.j .ll.r*+.i.re
"t-s
1) Brush 2) Frame 3) Armature-Reaction

4 ) Sparks
dl.r ',,tlt Cl- Y?

"$iSJl
Top Positive
Srush
\tation
$lire Conn*ting
Coil End to
Commutator
Scgment
Left Half-Plano Right Half-Plane
o.Ls et DC :ylri 4;r .tyb# osL 6i.2b if -f Jg

. {:s-: P " )b[5 o-$ 'tiilljLJ4 L'1*. ..ll gbrt
3-1.2 Ermhcs .td.rlt+f-l-T

totl.;l+ . JJ** esf (r>l r-*r (.s;tA) ,>9**lrr5 & oSil.slr
. r:.!\ x:.sIli.glrlc "ryt+
. .u9.* W (.J;s Lb;l-
=f 1
rlj I $\ Vf FT,-r-.+- f
. $r.i;r 6a*JL
(t)
. ;(; r l-.* l a.,l*., Strt-l ;;;-fTlif;;6")ll,r-r
.f 6to,'.i.: t, -sL f; g',6.Jl.r-r-f
1..1
-y
jf -tirl r.fr, *l{ ,,tf tlls [&r.,L rir, ,-[)t" ,tt )
"!rI^" rr^-
us.;F-r
t*t.r.,F
(Y)
) CJ'# CTl ;
h:ks{.::*J
&rrt o.rJ r Vo-2..-. 0.6 L; \r&yL . -r- cff r;t<r -yl-. -J.L
.-u".-.s,J.t*: .;J syt 95..r .5t.o"+' t, " Lilo 9 .u,Jo" ,ly .r+b c!:ir;rJr
t ) Friction 2) Brush Rigging

YY .SL-*nL Ol^:tL
R.tlunt Flur duc

to Mrin Field
Rcerltrnt Flur dnc

to Both Ficldr
@t\
lcl
o'Lie: Dc
")i,2:,f:;^fr,;l ;'*
e*l o,* osls atb 2p;l ,JS ;bgii : b
c>l os,!, otls 6r0a.: o,::. tL:; i c
sL-+t t ,st* YA
"Si:SIl
.srL loorj d'l ,c:*lJLi" g*lL a;+ o* .r[t .;vl, L-9- J*llgy.s["orJ
. +0 Jtrl .rytr.,S \ c,1.2 fj)rLliln$r.,L 0,., b u''--q* (t)t
=ru"l;
3.tJ Alttltur1FffcgOa i2*2TJ"'JtSrt-l-y

F jl aS.i*le-1, . p- FS*. ,b f ,s2lr2tt .-JL r" l.r DC .rrl.rj .1
ctf t +, jl 6t* ot:+
o
o?J.oaS,;rrJ.uL. sr.l.,,+o a;.i5J+,r".JTJl^! oTcn oS sl.S*. J-L

alb ,24s21
j+-
. se.il,;"or\: *.f*.rl Jl, l.iJ, 6s .*sfl s'* 2#j ol*r* . J.;.l is[;;1,
l, r.9sti t 6ry rJlo.r*ls ,-.-.rl 6to2Ll .x*. * 'l \+ (r r b) Jg jlas JrîL.o
-
JS rb 9 os.t 6o.7 t b t, ,slo;ls .glo2Ll ,-xl .--lr.-, ,lg jl aS.,r.b,Lo . s;',o. .r5.r
.r" 6.-.iS.r,lt tl .?ld.#! -A'.JSrb ol .f.-, '.'nV, J+fu lrra*rT

f.J .(4.,^.rl* rb) s.rlr rl+, H uJLr.slt,t'i jl &L )b DC tstt+"L
:*iti f rr ,r-l*Y q*::. p.g.:.=5"*,f

*L* i':i:l-5-lY,!{J"*"h*:..irr
.*n*Tf ?b
lv
drl . srls s9--9f"JtOy,rb l"a.Lij. o.rl*o ,DCd,r#L O:.lr 65 f**[,;.*.r.1 lsJ
d rrJ.ru,L-l l-.i,|;r .rf o.r.ol,i. (r-yc )
"lfursglr::o.5(r)c-u;.rl,l
)t-. S ."(* ,Sf asiin.,.;tL;.,;l.r-. gjl-t".rfr. tn-r.lo . (x.tL 6rlrgs L
^l\J,..,*l .r" . (SIr") r+t, C"tl, (f -f c ) JS- ;s or.l> o.rlc gk; cro+lt
i+ r-t-t. ,:i-l.p- t61sb .r" or^r etiJliLiJ, ltl r u'!.; Cdb.rb LtL6lro.l"
tf tf s9.$.;rl"*+ d.r+ b . f*nrrll croa L.t )t--drlrl-ril.rrb LSTTJL'.::-l
JLo o#- d,p " L:-*r,lo.i*l ,s ,;;f ,l; (f -f a) JAI +b lo!l,rl.
. s.T r lrr5
".olp tzy o.r,*
;l lt-!92L nS vfu v[5;l.4.*.lTJ^rJt S" oS s..a,r a.r\#:i.irr rsr.. rl
&JLtS" oy liti5l ,r.olSr.ldr,r.! *lr. , ri.6J oK. fr;u rttJT o+l ci"';r
, sr.r,.*o uiS;*
(r)t&rrL
o".5 L.,L a.*ri ,2'...27
1) Spr ing 2) Resultant-F1ux

3) Brush Shifting
Y1 DC c5L '**L ol.rtL
g-2 ,tt TERPO|fS frl ale*hi) ;S"S .5 le ,hii f -

: ( Y
,.slrA; t-d t:*j J^"Jbl,

"uS
sF> Jr r9e1t sVy jl ..*
:(r-yJ$) **l 6l-l .sl* ,h (.r* .rJ ( t )*U
Currcnt Out
'"ffi:'' '
current in
lnterpole
Winding
( et) ,F ceb',6 lt ,s# e: DC c'# L ir- f d9t

# L * =.;rt oJ-L Ol"o. S.l)[ 9 .u9.igr ot'ri G# f.#- L-;' ,f f .Sl*,h
oS
t, ,f,, .slt*t i f fr,,* .5 c.rt r,rl., ..^>l .rl.'c Jr (f - f bJ$) .ra*rTJS

ot*r- rx*lil c&) *l. rLl1.;l )*)T ,b fl ls.J . -rilo & $r 2apsT r9lr.*,
*rt" . .rs S.. o.:.rrl " 1.,,*L.:. j".; (*IJ) ,s+.;r ,.slt *l*ii jl"l-L sbuii ,b , (J+,.".JT
: l! , 3;lo-r.&.sr (d.S) \f .rs.st,*k qstr*-, L, t**, sT cs\..*- ,Jr? 5,*iS
nrTrl.r. c.*9[L .-}S -.ra*rl6* ,.n- ,*.9b a ;SJ calt^Jîi e", f,'** '*n!tii.
i 1o.r::5 F-t) oo:iS Ob++ €t{#:fd p** f -f

3"3 cotPE rsArrwG flruDrtcs
* l** ;i o s li:* I )--)l Fl"J" ,UlS W rffy 6Vy jl tt' .F
I) Interpole
"St$l.sq-r-at
Cl; Ao
@o
@O A North Pole
ao @-F/
Compensating
lnto Mrchine
(Armrture
Currcnt)
Out of Mcctrine
a.riif o|* Ft f* o$ 9-t DC o"i L if -6 Jg
l,
. -uli;d LSjLl+
,J-l.glr r\i 6ts r L-* , crl ...-,t(t )o*r5ol.r.,+ aL.*
.b :t :+* sT tsq."* \ * o.ui ul.ro+ r9l( n,, o*l^S.:i5 r-L , (f - A Js,)
(f )
(rL ,l-r) :*sTcatt n* .r" ul*,2*i*l;;! l., l! . s;la-r.i .sr .s!'i5Jl
Jldl ;* Ll . '',t-*.1-l;l9s.ro o.uf ob*- (-516** ,tb s .r?* tT crlt.,,.. .rb
aLa: rs.6n*2l.rb t.' lo *,* crl;t
^LL rb 6 c,.+de o.rij OLr.- csl.r+ry q..,,*
: .ris ol9+. l-.:,lJ.r . .u-Si-.
.# l, -&€ ,*l;l l-rJ . s9- "r.orr;
.r+o".rTtl.. ..=lhr. J5= ra*rl 6* f,** s:hr.o + o$5 ol.r*+ G* p- .:r9[iL
(f )
91 FTELDPOTES' (.s.f,,.sle rh,i) OC .gle'.*i:t,sl.ol.glQ rrî f -f
,J.al ,bS .19,l.:t olr.,.^*" t-,la:iS DC isl* LotL.lla?J$J t-- l,
.*,.
.'trs " )5.,.o l.r"tJ cr*l o, . s.r S*. +"Ji (u*.l .r-+j.) .L-9-
=*tJb .gL-t"
. Jr,.:\i. a:liL e.h rJa{
rjl,.l .Slt,h . sr.x,oa a:.iS,12*.Slt,k tr;-l
o::;L pls.9L2 croT;l 6i,lcslt-ki . Luj!' ,yL I ohy
'5"f qsl*-'.lL.,r_ ,l
. Jfrr"
l* 1$ JrJ ai nSG* p*,4 .L*9- l) d-l ol+* . Jll"i DC .,t-Jt r5l .rJ- f
1) Compensating winding 2) LoadCurrent

3) FieId-PoIe
Al DC rJlr '*^ L oldrL
6*"*
rr . f*a !! Fy.*J-ilo.r,.r-trr sn ri:J;;iJ
w,rJl" Lgtr., c,lToc Fl.r f"Jl .if 4**
"r,;e;l .rCl".sltr "pT.fr"f
o.f . Jr"t#o 4r^..f2b a*".5- ^L*rt .r"l sl--rl.rs 6 osg. ..,*.,..tLi9y.llg.
,;:-f o.!l ogf;.; at--b.;rJ a< aSG;; p- ..S; O[ra L-; .ul.i+. ,f.lb 4f--
& *rtt.*..r" Lj**tLr" 9;i a:*o ol;:+. l* , (t &; rc I - I J$) ssf oJ.s
1.,
o.:.llst cf.lb.S--r-,. ol5.ro .iJL f J.ra JJ . rls rl; cSt .llr**. .f"tb Ol"*
.f"tLi .uL e4 t,x).W o** .h41., Jp $rytt*" ,-* b ^r---". . J9*
. r{-.}r- (l
'l.î)
,.s-tV €f: at t'1" .slr.r C,oT.'l .i'..,i , e$oSc+LOb *l; *-tt
oT;l t'l".sL.,.PT+1i Lslr o)t.t"l dc;slr )l r.r1" .!;^- ey t
. ctbT 9r-ts ,rjS*,;, , *Ju , @rlT;l .+jUT.Su,t*-
"-S'. (t "!*'
)rS,Jr ."(* osti:i-l
f*L; lJ
.,J.rl ol-r*. DC .9l** i t .5ltr 6 FIS..ir, "T" .^r;{ Jr
t),l .l;9 r.:-\,i ^ScriS J,rlt . u'1*. Jhl .:*lo.ul ass;q +rLJ trJ ar 6..f*
"S
l.-!12s. orls ol;. OTul*,re ) g*t l;- .lrJ sl.r* ar dJl-\#-
'.*9,n""fJ:"
b g*;lJ jL Dc ;lrJ: C',n 4 "r .5J,.1r.91t ,l.j $tra# rs-n €r^, csLt drli.l
4f;.rl- o6ro a5 .:lJ r,L ^Jyll . r;5 o*.tr lJ ,jJ-l .sl, ,h,slr"* ;** ol*:+
6lt vtL.rs r5l "ul"-*. .Ct" d"eL r" .sJ ,J*-ttt" sL ,* 'rrt C"t l.^J-l
csl.r cri+; f# tyrJ [t ")9 ro .;r+a+l ,s Jri ostil-l ,;l .glt,ttirt DC
. f*qa o+lr. \^}ji...!F
. u'!. J--., 1., .rJ ol*r 5 Jl.vu l- Jl S.it- !sq:+*i p*,- I
"lr; rJr
. r-i.e'* tf sr- jl ltarl*j 6lr aS 1..Slgr rl*r" lt;rciiJS15U+;i ;r:,-- Y
,r C,;lL. f,#5# l"*t.j[.;l,T.:.;,lr.S- DC calt *iL lt^S *rt ,1..îrs

, (4r-.sltrt-i) (f - f ) Jg .pvyfu"b:T ;+* V f# ey
"l-l6lr-ki . ri.\r^ ,h l, DC (.9l*'*" L ,r"rr,.sL,k
I ) Alnico
.sti*iL .rL AY
"SrSJl
l;- ? &
GtptGx:t I pq oj6 I a
( &.r*) GJolOto rtî b
"
( et).#J 6Ljs ' c
Ar .5lr '*i U old; L
O-S I(ECHANTCA1 S7RUCTU1E : t

;S*'r& ol.:lt L f - O
DC rslt *,J;
lr.*rT tt-* , rtra{ ,rJStcL I L 9 o;l.rl;T +lt J+-JT aS dL;Trt

c-Li,o tsrs rj., ldbLL . \:ar(jr,'"
(l
rJJr ).-rJqtbL \,sy r
r.rls ,ll (T);trr plnr.s.r9r.
"rrL.i*
..rlo-r&. .u cr*-t.sln--l9r,.r Qdxtr,
ld-lJr . ur.L+,o.JL:" g..lL 1r)J-lvb t* -", a{ o#.rL lrJx;" 05,::i5.r.L
J^^r ,."(*o Jt*J l, l**r-rs oS-i.l', or)1, Cr..!trjLl:tit*ai\6 f*r**";rr"
vLi l* 6-;J{ dF-i+i..o . s.l,So" j", #.slt,k 9 .,L.l ,sl, ,h . Llrrl* ,2,^--,27
(&,r* ol"*) ol+* rb,.:.15r the- f .--t59J;l- 2-*. .5=' g;.;:L,sL'l
"l-l
r- jf .i*<"\l,.r" ("Lla,.;r<) vti.rrlr=ol&;rl o*-o *l;- .".r:T.r" rfr>,
"t' tfsY -Y rY - t .slt o-,) .'t"* ;l'-
( lfu
Arrmature
Shaft
'?:fr"1::fll':
o.AS e-t DC o'; L & ;l 6lo.tL plrllr:. y, - y Jg
I ) BEARTNG 2) sNo-Bel1 3) Main-Frame

rJlt '* ^ L Cl* Af

"SFJI
9.6 AAnATlrnE 141lrryDrtr;cs I pC 6r0,*iL;.r16+c2To#
F-_.,
y _?
o.u.lS c,,;#rJ t lf .,!' DC rsl( *^ L rs.16*"2T ,5* f o*
|J.,.l* jl
q5q:...^lL )+#)T.Sl.rr Jrl.ri gy* f* ey tr " )19"*o ...:*l o*it .9lao,.;-.1,.
. J.rl.r Jr+r DC
(t )rru,.
(r,wy ,5+# r--*- I
tr)'
(ww) ' 'gY Le;* 1-* - Y
*:*fs,*JS,lo,,ljl aSrl*b.(r-A'lll) *: ef l: LWur*;_- l.:rl
.r.! l,,no rl*t ( 4*,-s lt",. t..i)

*L ;; iL*,**
, r.âl .r..r-c r;:,1..o s;.,o'2T csbll=$ sl.rru .,-
. ( lb Sr) .r*l** Jr' .-',+ .t;:tr# Lf 6to"i': r1-u: .e
S
.( B+ b Br) c>l s*.r\.a Llr.rL sl .{'s
.i)lt r-,(f .rr +.lt FJ-. Lf f t os.i o"lr ,1il )*)T 6LL tf - A) ,-l*, rs
2.psT.9tdiSsl ',.: ( e*lJ*Jtl.:,jlaSri-trl-.-h. $:-a.t'(CCW) .-*L q.p
.irlosf l, Ire)F H b A usf l* 9 .--l s.rg s,.i.o
"^;.L"
p al'd;|, l*..1r r&tt os,l rLS-.r F- r9s 11 ;l g)15 .rl ,+..5*;,r
b ulf L B .j)S..5q.-lf l*tl "i5 ..>la.r,s..9i.Ln 6-l;- ,-ilf tt *i:5
: .:rS ol5+. (f
- A ) JSl *) cl-r . (o* il -u lo.r- r.5; t." b' I
jUlLr-Trsl.JJortCdlrrl, lAre , E. C . Acatr)l5-t
. s.lro. t bJ I
,sfiJJ\i5...6f )U,4L; Ajl-r.H, f , p.B .Sl.np)5-f

. sr.j:,*; ttiJljltl, t*T
Jr ,& LW,cro ?# 6* a4 ;+ Ol.:*" (f _ A) JS& +; \

.
JLrlo9..; oy WW, LW u,+#? i# i,;.? ,..:r|.i: .5 "f n+9: +t, ^". ll

. Lo^l* clrl rl.rru 9 ts*.o rs[o^"r'' It q.t)F
".r1" ,iS..-,
1) Lap-Winding 2) Wave-Winding
AA DC Lslt viU ol.bL
tsj
fltt
notation /
/\> sj &
I
Jffi s6
ffit [;.
s2 t-
-J
/f,,' ffi
'oo
l;]
S4
s,trr,* .s!B tr rJ"tl 61 ,g:"r( I oAs p , DC crr'l! 4 o'L rsl*it '1'- t ,Jgl
SLW uEt+."- ey )ljrle," ,g3+4 p-*,f -t - I
3-6.1 Slmplex bp Srrrgly Rccntnnt Wlndlng

# x).rs .i)E 'sp .1 olS.r. 05.-::ls a+f *t, ,Jt* f 6*,-*l r.
. .rr{*. ,lr, ( ?f) .J,".. S x:.r; -i)S.S" .i} , "-rJ .,ll (si:") Jt"l
...rf",_;lb (r-r.ii') r'}.ir"ro.r.l f"s.,* l-.,"1 crt
,,,1* .i)E alr,.,l", ( A .i)tS) Jrl .-i)15 .s\"-l SIW uft*; 1* .rJ
. r*50. tL;l Sr .f o-* ts, t Jtdl .-l r ( b - ,i) .rnn*" ,bsr.,4
i,,'3L .;l* A?
"SiSJltslr
4 6y r c a{ tit J-t )tl*'*.rt* -i)lS,sl-'lo' B .s)KaL+l JL
ssS,"
. *.-r f*.or+. f L;l )#)T I;* JS.r, l, J-s C;-I . ( SZ .r"
.(Sf .fa.r":6Du) ,+*&rd ai c'-l
'( 54 rf o,*; g;t)r) r#*' &, e o-1, d'- T
. (SS .r-a .r-q...: 6il.r) 1""5* &, f o* 1., et- f
,(55 .f *=Gssrl nJ-"&l g o-ls i-r
.(SZ rf qcsss;.^) F"S-.&rh orl., i-O
.(Sg rf &#6DF) fi-S*,-bsa *lrti-f
9 s;loa.l ,[,.:" ,".- Bt J Br .sl,trrL 6 pr;L* oL! ]E L;,l.rr
JL*i, fyjL'"Jl.-l" 1-* l, Br I 82 .slr!9;L9rrl*-" lro**L Ar Jtu*;
. ."T,.f \kJ- Az
BI
s7
SLW eY )l e=: f* & otL <sL:; l;" - I Jg

AY rs
lt .*"' L ol"db L
.j.L (f - t) JSl .e*lL :;gtT 6=; t"* o.rLqst- fsJt6r;.-)11",:l ", o+9; t.,
(f -1) I (f -A) Jgrr.rrra-".rTosf tlSLt-,-,;t05.:-,:,lsc+f J'1..ss5r"
.7*, r.rgT.rJ (f - l. ) ,lA, et* l, (y - 1)"Jl5l,oldi*" JL . *r.r!€ orlr.
. rld f#; SLW Ufi# t=l- )l C.;losL
" Jrrr ufr r* ey.rrl.r" s)ly.r*"f ..:*l+" (r - l.) Jlll'jl65rt*JLn

.
".rf
(f - l.) ;tS,.rr cgjl:. o;l5r[csto.r*., .-r.i24r,a'JrfAJ+*.JTfl JL
l9r:"*. B r A .stnp)l5,-["ll J:l y*.,:*JL.i,l .rs lii , Jy .r:olr; tlf,
Fourth F irst
Path Path
A2
SLW'ty)l F,f* 4'$ otLgs6- l;".-1o dg

.tqiiS..-Lb fr\4.,*: Fe EGtn )15&Vt*r*- D , C 6lrJ)K J"b
, td)K JrJ rl*) q"r),S sl .c .iJL .ra lr dS cliS +L s9- s.olt; H -l G
."* 1**- r9l olr-* o-)L; th . r'< .elr; rt*S" :* -P clr. ( l*.-* rlsr:
. ,iliS dr"+-*l SLW
,V 6J-l ,.slor\i sl..{ l-, .srlr" rsto.l*. sl,rr,: SLW .,g f** JJ- I
".>l
,s)ly.r#..o-Ly.t jUlJst*.6+..1T !*.yosr*lrjtL-
. s.lIr,+. f
.c:* [o.;0.-. slst: )r :r- * o\r,?t'J-V rlr.rytT,fl g[2+ - Y
. JJL€" laF- l!.l.;.o .1l .,rtb :* *,r.-16[2"- c-,.11
.slt '*" t Ct* AA
"$tSJl
Examph 3-I ly - t JlJ"
,.-f vf l*
. sa; vk.j'. tt OC :ylfi &
l*-l;.rlro= 2
2;,, S* l? = SLW
2T,j-7o7
I1o"L rlS sl.rr,: - f oo JJ-e
(.'rla p ." --:lL - %f 3.bl
$Jln J.o Lglr}-.* o..r,l liill jUr = " /yA d9
. r,rt l lr.r*T 15 ,t *- o.t-l o.; .r& F.- &T xLl* x) e!l-. .l*7/L
.t*sT.:lr11" : 1.1t1
s*f)url(v)
.*lT.r-^.,1 ,J[,; : (C)
. ro!. ,J,*lt.l9;,r"-,1 o[.r: sry'T.S#"tS:n r.--.tT 6tr otg i1.l)
Ar
lO0 Conductors
f -t rJE +LX.rri.;,n'.f -|I cJg
: Jl-
Jg) srls rf t,s)ly :* # l! r.:*l o+Ls f , Dc s;-lr),tx
.(r-rr
r5rL rr., I oo 6gL .r# .p liJ r .i: I s.r-e f oo tro"t.o .-[5 sl.w ur"
l.J..sloJe 6J., fr t{ 2#.p 1.5th{sLo ,.bl-.,r, J9, O,l jl 6 ,:l-b .cll
. s.,lo. ,.-,L- Cr#lA+l )*--:l *f b
(|fi) cond./paur) x (0.O4 (Ucond.) ,. 4 (Upath
At DC alt '+s L old;L
.;l ,.:--:;t+r )r+* .p *Lyf iU:
(Ifl) cond./Path) x - 4t V
(0.4E V/cond.)
lg,*;+l Ly.r..-L-L. liJ Ai orrb .r.ilrirr..ra.T tA rr-. .f ,.t*
. r*Tr.f .--rar,r..ol 1 .:.rb ? c;J* tilly )l s*lT.krli. :1-i.tt;

f,o=+:0'67o
'.;:-l dr#,"*l ,a*rT SbJrliJ . '",rjlr. loJ,,r*' Or" : (y)
V"=4EV:
i;l cr*.:21+s ft*.rT o.-lot.r? s*jl.t" [bJ.r-" ora :(C)
Io = 6 paths x 15 A/path : 90 A
l'-*l o#J+.irl rft* t:ly ,:9-lr)L,*;.r.-,1 drtg cr"b f l5;l . (")
P=VI"
=4EVx90A=4320W
'.
I SWW ) ujli"rr- ty :l ,.ly rr#+{ F,., r -?-l
9{'2 Slmplrr Vtw SrrryU Rcen&mt Wladilng
t*f ;" L r Jr,.l J+l^r Jrl4* g,a*; f,.',* .uLo Olii#. l2,in ufr i-*
lx), f*tl..lo; oToLtf .rrl9 s\) to.ttt" lJ .,tu f# ey 6r,lc--; .:Ei
St{W ,,tA# 1..,* .j5.-L;*1" . r.:-l ,eVl a*r* g;JrJt' b ,+ pr f9, o*l
.;l ':-.2ta-e
rS)lycSbr'r-..ll..rt: t\zJls t"rl5; S)lf Jr:r..9J tii SltlV .,3.;g f.,r-.rr- I
' 'Jl*' ."St*t lt ,t.'j 'rltt ov
(.5l{-'.lLo cl-r.',J l!. p2l" rs)ly )# tr lii SWWr.ra* fv-.rr or"-T
'#.p , J9r Jrl2- 2a1,,l2T.slr-1rlo J5;l o.,r,
( Slra) e> I o.rT.et*s lo

Jg- crl , p2lc;t* gf.r c:..r.:.4rrl* cr.i'4 or orl9.a SWW.5.+r7 l,,r*.rs- f
,,!FJI6l* ,,,tt Ct* 1o
rl crl ..r*t**" ;t*, .!rrL 9J a. Li.l aS c;*l 99J14r,r* l"=n- rs[li -il ,r!
t tzut)n,.. .p tf,i ot*r rtr t"sww .'* - :* 5 l;Il

-i)l5.p.rroslq: lsrr 1."* eLoo *:l 6'-b J*. Jo 6"-l u\l+ o,+;a.o
. _r.l t.-"
Example 3-2 iy
- f Jlt"
. g- | \f t* sa; *l"a;.f. tt PC" Elfi &
tr"tJ sl .r - p
.ra.g tT €* f* )+ = SWW
t*.loJ.S"lr.tt= foo Jre
LgJtb;s .""09b = %f p.ol
.9Jkb.prr o$ lillt--r- jUr = " /Y\ -J9
oltis*l ,.rt l# .,^..,1 dJl*J." = 'l A Jrr"T
, '.1"*9lL
2a-o,2Tc:.rb . lult;
,yrT )tJ, . (v)
g;[," : (C)
.la*..1T ,r.".,1
. tS* a"-r.i: l.r ,.,-.., I ol*r tilfi.S",tS$ s*sT titf olr: . 1"r)
:rt-
sf..": oft . (f I T gF) *.",*rl.l.2*r-ogs6l;l"lorl.oo SWW .,3'=. p";*
-
.gl,-'Jla 9 s-*.llo sJs Yoo .grL.2=*.. yl l.rJ ,,:*l JJi ?oo t*"t"
'#.P
. s;lo$ 6J_
. .> | Crrrn+ I
)+* J,o so, ti" lU
(300 cond./path) x (0.04 O/cond.) = 12 O/path,
i;l ,-*l ,-21.r, .r# .ojUr
1t DC 6lr',,,1L ol.:;L
(300 cond./path) x (0.48 V/cond.) : lM V/path.

: l.r.J ,.'. , I 15.rr,*.;. Ol*;+ e*lJ*.1
';"T
Ro =ry= 6O .,-- | dr+-i+l J+#.JT .!.rtiL : 1.-sJt;
,." *l dlr:a+l )tu )T;lJl . (v)
V= l44Y
. *-l Crt.li..l J^-JT,r.-l gtr.f . (C)
Io = 2 paths x 15 fupath = 30 A
. .--l dlr;a+ I r.5oo c;ic lJ rj^.., I u\ra ryl;;d=- l(ur ;,a*-.lT r*r* olg . 1 s;
P=VI,
=lMVx30A=4320W
f -f dl*o,tLx.rrf.r. lf -ll Jg
(SWWI LsFl,. I ( SLW) :rlq..dt€# Fa &^'rti" f - ? -Y

&6.3 @mprlrrcrn ol ,-tp ,nd W,ve [llndlngt
cfy .,ft 1.=,*
l' rl€1, DC:ylij4 (Y-Y)l (r- I ) ist/b.rJ
la.*"lo . lt*L'; sl 'c ,JL ,r ,a Jr , fvsls ,l; tg).tt rsy stL.G*y 1** lrrt& ,
:,rri5 Ol.:*. JL . -l *it P t" ..rL! d,rpL"Ss r-:[.a.i&" 9
. -.r1. ,jl;*, rV o_;L 0..^;.i r.r (SWW) . ( SfrW ) .slr.-"-a fx-- t
. "r.ll-^. f o$ +-Ji:UrJls,,'lrlr;.rlol*r. (SfrW ) .r7* f*- .rJ . t - f
ol, '*r'L ,rrtt 1T
"$JSJI
. ;;:il;;*"/r..-, o.*rot.,. ( sr{w ) .r+., r- ;:;
",
.>[aLi st.r,: orL ;;
, ;;
-I
""[fft;;,"*;
. -r-al*". f Jrb orl-c.g;lr.6lo,,**. sl.r.'u (SWW) $7a fir- .r" .y
- y
l* oTA-t"n. , .ut, (SLW ) ey )l O*, 1-a- fl .r"Li 9s pC cn-L ..S., .rJ- i
. (91r") . e-l ol & -rt, (SWW)
ey;l C* 1=- d*fu
. ..:rl;1"- &r.rL r. o,,J*'ii (SWW)
66 ftr-;J_ f
ovLl. .-)l"b dr,l , Jr,.- q.;ri .S,S" g-Ll ..r)lsL. Ol** L*.,1 .lr
I 1 ,|".i .r. (T A) .-)l"b
-
. ,.*rl.r ( nnC ) f--* ,.
F* zQPS x l0-t
ut (3- la) ;
i ,*,rl.r ( Sf I fr*- Jr
F
,r=-
zhPo (3- lb)
"t 2nl )
24;.rT.$t-i o-tl, "*J9; jUr ,:ra.+. (T - A) *j"b,.,",1+-o5 r}*b

.-tlor* "rl.rr: +L, [++lr"r Ll ,.r.ttoo. rssb Z ,SlL.r)15 oTd s; *rs)S &
atr.+.S o'b. )ll-;ltltt tt ou fj csto-"J"*r- . .rei .A lrs)ly
!" I -
..-l ( T - A) J*lr, .rr 6.rri,
Eranple 3-3 (English) I (gNC f+r-) f - y Jb"

. c-l ,fl*;*; .-tail. L DC .tylr) &
It .L.i sl-rc = p
Jr,
"lJd = lo o
L*.,rl^ ,.5
.t*STt:*f = lAoo ci\i.).lr.lrJ

vl,.; ro ,V = 200 kilolines.
i tr;
')f rJ rr fi#)iJtui o$ +rJi L-s:-;U9 ":--tJl,o
1r .5l1;,J'L oLs;L
. r.rL ei )l ufi#d fr- (.Jl)

SLW
. &t,L SWW e" )l s3,ri f*(v)
: Jt-
: n*.{#. o.rti:-t (f - ra ) "l+b;l
lr*rlJ &!tr SLW ey )l .,a+r F# 65
r;.Jt.,. .{.iJl)
300(2mk)(6)(1300) x l0-r
Er= 60(6)
- 18V
: Frtr r"iL (S!W) ei )l Ut+trt f't- 65 .,ilL :'t ' ( v)

300(200k)(6)(1800) x lo -r
E.
fi(2t =54V
Ennph 3-l (50 : (sr |:.*,rr) r-f Ju"

. ,.--.,f ,fS* 2r;; .:t";*. l* PC $|fi &
l, ,k JS
"l.rri = A
It,'1"l.oJSrlari=foo rr.c
,?* r-ir rg = I Aon*b
rT .r OtJl.l
.r,ki)'o.rb= of ool ,t
I x: db rr ;s ,4s.;T b; o
""1'
*n!i t-9" jUf ..+JL
. sllt SLW ey )l .,3* F;* : (.Jl)
. -r.ll' SWW ei )l ."e,,; ,..,,. : (.i)
: ..Jl-
: f.tS#" o.rti:-l (f - &l; ;l

I b)
I forls .*lLi.l,rr : 1.1t1
300(2 x r0-t)(8)(180)
EB = (r) (t)
= -2
17.2 Y
I
-rts JL;.| .rr .(*)
3oo(2 x to-3)(.8)(l8o) = 68.75 v
E8
2(rlQt
'* L
,.91r ^
C!* 1r
"SiSJl
Exanph 3.J (Enslkh) ;(e ENG F..,+-) f - A Jb"
l.-l ,rl*,;1;.,L;,u t', OC :'lfi&
lr-LJ sl.r'u = yT
saP2T 19* 7* l? = SWW
la.r"l.o sl.€ = Aoo
2aa2T ure2x = 2o 4is lr .DJ

,t*sT r.r os^t'til|t-9i jUr f*Iti.r &T.11+t.r.a. vl.i;.r;bcr*t^. .-,-q}ll".
, r.!L df I To
:J-
: liJ FJ.#. osti:-l (f Ia ) 61"{lr jl
-
F zQPS x lO-t
" 6(h
fuEs
o=, zPS x l0-t
60 (2) (120)
E00(32)(60) x l0-t
= 937.5 kilolines
Eranph 34 (sI) ( Sf pi*.1-) f- t JlJ"

, .^*l ,fS* 2a; *E;'La l.r OC .ryl;) &
lo-Lj J1...', = yy
2,*.2T ts* p* l? - SWW

tor"t^ JS rl3,
"l.reJ =loo
.t*lT ere2* = ? c;b ; rt*rl,
t io ,6;..rT.r" or,j; ctiJlt'-p jUr f.,."lr^. &Tr LSr-,- k ro Jb ." .9JL
..u1, Jr
1A DC $ Ld-* L old; L
:J-
: liJ : FJ". ootirl (r - I b ) &lr.il
zbPu
Er:G_
, 2nrE,
a= ,P;
_ 2(n)(2)(129)
800 (32) (6)
= 0.0098 = 9.8 x l0-3 Wb
SYtrEOUi CHAPTER 3
'ffilNODUCED 'N
Units:
Symbol Definition English and SI
lt Number of parallel paths

1z Number of armature conductors
ru Armature voltage volts
f& Armature resistance ohms
A'. Full-load annature current smPCrCS
7Et Average (dc) generated vologc of a rotating volts

armatur€ (Note: Although neglected in
this chaptcr, this is gr€Etcr than % bI
an $ilrunt equd to the internal voltagc
drop across &)
'.f J-i 2s o.r.ii ;5o .g;Laul t')|"
rS)ly d;tbJ*'*. -ll
't- t
2;;.2l dt{.rrLo slrri - y
2.y2ljU-:-y
;6*.21 *f tL - f
(.,;,*.rl ,r.*l ,Jt2+) .J.6' .rt., 2s .6,no2l otrr- A
. ;7..'-2l L-; o 'l"i s;J9' L'9-' )dl - ?
r*J.f w" lr', OTo.rL.rJ 9 ""1 .Jtr Va jl ;bJ, .'l
Q?f
Pt.3, r.&
Dc l!'.r.r6i/
^f at
DC CEUEnAIOP aHA0ACTER STrct
1t DC *l,;),g loa,o;-L"
pC #tjj \91.c-i0..
i o"sio
.-!sb , FdS,+. y DC rsb.ril;j J.t'" ,lr" a,{ e?lr Jl.i ,.xl .rr
osL6brl". c<l.a. brl*. g,l &t'.;. sf f*plf l+* lo.rilij crl .91,6lo.rL
, .:* | ,l- .s,rr:r,-rJJ .lJ DC
+l SAS,C OEtERAfOn EQUATTON Dc J,Jl'l rrLl e,llolno- f - I

os.! ci;L t tel.h s.ryti;fl aS F#Lo..rr (f - I ) .-,)lsL. a.1 +tr\
\irF, tr &-r- rb 6 1., a-r-l l, r': , .v1L
"1".1**i ",lJiiUr.ol..:*. Glr sr
.Jtlnr,,r-.sl.r.r,:r( P ) t"+gsl.rru,( Z ) l1-lslosl-t-tl.r*l*. r#t o#.iL
- I ) !ll, t>r9n4l rs , p;&F.lr,r*b Jlc r;i2r'cvn-64 l, ( a') u;19.
. Sr,io,.r o:,Ay, O*4;l (f
: f*Jl" (nnC) dt*'i* ,sL.,
Er = t(6S (4- la)
: F.rl. ( St ) t-*- ,s1.
E, = K'flal (4- tb)
o zP x lo-s
I -l'*; c* ?*l* '''r,t'l''r 'r"
^-E--
K'=-! z77A
i -L; c*.sLT.ri\lr.r .rJ
, J..l!i. rJlr..? x S l.ilt

rir.is lJ .lrJ
f
. s9- .r.ol5; a*b.r ,L.1, * .r (, ir-,
. JrLi. lirrcs
,rrfol*.rr.'*-r(SI) ;*,r-rs O ls
r.jltr*"'r t Cb I oo
"!'jSJI
(l ).rrr
cr+*.; 24r.21.r1.rr" :.5*r*.rb L os-s .*Jr. jUr (f - 1) Lltr.rr
,1, Sr;o;0",1 rtJi jltJf ,"".5.r.l; r" JLi Ir v)apw 1ll !'iJ '"rl'r l.ni:....
.rt*-a o-u, .*Ji 5l;J9 "r9...4l .rs , rrt ,1, l".rb P I
*r 1-b fl .
ssS*.
, J.'Jl J.b lf ,1,
t*Ji;bJg .-:,:,o,:*l .r.l Fos Ob ^t, tt l, t>s7- 9 Q tt l, .rb tl

(Y)o"l
Jr,t#. 6i;,t) drc-i",;*l
Etr = KdSt
o.r- roJ9;;Lt9..:Jt -;l l, ( Sl ) flpJ ,,#i,rls,tu2- t frt)

I 't(; trrb fl
lt :,...,1
dJ#j+.irl
Ecz = KdS,
I ;"21.r J"tl .l"tl gs f,*i: ;l
Er X [St
.'&:
Esz X s.St
i ;*;l.r (ENG ) c.** .r"
9e=h (4-2s)
Esz Sr
i -rls ( Sf ) f-"- ,.
b=9
Esz o'2
(4-2b)
,1.*.11s,.::^Jr<--,es*l .1. +b re,.l .rb I J.f alil't1:';rb.:-')-fl iJrr-:?'a

fu,,=0' (4_3)
Esz +, tvr
: .*iS dr"." otry r5,'**i P r.rl.l f" tl
, pr2lt ( ENG I ftu*rr .rc
+=
E"t dlSr
Etz fiSz (4-4a)
I ) Speed 2) GENERATED-VOLTAGE
lol )ilt) LSl.oa.erJ.
i1.*rl"( SI )t**-.r"
&=M
Er: ,hq
Eramplc 4-I (English) :1 ENG p:i."*.-) f-lJlr"
**Ji *Jf 'l f o 9 s;.;q,..c ai.,'63.lJ.lrJ lAoo r::rep t., DC :g.lij.!
q*Ji jltJ, . r,L.-lJji: ciioii.r.rJ.lrJ llAo 6J tzsr, $L* .=rb rl, fl . .'(*o
I Jii+rJ rrtt.rr;* l.r rb fr,r*.r+ l jUf ot
f=."|.r-t fl , **+ J*r.> 6$
^*lf
'.+or
'.b
: liJ f*5,,,' a.rti,:- | ( ,4-2a,i ^f-

lJ jl aJL Jrl .- - .i '.91;
8rr _ Sr
Erz Sz
l40V_ 1800rcv/min
Er, 1650 rev/min
Ecz =
ffirt*l = 128.33 v
: f*{#. ostiil ( 4-4a ) d*1, jl aJL pe.r .a.i c;l.r
Et 0rSr
, Erz frSt
rlm v :.= dr(1t00)
r40 v 0r(1650)
: liJ
Qz=ffi0, = l.oeldr
. *iL;l Zq lt gl.1*,^.1 s*l*l.r,b.-*

"t
Elrlnglc1a(,Sl) :1 SI pl.*,.,) f-YJb"

.*li *,1 lto 9 si.24.+r o,o,b.r gl*sl2 Too ,ns.\ DC :fl;;4
;lrsll d;l+r,lL CL I oT
.rJl jt4 ,.rtl* Jt+lx *E r olr.l, IAA ov e,sr r st". ..^rb ,b fl . r5#'
trig .rlr 1,, ,V 1*, oolf l jUf ot o1lr9s r."^lf-t -51 ' cb!'i" r'b oJ'l
'.!irr
S
Fos
: ..jl-
r*l* osti,:;-l ( A-zb ) ol*1., jl Jl*" J9l .:.*i.51,,
Eil _@t
L'rz @2
220 V 200 rad/s
h)r, =-185 rad/s
rt5
Esz = ffitzzol = 203.5 v
,r
' F,-5* o
'r [ii- | ( +-+B ) &lt )l tts .-i s5l-
Et Qt@t
Ep Qrat
220 v d'(200)
220 v
= '
l=
o(lEs)
: liJ
o=H,or)=l.o8lo,
. sls %^ll ol,.r* .r"l* l.r lb l.'*;; ,.r

";*lil
Dc )iil;',13 oJob st{-t J+Its f - I - I
+l.l Qnphtat firrltyctc ol ttt Gcnrnlor Equtilm

5- l"J rr *,*b rbhp.r^.1, (,4-b ) U ( 4-l-a )Jrtrr;t
lro-r.t +"JijLJt,-l.,on;.J;,^:. crl .cdrp.Jl-L (f -l) Jsb .9atL$t
. .r.ll*o. f-*t-"-ht aS.>la.ol, 2;, J'r+n Oh; uib rb r'irii I esf Y x
'l *li).g loo..a.a"
"l
o,
ct)
o
=o OLtr ff.- : di ( ,9x
o srooe =
l!
o
{[fr','rli"""
c,
(, oS 4r SbJti 6)ets )ta
Armature Speed
cab ,h cz>: t 4 r, @2a ost 4y:dl ebt*'. f - I Jg
Eromplc 4-3 (English) : ( ENc f&"#) f -l Jb"

(1)"sbasls
,,r,s&L;T;l rl.slcrlr r.*.r.S*.,b.r"1., (f - r) Jlrrl
crl I s, (' .r, b, b ; t.iT J* .r r J o *.t d.i.S o tSl; | 1.9 to
rol L o t5*- L,T
",,!'Ft
.s:*loli
Tablc 4-I f- t cL.r+
S (revlmin)
. +J f t lt \,er .:* r )Vl "l *"# : (.-iJl)

(t ) :.,.r- : ( v)
. **.r9T ,^>.r- 1., (KO) !;
:,.Jt-
(f - J* .e'U- .j.rts ri6 ,.slr .r' tlr r.slooclo r)" (.-il|)

Y)
s:*L; l.rr5; rl; a"i::*' L;652J.rtti, g.l^€ oS .rlls a+f +Lt 'r.nt**.
,.., t**tutr ^S+1,: l. ..r2€tliu 4"t .l,l OK.)ll*e oS ..*lo$ .-.,.,
I ) DATA 2)slope
.-*;;SJI .5l( '+,jt L Ct* I of
t/t0
,r/
135
,/
u
./ (t
g r3o
o
,/
R
E
b 125
./' 12.5
c
I
o '/ I
I
I
r20
,/ I
I
7, J
145 rcvlmin
,/ I
l/
t-_rsfi) 1550 16m 1650 1700 t750 lux,
Armrturc Spccd {rcvlmlnl
-f ,Jb otLx.r ss&oosb f,-ri f - f cJS:

f
lfr, f*t *..L;652;' J.t;.r Loorlr . r"l.- *+tL s.tfi tr dc*l g,,l ,.-.r9..;
I lr, _u
=S*.;
, c4i;.116.ttqL;r
(r)ruJ: (t )*iJ- I
t*; ,.ip.r olSa-L;T (* \vr) (r ) G& .r:r - T
. "ul9;t dr t l? ls d:tTAs*ldS". ")1.:. .u"bJlo2e\r.9tb;-y

"Lftl t rstT ri'"ri LIt *-"*l (f -T) JS& +y\:( * )
ol.:.- .pl-
lsJ . c5.l asli''..t (f t ) Jra' rl.rl jl .*l..,t
-
- =. "l$tfr'l-".o-'lttf
KQ = stope = rlt't X, , = 0.086 V/(rev/min)
changc in speed 145 rev/min =
1) Accuracy 2) Voltmeter 3) Tachomet€r

loA :9-l.r).51o4..^;".1.
Ennphc +1 (SI) :1 sI
fr.";*) f-f Ju.
,r .,&L;T;l .rl.lsl Cxlr f*,r'S". .)L f l) (f -T) Jlr+ d;loosls
.-li .,b ,ruL;T J* r" , o$ .- " ls.Z o lS.L; l.r ..*;St t .g loorj L o l5,l L;T
. Jri\r. oll I 't('
TabL l-2 f-f cJt+

Er (V) n2 2r0 214 220 227 237
. .lJ ,-tls(r s .-*- r )ds.:rl.r**,u : 1+Jt1

. .r.r:T.-r, L 6,0) !,i ur*^ . (*)
20
,/
,/
t
I
I
E
!
zzo
,/
-r. 1 I
I
I
I
18v
o
es 2to t7
,/ I I
.--J )
3 ndlr
20 7 "/
L^- 160 156 r00 r70

ArmrtunSFcd lnd/d
f - f cJb +Lry 6h,osb f-r lf - f d9t

.,S'jSJl ,glt ',r,i t .;b l"?
J-
(f -r) JSi.;tt ,r+r$s i;6 .srr .r ujrrc;lrosl.r eti (.!l)
f*ta:*tt , .r',rL-, rl; -i::*" L;692-tb.f boSsf cri.r *1. .r"lLr"
tt lo s5d 1.-J 1;i:..." .Lt ^S.i"l c, L . .u1+. n+ Ltir .l* rt jl .,,&)1,,..- oS o .r.i
s-15r"-, rlr" r**.L;,g9, F J^s rs bo.rls r.,tss:ilLa.rFl.,l o5c-t ot
'. rr:
.4t cri s ( t
,,r 5 o t5." L;T
$l*#r ,.ijs ot54,L;T ( Ci. tyr) C- rrJ (T
,.r,'.1y;.', d-r lTy ll yTt .-l jL. ")b. ,.,pt-*l oy\.t[L; (f
I .r.uT'ri-! LIt s-i oli+. ,;-1, (f - f ) JSa{ +y t- : (v)

l.rJ rr ostirl (f
- T) Jrr+ .rl.r,.'l;l r*t+ Lltl
"
K' 6 = stope- = :nsii'i"ltt*

change in spoed
lEv
= 13 r"dr,
= l'3E v/(rrd/s)
DC rf |tj Jo t'" Jl& f -T

+2 EQUNATJjTTr C//NCUN OF A AC GEUERATOR
.,1* o"J l+* ^ L r., lo.url;s s,-FL, J"ld ,f,*- t l*.glac;,r rs
(l
\tTJ[Jd; j,r- DC .5b.rf l.r) sr. s,,.5*. r.l'..;l .,r.\- ..pi.r g ocL ).1.U
.ll.*r btyl.r)n-&lJsb.rla. aSlf toJ; jr.>1, Jsb rl*. d#y
+,J F.o
..*losL
,slr o.rL 2l* , Jr['n ll*.5, uT.r, dS fy,vS#. F .1. 1., (f - f ) Jg
o|.ai . )4rr.rl". . oit, ...-r DC sLo;,li) elil ,Jl' o.fLf .sU*

(f
. ai{,r. *Jr +----.e.rr l.t (0) 2b aS.:>l Oo.lL;l ." r'.i OT ori.r
'r-"fUl
. l.#s+#. ol,! If l, 1., &l*.rl- oL.r.: Re l.l l, {,r*.r1". .r,-:ti JS
. rin \r- Ot&;L..r r-*.i9s J*,; 12 r"
'41,1rT.J"L..rl*
1) Equivalent-Circuit 2) Field-Circuit
l"Y DC s9;lr).9too"--;.i
Fr
Rl Elactric!l
'l E,
Output
F2
(rl
(b)
( ,f oJb) Dc *:t$ 6i2t ; bb: f -f Jg

&.* slu i a
sp;-! 2le. I b
f Ug ) *U* jUr.J.b J:l e--i- *iJl

r-^,r..rTol.r:J.Jl .r. o..t, **J5;
( Ra) *t*.* 16;, 2T *:[L JS,-tb ;5c .;:.!*ii - e
aS ,.:.ll.l c.-i.r*l.r
. Jr.i^# o.r*L. (f - I )l"lu}*.y (Eg ) -.ilt- f
o-*t - (f
-f ) r (f - l) 1sUb. rr or! t.i JtL .;tL Ra-v- I
(r ,-L;) ' scS*'
o[f c,,*, lt ,i\.t+. AtU;. za2Trzl* g fa . (f - f ) J$ r.r
(Ju*,;jur) (t).-rtjl:ilr vt tor*-(')(rU) olJ o2a a.? o!r*
,h*jf .JSjSJl ol5r os c* l r-fy Jt-".; o#.. ,r* )l . cb l ps ylt.r)
ub (f -f ) 'F.r" d.,-L;cJLrs ..rr.l*r (or*5 s.i,.a.) ,tr &l* tylrj
' .:-l ,ln ,\ o[ra tt rt*.rT olrr . ..:- | s.l' osls o
1) Load 2) OUTPUT-Voltage
.sl( 'Y i L Cl* loA

"SiSJl
(l)rr^.
rr!r+.0$ 1-t (f -f ) JS cgttrcr+a aLi e)ta.. ,stt aS
. sg.lso Jl"rl DC sylr).r;fu&.:llfcS.-,.129* i,*..o ,*.hjl .r"t*:4.lr)
(T);rrJ.rr.. Jr-;:.,l')
q,^Jrl 5r-
ey &',sL . srsr gtf ssx,-e .*
. r.i.r,lor. b.rrr. t (r)
bcr-ri oLo
s6l..r 4:-, €r,:l Dc atarf ljj f -f

+3 SEPARAIELV EXCNED GETEPATOR
ul.o. ( f ) -Sf s-drrou lr.tt .rr.lijoL.o DC !sLbrri l;: g*6r.;osL
6*.' nt;t"- .*rJ9"". ,J cJ" . (f - A JS) c*,l.rlsr9;; .r*JrJ" ;l ,Jr
"fS
,ll a5.f o-i r*tt .gt** 4f. Gw f=r* a;.ri c{- c;lSl.r- lDc jLdr
! ..rls.r,6il.r ..!.r, otrf ol.:-,-" oT oL rt nS os9, |.c*f., € ,-bt-l .5*l*
(f -I)Llrrrrot++rrult',"S* !i,'.,u x;( Q )rb,4;* o[.,+,.::|r,,*i
. rr.i l..,A; l, o $ *;Jy j Uf g 1..:oo
.r,trlyJL*; )lc.tt€.r.,rl*r. #;., (V )r*JlI( A)r-.,r"7
(f -A) J$ \ qy tr ..tr-uAr.,i. l, too.llr glr+ g*.lLtJr.r.l+.i*L;Tf l(- l,
'(91r") "-r,,'r' lr 4ru ol,,;+ crl.+:. u- f, FAt t' 6 f*'L,-.r"
l
Ficld
Rheoctrt It+
Al
n.
'.t vt v
+ I
)r,
A2
c;6f.rc, 4* t, Dc tlij lp
- 6 cJfj,
1) Shaft 2) Prime-mover 3) Turbines

4) SEPERATELY-Excited
\ ol )*lrj,g Loc.a;"t-
l+ DC )1il.r.3 4.ro rg.ll+rJt' ciJb ;.r .f-p g.,+tbn ,jJr." f -f - I

4'g.l to-loed ltogncllzttlon Cune ai6l'r+ .-f.,;'u
qgl.; b2..:-,,;l; ;l sdor ,fl$.;!,;l;Stl ,1"" € .S*tSr.
,.5loc-;...-
O'r,rd.sl; ,J$9.1 6t6i-l jl r.r*:# .l.+t osti:-lrl*. rLii, g"**u
".*ULi. (t
.-f"-* u..#ttn g;trd^L . .r9^rgr osti.:-l Dc ab# lr) ),rLl.r .9Loo-;4.
( tt ) &r-. otr. oLr .gr'(Eg )oti+Ji:lJt,-lr**,uo$aroLl'
.rr, rsf,o" st*;;,p rl,l ,r5t * OLf tt . s,l'L*. ,-et* \>tr si.r; Jr
"l.;lil
crrf oS1-*h*.," (f -l)Llsr;l ..rr&p.rlfl "L,iL:.os.t jlilro.'i.:i
"*Ji
f*)5T plr-
lr Jrl ,-l-î.,s (f f )
- * llL fl tl . s.ll..rLt {*t., ,rlr*;J
"s"
5.Jy e5ti:i" rl f .llr l- Lr*+ttrn :.f rfl. ,b, aS t*L*. r.r
"r*ILn
.i-l ar*;; lr . .v"t &L -tLi" rl
"lr.5l ( f - A) Jg,
.sL ;bo,-i,1."
",
d'lL .!r-.: oL.f .,*- ,r (Eg ) .g r,rJy jU: *-l.r*., ^S s5.1r j*j 21t'"1
. .-rl l**. (f p ) JS.l
-
.a
rat
r
it
8
o
t
5,
0
Fidd Currrnt Ir
f dsj. '5b6 pi
cs:t4s1t c.;Jb f - ? JS!
,Jl-. rr.i ^,,sts (f -p) J$,r;s^;.r sJ ..$5 ol.**. (f -6) Jsl.,l*. jl
.r*f ,r, (It = 0) u! rr.' .r\ ,tr* c*:+ dcrl ,rn r. Dc til.r) rs.t\gj
.:-.9l-ii" r 9"r 2JJtusfr..f- rJ Ji JrE4tsrL d fi, .l Ia urb ,&JL
L Vt , Eg s.rlrrsr,r:"JLJr a-r\.:tJJ. rr.l^#.r ,1"*+ (Y).g;1C5g-il +*.lT
I ) Internal-Character i s tic 2) Voltage-Drop

cel* '# t Cl* llo

"$'jSJl
r r(:,.,s"Jojls;l lJ Vt aS( V ) td, ...t.L- rJ . J9r s:.oly; ,srl*. ro
. 3;lr;-o. * l, Eg
-l .*i.o .t,f' th:+rlL;Tr.slsrl.r.l o$T l- .F"S-,;bTl.rr*LjTJL

JJ a-r\r.:..iJJ . Jr.L#..-1..e arlr.f*IL; -uL,.r*;l .,rtJ .Slo,nlfl ,l"L l*rLl Lt
. (f ? ,)9 2J I ali:) . ss.rS,r. &L.rJ;lJl ,g-l -i.o 4r,oL;+ d,r.t*n
-
tr.,) \L. ,F t,*-..i,,- 6$ **Ji )Hs (rI ) 4r. ul*r+.i*tit t.'
"!-lil
A-'\*i rs 9 cs..{o- jbTc;--o o$
€kly aLi; Jlr .r" . (f - , &.rr f r T
a'tAli f I tb;*71-.rl,t-r4l9t ..=lr ( f f ..!,.-; ol,,.rr*L.a+
"Lfif ) rLlil
F"fC2t Cr*+b ,# 6tS r ;J r i*.JrUSl;€.;*:O[.r+.5t JU

ci2r.a:"|
Jrt .J.ai o.r) .r"ll**.rxjl:..*o o.r,rr+.lrLt*rr.l Crl . (f - ? ,-l& .rJ A b f
^tjU)
" Lrfs 1., .5rr-:
ot;+ ra*L:T f ltrt aS .:-l .,ruj J*#.o or*{v J*J.* . ( ".* €f,:
.r[ir f lr4r.*, otf -;L;Tgr- Jr , &.x ,r .iSlr- a? tr o"f
"[;
.rcl9^, ,l"rt-r;6 c.is;l ,r:r*:. e t>jft egy 19J.l CEr.i" " bliil.Sl I F..{r-J
'J,+
Ennpb 1.5 (Erylhh) (

ENG fr"+*-) f-AJb
.s.rlttr,, ,a"L;T Lyr .t'loo.1ls gTrscS FrS#.lt.r" 1., ( f
o-,t
- r ) Jrs+
orrt (f .r-1.r^,t.,,.
-A)Jg4lL.*L;T.rrl.rl". r.>lg2'.0.;61 DC #lr)
. s.lt, di*is.lr.rrr lyoo ,lL.iT..rrl l" .t;l;).rl.uJ .rer
f*S3. e, ,
'*5 r.rJUl.tf tur;" L,J-* q"tLi ,r-*.- . f -itt;
. q"5 f-l ^Lis lr .rrr I f o o r*r.sl.r.rl.r.-fu9.lr.*t L; r.a-" I ( *)
TdL il-t f -f <Jt+
+() 0.t 0. 16 o.22 0.3 0.35 0.4s
Elr (V) 88 9t
..af os.! fJ xy ,* es* (Y-Y) JS.r"rpsry.':-.:" . f .ilt;

L oos +"Ji jLJ; olr:*. (f -r) Jrr+rr?-ls tJ rb .rn tJl.r .(=)
lll DC )r:li)
',slia.oi"e.
Er, _ f,l .f*.rls ( 4-2a ) "J"rtt )l . sf r-,L+ -!r+ (rsr )r

Efl Sr
Ert = fttrr,l
clis ol'di#' at.,, 9r tsl'r Jb ol9"r+
Ir = o: Esz =ffitrl = 4.1 v
lr = o.l: En =
ffirrr> = 18. t V
. f*jl* r*s> rr,o w .sl.r l.r (f - f ) Jtr+ F.rsli cJ*t.... u.i
TohlG 1.4 f-f cJs+
tr (A) 0.1 0. r6 0.22 0.3 0.35 0.45
Err (V) l8.l 32.9 4t.2 65.9 72.5 74.9
ol o.2 0.3 o.tl GE
r-a cl b +Lx.rt[pr. . r- v 4e
.:*la* rrc,+ab ss* (f -y) JS.rc (f -f) J:rr o-Lyy,5.i,^:.
.,S,,5Jl,gl, ',r*t Cl* llT
Ennplc 14 (SI) (
fr-n-) f -t Jtl" sr
,srlt.r.,***L.;,T+Ly.r.,.gboslr ,Fs.i+. (f -A) Jfu ,;tL r.sll.r"
otcfr Too .:.r,- *Ly.r. sl.rolu.1l F.S*.;; ..>l o.r"T (f -A) Jrr-.rs
. "uL *:V y
' ."5 f., fUlegy '-*r-.r, l.r,J--* u*+tLrr. ,# i f .i'tt1
. J,-t ["i f t lt d...*

Tabte 4-5 f -6 ch+
:&
(f -A) ,JS.l ,.erlt 12,r:-,. olr:+. (f
- allrr+;locbi'-lL : ('iJl)
. (,Ja. xf p) . ,r- 1..,
l, o.r& +"J9: jbJ, olr:*. (f A) Jrs+;.r .^r.! fi .rb p r.sl,', (vt
- e
, fv2lr (4-2b) .Ltll jl , s9e r-L+ A*+ .ztr )r

Eut o)1
-=_
Ecz @2
Esz : 9(ro)
Qlt
f*Jlr oLi'rr csl.r Jli d.,lri,,.t
U=o: En =jffirtl = 4.8 V
U = 0.2: Etz = ffittol = 18 v

Fjl*r +{? u2a,tSl l.l (f - t ) Jrr+ Fl.rti .-lr-' u-(
Tabre 44 y-?Jr.+
I lY )il1) 6loa.a;.1.
t/lcanrud
Crlculrtd
I,lAl
f -? ,Jl:. +Lyt 6ll'o:* if - A&

.." "f 0* r, ir+"tt stt-.,t (f
-A) Jg l, (f -?l Jrq orLyr,s*
tsl(',r"L r lf
"$i5Jl 'Jil*.
4 VilfAaE nEauraTrot jtil.l Fgr-f

t -?
Jt*; rls .-2t'.., . ''(* ,6 .srl,rl1t"lf ,t Dc *l;) " )1.""
,J$jSJl ol9- (t'i 0., ori5 r,:-l-Jl-r. (Jl.*) o.u5 "),..
r-i,,,a. Cxl tyll,i on
.9rtL a;lSlro'4r-tr DC :yl;) o".rl, JL-l .'\(,r' ')L t2.1fi J otr L

(f -A Jg) crl*u-, crJL l-, ,=JL *.,r1 .r" V*.t JL.'l ' 'ut**. (f - 1) JS'l
r.'*+ Rg ,l* crl.r" . s9, .roly' Jt S&li.rb F,.fu,.l*l.rtLl,.al':"rli-''
ur? s#*'.llt ll'r' l'5 "ab-;., ;l ":r'*i OT f 4;* ,l-L *.lb erâ'
j# ( Ir, ) ( t )rL cs\rutr,.1n/l .r" .r.-l Ji'':' tlr) F.rL oJL ,"xl .rt
o''!
A.'y'J l" r d.f ,li a- uh * tiv.)T l.t rL, f'-r#a 6 ry'.b . ssrlr. tltt,
,.r [sJr.lra,ro ,l.r"r.tag, sT.l" ot;+.:.JLO| lJ or? . \i2rlr. fo L Ia , IU.

Jt *;;bJ9 c!Ta.'di . (IaRa) .i.t,l5 fr^ltt;b.!9.:il )?*)T.!.rli. r tr
irJlr ;osL .-,21*+ . J9a .rolsi tJ (Eg ) o.r.l a*Jf jUt 1l orl..o ( Vt )
V=Er-loRo
fl' l'f
c1tlstLr$i c:irtira;fl.ro &.* tt DC .rFli3',f -f cJ33

. rrl*,i. ( I, ) ,lr otr* ri*lil 'l2l ,c Jlf:lu t *-:d jbJ,
J- "S.;;t,'"frf t^" ,1, ;l .rht* r'! .)'irrlrjUrF$-ol.:*^srT t'
.,-.,1;lr.lr;tJ9 nA; oTcr g ssS*. 0..-l*" g*.lL g.-l .L"l/ .rr jUr
(r)S\ (t)
rr.l^*"0 .-S = (.l.6.rtr)
.:*l o$ c.!5; or 6ss r d,*.!L .rl \ri
1) Load-Current 2) Full-Load 3) nameplate

I ta )4-li1 ,5Ll-i.a;
(T) ,r.--..,1 ;L-:J9 iF.lq.l . ( *lr ,$.*rr) *" ,It* .rl, ." Ju#/ 6la. a.o
. JJt'rl.1 &f^,.1-JJJ Or* .Ul.:rr. O*..,1 glg; OT .=^t aS r+idjUf OTg*lL
o.sL;5 oT,3., W yli) a"l-, .S ,>l ,i,,-c- " )19.r. 1,+; o.r.!L (f ),r- | ,.*r
^'-rU JoJJ t...-; ")15*, J..1,,.. o.r-l-.. (f - ?l tLrl)+f;b,J, FA.u. Jr,
% voltage Vru - Vn . s.lrS*.
= x lfi) (4-6)
rcgulation Vpt
oJeal;
F.lls.p;l ro
$l*# atl*.r ,i:.JL.f JL*;:U; - Vm. - I
.
."r., r4lr- (..-L6.r1*) ,r-t ,1, db.r" JL.;:1u.J,5-i[ - T
, r-l o#!L g-.,ljUr oL.o Ve1 fosL.-;l*rt
. rrAj cctirl oC ,jori!: eUt oii oli.f ..i;.\L;l aS c.i5 r"!
E 1-7 f-YJb"
.:-l,.pit ,tss .et--.l. 6oL c,61l.7 ..$.f; 1., OC .a,,li) &
l- .,-.,1 uli = 5 i:19 $
T
- Jl-*.i (r.-ljUr = I To ..rJ9
fr jUt
FS" r csFr *l tfrt JL*.; jbJ, , p*.t,|"; tlr) sst )l.rL' ol5y5
t".l.lT \b,!
J-
F,rfr (f - ?l 'L-l)11
osti-ll'
% v.R. = !:# x rm = ts%
.s* Ll . u(*^ f*1:t;:|fi *,ltlr.5toa-;u. )lo2r9.;.r5-r.9.1".*tLi o,r.L
1) Rated power 2) Rated Voltage

3) Rated-Speed
',r't Cl* ilt
"S.;JJl6l(
( I )rl- ai4;'&' I
.r;>ua crtl o. '
ss.So'
;bJ9 ,-:lr-i".r, .rtr o.-;-.1. ,Ji-.i. . J+.1*. ^55
.r,.l*.a
.(,r o u".., ob (f
- t;)'"";F-
-;""srb'u; Jhi;L ;"[; ;- r'1, JL*;
& #|.$crl .rlol;;, r.!t*..o;lSl .r.5*r-t' DC:yli; €,sl.r..rlt o.,a;&
.rrl.rr 6rr.e r u$l.-gbo+?l*;.>l *Jr I YA oTJL.*; .r'*l;Ur |r"lr rJJ
,# 9;[., ^.;*.. rs;.;.;r.,.i)l=l .'"',1 ,J.r-L,J-.,,1t*l,P ol.!5ueiJ' JLg'
o!f.r or) $L R"Ia jUr.gl ob r^:i[i> .;.r +1" ,g.rlt,.s,, cJb q Ly:'
. .v L Jt, dbt gst4 J'l* rl' a.ai& ,j;'u" J)l- lu.l Li+ ' ( "5i ef t f - A
J*fil l+eos;L.rti.,b , (f9* J.î) sy2T Jt'Jl,J-S' pb- 6 cxS +L Ll

Jsrf l(:"a.rJ;l* n.;.i ,J;*i, c.*J.lJ . {+1.#.JfiK rsJ ol.l*t s. lT o[.r
(f
-I o Jg, ) .j:.1 ls .rolP 'lr-., t
Rated (Full-Loadl Voltage
Ie (A)
u9l,.o &p t, DC :yl;i & 6lx tL + ui 'n .,:o'.;. i 1'- I o <Jk
l)Load- Characteristic
I lY DC )9;l1).91oa..;.1.
Exanple4'E f -A Jtl"
I' DC :ylfi) ."- I a$ r., (f - t. ) .JlJ rr styl.fi .,t' a-ai-;t
( c, t5l.r- .S*.r.'..:
. e4" DC :ilij c.,*l ,"4- .\,Jr : 1,-rtt;

* | r*T tilr) ,el ol*r -rJ +rb I (v)
^
: Jt-
IL -0 &L,,"sy,.g.rlrr-sr,-JL rr JL*; jUrl (*Jl)
oS sc.l.-*"
(..J.6rtr,r";Ur) rf tjUJe. J9r 'ralr *Jr lfA orL VNL d-'\,-:i rJ .rilr
ff,J. ( *T t ) *L gr".:t .f lolrf oL^ , tl ,t*f
"S "rT.f !:s !,so:"
r*.r1" (f - ?) o*.tl, 1l osLi:- | l, . "r, ..lr- J: I yA Jrto VFL
% V.R. : 135 -125 x tfi) = EVo

125
f sJ, sf .-l*-' F dt .5\ Lsil )l olrr*l.r cs*lrt*f l(.-)
rarcd power output : rated voltage x rated current
I kW = 125 V X /,.r.o
l(mw
/rarc.r=ffi:gA
+5 GE UERATOR EFF'C//ENCV gLr:|, f - A

OC :9;ltj
oli A- ,€tf .,!Fl ,il9;,t*: DC:ylfi * gL.. ,lr €-5 ,*
. .r9- .roly; ( f Y) J.lL* .9J .:L-lr,r-.r: 6lx,glr,r t.;s . J.::1,,,o t;sttt st#K"
-
efficiency - r7(7c) = li 100 (4-7t
^
o-l . $1..,,. 6rrs9 rss*tl ,l9; pi S rfrf ,li p. -;'l "trlr.r.r
"ltsll
y'5 , '-'19 ' *^ , ,lr'*lt Vly
tl< n ^;-ll . r9o. ut*. o2* 9rb- .1-l ,.:,1,
grr,.:b& " )9.-o . gL (* +L cllr 9r J.o sLT.if d"tl.r rl osb;
ol
.hl;- t
,Jlr 'og L Ct* I rA

"St:Sll
.t* r-sL.ul, aaiJJ.zJ 9 r.::*l f .rr ,gtf .:l5' )l orl.oa 6rrt Oli DC'..tyl.r')
. Jy J.6lf Ll o o ;l 2.:5
EromPle 4'9 f -r JU"
'--l uetru.;,1.,1 .:Lia L DC *|fi &

oli = I ,rrl, 9f
,_s*l
Jt*.; rf ljUr =l TA dt
, $L ,4 +l
"J r-L- DC tyl.fi gL$l,
. lt T .s.l.rr oli Jl
:..il-
,J lU s;l..o..rt^* .=*l T ,ssl;l

J.o Oly I oJ9. rilg t5.E dtP Oli
h = | kW = 1000 W . Frrl.r,r,. Ot.^, AsLT t"-'*- 6.r'1.,
E - 2hp = 2 hp(746 W/hp) = 1492 W
,g
Vv
t=lffixl00
't 1492 =67oh
+5.1 StraY Power Losses olot'r- oli ciliJi f -A- I

, r* &"+ ;!Fl 6.rl c, ;fu|S. aj.rl DC silr)rs ^(*l ;l ,-t'
.-i.b, r.rS*. cr.l.:arJJl 5.r.." u.h;l S:yli) q ,sst;g;!,-K" 6iljl $;*3
(r),r--.ra gti-L t (t ),.-rl"fr
rr .JsS+.i)lrl rle;,::l-iL rTo' 9 -u -rol9;
,l'l ol"fr oli ,.rlsl ,4 x) tr .,S.i aS f*ir*" E".i lr .:ti! ey * r)
. .u -S..
jl ib cilirb f -A - I -
.SK!,e| t
-.,f.",*ld :-tr.J L \r!r)L DC.sbt1-l.fi rr tol.* 6 .,1-b

*' T"' ) f, v:fi
";J! :,5:fi Jj*,'"*,r,:*,:
I ) Stray power losses 2) Rotational losses
llt )yl;,),.gLoa.a;&
st+ aS o*if ,l; .rtdbLl rsss r DC gsLr.rgl;; $F ur".;*

(t )"*qs.rfur;g;[1;tiUlr
t )tF dr*, ra :\tit-.,l.rrr.il.rr,.-lo-r.:;Ls25ij9.)
o5.r.ll. n i+tr . ,-*Lli. t*r L SlsL. lcrt: .r*Tcr rr. y 5l<\.1
".ltr,.r
as9..r;5 c#[ sL-r .rr Stst'l d;l
^L-)L Jti )lt- d;t6:rJ-.r. J:
,r.ole-
. Jgr
odr€ -il .f b cilirl f -A - I - T

g ilLi. t;s 6f \ :* .t;: Jl* | .sl:o , Jtt .L.r[iL tis ,.tltlr .il .r"
,JlJ*? lJ .:iJlt- arl ulg:t l, .f .lrl9 oolL a; (.'s- ,$J-l.,ltiu "\*Lr liJ ''t
(f ),jbd+cr* L
,JL" c5.j>lJL:. )tt- 0,., .-Si;.rl**.c5lt'*tL2-r,J*4".i . r5
sfs 6r l-;* I.o.5+ o"l rL e-..:.:r.r, .srJn .rl;ooti:-lsr9"g'*L grJ 5;
iF L .., tloS+ sL .SKL'I o"f .J:.i; qf L9,;;=,. 6il +L, r r5". ,i-iJt;.
, JF; JL,I
-r
. rsu. ra,o, $*#tLi.r*..b,.rrJ., l -,,=t*.:ffHil-t
# l, .19.;.-r*.i, r"tr F l*.-)l r..D.lJrb . f-b;+t l2 sq-; 2l F"-lt^. o5p
.s-l€CL ^,.* ,, lL dr-l . JJtr-i..,a. ,$il +!2.o lCtl ll-.;l ,:^{,-- ljrJ r J.oJ
f., \iT b ,:-l
f;)l ,$il ts2lsl g .uloJf vr- !.&-r.o oi.r, s+i .:.k; l"r 5
r J*,.t vr).p.-,ti.L.=tt :+:.sl.l".th .-12**; ol . ,*;L l.r- p.rl
"5*-
, ,:-l .,*Li ,b : t>er lt .rLl! ot
,.rlrt ol*:a.ili& f - 6 - I - f
$ *5r- ,s:* rr*#tLn ol+r. or.rr 15Jb -5- fl aS ,*:rlrlr y ,-l.oi r.r
fltn .(o"Ltior.b) . cs.S,+.,[iJl jUr..r"l.o irT ,s , r;S Ctlrrtj,-t+; ^S
ia;,2a2T 4:-,o aSlr . .'5,/,. Ctl, tbLlL;.r+*..rTr.5lr..o* l, '',6,6-'Trl.r.l,
I ) Lubrioated-Beari ngs 2) Fans

.gQ#t .,,t* I To
"$'j;lll
fJ . s;9,;L*. wF .5rla ;p lo^'' .o ^S;LrTil . Jc..i ".lf Cd l.r rb LtU;
Ot;+ f b OUr+;;; ba:-a;c a-r.J;Jl* 9 o'r';: "tilljt'Jr l*T'rorl.rti6riti d*t
(l
,-li! l! , s.;rlr.'rn; ,.br[i.;- Lr^;-.o.S*tLrT;l . Vt*.rs c:SJ.'.., ),tf ";
,-bJ: ra.oS.sl.r, . rr.i*o ,g* rT o$ ff ,.=Lrorrr Rf 2 est+.rl"f oL.r
ili;l , irjL- 6-\:,r".r frr .5;l- rslrp.lr )l lt,*tTo:*o+lt.s*l"fo[r.)l ,,.lt
.FFJI .:.9li. t*tT ort,.!.rr 6.-loT.1.lo-l c;L .F"S o.rti-:-|"S, '5*
. ss.S*o.n; ,-tiJb-i.lSartl,-vb"5r,l"o"rl..o5,.rnl"fotraliJ9os5 :ttr liT
*SrJrJr, rDA#c rLlil l, a:*o ,,$.,iSJl .!.rq.Liii o"f .r.,y 65 ,:riS -r,L
..-f fi q f;)t , tJ *lFr l+.rl.otSJb liJ, rS*.i rhl;1.r.+ F+;r A:r.b
,99i rray jl .c-l .-*,b.rb t wf Jrra. lt .5:1".5 Ct[ra jl .5-L '-tiJb 5
. sJ a* orf rr c, fsJl.5g olr.5r .-tlb oli gl..i:".
':
(I).r5rr& ,-|,iJb 0" " L)il!,o|o5 or-nr,.56t.1;l.riL.-Ub,-LbJllogf .-iJl
-
. "Uigjro
(f) * 5.r'ltf gL,-tilc Jtb o:f-y
^- .-liJ: ,-:l*.r+ t,ats.# )l p9s
fj::*5 n*
+5.2 Coppq losses o..," cilirb f -a-r
ftIL ssga rlg; elib ,.r5;eor t. Ot*.r *rlJ*. 4 jl .15l C'*-l.r*

fir*..+*. "'29-;-l.r.l nJ*. AF;lt
l, (Y- 1) J$ . r'!l-." ujf lt 4* tort'.
:+', sTrl*.r" t6ry RtI l2lur*-. gli.-L!b 4;* ,lg l'6
t.rr+ .-tiJb
At " L\lL-l r $l*o cf 4.r^-,rl* I 2y2T .-5t1.# efr ' J9r r.l9 Ralaz
. ss So. .r)bl F ,f ,-b,J: J"JIOY '-[iJ:
4-5.9 Stray Lorld locs ols.f-r .lt+ ci liJs f - A -f

,-,15 *l ^J^-r- )l I or#?# "Ll*; d,lsJJ- 21-, .-LiJ: oq-|....*. 6r-r,i
I) Eddy Current 2) Mechanical losses

3 ) Core- losses
'l Yl )yl;) 6lba.ai.:,.
: J t#=i" ti l+r.l ,s ll;; .-l 6.2b

f"l"' .};; r.-ti! g'l jl .5"f DC g;lt *lL .9lrr- -iJl
o#it 6...,lol9;gt lJcrbl- g"l)llr o.' .rlJl5 \Ao , DC g;lt-'v;lL al.rr- v
l.*,-S-" -F :t
+5.4 Powq Flow Dlagram C,l9:.,i+ (eFlr"t)

.rlopf -A-f
( llfts) ,lse.; jl .-lrn- OC ;ilij.r" olri.-p_;= .*..Srs g;1.;-,
Jt"f sylr).r,;*& oli !*Lrr^..x,!;l . 19; 6il;':.1 (f
- I l) J$
,Jfuts. Crli;l o2l.ri. . r.t' &*- oli o* r.5sl:r;f*K.6119.;aS*ljl # . s9&*r
..r,
"ofl-,I+ "ljsJl oll. a{ ol"fr oli ,..,ti*;, t 6rtts ;[,,-K. crtt
,$ cf .-liJ: et*j,'.rlri o.rrT r-a\ .*;Slt oli crl;,1 .( Egfa )
.f*j5Jl olr &[i: J"L- tl.fi;l o-rî ef CL; ,_j-r,:S.Jl ,.,1* l! . se.,...
. Jr, J.blff Cr*L Or. ,r-" ,'bJ: 9 . EgIa
t$y,l, ,rJ"rl., Ol;i." dte .-lS; o, a?i I.'
4= P" * losses (4-8)

oTrs aS
t\fi ;fuK" oli = pi

6.? 6JrJJ
yli) 1l o-r; elu-;!r5Jl,.rJl; oli = p.
ol"-5- ol9;.-ti! r,r*. .-[iJb jl .-ol .-lilb JS- losses
"fcr J-L DC silij oL-|., (F-y) oJsl,"rr (f -A) J*1.,.s*jll+ l"
efficiency : 'v': ='P!

r1(Vol x 100 (4-e)
n + losses
tgrgst ol9; or.lls l'.l ,t-l uz:j l, ,lr"*, (f - 1) &1.,
g9.r< Ol9l-,-.
,T a"S*. Px oL-1, alsb .r" 6rilt oli;l 6Sj-,1 *:^1.. sf ,-t*- l, gL.ul,
^-, ll . ...*l JSi. r_9.r$ oT.5r$o;l.ulr os9, .rfu& Oli € t-ssr.rr Oli 6.al
',r'' t Cl* .I
TT
"S;SJl6lr
:;; ;;11-;;-;; ;o,i
.' c; L o',i * *",,
''ri:*l
:yr dV lt tyl.r) rlrr* ol"f- olr .:tiJ: o--t^" .51; o*+^'o '
. F"5* w ,r* (O- A-f .rb'{) O Ji sr2frgt'lorl+1s ' o,9Tro ''t'.r'
r"T.rr 6sif *Jt^, .sl.:o. :l-lr)ra tS ftt'+'tr! L+'l .rr
Cr:+..o:
lt
.SJ-. ol,r.' ? g+.l,t )f Sl Jb. Olrtt' f*.1:T.lsl;l;) est+ol'l*' rssiy .P
*^:ls (**.l;;.rf,Ftr oli dl,;L JL*i .rt t>2e41 2s 'J.* o'sb27 Crl
o*.rt .,9,t+ tSet. , s.rf JLrl DC .:LJ5 O*,lL Jt*.;'-.Sl t(stlri '-JL)
o*:b.rr .(u.sr11JL) +T.f rsrl;.16< )f t r'i *ol.r- .r"lg ,;Jli ..;lt,
+nt' fDC ,s 6:il.$ $.ld.sl; fJl ,.ly ol5r rl+ ,1"r" S f**'g Jr:"
' s.rl'r
Conversion of Mechanicrl
to Electriat Power
lErl.l
Electrical
Powar ottt
Mechenical of Generator
Power into lPo - Vrlsl
Generator
IP,'
StrrY Power Copper Loscr

(Rotational) (Ir F Locsar in
Loscer (Mechenical Armrture, Field
and Core Losses) Winding and
Rhcostatl
Dc .rY?5.rr o t9' "i;7 e|SL" lr-11J3.i
Examph 4'10 f - t " JE"

..-l ,-pl* r) eLdi. l., DC *\fi&
.
,_rl crli = Y .:1, y's

Jt*; Lf ljLJl=TTo -Jr
lTr DC );l;) .5Loa,.t.L
Ol.rfr Oli .rti-b = cib :lrii. = I Ao .il,

,r.-lrtrrs rf \:ti! = YAo .-19
)to*.t< *\ tr aS lr .,rl5r . r*T.rJ*i;.r., 6siyL-; )yl;) cxltl
q5 a-9-) +*5 ,-L- t, tilr) gL.sl, .,# t \>-l rri? r.5 J Vl :yl;)
J-
o\'Jrl SJ^" Stir*.*
"sf.f ytp :l DC :rl:4st*crcs.rr.rl oll
fr= P"* losses .t-"Jlr (f -A) &LtlJ q.q} tt .(f - lY Jg) r9i*c cr."l:
f.rJ .>l t;il;),f-loli P. ;,+-l &l 2"r
P = 2000W + l50W + 280W
total losses
= 2430 W
Po lrorn Motor - P, to Generator
f - t o <Jb +Lx.* ft.SLJ : F - fi d9r,
. s..ar" .-l--d.r..r.." d.;*llr.t' JLrl.lr-lr)s9>..r:Af t-xhl.r"lto5;lr: a.a.l .r"l
2430 w
(from motor) p:; = - 3'26
= toqt*'r,o = '
hP
.^-l
-l ;-lorf crt (hp ) 2t* *l * ,I, ul;: 2*;l
oJ.rlr rs oSi,l {:, L
6;li"-, 1 (f
-y) aLlr jl Jl- .,:-l ;fu& €+J& #l;) )r'.r,'rsrtttoli oS
, f*l1Tr3o '.:d \q l, ,L.ul.r 9 o.rf
2m0 w
?= 51txl00=82.3%
,*t.lIl .elr;x,t t Ct* l Tf
4.6 SHU'T GE UERATOR {}i"l L 6jlr" DC J9;ti: f -? 01,

(t ).5rp .Sr* t.,
uslssf r cs*.--Jr.,* ,r DC a b#l.fio.tt.t l
. (.;*l 4.r^- \ t;;l.fi € aS f - 1

a;lSl.r+
L,- 9. o .rl r*Jf- j bJ, .L-g..! ,-; ,l J. , 19 ,.!2-: tr DC g bl9; l.r) f

"9-
c:iL csf .r*rlr.r oS "f eh b (.9l; Jl,- .yrl vl'.1 . .rs5o. a;"ri s}l}) "r
C.h" J[Jl,-.ro 61 0S!l ,-'l' , cilr
lJ rr+, tr" l**1.r" L s"T sr+l et i*
^S.",'l Ch Jlr- ,.r*lio-,s"9-

4;-- t, DC csb:flrj.rr 6 'r*l gr'l FrjL*
.rl+* t\fir,r.r. jUr l.+l t ss5,n ,lfrrl-r.rs.-!.*o\t+ l'''ilrs LT
uryjt**o ;l .hL+- o.,1..o aS r*.-t* r! c,o'a'.*| Jlr exlc. l-*lr.l ' s9'&;r
o-Jrl& jl . s.rls s9,-9 a:i*b t",rb .Srl$orl-o qil.*6r,r+, (Jrl J.î)
"t,
(f-rrJ$).l"lL*a;lr)*'" DC #lij oL. .9rr> &r* t' DCcsb'-lr)
<-
\ \
-{>
fr,
I
v.
+
\8, I
A2
(,s:ly) r-t: DC *(ii',f -f f &

&.r-- 6q f'.,i* aS:.JT *L
lsSo' cibl s)ly t* ,-rt ,-:.i- lar5:|.fi ,-r,l or ^5*l
L,*fr{.5'r-.rl*.,"r1;-," * f*-* crl .r".$l+,ro,S)lys7;, 2Tg* j-* l"
. .rsSo. .r)lrl (cr,i^ 4.r- 6Vf :) s)ly 6.r^- ,sLft oT. ot t r* *
dr..-t L-;, os,t .^gJe. jul J;J oq-dL r &r* ot.r JJtS t-*:g,l$tu
1) Self-excited
IYA DC )9;l1) .9 Lba.a;.ir.
, po.r9T.rr.F;:* a.rl"csr .:JL 2r .:S* JL.rl l, "';':. DC tli) ot52o .c--l

jbtl cxl . .r;:|.+i" ,-CK f " Lr*; o*JrljltJr -J9; 6!
o:-.-o rs ,""+L; ,r.;Lr.."
;,1* s*tT o[f g7l . rsf ,lf, ol*f s*tT 6."a t*o*.r" 6.to.i.oa .-L
".r1,
yt* -rlft .rrtt J9t 6 +L# -i*lil .!f.,ftrf ^^#11.r,
6$ c.;;i 'Str-.;
orlrgs jU: .,$ .rl*; t., . (f
- t f Jil) .rs Sn" yl.fi L-y o.r.j; .*Jr- ;Ul
O$ ilff lr.r*1, Cxlf 1c5,. F*,1.:'" ,S-r.t;.ll*f JUI- I 2#tT.ll*.r+
. p*-x.rl+!,.-Jl-." tt -[* a.lslr-sTo.r;.r*J9 ;t:J9 9 t# 4r- u\r
(l ).r.r,l 5,r-
olr.r oS ! r l**olp 1914Ltu a- o5.':-l ,Trlr-[ ,-JL )l ).b-b
o{.T rf y W u**l;. jUr oTa-rrii.: Jr dS r.5 +J:, *r'b sl9;r ( f f )
aS r"--.i f*r tt lr rl+q ^b, ol.:+" dl|-r. ( nf )

4r*..r,1.. .-ltL ,s;.-:o
. T
".f '.k.\,
.u[* fi*fu .L; &
,-f-*.r."tLii .r;^-" qLy;,-L:;.. ,9e+d,91 ). l)L-t g.l +L c-
ll
,b lr rl+[ cti; (.f"-*.,.-tLi ,r..,* tLo) .s.*+ :".spSJ-" . ry f s

'(f - lf JS:r) *.l.*
,r,il
,rzLl* c#r .sil rr -'2 &tF lu qt&. + Lxt b 1,,-t l f - lf #1
<z.i Dc :Flfi,juy
I ) Shunt-Fie1d-Current
r5lr v;'t ,rrl', tTt
"f,j(ll
,Jjlt lt *sfrl ,.r . r-* J,,L .rLt gjLdr DC :ylr) r ,r .rJ f=*|r:'.'ft
,.r-.rLL g*l O"f l.* . r.lrT.--r., l.r F r,ty )Ur-lol.:*. Rf .:.rti. l*,.-r.f
. J!.J .-L- ItT O6lni=rl Ol.t* t \bl osL .lt'*.t
,L tsyjUr
Rf=
.h "ry.SrF ;tlr
u-"tUi ,J;,,-i;l osliu*llt olt'^* lr.k s.15".5rr.* o\r :*l ol+1., ;s
r':-ll
5*r, *rb a"ra F,,rr,+" f.i, t*l .r" . (f - I f Jg) J.rrT c- r., ,J-*
. +[* rL.o6 .* )Vtc-=1+.;.tU t 6r9.;J 4r-, Ot.ra e29,o".2l.lr $t, *
I, (Al
f- |I cJU +Ly.r (# lf - t6 cjg3

.I
TY DC )ili) .9 [na.aa.ii.
Example 1.1I f _1 Jtr"
'[ rs (.s.,1:") c:'-'r DC )ilii € "' Ly.," C--* ,J*rtL'",sl:,'.;"

^SJylJ. Ll* # -, lr.:i.* 6;-.,.rlto .-.lb,j;:.j. .ci-lo$ g.l f - lA
. r.5 +*Jr- 1., ds \ Yo jUr DC sil.fi r*.^lr*'
: ,.''JI-
I y") P Lyr ^t* C*rrr L'-$Ui" ,J:,^;" 6r, r l-'':,1

"ry;t4 ",
FIi:l....-L;, f*J&r,-l.o:;.
tl"r+ a, l,^l'.fu Crrl .51 .
;jt-+. uAt.L. l, (df
(Rf ) ,5*r* llt ,.r.lli. , J9r J.bl9;.sr-l &2rt ,l.L ,s.rb .5.;.ri. .dl.o[-
l.rj -r.aU".tr ,.rrl y*n
= o RrnlS4O
Ry = stope = ;## 153.E5
s&i, DC JrJltj j hlr qJrJ f.ls f

.ro - P- I
+6,1 Fallurc of r Gcr*rtor to Bulkl Up

,sli &sr tr *;^l DC t'li) f ,ra"r"t*|.ts )l,ix s"
, -r.;,,;p o*b
. Jrf .JL .,;l..iol* .*l dS..6rJrb .J,1)l. .-a.it
".i jL.f.r +J5; ot
,-r- .;tt^. o'"l:l ;Ur d t*5". ssfr efy crl o* olllL;Trs .-,ti5l orl5- *iJl
,::1,,**rl I J)lX,J:-iJlr. a:..5 r.r .,uL.* rh t{ aS -\5.*. .!rL
"*Ji6.rb .r*tL,i
ol.r 9s rJL" ol , Or.T#b..glJr . crlls .slr;u C.fl :r*; 4f, .rl-.r. Vi,
. JP.:l
"Jl.r
wl\ .-Jt^r"l.r.r .(',r^ li oib ,jhL . FS*. ,ryls.trl;3r;;t-ct.+- .-iJl- t
,tu, t9-lr) lr jUr J u(r JJ.r,L,.* rb a{ ^l L rb lJ r o$rprt jbJ:
. J r.Lrr. **Jf. ,5aA
-5-r^:.rl*.tbol;i,r , FJ ,ef ls tlr)'i;.*'qrr F"lrJ*, tl-.iJl- T
F2 : F, .suL=-; JLrl (f - lr) JS;.r glr:*. Jb. ol2a "FJ I-.t+ !
6J->t*.5',,*.rl*.r- '.T:ld*-l US.. ")il:,. .*j-? 4.rr* ,,* Ot; I:t:

.5,,-;
../ ?+,v ,*-,.*J t gt- n:.*ls r9'.s{f;.rl-.rt,f.r[,s-l
(j:.." I US.. L . gt,
IYA
"!t"SJl6l*'-"tCl*
, .rytr # ,.r Jr. .i5 - C
t&srL J"*t, trrL ,Jr*- !L _ -r
sff2te* f.,- .r5:;9- --o

.r-*. *5-.1-" , l* .5 V f , J- -il ,lo+ r-91i. ,
-
f"il, u,ll3;.f.tl:; s;L ,., " )J,ol l* r $l-;"aL o:*o ,s:*J-L;.ll-*=.51-,
r J9.l^-; orl *l .s+& r.:ra ,til.fijl JSI lb.Jtt , Jd+o..j *.J9- jU: *r1*l ,s
JJiil ,s)#L gl.r""r l* .*l.l ".lr- .:*s.;l lr .f+Lio .sL L-ra etf ..rrl.r"
o;Sf s+ 4r.- et* ls sylij
"*r" (.,**:?,sl.r.
lsrl+L.jILrr-*.rr .\l-.*.
. +l*,trl.,
"l- ,-9ii
" lr.r-,.
#t'.* ,uL'* t, 1*rr rt!
n-l'r': 'rr ;l+ 6'ai'ii' f -t- Y
+6.2srrunt Guterator r*cn",";rrT

,S2lt "â;-if r.l-i!o. 19-lr).116.;;1,* Olr;+ , r-:..:i DC l9,l.fi,srjrlrl,
sylr)2J a;,ll . c*ls f*olr (f - t o ,tS.l) a,lSl rr- 4r- l- Eli) or?.s
d.--l .r!L il;r-*.7 ll" Jt-*; jUr ulbK r-,.r
-1.* rl., otr*rLlil .f
DC t l;) c9l.r tsjd;u9 nA:: a-'-\.:j.rr . $1, c.LSl"+ 4.,- )l g*L
ey
pb' tgtf JL*; jbJr,.ril t{ rr ci s,.,1.f. DC
#l.r) sr . J..i(,ro ,[,oL ,-;.1
crif c.,*l.rr j,*.9.S" rbl" , s.*too. .t*tT J.rJl"J" : f_R4.1+*..rT,.*l
^SL
.!r-- ot.f JL*; jttJr.-il lltn t*a,rr )lt., .rr d ,rLL.o ..-l
fr#(.- ju,
I Jd+r f ;* o.l,i .r-J9: )VJs t JrLrr"
ri-o6.rb #r,.1" r (Sl.rt) o$ ,:J ri.;r,
. c '.S0. J l-".; j Ur o $
f .:s l.' "rr lf
l, ^Lq; o,l . .+ , jUr ,u6 a.l.rl L
"*T.r.r" €Fl.:rJL )l til;; o'
,rb ,l (s-i-b" .-l2oi .rct*;bJ5 ,:rl.ro,,.i .i:"JL ,.r*1.1" . r+-f (t ),.rt r, ^L,
tX(: o$
a.Kr y-.4,r^. .'JL rr .,r.r rr Dc
rr,rfi ;:;;""
. a.6.\rr Oli-; (..i.^
) A.rf 4r* ,
I ) Breakdown-point
I Tt )9.l1) .5laa,a;,i..
el
cl
o'
tsr
rl
(Jr
E!
G, l
al
Brc*donrn
02168 r0 t2
L (Al
)r:lij eJ +uC. If - lf l9t

a.;6/-ro
o-srr.ple4-12 f -lT Jll"

. ,:*f o r,l o.rls gLr, (f
- | ?) JS.l Jr DC )9;l1) rrrt" a.at*l.,s::,;o
. .J .-l*- )9;l1) lr C.,;l cSl.r* l.r FA- &aJr
J-
F.rls cSl 'r ..S*r- l- DC .rrl.r) slr
.glt ',d L ,.rl* lYo

"!r.SJl
VNt: 140 V and Vt. = 133 V
%v.R.=l\f" lm
= 5.26%
of )LtJ, 1a& nLl.r )l .rlr-,.f F (*:'") rssf €r-.- tt DC syl.fi slx

. .J osti:- |
Vxt = 139 V and Vrr * l2E V
%vR:ffxroo
. ..rf .;LJ, f"b.; qc> :l s;+ fr o;15t"- 4.r^- t-, DC .rilij 6 f,Fi++.
Example4-33 f -lf Jb
.-.-l;t l" ,-; c:L;*n t+ r:;l DC .rf li; .S
:* .trr-:.rl* .-lb - t fo Pl
$*l oli = A/ A .irl, ,IS
J t *; ..s"-l ;U, = Ty o r:1,
.t;'.sT." o9lii" = o /d ,..bl
.rl ll., .rr ..rl"f- ol9; .:la L = 1A ,-l-l
.,"-lJ!4trl 'r.-d; Jr x) uVL. ,- ,ft.
4.r- ot'.r .1.itt1
,lt ,trrr I (v)
2a2T o[.r+ : (C)
o-u, roJf ;lJe . (o)
,s*. ,:,li l'' JS : (-)
6.,L'ul'' i 1'1
lsrl u*l .iL, Eg a--:; ,s s ,V dS # ueli s* .i ..rl .1" jU: I l"=A:: : 1r;
-il) r-*.rl++ Vt ," J"f ul.,,oi: J:l l!, . (+..,K ef l c.-L .,.r o*,:;L
lrl DC )9;l1).glaa..;..."
.6Ldlo"v* Fl*.' Ut, r'({. ,,tiip ;* If , ("1.K ,l' tr ..s.llt.,', ,eJL

"J rt< $lf )*L rb .^ll.poi
llr- l4OO
F- I r JU +Ly.r s(y iF- I y Jg!

J-
l.utl
fy''..slortlr!,r*o- .(f - tY JS) ftr5". .- tltalL..rrl.rl-
:'r' &-r-*-.rl"..sV*t drl.- sly l,
1.*.l JL.;J '- F,r-*r'r+" .ll* ,nl cll .n
. ,;:,*l o.r.l^;
. s5i+r u.J.-L Jt*; o...,l3LJtLr. r!6rltrs Jf'*; jUr : (.iJl)

. F.lls r Jr.t+o Jtrl eii,.$.r*-.rl- r ,r Jr iUr ,:xlS,ilorT;l
b= * =r?::
fu 140= r'r.57 A
:u.r . ra.L# &L *rn-ltsli.;l .f llrp .r^..1..t1, ,-tlt.ft. (*)
Po=*tt
current - voltage
r.=lrkw-25A
f",1T,g \3*! .j.!'5otr+ o9.li;l c.rli.' l tr tJ p.2ToLr+ :(C)
Io=ls*11
-- aJ'5 flA -r+ 1.57
t.Jl A
n =
- tLl,t.Jt A
26.57 ?|
. Fl* .-,L-.j,!rj jUr o9-b 1l oslf-llt 1., os.i ."Ji jUr l(")
Et=1"R"+V
=26.57Ax0.5O+220V
= 13.3 + 220 = 233.3 Y
.el( '*'r t Ct* lrT
"SFJI
s+t, sl cs!.+,-+ .9J*l Jll .:r.;.aloJ.: JIS&J c:o*i 9s )l rf ,.:bub . (-)
.-1..*-- Cr+:"-+rl .,..- c-ti,-L JS lU ,.:*1.5;.r^. G# f# q Ly-r j9s .:..*ii 9
' s+'i+o
R.- = R"lru =0.5 o x (26.s7 A)2
Purr, = 353 W
= t& O x
Pr= Rtll (1.57 A)2
&=345w
total Pc,, = 353 W + 346 W = 698 W
+ftL oTr r.rf.t' rFl (f - A) JiJ"{ y ltL .rr[- oL"-L 0..-l*" :} | (i

. .-:.*l $"L j.1.; s-:.& DC :il;),s1,
Pt = h* Pc., + stray power loss

=5.5kW+698W+95W
= 6293 W
efficiency = rt=f; x rm
=||ffi x roo
= t7.47o
,J.6 rl, b .s.rt*,s. .:JL :l F En ,l.ri liJ , c>l **rb rb dr,,l .ry tt (i)
- lA) JS& (f - lY) JS rerl*d..rJL r.r .
f sJ .'ssSo",.I"+ (f .'(*,'' #
Et
r
'^ -r-- Ro+ Rr
=o '213.3 V
n
= l'66A
u.t
Vxt:lrRr= l.66Ax l40O
= 232.4 Y
%v.R. =Wx roo
lrr )yli) .5laa!-iJ."
=
232.4 -
220
x 100
220
= 5.64%
t
,,t 4=0.5O
I
P, = 14O dl % {No Load) = vNL
r-fAJSr
+7 SER'ES GE VERATON \9J- Dc )il'3 f .- Y

t1r DC sil:-). s9*:L ^J 't Gf .t*tT G# f# l- 4.r^-ea 1.* fl
rsbsylfi\ s,-lr) ol .5[oo.o;.-:r. &T , ori" . (f - l l JS-) +T.f r.:br-
.:r[;; . .:-l c,9lli r::,! q96:il;': \ .* 6rylr)r-rlol^:tL , .:*1.-:tii ..;l
..i-l ,lf ,xl ;l tor5;lij crl uL:rL rs
.rl.r.:, o-r.l o:>L 5;t f# )l 4;-.- 6a f** , c$ DC *l;') f- .-iJl
. (Slra) . .,-*.,t
"l,t; Jt**, G=5 f.,.- CxlrSb.r.l"
csb.rrr.rl.'oros,i; tiiL ct'l5 l"* .ll 4.r-.,Gt l* trsf DC )l-lr) lr-w
. (f lra) .>l f .rt*' 6* f-r* o-l
: li,J
up r.:'*t str.r ,92-; 6-..; t* gbtlJ sl''t ,s97 & DC lf t lij.r'-'iJl-

. rqtn &L .rs5 " L-*: ( H ) olro. p$ lrsS-..$r- rl* jl .rJ o[r+fl
or.5 *lr)jl .s.rtr; " L*; rL ,l*r. "S;l+Trl.sr DC:ylij.rr- v- T
,-:.r-LS qL,5rr-; 6; t* lrJ, r-5o. 2* 2*.-!2* .rl'-r" jl o[.f ol.: sri*c
. J.i;L fSe* f,,,,..r rJ",l.9br9.l .lls+ toJl.
rrf
"SFJI,.slt'*"tCt*
Scrie+Ficld
Winding
I
I
I
I
I
+
|.i.;r
6r DC rrDi & c|tu" )ts - I1 lg

.-lL rs o-tl, o.l" Otl, Otrr* ar
"f
),6 oS ,.-..,to* .r" ( f - f t) JSL ^+t t*
' Jj:so arL

(lo = I, = I).
.c:*l ,1, Eg l., Vt J W; )Vt s Vlr,1sr!c; L'lt .;i'r .rJ
os9, jto
r.oftt f ,t*t s+.1o0 .uL ..r.* i l rr a5 o s +-J-t-jlrJr6,:.rf r*L
"hl,-rJL;
gl.f tb sJ 9 .lslr*c ,ll r ol*f *29o4,l.1r ' ,'+5 bs t\ ,lt t9-l;3 fl ' :v
f
.raf9- * t* s;Lr-lrJl.lsf*" sl*;;". Eg o-."-;r"r ..r5,r" g-u slr;a*

r-l*o" a.l.ll.r.r,i;T,r*,Jr t&l . "g ..lr- *sfl F rs- 4t*otf JUL r $
oLr;l otr J9s .,r*fl .r"f &L.rl*"[4t.;J.lr*T.rretJ l*Jl^' ^:'+ b
. a*:L rl+t ^}.i;'2l*;l ,l* lJ rL fl ,5,s ,,-;tt*r t-
""f * fo;lt.rl5l- ^LJL
l, .rV t6rye [*.l, l.:JLr.lg# Llrrre..; rnlrL* " lr,.r.!Jti*; jtlr
1;-l*^;
.,s*l o$ ,.*.r (f -f")J*, sr.lr DC csb:rlr)2Lro;*i.;J-rL;
JLcf ,s.i.iU .r:-l oS"" , so,S &V:W9, ,g7-r;l;:J | ,r".r-.rr ,lr.i* Itl L t'l
t- rl' ot*r. 6J;*y al-L' rb fl cr;L ob *b "Vl., . .r*L e;.,- .-!.,;'; rl.r.
f -rJ . +,Trf 'r!1, 6r tl'-l;: J*; lr jUr JS ,:iJ[;.. t,i--tt* -L..,:
.(f - 11'!S- r.r S, , Sr ) .$ri ef ,sr '4.;r: ,ts .sbr Jk-l +!
JJ . re.-: ,f* ltF* !4(-- Olr:-.-. silr),-F.n sr-f.l o'n .,b
-t;[- 6.*-,o
,f f * 6r'*2a;.rl*.r" O[f s1.> JUI- t 6& ef Eg ao;t\ a5;!;
lra DC )il;) 6loo-;;,"
. .rls +olt- c,,b.jplt ,=JL .f-tL; urr ar.LrL Jk' l.Ll . .* salp
.r,;L
o5,::sLrsolqh" (f -f o,lS-:;) A- DC rgbs;l y.rtto..^;.::.a*a-j L
:L*-;u9,rrA;ItJ:.-l15a")t**t rlt ,trr+ a.r c,.+-J Jt-*.; ju.l c;l'ooru
octiu*l
"rt.ib jl,:Jr gL. ol.jrr.s- DC csblr-l;:*b gn-r.t .s*l!ir,ir;
c*-L r..,.5l . s.rl". ,l-r" *i.r.19. .+b olrf t;ilr) olr;"r .S! .r,*5* rl;
jur aS*tSj.o , rl' ol*r*.5 f,;'t"*.rJ J9'n o."t (f - f ") ,tSlrs o$ orls oll;
olg (f - To ) ,lSl fl . t L*.:-rb^n; llt, " li..*i ,:,lr*i 2l*
".t'.-bbl.r 6rtj
lst;l;3 6l Jr .r+too ot*Lr qtr DC gli.l.l,l;; .::,L**" jl.S,"t .r! trJ
ultg*'i. oy s:.si J L*; jUr v ..; .r1."[ aki o+ d+l ;l# b f,r-*..*.6.rrl- L.
jLJr **-rb t* gl5-,sl.r lcT;l glc-... l.rJ srls .r.A " l'--., 19Jrr o u\
.rJosti''" 1 DC
6a t.* a)lr o5; L-*:o l*,9a j[J, Jjl5 61 g.t".rr-lij ," " )t9.ro
(t )
( tytxs) ali;S .i.p.l sV*: crT^r.r, srJ*, rl5.;l .r+!.*r .id61 4.;^:
JjtS s1-xs aS .tl-',ro ,e4.jl l, )Vs drt+JT rl" * | **i "S cliS a*lt t | . s9.L". o:iS
. r,:-l lc .rol9;u uT ,
.r; ls.7
I( (Al
cSr DC ;f l;3 &- cslx sL a,eti- I f - | o &
1) Divertor
I $lt '!i,J L ..t L lrt
"!i.SJ
4-8 COUIPOU TD GE VERATOR o;sJ DC .rr,l;; f - rt
:l S-5* r' DC syl.fi ,l a.at.ia a+ e*J;+ ry.tr t ,rl1+ Slx

J {;J
.rsS- orgf llo.l'li) ,rl u )i 6r &f; G# f.#- 4 " )19**", o..a.i*.o ul Jl,
ol*.:.*.b y,!-* !. \ '+i*. &L* s*9-t"5 DC csbtllfi*; cxr+ r
.s L l"rJt ce oTo, Fl.,#.F .rr 5.5,* DC lsbsyl.fijUr.*r- l*
. .u(,ro .rl.lo-.rL,iolfl .;l .rs 1., .- ';l DC *l;) tV a.aia:i. ,s;.";. Js-, ,s"lt
Il IL
+.-
--+>
vl
A2
(a) Long Shunt (b) ShortShunt
-r-etJ DC yl;:'.F-f l dg
c;' .
.r:l- a
obf ,';; i b
.(f - y1 .,ri. rr+, ii'6"S DC #li) ey es )e.'"
'l*) (t ) .rf, c.;* L s-s.S pg
syl.fi- |
(Y) .b.f ,-r^ tr.-rs
DC;r,lij-r
1) LONG-Shunt 2) Short- shunt

l
lrY DC )yl;) (.'166--j-L.
*--l ,rl tilr) ls cr*l .!.r,

o.S
.txsTolr.r sr&.F6;g F,r-1l .''1, ='^ tt "r-yS DC sylr).rJ- t - t

. v1,p :s* ( Ia )
.rt, o[r+ csr 42.*: f=i- .il obgS .:rl l., .r,gr.S DC silr);r- Y - I
-
.".r\1, ( rf, )
4.n, ..' 1r,.::*^ l.1 *,fr.S lil.r).rJ rjr 4f" 6a f:i*rS.ltrurcJL lJ- y - I
. rr.;SdJ 4.f, olr.f ,..'.&) J 151 .5;.*6,...7
fr:+- qs.lLur ,=JL :t ,jl
ss.,Sa.
ortL " )19-l s-;5 .r-l')rr Lrrl6loa,o;.*..Sp.lL* JE;.hb l-.i,l.rJ

. -.S
"S"
! os;S u!rs...r ,sL1Js t .*5 ^V-y ls sr 6o; f,** l...rl ol5lL;Tr.l
r::.*l pg sylr) lii crJl-.;l ,rJ . f*5-" 6.rb 21"" jl (:i.txr) ,* .*.9[i,.
tJ jUf I te slf;,.,-;^.(*r-; f tJ;J6**.o a;:l\ .S,1.lS.io ,.-,*.lr f*olf
+t. .f*Jt-;,. rl.,,it llcr 4r* G;; f.'1. Jl-r.lrs , s.T.'*+cr*rL Jt*.+
^l-L ol+r. fl . ,, '- lgJ'. (.9; .S--J-,i c*,' l-..- f s.r\ oJ-r6rl ,.r ,:riS
;l l, s,9J DC :;:l1) , s-1., .1.1,4.r^, G# l.- olr*. .iJb. 6.r g* 7* jl
.jrlr tSy 6a 1-,i* jl aL.L Olro. fl 2...\ '.:rl^+ ,stl, ,,-l rL u9-pSgr-
".5"
. J*.L:r.
^tiS CLrl -fr.,S
, DC sylr) a- J.it, ,=:.1 5*.r-., 6.=; f# Ol.rn"
;t-ls.tr.S DC rilijf -A-l

+8.1 Dlllerentlally Compounded Generator
&L aS a-i; rb .r2€ ol*.r+ 6*l.;) ,al sr €r* ffi t*;lot52o
,J d;;l lrr..:,$l.l s.olg- ,|t, F , "*t--" g*,(,.r-; rl* 1.5-.!f".rl*.r[.:
.,.olrplL . stls ,|l; )p F os.t .;lf ;LJror-''',JL ,.u;.o JL',r rr p lr2tl
,.ir,!-.rti t"JaS -Fb l.rr; \.S... Lru ci$- )dl, tyl:-)rlo-*o.ulS
^S ol*r
,-lS*,-*lo.*rb [, ..r,;la.rl; 1*,r.(f b.rll.r)qlo.o;-i .""f*
-,i,y) J$ tr f
l.rJ . -u,rlr csr.sbrf lfiL
uibtt bryl.r)a-f+lc5 ,"*.,,*r. (f - l.y .JS* L
, .r.rlr L:.,b olr.r+ nr
-,1-l cS;lr.,arS.rr -roj btil-il "-,rS+ljl aS rq*l.r,o Aa#
-u,rls;l=n- DC ;lJ9a"*. o.,, d .,-b"-rK.sl- 6:il-r) orl )l . .r9.toa 631;;*l
r.stt '*ft L Cl* lrA
"SrSJl
. uu(+o; o s lii I
OvercomPound
Fbt Compound
Un&rcomPound
Stunt
Differential
Compound
Ir (Al
DC cSto:f l;3 r5lsa'a;":- a..;ti. I f - lf cJS"t
..,iLat rlft,,S OC :pl11':f -A-t

+8.2 Cumutatlvely ComPounded Generator
q-.'\ o(;'lS'lo
ol.* tr tr)tql ,s $1" Cr-'- 1..-b6.sr &ld rl-
lsJ, o$ 6"? f$l' sl t 6r
JL+lt, . ri.t+. &L ;L;l -r.5.S DC .r5r l;;
o tJ.,J+
Jtr,uJlt tjr.r,l DC uta.rflr-j $U ,!s ,slu:-r-l;) *l ,lt
.:'i5 +tr *:t'nb JJ 'rJl- E-'.5'ldt-
,J;r-;. , .l|L \Sf 6r€J-., Olr*. fl
.J.6.r1, 'rr.'i; rJ Jlr*; jUr d &l*' td" l** io- $rru )# 1l n'';'l^"
. J.^tr.
(l ) ..,"1L -r.ltt ,.s.rl-ut cJL rr Jt*; ;bJ9 ;l
^riS ".rrJ.it, 'a*
.J.iS Olt:'*" d't"n'A
"S
.rr Jl+t;t:J9 d-1L..

" lJgA> ,.-t.6 ,lr cl''i JU+; ;Ul,,4l,.i .," fl- ''!l
. .u.L,o.
(t)af.-. s-/ l,,,'sl s-;.Slr.jrJL ,glulftl.rs, -rltr,.s.rtt.s"'l..lr
r" JL+.i itrJr.rl F J"6 rL .:-; s-lr) Jt'*; jUr ,}.l* .lJ fl- -
(f )-rr5 o', ,: ' J'lL? s''lttt
oJ.t uai-i,.sl.x . ,,>-l ,9olt ,rdV '>22n41
I) OVER-ComPoud 2) F1at-ComPound
3) Under-ComPound
lrt DC )9-l1) !s Llat"L.
6rl-l s-j-J DC gsbryl.r) !g[so.,-i-L .fu s.lti rs o.r.l, f..tq!L

,.sr\.r.tl
.*Jott (f - TT) JSa., r*,l.:,r
l*.- .frtL; nSr* 6l.r I ttlUf Ol*. .3y d;Lbc-i'd" dy ..,{*.r.9l.rt
r.sb..r.tr .llsr: f*l*, r*lr os.& cii'l* sil;: fl Ll . .llJ J,##ii lssr4* e*
(rysXs) o-uS r-i.p; ,.Sf-*l sl 'r2ro;rl ,rs p,oo"l .r.*rjc ltsr 4"r^, G+ f#
'(f -Tr) Jgr'1.*rS...55
rf-, rlrjf f lr 6y,&2-: 6;.1 f.# Otrf Olgi*" :f2Xr 1l o.lt"!ltt
at dt, a;lSo-,"SLa*f L lsJ . s,llsS snlf ;l Sr Olro. sir; '.:$ x* 2s 9
o.5 p-r"** tlt Lf 2 ;; stlr 4f., rl* .r" d$Jl . rf *r &b *Jr*
..-lo.-(; f.l J$ ,..rrl.l.
lL
+ t
I
rl I
Rf vt
H I
I
I
oef sE L ;;9,-S ,gUj & csr &.F .rbo st (:y*tr) ', r i f -ff 49
Eranplc 4-11 f_tfJlr"
,>l ,;rru r) *l*;.l. t- .lrf .:;'l L .-u"r"S pg :y!.fi &
,r.-l Ol9': = Y ,-19 ;JJ
Jl-".; g*',1 3U.r= Yoo ,'1t
.j.5.r1., .r",.rl tfrOl9; .-lib = I To,-ll
(*:; .5-r.*., ,.L.r[i.) Rf = I oo f.ol
(f*.rl .b.r[L) Ra = "/1 fnl
(sr,ll.;* .:r[i") Rs = " /l fll
.shiJLr.r-l* lfo
"Si;SJl
. +,,n. lbl,-LtStlt.l" l, rr.-L*L. ' s9;; os[i':-l titx"r2tr5l
,l* ,lrr. . 1*lt1
,:.:";l .5"rr; rl.b gt*J+ . (=)
.r.* tT ot*.r: . (C)

o,rlL ,lJ.rr ,s o"r^! "tJi;tJ9 ' ( 'r)
dr*,::t.," ..*FJl oli cr ar;l &"+ iL6' olt ' ('o)
.r*" crttJr ' 1r;
oL$1, . 1;;
J-
f sJ . qT.,. ,:*r, ,fl xsLi;l ,-t 5rlt,r".rlr ol*.r : f ilt;
3kw 3000w :-, l5A
rr=ffi=ffi
F,,,S#. P f 1., (f - Tf ) J*, . o.JL eoi. 5r.r .-J.r.-..51t
\ s2 lt'l'A
Ar sr +
R'-O'2{L
Fl
rt : 4.O9O +
Fr = l00O
F2
F-tfJUuLyrstYif-rf&
l, ( Vt ) *'t &.rr,.rl-- rJ jUr lt'Ll I Ig o,..-L.".91- (=)
FrJ
r .i,i.lJ j Ur oi ti 1l o s ti:- | t' .F*Sp,-l*--
I
Vr= 2OO V + R"(lz)

:200V+(0.2Ox 15A)
:200+3=203V
r f r DC )9-l;) Lglsa*'dd.o
t - v _ 203v =2.03A
,r_-F,
rm(}
irJlr rlfl,xrLt, o-, a+t L : (C)
1,,: Ir. * 11 = 15 A + 2.03 A
= 17.03 A
irJlr.-u,,.j jU.: o9;ti;l os[i;i-l L : (+)
f, : A x 0.9O) + (t5 A x 0.2 o) + 200v
(t7.03
:15.33V+ 3V + 200V = 218.33V
J.L. ErIo tt o-r-!.-t. ,'' Gr4t,jfut-S Olr: .1.o)
c;
"Sj5llOlf-
Eelu=218.-l3Vxl7.03A :lJj.r.iLr"
= 3718.2 W
;l .;r-u2to" .-;,r,&rr: rl- r..r*.

. .::,tiJc; . 1r;
P1: $lj = 100 O x (2.03 A)t = 412 W
ral Cr6i+'.i.1 J4*#.JTJJ u.{ .-.[i!
P" = R"l|:0.9 O x (l?.03 A)2 = 261 W
;l ,;r;rl*s ..Sf &f; Gr6i l*;* JJ r..r.. ..:tilb

P, = RJ2t = O.2O x 1t5;2 = 45 W
tiJ
totalcoppcrlosses n+ n = 7l8W
= Pt*
€*! (f - O) JU* ;lt .r,5.S tsb.,ili3 ,";"- oL-l.r : (;)
"ur
Pt = H * copper lmscs * stray power loor ' .r"T..f
=3kW+718W+120W
-3(IX)W+718W+ l20W
= 3t3t W
,r=txrfi)=ffixIfi)
:7t.2%
6$jSJl r5l( ',, " t ,-l* lfT
Example 4-15 f -tA Jb"

c>l ,;c,Li& cgltl.r toJrrr'l1l. s;-1, s,'" L.r,;"5 DC *l-j 4
,r^^.,1 OlrJ = A
.Jt, /J
J t*; Lf I j Ur = I yA u:.J,
O L s.;l., =%Ao (.f l.,lrr")
( ,",;;l -!.p; .L.rlL) Rf =l TA fal
(r+*.,T) *?.r[iL) Ra =o f I pl
(sr 6.n-.br[i) Rs = %a pl
r,t$J
lLjl -.. I rtr .rJ ls .x).-L- L.
,t., olrr : f .if t1
$r' ot;+ '(=)

2a2T oU;+ : (c)
o-.,rlib .(")
olsfr crlt ..:rtilb I (-")
J*
FJlr u-l.xJb;l o.llr::"-l l.r : (.jJl)
, =-skw=-s(mw
.-
'L t25 v 125 v
=40A
Fr,{" ^+rr (f - TA) JSe-, ^J[.. o*rr 52.1 .::.J..t,-.5lr Jb
l-rJ ..21 Vt oL! .- .. 4r-;
rl* - :r jbJr I (v)
. v l25V
tA
"=E= iEb=
f"rlr Oi "l.rrl av o.-. i L : (C)
l"=12*11
=40A+ lA-4lA
;l ,.-g.rL, r:;i r5,;..r:.rl* .r..r-..2[iJ: ](
")
P1=VI1=125 Vx lA= l25W
lfr DC *l;).5loa,o.ri"'L"
s2
4-QGQ
s,
r.t
h- 124fJ I Ar
Fr'0.2O
fo
- I 6 cJU +Lxt rls" i f -fA d9t
;l ,.:c;l*c 2A2T 2Ju+r .-ti-b
Po = RolZ = O.2 O x (41 A)2 = 336.2 W
;l c:-;21*c qsr 42.-: .rl- .r" u." ,rbll:
E = R,IZ = 0.05 O x (41 A)2 = 84.05 W
Ltt
total coppcr loas * n + n = 545.25 W

= Pt
(f - A -rt{ k llL ot .?t tr) FJ',.o '-l-- l, a;till oli ls'^tl ' 1o1
r,(%)=f,xw *=#x loo

{-'q
fi=5ooo"# =6250w
:t"rlt (f -,r) "Ll.r;l
toal losscs = 4 - po =' 6250 W - 5000 \{ = 1250 W
6lr .,,
r t Ct* lff
"$jSJt
.,.*.lr^" Ll
s".y power,oss ::ri ;T; "=i;;';** :,ir
+g PAilALLELCPtEnATioilt oc alo'r'ltj (oo.5.!l.rh) ot.f .s:b f -t

,1.r. ;l $#,9i *lq DC tli; 4 f t cS .r*;T, f t eJ" " )lJ,..*o
.sfa " )l**. l.Lj . .ras a"la! sp srSL, ot rfry DC ,gb.rl* .
"rtt "*.f clb
.iJL ,rf .r. . ull x, lJttr[) s)ly;. t, l, pC ,;l;3 .4 DC rsto2l., a;ri
.st .rr-lr) , s.7.l C;b 2l.u;l ,ll* t.,T;l ..* fl, o.r,l F*i:; b:yl;1)._rl c*.r1.,
. Jq..-; .r-ol9- O,i.b 12 79*t syl.fi -Lyf rL;l
,j.:.o*ii [ ,rnb os-L .5r1,
;l -w2l*, l<;T f"laS s.rlJ Je>9 b,,ilij o"J s)ly.s!.n(,s,t*)t.r
+L "J . "rJ tL;l DC a lor*J'),sil r.r"1, o;Ut (l ),-tro.," " )9.ro-.ill
f
sll.fi +Ly.r" rlro.u t Ct, ,slo.rr-l-; oep; ,s . ,.n5 CJb .rl* jl l, l+T c*1,9,, o1
,s .-r5.r5,$5rl"g-lr.r" "s,: ,lr5l,-r-,sdr.

"jril;nlrti il:
Jt**, JL dS*.tl:o rs . ul. o.rlq.:.-1.-s;L JlrQ ,_f s.t )1.-,tr"i ,t, d.rhl.p
,f- jl lJ qtT )l ,g, r sr.too f ,t, d*15-r $..1^#,0 s)ly tl-lr) Ju?.kt .rtj
JJl-r-b5rl., o+ a+Jtr, ais o#.b l.lgia,r.r;l* s-;lg* Q-f b ''5*, 6rb
"**,
.$
s-olr;.-:-t- o.sL .,rL,.glo.r-lr oL"rlrlU .-9; €";;
. l**5.*..; gTo-b clr Ssr *lr){, 1*-19; t-*f aS^. .u! sl*;.ltr.5l- C
"5 *lr rT ;+ +b a5!
. r;.5 cr.L lrrl* ,T rs)ly ett+jS"f :yl,;).r,.a
"J o+i ,-l'i ,,& +L DC csb;.9-|fi o"J cssly f l5;lr

. o.,
(Cbl -r,9J [ .-*) -9,l .-b.:;l et fr +l- to.rrlij- t

jl*; r.rr" ol9; c*li.rc oS s9. o:"L oli* b .r;1., ol*! *1., l*T.f ljtJr- f
. $'f Jldt rs..E 6v *t ;;;t: ilili]

1) maintenance
IFA DC tli) 19 lna-a.iJ.
(t )1
bg*.;: .f*J""."...,i!6 ,L,.r"t-, )iF- fnd. o2l-r.l cs.l$ Lil.tr
oL& to6*- Jrt r, )Vl I o$ ,k^S,l: r 6sb oSrs.il-i aL6al# jl " )ly'"
(t)(..*,Q+*
sttt.l- :lcS = .r ,r+p ofr#T rL.rt-) c4t{-4,{ cr,.c . sL-
ps .-.11*tt . .,rLj ,,:,!') cr* jL:J, o$Torr.1 $ c.;.1ob lJ,.ts9r.-"t- o[.f ol9:*.
6 p;l**. ob ,tb L:-l .rJ . $L*o .r-r.r P t+td* d,"S iUr ;$- r,a rr
.iA til.$ O,t ;l as+l,J"t*{ .-r9,-;-l.rr $lt dr,* jUr )l .$ #t;) )U: Jl
jLJrff .(atr.-JL) r5#. *-it.r. ol9: cF,,l )l tli),t9l.osL*;oli crp
d".i -iA t1,-l:.j J,rt;l ol5; , $l* d,'n* jUr ;l fu a.rltrr .iJL sr,,ilr)'
gl^*n orll2s
ii'iii DC 6lagtf: oo.5 6jlr" f - t- t
+9.1 SDunl Generatorc ln Parallel

tory rl"*! rl*', .,irl:i rt. t dF".S=1 l. *"" slb:9,lr) ort s)lv
8 ssgl;: JL*; jlrJr lS LrT b JL -lJ.r$.rr ...>losL 2t;*, F oTJJ{
.JL . .r.l! rf,r aLn;ilij;l .:.no, cgr$ t .srL 1*rjL .rlr. .rrl9 grolr;r.
A.€rJ.,.glrls S :il'j rr fl .
".rfo" rl.r2t-, +q
bll I ssf.f &L.,l"r!
tpTa.a.L" lSl . ..'(*, O.,..tr lJ JL jl ,. r;"f C)ly , r-Lit** ol-!
'rytl"S
b:il;; ^S* tsia .Sc-iS r* l-, . . ' 'o(,, Jrr ,. l, ,\;l ,;;- f lS .ro .r.l lt ,-9ti:"
*V +L ..1*lr o9)1" . J9r J-6l9; ,.g-rt*" t{tTJl-""; jUr , \.i*2+o .rl+!,jrJt*t
f*,* jblr jl jt"S oT;Ll a5.s:r-l.rj r*l=J"t5"*.o rl+y r''-",,. ...r.r0S s;L ob.;
, s.lrSll.. a:t+ 1,.;lL.rJ.*i
".rllrS)ly
drl; f**-;lfsJl.99l tyl.r).::.p..o-i"l ,.1 F.-br f l-.;l l) JK crlfl
.
, (s.,ry,:JL) "r' ralpt ,;**- rl' 4 o'b.*, '"(,r
I ) BUS-BAR 2) Infinite-bus-bar
',ff L Cl* tf9

"S,JJI6lt
Exanphl-16 f - It Jll"
,"i-1r".;rn .;1.pL .";n DC -l-j 5'
,;Li&
.s.,1'.,' c-JL sJ tyI; Jt*;;t:.J9 = 11o cJ,
Ra 2ao,sT..:.rb-"/6 fol
Rf s;* ,5-r-*:.rlrn .-olli" = I /A fsl
. .r#n. lkl lr rr.-l-*l-." .".f ,bs d: y I o cri * tflij d;rl .15l
o*.l a{ o.r.l &: jl,.r,,v tl-l;) o[f - I

C# ar t1l:lr) u* ,l o.r.l ,[9; oli- t
J-.
EgJL (f -l? J$) Fl*. ftls f*-- JLg' l{i.l yl dt1- slr
. F.5* ,.-L- c# q $l;) oJf ,.bs:l J", 1.,
u, 230 v
h=F,:lttf, =2A
Io=lt=2A
,€
vt
Ee=V+1"R"
Es=230V+2Ax0.5O:231 V
)glt-fiJL*; jur \2u,-+lrr ( sg rbtc# ot :x-l't)) rr.l,A-:*,-1650<vl;lr*
lsJ , .ld+" cr'* jU9 J.lL
u, 210 ' 1.83A
\'
-' fu ll5o =
Ie =J=,
, _Er-V_Q3t-
- oJo 2t0)V
'"-T
2tv
=6m=42A
It = Io - L = 42 A- Ltl3 A = 40.17 A
P : VIt= 2l0V x 40.17A = 8435.7W
lfY DC )9-l;) 15;lna,a;.l..
fi5 {l
F-t?cJba.Ly2rzl;. lr-t?cJf;,
Eranpb 4.17 f _ tv Jt3"

,lt & s9.lrj crrl . (l o.rk sylfil ,,ul ,;tru \:.i.1 DC ;f l;;6
tli), rfulil ra.T t o t .:*t5 I To jbJg .:''o Jttd#.l5rn. +"(*,a;.ri l, .*ii
a"L
Cr.b l) )L )l,J;.-i b s'+..r1.. ".r1, 4Sl yli) tt .9ilr" *s* ,St.r

--t'l
;l os.t oo.b rlr n*l-" .; -fL . .r-ol5- J| #lij o-t f.f ;l a+,-rJL, a*|.;
. rnA#. ,b l, 1.*.,r- e,La.iu!,. (f
-y) Jrra .:ylr).p ti*
T.bt +7 to
- Y cb+
(hncrrtor I Gerctrrcr 2
ftr= l00O Rr= lfi)O

&=0.9tO &*lO
Er=l3lV Er=128V
J-
jbJ, f sJ . ur.ao..; q, s;l Jt :L :\ 6y bs'lr) d*l+,T;l
&:. cr,+-
.S,1"tS:.a 2l* *gE J,rtr oJl-" cF,l J- t.5lJ,r . 'i(*. ,:*, oJrt -*rb Jt-*;
(f -Tv) JlirtJl-- sst* a"t tt , rrtoryl-.,rj**.. &tC*b.rrl;)
Kt= u r20v 12O
' f*Jlr
f,-16-I'-
l, f;.'o* crrlJ.rLrl.ro (f -Y Jrr+) fJ*=*glnJ:.lrL ci.els Ir olr:".JL
l' - ^los..l; &.- DC osL rl.r.4." "Jl*. r-*s,s.,t (f - frt J$) ry f t
.-9l( ''.'l t ,tL lfA

"$iSJl
. sJ .-L- l, IL r Vg olrcr .gJJr:lo sVs:
Itz In
1- ---*
r.
+ I
Est
F - | y JA +Ly.r )(&'. f -fY J91
1,, Itz In
.+-- ____->
0.98sl f
t' ,,,1
roo fl +
r2 sl r00 f,l
-, V dE +Ly:n,J"l* )('tn "f -f A 49

f
l'u,l
J5,;: JL (r-yl a J5.:,) (#+. r.rl.r (f -TA) J$ ,itv J'L' .,1"u
- ^?t l' .f'.rlT,sr.rs (f - Yl b ) *s* , 6rt osL l, (f - Yl a )

:i*rl" (f -Tlb)
,r=ffi= lo.266A
V = RJt = 12 tl x 10.266 A= 123.2 V
#"" ,-L- lrt+lr rL r rr.rS..; (f - TA) J5& o.lt'es JL

Itr:ltz:,oh:1.232A
Iot:ffi/ =7.96A
lf t DC tylr) qg loa.a!";.
Iu = Iot- L, = 7.96 A - 1.2324 = 6'73 A

r28V - V
Iaz:
?:-1.8A
Irz = Ioz - Ifz = 4.8 A - 1.232 A : 3'57 A
n167^ffir,t
(bl
-rq JS:,
"f 4
f -f A J91 G:y sltn'.
6r; 6)L G,ty tlu'. b
.-ttSJl 6l t -,,n* L si t*. lAo
$r+S DC g;b1;r:i|ti ooj€jlro f -I-T

+9.2 hmpound (lrlnerrton ln Pttllel
, .rt ! *..rt DC 19 brr l;4*Lu .r-5oJ DC a lalr- lr)rslaa,.i.:i. Jr.irfl
o ,\ *t*l ,,. ..r-lrls"L ;*; b:ilfi o-&"1 .sjl-1" JLdl *ryoirl;.r
,s.-rif rrt, Ll . s-l s.olp ,s,,;J.rJ.o- -r-lr.P 2l* tiL;l .1l , 0$ F-*i: btil.r)
.Jrf &l-.s:|.*[tr trl; ^' loS". , $! 'r';'5 99r btvl.r) 6"!L
. r;:*.o 2lt c,*lrJtf.- ,#* vef I F,r'S"" .F f lr-r';90.5 DCcs;lr" s;lr) lr
.r\r; I o.rk s,-lr).,s os.:l *.Ji jLJl Jrf .-t', J-t' r1.*+ .ttdt,Jltttl fl
rl ,sl pl.r.r . .rSc;ri: l.r 6fu rl* ,.r*lrL t o.rk :llr) ,.::,2..o;rl 2J r J9J
as,l rJp jUr .rt c5 o-rJ y.rLj I o.rLi .r-l9.rs Ar 4 .!:^- G# fftr- Ot,;a
.-fr oSt*li Crl.r" . s.1.5*. JlJg " L:l.l r-.,9a cxl r Jjl.o. .rlfl l, o,f L ,s
. .r*l"*.rao6" lotlc T o.lk s-19.2L, ,.lrl*.o'tt',1r" I o.lk
"lJ1112r.5.;*1.*rttt
,s 9 rg2*.rU6q{, T .r-lgrs.9r 4Frb 1orL.l s-19 ;l* g,-r2 r:'*r jl It

,u6o"l siSr,rlr. v1+. lvrrLols;*- f oJlo^' Cr*JL .rs o'$ ""Ji;L.J9c^*;
*rLl c4;2s9l:Soq/ri: l.r.5tJ Jl-r T o,rk o,,it oS .ls,So.l-lr jlJr
,gl.rn Jle. r-r . sglrnart*,-r, T dlb -r-ll:olf g,*"lt Lrtr6"LJ 1 o2t;l .r:-19
es*,i:*l OS". T o.rk s--19 . -r-ll*; rl* r" oL rl-r" rp. ,J:Lti- ,-91$.rlJ.oJ
..rsf.;ls*+ Y r-llatir,JL o5',,111 .-$.nl îll . +l; ,,b syy
cS".
ort.rl+[,.sl.r .r.7l *iir:" fJlOr, L.r*Dt..jlS'# t Jtx ebl *Jt- I s-lr
(t )o.r.:5J"Lr
I., s.is " b-; p.- 4 oS .l..Lo. osti:-| t* jl . J-ll.iy.lyli
o -u, .oJi :LJl
fl o5 .>l gTos-i-lS JsL+,.&" . s.lt-". (ri..a s9.u) :-at, .L.rb
r. ) .jlg . r'U ri*lrl .&. rilr) ar &r. .rl*.rb ' ''i'i., )llt .ril;j & t"
. ri+#c ,b l, o.ri.S J"t .5b (f
r ,r;LJ, lsJ , J+.l.*,r ol-S oll-o lnJ--JT jUr o.r-S J.lh- rr+r It
$5 Jsl+' .1, .rtf 15rt, cJL JJ . Jr, ".ol:- a.[i :*tSy.$r- rl* l. r.
.,;:*l &
1) Equilizer
tal DC )Ul;).5loc,o;*1.
Equrlizcr
n.
+ Eur Voltege
+
len
.r-;f DC csbsttbjotf a)ly f -f o slg

ork .r-19.16,*,.rT:Llr , J.7l "tr; Egn J:.Jf;9.r*T;Lq;!-lfuL
o.rk til,fi.rr.16o.;T )ds;l ;s I tilr) 2aarT5UrdJLrTjl. sr.i.oo rL; I
T o.rk
"-l:.Sr 4f-.rl*.-, Otr+o..u.rSJ"h.- ,r.h jl lsJ, r.rfo" y
;bJ9 op)lt' b .-t'.r.Jt"j EgroS .r*,1.,* .-l' .nl ,t | . 1S t-; rd.*r ,rlr
'n . $r,i, Ol t I : t -r-19 g.l l+o..rT
Emnpb l-lt f-lAJU"

,l; -r;9"5.iiJvl.P.r" t r:,rl 'rt* ob95 e.;.1 [.r,9t"S DC :iljj r"
tyl.fi rJ crrlgbo..a;-1" . r;rlo.uT 1f -A) J:s+ f tyl.;rjrs.-Li-L.-,r1,
tiJ+t..rT"stnjlrlr 5 s2ls ,l.,s rl- JJ jE.- o.r.iS J"l*- I sl.:llI" f. l. ,"9.r$
.-l*- L rls.ro,rlt, riL &l,sJrrlo unt ay t-l,j 9J crlfl .-rlr
' (r - r. Jsr) *"5
tdt 14 f -Ac!t+
Unit I Unit 2
Rr- lfl)0 Rr- lfl)O

R.=lO &=lO
&=0.5O &=0.4O
4=234Y &=234Y
.,!i5Jl .sl.dr.:L Ct* IAY
.-l-
r-. r,j;t^,. (f -r.),-l*,0-LL ^5 f"-S*. rtl: (f -rr) JS* ls'l
'f o.rk t,,.l.fi,-slr . l"*jL+",rar.,:I. l) Jye- 9f #.rr"b f b +'r+ J$.sr,
IJ
I.,J
-V
I--:- (4_ l0)
"t loo o
- u - 2l0v
Iu: (4. I l)
oJo
_ 234V-U
J.:- @:n')
''tt Io
lirJ .... *l ;- o..r;5 J"Ll .r" ol*.ra ora
Ior: 16 * 111 (4- l3)
t tmft
r0
F-| AJU+LY:n)l:-"F-f I cJSi

f*rlr (f- ly) oJsL.r. (f- tr), (f- t t ), (f- l.) &lr"-,r*,;!L t'
234-U-U-2t0+V
I 0.5 100
234-V=ZV-4:zo-#
654= 3Y a
L
100
65,400=300V"+V
lar DC )yl;),.g loa..;;.
65,400 : 301%
V= 217.28 Y
Str
, -_v -
rLt
2lov
oJ
_ 2t7.28 - 2to
0.5
= 14.56 A
rn==igy
2t7.28 - 2t0
0.a
= 18.2 A
aQ.,rb Ll , sr. stly 9,-bcllr,,,tt-l..;;.,.glo.r--lr rlr;n J* ,"d;Tt,

o,rl".ns
,fro.- Slr . ss 5r. s-l: lJ CF.i.lt.1 .r;ltd 6*j.r- f .r-c siLosrrlr sF9 J"f
ssly ar &y"; c;[* p* lt (ty:x") ar o.r.;,5 ei9;a 4 J.b l& c.,rl
Ft* S:*1, p-,,* Olf:l*. (:i*.r) looujS ,-;.t-;r J"^so l"S* l. . ylo .:.
. .u*l*. a;jr.": ll ,#h.rl_ .1,--19 9s .p 6 .rf
'r,;'L Cl* laf
"$iSJltsli
SVTBO(-S /iffTNODUCED CHAFfiEN 1
'N
Uniu:
Dcfinition English md SI
Symbol
Gencntcd voltegc volts

I E,
Tcrminal voltrge volts
Y u
volts
r Vnt Terminal voltrgc at no load
volts
f Vn Tcrminal voltagc d full (nted) load
volts
A u Armatur€ volttgc
Shunt-ficld cuilcnt mlpercs
? I1
Armdure cunent rmpcrcs
Y Io
8mPCrcS
A I, Serics-6eld curcnt
rmpers$
t It Load current
dtms
lo R1 Shunt'field rcsistmce
ohms
ll & Armaturc resistancc
Serics-fi eld resistance ohms
IT n,
wrns
tr P1 Shunt-field power loss
wattg
rf P-tt Armature powcr loss
wrtts
IA Pq, Total coPPer losscs
Scrics-ficld grwcr loss wttts
t? n
pcrclsnt
lY' q Efficicncy
lA v.R. Voltrgc reguledon pcromt
rt n Crcncrrtor inPut Power hp or

wrttr
wrtu
Y. n crcnerator output Powcr
f ,-t4i.,s orl o.2*;& A;Lo:;l fll"
.5tl'- .r.r Jt jur- f JL""; jLtJr -l *lrj o1.,t.," o"r3 *-Jr jUr- I
o..1;
&..r--- ot;- -? s4+j ilJt- A (.5'-lrlr) J'6.r1'.r" Jt*; ibJr- f 42t".5:

..&f- .-.r[L- t o 2t-, ,l*.r+- 1 . sr &P o!.r+-rf ;err".rlo[;+- Y c'i
&.r^,.r1-.r.r-. ,-li.!- lf .5f.!;-: .g..r[L- I f 24nt2l '5.'ti'- I I s';'$
tF !!':;
.lJr.l*o.::rliJ: -l? silfitJ r.f .-tir.5- lA ;vr'21 ;J .r- '-tiJ:-
3L.ulr- ly a; 4;a; rlr
3lr-Jg lrdgj.: - lA
sYlr3 rtor.l, gr-;t;r-l - lt

;*lr3 tttp rstt+g - to
Dc /6ttl/
f6t
rc nofon cHAnAcfEn sTrcs
IAY sbtyy
DC .5 tolt-r.
ao.tiL
osti:*l ( DC sls:y|.fi) f sVy crLt.rl DC s6rvv ,,si-tx tr

eL^,
.glosL J"L- qgLo.rl-r. DC g;btyy sli r J; slrs;osL*2L" 'r*5*

o5,:;L ob *V r*1" tl . p*,rrTct' -'+ \{ & Llv Lo-T.sl. r orf ,f*
rf'l"i .}. S6;p;1.il l' [o.rg"
.rIFJf ,tly l^:il.r) s" ,losL.-2t*'- . sl...:lti:.
oS" rf ,*Ff gltLr.S" ,b'yy 2s Ll' s9'1"*r o"r-iS -!"aa &ft tylr) )l
tsly 29,r^.6lsraLrL ,,I-tS" olr-,.:rt , s9':i;a,-t"+;i*lS" ul;r4tgo'u1;
i;l
.jrl, ,15 t- (nftfC f-**) .rl* *l * r' " l1:Sl bt;r ol9; l! '' I '"q' L
,* r 6ryy.r, ot*.r+ q..7 "S cliS.LL g.o-" ,o . selr+o "l* ( SI C*'**)
+(-l ;l ,il'. 6:i.n n$ S ,J,;L.o "5 s*loTtl +'l " t ' J':;L- bt1-lr)
. -u,.(* o i; I
5,1 BAS'C MOTOR EQUAT'ON DC.lf"r"oJcbA-l

.
.',o.o f-Jls.,l; c1.. ,.,r. l., (&es) rrbs "*Jy Jrl 1 ,l..s rs
(l )
JL.r" .5Jb 4.s'. c*fU rrbs ol.rr+. (r - r) .-)lcL. * '5 i*r'r
(,-l1f) Jrt-us 9 sls f,l.r. 1., (Y - 1) .i)t.rlr" ol.ira c.r*-;oo ' ".rlT !:wJ{ ,.-rltJr
.5to.ri.fr[ .f t; ol.:r. ,sl tor)I, s297 ,z*+ ,.J.5 .rr" .-t ;.l.t,
l) (f )f-r
a:no &" et- ,2v-.11gb , l.;"lt sl'.; , J+ J*.";l li)Jt'u5oJ'rl'"1r '":-b
. rls gLL; ,r*b.r-l.r! etg4, rqa'io*5€ l, o1* s
(O
- I ) alrl.,o,.>2q'o4l Jr
. rar# ,b l, s,y2T ol.rlr L*; "l,rL L*2" JS[:^l;S J lr'L.. &L
T "' __._-T ts-tl
-tj:" f,6!Li **l
,ts* ,rn ,*,*dta.r:"lrtt* 9 .r*b rr-c K 'F;l oL'lt sr
, J-L.#. c.9tii SI r ENG ,***9r )r K .rl '* "5 {'i5 -!L '
srls
I) Maximum-Tor que 2) Average-Tor que

t Cl* raA
"Si5Jl6lr;...."
. rF (91 ,h *15ov\l* (O- t ) d"'l.r.r"
"-t ,Sllgf .srLT 5;*. rr.rJ
. .:.*l pl otrt oT Ia, (A- I ) oJ.rt- .rJ 6 i,'# rrT"l* L;l.rr
,rrf lr "JL, odl.l. lc:-l ;1".11**, liy rbl, 5.r.1 2s (O - I ) "l+lJ
oS
f*rL*..rr ol*1., crl;l . F.rll ,S:- Jl*., aJrb
r.rls f*ii:... ."y'i +'''..r rb 1., DC. tiyL-;;
(t )ÛL
JrtS-.ijl
.,.:;ls .ralp FII-. c4rJ 2psT oL.r It OC siy.L; aJ-L,-t;f - v
I6
r.*.r.;l* .rl.r. f Lat S',.rf. t;lr Jr
o=jT (5:2)
oTrr d
4 6p*L,.rs l.J . .ul** ( )+'*.)T *L) ;l5s p*-6lo"rlj *tu(c)
Jrti.:S L
(t).,.*l
,19s,.*- (,.'J.S;J) oL lt 5 cul.r potu cr+-r T o.r.l JLrl
crt-T f*,.- rr.rr (O- T) ^l*1., , (.ul**. tgfil oL J ) .rrl.r ..1,f- cr+d
f**- l" cr*l ,s o.J.llt" orl q Lyr sl-Tf";l " b J, ,:-1r..:t'. SI rENG
' F"S+t r.t.llsll-
(.1$ Jt ..iS Cr# .ll1l.l A - I -

olf, r I
5-t.t Rrfrtlonrlrlp Drlrrrr lorqw.N fuuat

ofi t* Jrb.S ,cT ,gsr cJ,1*,21s ,6s- DC gbryy l., .Lr"t5.i!
. srl.r,Jf*r syy Jt'- | srlr..v ciJrr
i,;l;l ,,f; gsf u^-.t +.',119 "r.ll**.
*rlt r grJ-*.,L."1.,c;.;$r F'.Jl.: r-rb.r*L , $L
f5J'..^:.J9acxljf .r$.{rlS-
:et ciiS .r,rL, . J:"... a c,9tii " 1...,.^L .# lJ
cxl cS .rf ,:ri,l
. .Ut"* ua;..l.. 6rL;,-.1" 4.1"
"$ f lrrlrF Oljr. . Oli_ .iJl
(O
- f "l"rl.r) ".lL* rlgs,.*- F.* \*)p.9.*S.;lul 6 lx *l,ri. Jrb,.S-,-
r>l g,,r.:.X..irll Olfl JrtsS ol*1,
7'TP
F*rlr (nNC ) ,.:*,'- ,r
r -= (5-3a)
1) Developed-Torque 2) Moment-of- Inertia

lat clasry
,*.,1r(Sf )'":;s.,.r
1000 P
I =- (5- 3b)
a)
""t (A - I ) Jls+.rr osi f" "LTq' .r*l* r*;l Llu 1l osla':" I .[lf,g
, .r.ll syyL-;, aJ-L gl9; P fl }-.ly oS cr;,L ,h, *V r,rt.. .rF
"xl.rr
.ofp c*tr J9LUS T , r.f )tL-b)yr Lf trr:ly P fl t6ryoJ-Lr9l.:5 1
p t- .-fy ol1; lcLLoli aS +r FAstr (A- A \rt.*.i) J,.i c,,F.o:r Jr',
..ul.rltii ")Lls
TobL S-I A-l Jrr+
English tLq. 5.-le1 St (Eq. 5-3b)
P wrtls P kilowens
.t rcvlmin ot rad/s
T ft.Ib T N-m
(Ewltsh)
E;rolltpte 5-I ENG l;i*'l.) A - t Jb"
(r).16rlr.1.r (t
ofy ,..ll+.urr- pf ao $.tiy )*rt rrb,f .,sl
. *rlfT!L-L rL* .r*l * r f ) tyf rJ.lJ lt s1i; y .,.*l
ai*i.r .lr .lrJ I Ao o . 1-lt;
J-
frrlr (a-la:) e,b<lr;l
p=r,.*
l.l.J : (.iJl)
p=5oft-rbxry
- 12.7t4 W
r-+### -t7l4hp
I ) OUTPUT-TOrque 2) Ful 1- load

.,SjSJl 6l*'*;:t Cl* t?o
: ('")
P = 5o ft-tb 4
6oq#31'
= 4261.4 W
4261.4 W
'D:- 746 Whp
= 5.71 hp
Exanptc 5-2 (SI) ( Sf pa3") O - T Jb"

siy,r^..,1 gla; Ul'1 .r- - dntVo.-[.5 r]*rs rj.L].-!. 6"t;-J9l:.!-S.r5l
*5 VL- \r,lJ y'J,., *- r x).rer Jr .lJ l.t
o*b.rr rl*"1, y! o . (.!l)
c,n,b; .._ll*.11, y" : (y)
J-
f*rlJ (O-Yb) "J*'lrrt
P=Tx,@
' ' "l00i
l'rJ ' 1*tt;
P = x 2lo rad/s
'ON-rn 1000
= 14.7 kW
i,*?'s ' (v)
rad/s
P=7ON-mxffi 7o
=4.9kW
5-1.2 lkasurement ol Torque ,lf) biS rs.r$o: l.r: I 5 I

-
( rJ - T
L L n i oS.sl^:t oJrl ,..*o" rlt ,lL;T 6tiy

rs9" lt DC olS.,o
gF;l.ul oS,:riJ +lt Ll , r.:r*l pC 29;y 6?9p ol,'- oLi .i(r..o .ittr. rri{
ol.+. t>)to-21 ,s p*"lS o;l.sl lt tfsflgbsfl tl ,,.-l a.^r*g ,.s.rrb ol-1.
d;f6;ls;l.ir.r ,&;,6sL . "JrT.-*+ l.r &rr.r. ol9'.. (A- f ).L'ly )losLi:*l L
tl.# p.;,.:-i! trlss9 y,$l*on (O-f )JS! Lsri f**11 o.rli.',1.r:t*S
rtl ,slotyy
, J Jr 6r.t osls gb; ,,-a-;,9 g.1, . FJ-. ,b5a;l;-lc- !oTrro..r( I )Fd.oa*.

l, c;f .:* | tiy oSd.lSio , .-li.16+ ( CW , (V ) .ir L ut d,.rJr, \i.r.- Jr rrlt .rr.y
(o)srsr,.l ,6r.! osl.l otg (f )ore , (r)c*d t., or.5..9.it,lr, s lt)4#
"*.rs
r-f pll 6r*,lL JJ 19r.L*? JrbS +lr lJ . Fel.ir. j:.t-ulSal .rr"t l.r
'ttf
cl,.:-l.lr\ $t,5 .SKl.lt-j: o-r,l .,..J:, Jrls5 OLn aS' .iJb.. Jrt:.l'S/" b
ot+ . Jr,&#. Jr:n fpl ur.il' ." &6 ^ t r'(/ x r) 29b,n5ol, "".f,.igb sU*
osls ol!.sr.r* F) .r.lt, esrLF.xd l" *t', f x r lrJ, .r.rls ,l; J"b.r" lpl
iJ ..:*l t'.'y .-ftf rrLl.l.S oL"("f x r)p;l.r* Ll . ( ,u5;l; t-e: o.r"a
f
Jv Jnlr ,fitf rrtus oLn * F x d
)tl:iS csxsa:(s:l asl, ii fry l6 - I J91
En aplc 5-3 (Engtish) ( nnC f*.*-) A -f Jtr"

,etf 6l;6.25o;1.r.;1 6lr t ,>l ,;tru (O-l)Jg,;lt qy;r**
f gt*;. ^.i,+isrc JrJ ! Yoo r=r-,5loS.! FAt ;lt c-* 2s , r5;r2Q DC tl;r
1) Brake z)Clockwise 3) Screw

4) Knob 5) Friction-belt
dlr '',i t Cl* l tI

"$tSl
.=* r syy tftf olria*l-. "',.,y'L ,.\-o+. obJ lJ J-;5r l? slr- ill;:
..r.lL .j:,rp o/A J.rl'. d J-ti oST .rLl.#.rli..,, .*l
J-
f-5-. ,-l*- l.t l-.'.1
'ftf;glrl5
L = F x d = 16lb x 0.5 ft = 8 ft-lb
i,rlr (o-ra) "LLjlJL
S
Po:T'" x
T6[
1200 rcv/min
= 8 ft-lb
" 7.tM
= 1363.64 W
W
= f363.64
mw/rrp = l'E3hP
Eranph 5-1 (sI) ( sr f:+*-) A - f Jti"
,gtf olt or5o;ls;l ,slr >.r-l ;rri (O - t ) JSl.; tL 6yi f**
-r.t,L*' q#tlJr rt"l, loo cis2*.glo.u! FSr;l*,,*t;rs
s9.;r2Kr DC lyy .
*1, 9.L y.' ,l-r ;yf L-f;i oti , r.oa+. oh; l.r cir, Ao $tF t til:- t
, $L ;.-o:;L T" JsL. d aLti oST;t.ri AJ,.-L-
J-
fo.sST,C !3 \ ls ,€tf .r9bd l'r:'l
T):Fxd=50Nx0.2m
: l0 N-m
Frlr (o-rb) ^l+lr
jl JL
at
h=T,"lm
100 rad/s
= l0 N-m x 1000
=lkW
Irr ,slos*y
( BEMF )oS;.. .$ .Sfl, - A- T
+2 BACK ElfrcifnonofME FoncE (6,Acx, EnF)

o[r. ra..-.rTrJlt.x ';l j sst'JLrljUJ, t4--tT r tr av r5l S f*lr*
,l;r**Lb ol+* 4 r.rrlr ot"r+.rrL .t;gsT fl .S f-'tr" d.";.3...o . criS;.
rr|g.asfl r.*.*-r c,,l.r oli, .(o- t .h1.,) s+&*,r &L (&f) rrtrs , r.6
e.tr 9.lr$. *-tu f*- Orl , rf Jt l ,.11, Ol.llr *J,bas3.-&.r (&f)
.!rL DC ..sbt7ytrlJll ..rl Jtt" lk , (o-t oLl.r) .srr.t' )lL or
. ss5'. ,l.rt, .t;.y.rs o-L..;+ r.t' Jbl.tyyJWr-rsajLdeolSro,.i,r* . c. .l
. r"Tcf ol.rl. * tyy rgn 6T il flfo.r.l ,rbS Or.T rt+y.*|.; Okf .-l
, )Vs JL"l
lltn LT"S.r-l d), I oT, Flo.'tti lr a*,.s.' t,u^: o/lrs Ll
cr,rrifj col Llf .rrt"-""Llil " Lil.r )yy \2er [To-rs S.>1.-#lr t'y,-|;c
.off- L# '::.e.rd lff o2i)lt,9 .l9.ip .*r[1-* t9 y e.ry aS srls .15.-.5
,f;.e dh s.r9.,.rls
':.,?>jl lJ-.lL g;l JL.ls5*,r,-iig;. t9 y'br{*t.ra
A{ A+i t, . s,l,l.*,r-.-b liJ .gll .*lg , tfr,ur aS*tl;.o ,J-. . F.a{#.
ASF,rS r-i.f Sl, -r.ll'
Jr.o arlv * JrLsSJt-r-lrs 61*L,. r.r (O - T) .l"rb
otr+ Gsf,; .F :l nS F-t*:r (O- I ) "Llr J+ liJ , $l' o.:.lls rt+t )b
" lJr, ^:ltll . .r-!.rr- s;2;;r ,r*rb u.e 6 lif .S*.tSL *L, t* .t+.)T
.ul9- ,lf, 2asT rlrt+.--lri.r .-b 6,fr" .r-- FJ-. .-.brl.; ,;1.r,
^S
.r",Jr.9:L.9.S" jbJr r*lt .5 F,-r'S,*. ar=jli oLf 4.rr- ort 'i,a;l l.J ,.r5v
n-S...." .. . tS9,.o; lJ -ijli. jUr
oo?l . ssf srl, L.r*-.rsoS;;U-rdL- .-L-
f."+J . fo;rT6 2lt* 1., DC 15;b:9;l1) sr*- , o,J-)n.;l.rr..r-"t+r.. BEIUF l.

Q,,*"t.o.5l I $ solg- +Jr, )Vt,.qTrs oLrar,r-tLn ol+o rs h"l",5lo5
. *U*. &lilj:+- o.r.t ."Ji jU-: , .r;5
F *-lr rb
;" o.Lf s2lg2r,--ol-' or& Jtrl jUJ, ,6tiy .-JL f g tJl: .F ;
. .r.& .rolf ,yr,.-,b.=tr.rrl:.l5cxl . ssrfu &LJrb,.3 lU r s5A*o
.r;atT
t stL oJr)lt, t, *[* -*lil (BEMF ) dr*. .r; sr.r,y t.'ly d'jt ,-s- \
tjtr .*. L Ck ltf
;:;*,,"*y ";; ;; ;' ; ;; ;;-;il;; ;

"Srgt
.
, .ri'24yr o*rb twr\ *f (.* Vb) s*l,*r tiir:. s* liy t-b
a.t.*ii .tJ
6':'"1 oTr"lgl' Ll
,sJr:l*5 2, ry "olP drl**t n5! or&i 'i' 2v'r-2T cl[.r+
StSL-l ,1.;++ slx son
;+;Lcr obrtb !*lrs -uL "olr G\ rvr rsltl'r
c** t' :lJl o.o-,,\ *l J *;I 1.*pl9-;t ' qr 13 | t' d
'>1.,!brorb;losti':-
r.-l ,.iJt.;- JJ-S $liy O&T Ol,pJ a{ !931r aS J4*#tJl
.
oK;*r t;1y Jt *; jLtJ, t., BEI.{F .J., rr .S .-rr.ff"-. oo,*^ll
.t! oL.rt b srlr rr?, G* -i)lrtl,.t.rlr.t.rJbrc ,f t rtl,,'- orL
"J . r5r o.nlsl sp
ol.l.lr dv i.#L Jr.*" l, +T'ri{ \ JrtuS r.f rhl
;,',[:,
+
E,
/
B$ft EMF
/Mcchrnical \
( ortprt )
(d
stiy dLI.; ).h i 6 -f dg

.H)l ,ba d
&.F.rtl "I b
&3 EolrtNALEltf CrnCUn OF A DC nolfoln :vv Job rlo" A - r

DC syr J"L. rl* ol9.* (BEMF ) 6r* $tF f P ci;';15 [.
&b
ff .*"* oblro;lSl.s4r- 1., DiC s9y 4 (o-T) JSi ..r.,eT"''"\ l,

Ita clntrr
.rl- r" -rl6 sfrro os.oh. (f - f 'lS,l,) FJo-,rlii. t1-.lr) J.t. .r1.. lt liT
' ,.11" rg+l t*T crt 6 '.r Jt c-Lii ' -ulavk 'kJi:
Yt tiy t" dl Jr.l,:i,. JL:.,l' oTa4 orrt Jt*.; jU: Vt sylr) 2s l.iJl
t\ .l.h ty|fi u* :l silr).r" olr.r+ s{-.- liJ.." - lt9'yass.l:^(nt jLJloL.

. .::- | :iy u.l+ 6-* .i.rt sl siy sr I
,5SiK. ol5r b.ri f tr *rJe rfn*. Jt"l ;S-rK" oli c"pL )tn +t1;l;3 ,.t'.,-,
,c*t ag tl .$:rvt b'"rrs..rJeose, ;;j:'ri"rr}r7:

o5r*" s"a tSl.r, Egsyy lJ , ol-i r...,*li jbJf Eg \ silyS.rs ^-*ll
di?
: ,S .:-iS r,l, . .r5i*o ;$ ( BEMp )
. *."f* ,L, otf o, lasyl,rj .rr- I

,I,
. .rr.L,r"o dJStt C,tr* IL * lnt1; y lr- T
o*- gLr lsr;9. ,s , Ia , Ig , Ra , Rg , a5 g":L". obrtbd,r.a.a

.,r-., F-s
":::,:til f: ;
.
.t*,tT *rEL Ra - y
4:^,,r1*r+ .f f -f
otr+ . Ia _ f
'*tT
(o.itslo".S,-.po t oc .trty\ orl.r2l+tvl.i os{i.1o pg syy.lb.l a -f - I
5-3.t Ethtvlor of tltc Hoton undar t ad
a2t, -9$*o (O- T) Jg Jr 6r,0 osls ol*; tyy t* a.,
,.*5;,+..",,
(Y)
.J,.-.-" wr ri^: utl .rl"*t,.-JLrsr;r.,1t ) (o,U.,,..rrL) *t r Jl".:.
ijf .---'1.:,.ll,or :*lT ot,ra ,t,pl Eg ;l .;,\o, rJ.r$ Vt .L,l-+/;s. &i;rv
1
'a -V-Ro E, (s-4)
I ) NO-Load 2) Steady-State
,,SFJl .91, ', " t Cl-, t?,
, Jr.l+. ,gb #r.rbl.r..SKl.-lr 6 ..q. +Jilr..fSJrt:lS.i*7ti otr cr*l
,L) .t' JL"lrL t9 y ts+ *.51 JL ..ult'.*.b rb a5.:-l ,T - upl rc,rJl
6t.r ot? . tS* ls*"L.o6 tir wr etr+l ,s , (*lr.sS*tS. ei )l sl- y
l.s9.L*. f .it ng .((f -l)^Ll.r1 ,--l ,t-r;l (ng ) o5r*" r,
"s".,1-
L . .r5,Lo. .r!; Ia otf , Eg t, o5 1*to* rs (O f ) olvl, a{ +i
"UtS -
sf r cS .q t,. a. lsl ,.rrTr* tJr tul . ss 5*. 6 rrfl;;r9b.::5r+*,Trl* tz.i*lyl
o2t&.5l JL , ri UJI lJ.rlr -l* r,. rrrls.S vsr rT.r" tr r-: ,pr \
lr ryy. o#iL rs .19-r 6f " h,-; Jrt:.lS r-yfrl ,.r ,
1.xll.l; tiy cls)llt t\
f*r (C.rt csr ,.-JL) q"Jrl ur: b osls.-b
:1 TS $bdo) (rrr.rJl;.i.S.,l-:oA-r-y
5-3.2 lorgue-Speed Cune
JrLuS,s:,.-j. glri". , l*^5c*,r* ,gi t>y-- l, gf .i>- ^(+l Slr

o;tSl-r",- .!r-- tt oC- )yy d.^{ o.lr.ra4ll. rr*., rtlt tly ( tS ) .:.---e-
Fr"r" DC:c56t9 y;L.slr ol3v.f l,iy r-rl ,|t *l ,*if ,ll 'lJ^, "rr"
' sl"t
. f".*rrr. d1,*;+,11, (A- I ) "Ll, lsJ,.r93 Gt +li)b r5l
T -= K,lo (5-5)
.JTrros
K,:KQ
JrL aLL rgbScrJq.a-iil.l" (JJ," .-,[:t') s.lar .r*L t>tr \:-{.; ir*t.Sl
(t'.rt,
. .r+.L,,oo c,n*a**l (o- o) aLlr li.J ,.r9- .rolg; (Tt) rrt:;S
Tt = K'Io (s-6)
K'(V
'*l "Ll'' 'r' (a - f ) ol*f, #*1_' L
,f.
rL - - Er;f*'rls
(5-71
&
I ) Load-Torque
ltY cs tolr--:"
^?t) t*a+;".rlt l, oLy.n';r"b Eg .sL*, , o.rJ ostil t (f_ ) l,'lr, jlJL ,1
: liJ . (*l d$ rpt .-b rb

^S #
,i, K'V K'Ku s
'L-- - & &
..rgi*r ot;2,9; 96.7-"1 (ENG) f-*-- rr rotlaLL l-iJ
T1 - KÛ - Kl,S (5- Ea)

.,.o2ls ( Sf ) f** tJ t .
T1 - K^V1 oKs1a. (5-tb)

tyy ( TS ) '*o- - Jrlus15;l1.+l*:" (O - rt) e)l.rLu L,-2. o.r.t fs,Jth+i^1"
:*îSol*. # crl c+ "-i l* . (O-f J$) .r.a,r" or*.ti
..'\;.p.n.stLrl .:-,* d lyy,.:*l .r* 2\ JrluSoS,,rrr. '.iJl
@1 t Sr q *sr * t/.,l*lil ( TL, ) ,1. Jrlil5 fl I v.
"io5 ",
. ...(*o lq
Jr.t-... fS " LJl" j,n, siy *2* , 2\ JJLIS
..:.l.rr a" ). .J;l*l;jt l', . C
,rLu,S r Jd+r t,..y'-f-.r-"t, oS.g.rlr rtusCr=rjbs-

o#.lL tzer olg{ TS ,r..r-." o:clc L, o5 l..l*r aL-)L":.:.;ltfl:r:
. sr.,tw .;16 (t )oF
. ..rlT cn! ,3.,-r3t P .lJ l,l
cr,-:4ilreo.
sQ ssH,S : c)',s sF
Motor Soecd
DC lfir cslr ( tS ) *r-)tl;t'5 .";.o.:. i6 -r&

1) Stall Torque
rSl( ',.. - L CL ltA
"Si:1ll
Exanplc 5'5 (English) ( ENG p*+-) A-O JU"
i ." *l tnl* .r) et.o;.l.. tt -61"- €.r^, l* DC .lr-y ..S'
cSlLcSt ,irJL .;J c* r.' = I To o al;iJ 2J.29J
o.S Jrl-u,S = yyo" -u9--.::i"
osrgTrb! lr.rry eef glt .:uX-,-5* 6o ly1.. .1,, o-r..1 Jt"l .rt Jrt:dS,15l
. .u;*! ,8.r, l, . .ro5.-[*- es.rls;lt JL.rJ l.r
syy L*tf ,>li s
"*b Jb
: .Jt-
sp 6)s.r of rrLi^S ,fu crl.-slJ. . f:J,r". f tls TS .;';. l-u-l

L . ss5o" rc'i.l. dil )re.. Gss.r A..rl"csr .JL 2J wsxi c5.lrc
cxf
",rf &r
. (o- r J$) "rf.*r &L,Ts ,s* olt' r.r
2?O
an
Il
-.t
t,
)
g 150
0
!,(o
o
J
NoLoad Speed
Speed lrev/min! 920 rarlmin
d-A rJtl rslsrr:c--)tl*S(P I6-f #r

rtl ,slotrr
.rr lrr i1o 29:r. tl.Dr (TL = Ao ) rs.llslLr .rJl- .1. J p*[* ,l ,lSar l-!- l.t
:fU . Fr.r5'r dJ (A-f a) at,lt )l oli "*lt.,.51.1x ' rrart' dii'r
'ftr
,= IS
'o 7.M
50 ft-lb:920 rcv/min
= 7.U
= 6534 W
'"=ffi= 8'?6hP
r75 Snll Torqut
r60
t80
NoLod Spocd
SP.d (rrdll| l20 nd/r
g
- ? c|b ,sl.* (ic.p - Jr(:,i.f 6ic'.l" la - A 83
.,$jSJl 19lr '*'i t Cl* IY"
Exanph54 1Sl) : 1 Sf tr.'*r) A -t Jl3"

*::r: #v&
'
J;::-' " i "-_hl ;' .
oFrrl:.l5=tto * - AF
ls,t*f etf Ol;. 1.".r:T,- *la lyT *r ,.$1,, .r- ry*?" tiy.ltrft
.*rb Jb . +J.-b ,t* ,-rl ,rr..g
""r& ,lu ,.r
1,,
: \.ll*
., I Cr1J*JrLl.lS6r9.o..c tp 6st, fr-S*. 1..J ll.t tyy 1,g O;-.... l.r-rl
' (O - A JS) r'*;L* Jl..r f+t I osf .9;"1^" 1., a.rl*.-st tztt) ,rlit tP 6ll
r o[slrYA eer, $1., * Gt??" s\ Jrtil5,Sl ^S p-[n ,.r ,-15& n-i It
. ,.-rls (O f b) J.tlr;l 6 . r^! Jilr- +rb
- "ir*.o
-Ta
D:-
'o lom
=m60 N-m x 75 rad/s
= 4.5 klV
5.' .-..r ftSr-
SPEED NEo,ULAfiION I 6 -f
t".rft.rr . f*rt t;bo DC;r-l;::lr.lJ 1..,;l.:: A{ e"l.r f ,l.oi r3
.r*tt
sp ur a5 +.-l OT Ir(& a{ .:.iJ- +t. f".5 rbrr r.ll!,*, FgJ *, 47l.,
bryy glll al,r .r",rd drl . ''(* J*#ir olj* 4",-LlS;tt ba2lt,rrdf :l ,tyy
, sLrc;o l& DC to#r.
elil 6lr r:J+lrJ lU 9 os9,-gsL
\'
. -*l dFri4l ,:^sr p4- r,aJJ ( ENG ) ,s
f*"*
(5-9a)
i.rf .-;;l*, \rtr F,!- J.eJr ( Sf ) p* tr

7c speed_ ahr. - (4FL x
regulation ron. 100 (5-9b)
'lY I .slss:'y
J.€Jr o.Se.r- t oT JToJrl .- l t4-+ s9 r oiaiJ,\. J.!1, iJ l"$* J,4JJ A?JA

JL, .
(t
,b l, J-* sibsi.r )rL..gbc-;-.L. (O- t) JS.i . .r.ll, .r,a.rs ,,ira FA-
,. L' . J9+ J.blt4 s,VsT r[f oyc:,+-J )?f r:,.r-yt.-l.ror: lro..ail""Crlf J.oA*.
f - I -'lli-) o..lt s;r rL ol;* 6r;b" Ob.S.- | ,T q*rT ol*r* lloslu,l
. .}s.S,.r &L g,;LTrl=r*r J (J.î o,:i..s JJ A
1600 160
1400 1.10
r200 120
c 7
T
E 1000
3'*
800
E E80
1A
co
E €00 60 ()
8
400 40 ..
E
2m 20
r. (A) I. (AI
ta) (u)
tiy sL 6lou,;*2r' l6 - ? JSf
; EwG p:.'.o- I a
Sf r-: lb
Example 5-7 (EnSIish) : ( ENG f.*,p") A
-y JU.
Y.rr ' $Loo (O - t a) JS.i, ,-9rtt DC tyy € c-r- o..aiir .s;,.l,
'l
. gl>
qt.? j f*.1:T,5oc,-'lt l, rl"6.rlt r isltrc* ,r!L )J ric.w ,,.H. cslt )l

l6m
s R. = --foo x t00 = 14.3a/o : rFs*. S"s (A
- 1a) aLl/ jl
t4(x)
L) Load-Characteris t ic
IYY
"$tSJlrjlr'*"L.rrh
Ewnphs{(sr) :1 Sr |.L+-) A-AJU.
rrJJ..rllo,r (O- ?bl J5- ,4rU. DC :iy 4.".ro..a.iir.#
. *.llT.,r- \ lt lyr .s*l tt*- (-S-
' ..Jl-
S fxllTrgr.:*J- LgUS;1.; f .S.;trct, .jrJl- )J \.;;'r'a. Slt J ls-l

' r*'r5* lJ (A
- 1 b ) "Llr jlu.".
16o.:-12o
% s.R. - t20
x loo
= 33.3%
5-5 noron EFF,ctENcv DC tyy oLr; 1.,

A - A
t-.:,i.lr . l-,r.lf .:.a^- " \LL DC *l.rj OL.ul.,o.' C+1., f ,-1.-l ,.1
tsl, ,gLl .il .r-+tii .f'+5q+. c..*{ .#:h DC abs7y oLul o;t'2s
. srlI rs+I6:9;lr)dq \+J b.ry, OL$l, a*lr"
,&.* fiJ ..:,1 ;fut$. .ftf ,ll;: lo"lt;$1..s"r.,1 ,.tl9;la,';9" tr
(f -y)"t,lr. (ryl;3.i)Lir,.) ,>l ;fuO:.rSjSJl 2r:l .r+o..rT ,tr rs)rl
' F*:tr+. CFle+l bt1., Y.Sl. 1.,
efficiency = q(%) =';,x 100 (5- t0)
ofi f
6rJo;l.r,l d*, \:rrl.,, *Flt bryy ,sssss ,19- afut+.T;l
.rJ , rr.no"
(Sfr") f,:!l-.,;r*i.. g6qal ls tirtftf

n-4-losscs (s- I l)
. a-rrii.-;
!J
.J
efficiency = rt(%)= lff

" t00 (5- l2)
glg-l alr ,it' *.rt, 9 .r*l o-r-3, o:.-3; lr;T*+J\.sr.r,r., btyy oL-! )ft*
,G*l.irL DC ssbtyy
lYr Dc sls:iy
Ennphsg(Ensttth) :1 ENG f*"""") 6-1Jll"

,.*l ,rl*.-[s ..:1,-;d. ! DC ty &
lir tl*"| oli = t ;li'1 ''--l
JL6..1,.f ljlJ.l = I Te ,.:J,
'i-"t
t:;
::rIrJ o, r* 6$ err.-gL.rir,
: Jl-
l;l .:*:;;1.r, 6rr:, oli .ry .rl.rrlor o+r. It
"SjSJl
f,=Vlt. = l20Vx 15A= 1800W
,.-l dr+.i;.1l ,itf Ctlf Otp tl
h=2hpx746Whp= 1492W
:,*
1492 W
?= lg00-x lfi)=82.9%
Exampk 5-10 (SI) :( SI

F.",t-) 6 - l. Jl3.
6ts r oJ.i o'1.^9- gL$|., r.".'l et* Jri el.aiaL. tr pC ;ff" 5'
' tJ.*:+" ,;ff. 5\
o.-l glri = t ril, 5f
Jt"*;,s.r"l;Ul= YTo .iJ,
.,.-,1 Otf- lT /.7
:J-
&L..ii
, cr.i.+r rls-cl;l os[.; .l lt,s.rrr'*Sl oli
Pt = Vnlt = 220V x 12 A = 2640 W
. .*l d'+.+-rl ot;, ot$ :l
'f'rf
P,, = 2 kW = 2(m W
.tg
vv
n=.]$xroo
' 2640 W =75.g%
15t{+it Ct* lYf

"IjSJl
5'5.t Powcr Flow Dtrynm loltr,jrrv (rl.lrd) f l:f l*o 6 _ 6 _ t
ff . *"* siy 4.r, olr- ul.,-i 1.lr5t+-r (A-v) ..-S
,_rb 1., DC
,,Srtstr.r oli et!i3os f*,t* .r" r*J.*.li (f t I JS L l) JtS.l
- ) u,l
crl...!L -. (6- -tS, "5,:;-( +L ,,.:*l =.9lii ,*b t r[*+ ll(.n 9 6r)f
y)
. u,it l*,s. 6 s L DC rs btyy g l:, I a l, ,u*
.5f r ".rf". odit srl, o*lL Jti*; e* it oti b.t'y tr
"Ij5J
,li ot sr.y6;.rTt-; os-L4l..rf,Fl oli . f*oQ oTjllJ ,s-. .-li! ,J.Lr
.r+.l,oo &r; ifuK"
4 - copper losses = Erln (s- r3)
(Developed-Power)
^1,,L .rlro, (Eglal ,.- &+ otr,
Gss .r,t o5.i-*' ,glly Ll ,.r-l ;fu& e9. jl " Ur\+ blfr. rJ cS...*l-irl.
jl *\ sfy )p 6)s r o+a ptb Olrj 6.{-l-. .Sl; ..tf.*o .*b st y s*
:liJ. rr..:r5 lJ (dfuK. ,g,til.: o9\ i.: ,.o.-tiJ:) ol.f- oli,-Li! Egfa
po = fi - copper losses - s&ay power losses (5- 14)
Colrrcbn of Electricrl
to tftcfirnictl PW
tE'I.t
lhirnicrl
Ehstrlcrl Porrr out
Pow* lnto o[ Metor
}lotor l?.1
lP,'V{)
Coooor Lcn Strry Povror

iPR lctt" (Routionell
Armrtrrc, Fidd Loscs (Mcchanictl
Winding rnd and CoraLorerl
Rhoortrtl
DC svv I ots, ,i;7 6 -Y JS.t

IYA DC sbsyr
DC dLo.lr,:. lr r.llo.5r- oli stil .s:Jo3l'r:l A - A- T
5-5.2 lteaturemcnt of Strey Power Losser

(O- I f ) ^.l"'1, ,( p.=0 ) l*b.r'.s.rL1..sn.:JL r"l.r DC #r fl
'.
,-*y' xl *ltr4 glq:r. l,
stray power loss =4 - copper losses (5- l5)
ofrt ds,* g s.l:c-o .*t5Jl LSUIJ €*. sb! , ..srrl oll- ,,rl aLlr.rJ
.:sr.i (A - I A) 4LlJ jl oS ftllOy ol"f- gl;c,b l''^S-Tl'',*it'orl'ul l, l4T
o-tî; o*L..s.rl*.srurJL.r.r . r*Tsf
.r.1".r" Oli.fr ol9 ,::[Lb rW x)&)!"., J,
. .19. .Lolt2 Y; O-,'l
t2ef \ tf uS.rlrrSrrlL;T.l".fl lrJ , *1.-b ,itr ,J5*& ..tiJ:- t
t.,
s.:;1"". $"-l Jl.1 o.tL*. ;I-6" .:,ti! .$26- ,r.-l

iJlj*.t rS.llr.tr.-.JLt;slrrb tl lU ..>l *,r l rb tt t-l-i:" o:*o trb&- 1
JJ A:r.o l-li.lb , $l- g-,,1 ,,u2- OLo1,.J siy vf J t**lJ tl.t ,gl;!rs rl'l
. s5+ .roly; .,"-l Jt, cJL 0.,b. ,st\rS Lplt ;F*L;T grl
Ennplc 5-II
l5-ll Jll"
..rr liT,.s.rl*.r cJt' es* ( A- T ) Jfjt .; tt DC #y &
.,J 9 r:r I
, r.-l *lr f l o , r.l;S". &L Vlrl lo'.-,tl.rlcf '-tiJb F+n+,+" rl;;L;T

ttrr 6 tir fl . *l** .r"T f /O I *l.l t Yo.+*-.r*r tiot.r+ illur"; ilJr
. +.l.lT !2v1, l, O1".5- Ol9 .:rUb , .$24.. ,r.-l
:
"j'-
fr = Vh = 120 V x 2.5 A - 3fi) W
I ,*.,1" (a
- I a) &12 ;l
strrvPowe'_;;;"5:T'
stray powcr loss = 90 W

'o" t ,yL" lvt

"SjlSJl,Jlr
I.9F
5
ul cit* olsz i,flf
oL,bl) i csJts sF
Pomr Ortput
tfr ts 6>t.to 619 <*-c r oLsl, <zlEli

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6-tJ Htxlmum E nclcttcl iC*,-25t oL$l.rA-A-l

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sl* bl}r, r-6-\:r. otl.; llj:r ,gtf gl,i l--.- .rr l) sL.,ul, ,irLrlrx ,Jjo.i.
ofi c* 4 ti ._f tf oli oS r"T ,r,-+ rss5r Ftt oL.r, fa5 rrd,!+. ,fl*
Jr .r.-.-t"lli*,-1"-[toJ*.s, Olri*. lt lfr dr,l aJ-Jl ..uL*-gr- o.-l
r Ji2r,,,r*b u.* L rs,l 6*tyfl "ii .
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6tiJ- td, . s9" .r.olyi, *ib ;* {f;c,liJ: 'i!, DC :fy 2sgr6i1,,r.o (,.;-,1:
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. -rll* (JA+.2T,r-. .-tiJb) ,r.- ,.-b..l:
variable
fixed losses loss
$ray powcrshunt field _ armaturc
loss * loss loes
(s-t6)
tvY DC ,slas;y
5-6 SHUTIT ,tOTOn i (.sih) .-'" DC u-." d-?

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.rf .!.ra;r OLf \-f> O$ rf.:p T r t .Sbri* a. a-i lt ' lsr$. *tf ss
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I c.i.'1, DC .rff" 15rJ J{ * .il 6 - 2 ; I

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2jl,,aSrtr;*ltl l., ,J.-" . r5,* r*++:L I' ti1yrrl:ls aS FrrS )ltr.1.r

lYl clttrr
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-
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(s- l8b)
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Ra l=, ,.2p1T *rLL- T
01.'lb-r
Lll.r1sos^l ,5..r1'oF esfro$ Ia es*l ,.r,+t*.*ltl
sL,r; ,ft-Sl
6losyy tsly u>-e -o*a-iJrgtuur.v . t"l**"-6.:.c- lJ. s.*o,. f (O - I A)
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co
b
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E
o
E
Armrture Currrnt
'-i'.1 DC s4y sr .F.t( oL* *x qr c(vt 16

- t t cjS'i
ol* ',r " L CL.. lAo
"!i5J1
i c.J.l DC 1.9 blir" LSu t+.1li .f I 5 - ? -Y
5-6.3 E Lct ol Flut on t rr Shunt llotor
. .;ef io+l- Vt o* sq*i Ralac-il oS s5"l ,if (A- lA) .l*lr r.r fl
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speed = le)
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J*tl .l^tl.r
t<9 .rrl+. f *- ( If l-) .rlr"i*lil tr r,rr" . srlsof- s{*r,rblt t .er
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. r.rS*" f *- r o$ ,[; (rb)
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;*;l- Olj*.l ,b S J;l*.'l,a r:,,c-r 4;^. Ol*;+'J.f ;lt 'gJi 4.r-'- ,lu riy
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dJ#!L ot5.l-L;Tr.r . rr, Ct- O,.i,t r? lJrL*'l*llot.rlgfu 9 s9.p. )tlt
. s.lt, c-'" .Sar-,: ,l- ,-r*T ,lot Fy &2ro rla. OJ'! ;t', "'1" 'r:-lcrS""
t' o"f ,.5j1' t' fo:sV c#! l, eer Folrr* ^S ,folr" ,s ,LL;T1't5io lr,1;
.r-*T:XcbloL, Fn ".rfulil
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Ewnfu 5-12 (Enrrish) :1 ENG r.+-) A-tTJl!

Jrs+ , dit rlt -i*LjT ,rrn (O - 1) J$, ,-;tL sr'l' DC .rr",. if'
. ,:*l oroT .i-"t OfL-f .s6.rlt t:.i; otta*L;Tl" (A - I)
t.br. S-2 6-f <Jt+
Ir, (A) 3.6 4.7 5.t 7.0 8.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

h(A't
S (rcv/min) l8m 1780 1750 r680 1650
tAt DC rsbtry
. .- I :,,) j* )yy *L'i:r.

,r.-loli - I Jlar,*l
(na;:+wsT r':'9tiL= l/6 15l
Ol..5r Ola, ,*tib = ci-b = f o ,-ll
(aS''l) Jt+*;jlrJr= lyo sJt
: +J f*2 r-ta:;v JF" 4 6D,ls x)(.5l(^..bj.
tfLf gl5t .-*- 2x l.+ ot.r . .itt

ctrtf gl9 .--- r lfy tz.er ', \r
,gtf gl9: ,.-*.- t oLsl, . n
.-ft* gl9: '..-.-- )r g?tf ,9bf i"l
:r+557 o* fr,# l- IT 9as29T \L-r-1, f*fL gL$lro*..a.i
53
Teblc 6 - f' cJl+
/r. (A) 2.8 3.6 4.7 5.E 7.O 6.s
t (A) 2.3 3.r 4.2 5.3 6.5 E.0
Armature 7.9 t4.4 26.5 42.t 63.4 96
loss (W)
Total tt7.9 124.4 r36.5 152. r t73.4

losscs (W)
R(w) 336 432 5& 696 E40 t020
4(w) 2lE.I 307.6 427.5 543.9 666.6 il4

P" (hp) 0.29 0.4r 0.57 0.73 0.89 1.09
(%) 65 7t' 76 7E 79 t0
't
?i (ft-lb) 0.85 t.22 t.72 2.23 2.79 3.47
S (rcv/min) r800 r780 r750 t720 r6E0 t650
:Jl-
.l.:" JE,hJL . tt
r"J* x (A_r) J:b (O-y)Jr-r-a, a?; I-,
. t""J L+ fs (A _ f ) Jr_r+ s s-e I ar J,rr

.5; qr? ll o ,. .L. -f-
f
,..r
''rit CLt IAY
"$FJl.elt
Io: It - Ir= E.5 A - A=8A 0.5
field loss = Vb= 120 V x 0.5 A = 60W
(constant at each point)
amaturc loss = R"l| = 1.5 Ox (E A)2 = 96 W
total losses = field loss * armature loss * stray power

=f[W+96W+50W=206W
P' = Vh = 120 V x E.5 A = 1020 W
h = R - total losses = 1020W - 206 W = El4 W
i ;*;l"l ,t* .--l ...*.- t t

""=ffi= l'oehP
q=?,x roo=#tx roo =Eo%
7.Mn _ 7.04 x El4 W

- =_ -F- = lm;;;;; = 3.47 ft'lb
'"
. (O I Y
- JS) -l* rtlto r'l a:-lo- .91"6;^" (O - f ) J:r+ jl artiil L
: f*)S*.5J (A I ?) &lr;t 1'+'fL oL'sl, a"'L'..s1;
-
S.P. loss + field loss = armaturc loss
50W+60W=R"13
ll0W=l.5nxIZ
,r=lf9i[
to 1.5 o
=73.33
lo=8'5A
;gt- \:.c s ,-1.6*i J, c-.|'r"-t c+b .is- l91J#lc-.+-L. 6rT tt

. $l++.
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R3.re+.2T.-rb- l/A fol
olrf- ol9: *hL =u4b = f o ,-l.l
J L*i j [:J: = Tl o *J,
12";6t6;.t-." f ) c.-.t9JEv.
,gtf gl9 ,-*-- n Lt OLf $J.l.L - I
,it* gl9 u-- f lyy sf .5l^,. - T
titf glgi .---- .rt OL-1, .p.;. - Y
tgtf gl; .--.,.- , ,-f tp JrlsS ,,b.J. - f
. r;Jd9 o* 1..., d-L tr ItT: oJf .-,L- 1., FtL OL$12 g;*.".l
TAnc S-1 6 -f ,ll+

tr. (A) 1.9 2.8 5.t 6.2 7.2
t("A) o.2 0.2 o.2 0.2 0.2 o.2 0.2
or (rad/e) ln t87 rt3 180
:J-
6jt...r:a.rjr.r . ps;L*" L (O*A) J:s+ (O- f ) Jrs+;l osti,:-l t'
. F5* ti ! (o A) Jrr+ *r+L :* :l
-
Io = It - b= 7.2 A - 0.2 A : 7 A
fieldloss =Vb= 230 V x 0.2A = 46W (constantatcachpoinO
annaturc loss = R"l2 = 1.8 O x (7 A)r = 88.2 W
Sotal losscs = field loss * annature loss * stray power
= 46 + 88.2 + 30 = 164.2 W
IAA .slasry
H=Vh=23/'l-Y x7.2A= 1656W

P" - h- tottl louscs - 1656 W - 164.2 W - l4gl.8 W
- 1.49 kW
,,=3x loo=i#x roo =eo%
r!=Ifi)oi-r*.H=r.3N-m
T.tL 5.S 6-6 cls+
Ir, (A) 1.9 4.0 5.1 6.2 7.2.
l. (A) 0.9 t.7 2.6 3.8 4.9 6.0 7.O
Armrturc r.5 s.2 t2.2 26 43.2 64.t rt.2

locs (W)
Torrl 17.5 il.2 tE.2 tg2 tt9.2 140.t ru.z

locrr (W)
ff (tv) tt73 t426 1656
e(w) t76 tr8 l2r5

e, (kw) 0.176 0.356 0.il8 1.054 t.2t5 t.492
r, (%l 60.5 il.5 t6.3 88.9 t9.8 90.1
f, (N-m) 0.9 t.t 2.9 4.3 5.6 7.0 t.3

or (rrd/r) tn rtr7 rE3 It0
. (O- tf ,-&) f*S* f-slsor.i a.ri-19-.916;;-... (O-A) Jrr:11 o"rti,:-l I.1
. (o- lP aLb) se&p ,-,L- i'F#rl

f^rtL oLlltatp.F:l
r9#d-" rpb r:csr.rlrooi ,jt -l +:... c*b ,c..o- gl21rt4,rL-a-L. oST L
. ajll; ,-l-r-tt .lt
S.P. loss + field loss = armature loss
30W+46W=RJZ
76W=l.8nx12
76W
Ij=fIT=42.2
l"=6.5A
,.elt ':." t ;L tAt
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.r\ # r;* b.ti;9n Ls<|.r. . s.ll .r9tr.:" *r.1, pg :fr \:ir *l6loa.a..l
fl.riSgl.:*. Jb..rA . $ ulf .;b. pJb liJ srls5*. .fl :iy c.tl1; .r
JrL- .r1.. . (ulJt{r) ss;fu rl:, lr;* 5:^; 2V, s9&2.lrtr.y.rt;,y clL;e
.rr!-l o$ 1.-, (O - t f ) Jg sr 6r rsto.tr,.l.
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g;l+''.ll ' (O- lA J*) ,rr -rol5- .,ry *Sr t;y rc;9b15 o;r-. lU
. .r7U et.;'s | 4f, .rlr. oS ,.>l g*.'.,o i:. OT l: gf f
vt Notc: Although frbolod Diffcrcntly

Is,I, rnd I1 Aru th. $rne
Currcnt
csr DC .tEy .6 - I f .I(t

rs\-.*-L Ct* tAA
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)t&S i rsttu )rx
AnnrornClncnt
6r DC tiy )r )*r.)l oL* *r ;r1'3!l el26;s,6- 16 cp3
Foletlon I a.r- DC. Jl3lo ,i;* €r{r? A - V -

5-7.t Dlrtctlon of I
F* W, r*&,^!^ "' (A- If ;f5.1) tsr DC t;y$ olSP

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ff . g ".ol* *ff F* \-.rr? o.t\l:.; 2J 9 o&i ef ,*-rToL.ra W, $.t'
cS,af OTr"lO/l c:.lr ,4r.i q,n;t,.:p;t c-.fr , FJ ,f f ll (dd) q"JJ\
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12
2p2T otr. qg fo r o "f ,,e*lr rb q-l\ P & orl Lt
' (."ntt' 9'l)
;.s-r DC .#Y $D t+ rtr -il A - Y - T
*72 El/ocl ol Lopld qt t gcrler ltotor

.f';ls d.t.;,s jUr o9.ti r (A - I f ) JSl .v a+i t{
Es=V-IoR,-loRo (S-21)
i f;t.,r.rr. d,r-+i++l lJ (A- Tl ) J*l.rr f"lS,r..5.S (f - I ) AL|J jl JL

.;*2ls (ENG) f*,* r.
o_u-Io(Ro+&) (5-22a)
K0'
lAl slotry
I ;t.1l.r ( SI ) r-**- ,s
a= v -
l.(Ro * R) (s-22b)
K'6,
f. ( O ) ,b o* . a^€,L#. o;..!.;.-; rlr. *tb i'*+. r.:.r9[ir ;s g .r*1sl
. f,,,rndd+. c,&l tt tOl.Lll lil . .-:,-l ,.....,Li:. Ia
i Frtr (ENG) f-,* .r"
(5-23a)
. ;rrl.r ( Sf ) F",,- JJ
(t) = U-1"(R,rR,) (s-23b)

K'lo
" U/iL (o-rr) &lrr r, ti , K l, (A - TY) .-)t.rb.r" Xi X 6crif r,,!
. arl i(r- il s9, r rri3,p.r* Ia tii aS p*1,*;r.r*;,1 &lr.l ;l . rILi ,..-5ti:.
,lr.5l , r.i-l stj.lt"-, tlcr *29;,xl ,.1 (U.lL.g,, ")t3.) r,l,l., fS tl-tIa fl
\23f o..ai.L. ,r.ir-;r..rtL*.t1o6e.c.taSFJ#.o.r.oLU ("/ rL; Ia) "/ "L;
6q o$ .57.;) otr ru6 l' , .-*losî 1*.r (O
- I t) ,Jg srgr DC gbsyy
.-.f56*o ljrJ . s,,,'+ j,1r .SlrF rs9 s5A+r .ll;,r.r.l t*r (,S;lrrs.r,iJL
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t-err.mcty Hteh
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a
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<Sr DC tiy t) .Fsl C:L* *x <tsr els$ l6 : I? #t
''.i t Cl* I to
"S;SJlcslr
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.ttdl, th fl oS*--'loTr"l c;"l .J" '*l g.-tslssyr;lul* *l* & tfy
. s.rr A+. cir J ;l L
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lJ
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'(o-r ^L1.,)
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.(o - lY J$) oLe5 c.^:': L
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.
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. .s;ttrt ,rJLrs QT * r, .' ' '!o 2hi, *-;.1 Clns,'; y 's; L g.lltr.s,, ,i:JL rl 'l';9o.S
. r.! l*".i .St,.Lt
ff.t Duterentlal @mpound cLi '$e6J pg sla.lir" 6 -A -

llotor i I
oS s.l \ ,st* (a;lr) *r* .&.r-- I 6r €r- .s\.a* F,* JLrl fl
. os.5*. &L 6Li' .r-g.S s; r es*l ,s , s)s9 eiJt ," 1..tt l1.,Tulcl+*
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. $l*p cr j.r".S*r*: ,b 0, 9r-s4.p;.rl.r" tV h Lly,-rl.r. . s;T,5".2s
T=K(il-6)1" (s-24)
speed -d% (s-25)
.ArU4" rUF (h - Or) lsJ 9 .u..4*" .r[; Q, t Io ..r+J rs.p.rlt.irlit tt

o.r.Tcr.J\ prrbîS , r* f @f - O) ./brtt fl65;*1"*2.r5il Lly;l
oS"" Jlt jl .Jhl.ts .l" uir., ssl SLF " l:.nLdJ"*LJbi2d;.l s9.;::.r )ltt c-r Ll
-S e.rx a5 r-f .:,slt sr &.F otrf

ol*fr rs a.r.1 ti 6t*r.5laLi.;cq c:-l
)1..o . ss,S*' JL*L.-ft rLtJl--r*r ..lsr*, g si &"F .p q (O- fO)
.l;.S ,slss9; 9o
. .-r',t!.^, rlt osli:-l
"rl. .lt1; .:'u- JJ (tl.dl;
.gjlslolz g;.2ls.rtt .-JL .1" l.r .,-L ,ii, .r,9tJ.glo syy o13"'L;T.r.l^(-...15;o
r trrs .r*5 .S* O"lsrl; Ir l.r isr &2a; ,1.5 Ol.+" fl ,.Sls:tl ,.r , tl"S-"
i rl c,-l ,;;,.,L,r,.l6.xl &i, F,i.:L.t f JL-;'l , sr i sl
crft.. , S, I St r tr +,,.5^ l* 5v 6r &P.rl* o"f C.rb rl"";l l*- t
. s;L;r;t
.
.r,5J oyr t>,*jl oLJl .sl.x ol.r* t, i S,'- 9.r r*.l5.;l.djlia.i- 1
,l*jl c5r 4f;G*" p*- ^1*&.o . s.l og.L 1,r,Li , dUl -J#) o-l
.r.r 6rdL r-or*, f*5;1" l.r."5fl , &i';4r..'o f c:112.lr Cr,iL 5'>l GJlt
1;SjSJI .gl* ',r.;i L sit*' I tT
cJt ''c-l riL.i; ei )l )it..S f":-l ut L c4te,;rl)J r Jy3 sLj6.rlart, .rJL

es*l ,.r r rr,.-lr*v ir.jl .:,.r..1-.Fl . r*1.'*- JS., Cttdl, or.rtad.algTtl itl
r r.i-l ,JL"l ei )l r-9r.5 s*y, o$ rLj Jt " L:-
Armrtun Currrnt
hl
Armtrtr Currcnt
(bl
ulos; t dl;l -# DC abnren 6bcla& l6 - I A J9t

H)l oL* c--o ; 291;i3 i a
E#! oL* ,;x e'r ib'
5.8.2 Cumulattve @mpund |far/rot I ;Ut '$9,#,S DC .#rr A

-A - T
.r,g.l-hr s:* (rs:lr) ." I .jrJ^, s6r .1.f. 6t6o; f.,r- olS.2o
. cre* &L,jLrl .r,pS siy ssfil ,.r , .'yl^j,5J,5r4q lcT.str.,l** oS
Itr sl^tiy
. 1S t-) u* 6.ryy sl ,:,nr* r r.lt:;Sal, otq:o. l, ,rLly
f=K(h+0)1" (5- 26)
specd =ffi (s-27)
,slo;gy.r,Sl*" ctb.. bt',1yrr,l sSl^.s aS f*l*o..tr Llu g*l a.? ,-l"f ,.:Js L
. sti*r &LdJ-,1*{.r9bl59o*"1*j fa .rtrrllitt*,$loo. (s:ly) c; pg
ir".'-f .-;.+. DC :yy;l ,p +l* evl -r-9*J sbsyy tr srl:..:l;5.**l;ilo9;
rtt!i\. sl*.1.r1.r l";* g.*t r..rJ.rJ ucJb rb ;L;l .r.9r"S slot'y tr lrt
"Llil
' ( slra)
A€i.i. Ll , *la+:- Jl+ .,rbl -r.9o5 Alotyy Jrl:;.S d..ajd:. I.,
^SrT
TY) ALll .rJ ost" t e* rlr,i*lil t, lx) (1.. ,,. JL ur t<--T
"l*;
clssitp.ri s.r LtS*.il-l* +l* t2.cr -tr-l* l*Jr (Sl.ra) sq.t^*. st;;* (A
o-t.i r.,eLal s-965 DC r_Sbs9 y Jrt.s.S g u2* a,a;,lL . s9. solg; r:;.: DC
*.,"
serJ DC rslorf y ,l ,tlycr. a*l..r.-i*ttt oAtt;Ii3;t:
. Jqai 63la',*l;L;l
Exanph 5-14 (English) :1 ENG F*+-,) o-lfJ|&

,rl*.\'(*. J^, CUI -r,9"5 et* oS..'1.,.. .::.lL.r-g*J DC .rr"-1" 4
. *-*l .r)
C.* lf y ,.st | .-L-;*1. . -t;J.'v. ,L5 rt ,JL J" 9 ... ..1
JL*; ,g-,,1 3Ut = Tf o ,1,
tsr-lOl*= !o ,.7
Oo^,,1
,=n2*= I Too a!i*-6J 2J.19J
g;lt .(,r.r-*^: ... ort'iLAo - I f$l

saa2T'".rli.- T f.t
Sr &f:,.-J[i" =l /l Y .-"l
ol "fr rl9; .:,li'-b - | ? o .-ll
ol, '"'L Ct rtf
"$iul
:..::.*.ttL
(BnUf 1 ,;y S2-. $ $1s*c**lo- : 1.1r1
sf Y s'"'l oli I (v)
tir gL.ul, : (C)
lYY.g'"'lJrb'sS ] (')
(Developed tofquel ty rr ^l L JrtsS . (.o)
Ir Ir*
> l0A
1.22ft
nr
r80 sl
6 - I f db +Lsr.r,JtLr.rfr" l6 - t f dg
:Jl-
JS.o) f";L* uA'.,l. uT ss.rJ, lJ to.#lr"J* 1.-.rl.rll""JS l"*l
:FJ#.,.-L- lJJg' r.r J94^".st..Ur JL .. (O- tt
,--v - 24OV l'33 A
"= Rr= 1555:
Io= It - b= l0A - 1.33 A= 8.67 A
I ;*2lr ,T sl"rlr JS& n-i l.' : 1.1t1

Er=U-1"(R"+n")
: 24O V - 8.67 A(2 O + 1.22 Q)
= 240 - 27.92 = 212.0g V
.rJ.llT r:-al 61.t, ,.-l ..J.5.rlt dL .1" 6lr ol9;o1,-osyy,r.-,loli : (=)

:r*S*.-l*- l;,:,[il'' ls:'l .rf osli:-l (A- I I ) "l*1., jl +qoT
shunt loss = Ul, : 240 V x 1.33 A = 319.2 W
arrnature loss : R"l?, :2 O x (8.67)2 : 150.34 W
_li__ ___.-_o: __"_?::

series loss : R,/; = 1.22 O x (8.67)2 : 91.7i W
stray loss = 160 W
lUt
P:=VII=Z4$V x l0A= 2400W
P" = P,- losses : 24f[W - 121'25W
= 1678.75 W
., *
po= 1678ry = 2.25 hp
' 7zt6 W/hp
:.S criS Ol9i* ,.J.r *,. : (C)

r;x
,= loo
: t6Jl'J5
2M
x roo
: 7O%
jf "L'1,,-l lr .r*t, r oi-;l.5.S (A

- f a ) "J"rl, :l,.9,*lr9t*5a*L.ulr., I ( .)
. rti, orla''"., * .*l oli
T=7.ux!s
1678'75
= 7.M x
nm
: 9.85 ft-lb
,:it.5J (A-f a ) "l*1., jl +t., cr,*L r.r "LL.rrbS o.f lr- ,sl, l1.o;
"l-L glg,: c-l*".s1; . sJ,i.+r olliil i*:;5aL rs nJ,oL Olr-.;lo.Jsl'o o.{l.l"l
. .rr.l.oo osl;-,,.1 JU fi jl cr,"oL ,s
(l) Po." = P" * shay power loss
= 1678.75 + 160 = 1838.75 W
(2, P&" = converted power = Erlo (see Eq. 5- 13)
= 2l2.Ot V x 8.67 A
= 1838.73 W
,.eL '*." L .rL llt
"!i5Jl
--
q--
r=7.04xjP
= 7.a4 r 't''ii]t
1200
= 10.79 ft-lb
Eranphs-r5(S4 :1 SI t"**") A-lAJli"

,rl* uto & CUI s-5.S et*oS .'t o*Ls1"S DC :yy &
...al .n))l* lfy g-l ,-l€,.î" . si.6sr .J"5rlt df t".t'" I
Jt*;,r"-l;bJe= lTo dt
,r"-,lOtJ*= lA ,.7
,r....,1 .:-;= lfo *E.rOl*'l.l
r:;* .5rr-:.; ,:.r[i. - I oo Pl
s2.-, "/A fil
sTc.-o9[L=
Cr&:-:.:.9b- "/l f.6l
.:1".5r ol9; ,-lib - ?d ,-ll
:.4t'lL
(BEMF) 6r* s) 6s.t* ' 1..-lt;
.f l.,,tr.(v)
'(C)
'L-l,,
6,*ls:1;;5.(r)
tf y p "LL )tL;"S. (.o)
:Jt-
.JS.l) f#H ,,iT ,stt , l, &y'o rs ls.rl.u J$ I t;l
rl.r-o I 9 1+*,5#
: f"5". ,-l*- l, Jt.-" esl1'l*r JL ' (A - T"
. u ll0v = l'2 A
I'= F,: lildlt
Iu: It- Ir =l-5 A - l.2A : 13.8 A
rlv DC ,Sla,tyf
Ie __-* 15 A
4 - | 6 dU +Ly:o rl;. id -f o J9:;
: (.-il|)
i,.*rls &y.n sl..rcl, Jt*, q +i,
E, = U - I"(R" + R,)
: l2O V - t3.8 410.8 O + 0.2 O)
= l2O - 13.8 : 106.2 V
o!f, )l )rlu- crl.sl.rt ..-:.*lrl"6.r!ro ,g;f oli,.rLo tyy ,fl oli .(=)
l"f :l,ol.r,-b,-L l*rl .rt, Ll . j+-Si" orlil-l (5- I I )
shunt loss = V,L= 120 V x 1.2 A: 144 W
armature loss = Roll,= 0,8 O x (13.8 A): = 152.35 W
series loss = R'/j: 0.2 () x (13.g A)2 = 3g.l W
stray loss = 65 W
E: Vlt: 120 V x 15 A = ltt00 W
P, = E - losses = l8(X) W - 399.45 W
: t400.55 w : 1.4 kw
:os ._ I (lr: (c)
,t: ? x rfi)
:iffixroo
: 787o
,"s*f ol9;:lLlss r-l rr {itt r+T.f r.:.b.\. (O-f n) ol"rl.r;l ,f,ltsL:.15 i 1s;
r.t' osLi:-l
.5q+*,lL CL.- rtA
"$'FJl
I: 1000 x i
= rooo
^"A
140
= l0 N-m
+l'r i'."S." J"S (A-f b ) ^Llr;l o',lLrsJ-Lrrb5o"f l* ot- .1.o)
l, ul9- crl olqi,r".,l9J:r jl . r9,l, ostii-l a*.lL.r.l oLL Oly :l J"rl., ,-*l .r"
. J.lrT L:n!
(l) P*, = lf, + stray power loss
= 1400.55 W + 65 W = 1465.55 W
(2, Po." = converted power = Erlu (see Eq. (5-13)
= 106.2 V x 13.8 A
= 1465.56 W
I=t000xi(n
1.465
= t000 * -fAO
--t 10.46 N-m \
\\
\
Ormulative
Differantial
Compound
Shunt
'Srricr
Gumulrtive
Compound
Armsulre (or Linel Current Armahrre (or Lina) Current
(al (b)
aq (1' 16
DC Ata,tyy - f I Jg
(*v d.aA;": b )t8;J d,..#,. : a
llt DC slstry
5-8.3 @mparlson oJ f,fotott DC rSlo#f.o*+[i"6-A-f

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"f o**|jL po lrlt!iT.sloc.a;.i""*1t *
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a,,t +i lt ..*t*".$t-&. ,flr r[." a., Ly., +Lfu 6,,11 9s;ls .uol9- ,JJ)t
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5.9 PENNANENT.NAGNEr fi'OTORS
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C*erFil Jjr519\..r.+/* 9 [oa5* ,Jjl* ,-l**l .rJ DC gslstyy a;S",| cS
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(slr 'Y '' t Cl* Too
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g-ll STARInUG DC IIOTOFS DC r.tb'iv r.sjl$lolr 5 - I o
fl , f*losjl rri*arra DC .sbr yr'(l ).r.il.u;l ol., o;lrrs ah^J clrl b
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6)lshl) GD*roU ,h I <=8 DC tFy l6 - f f cl(:

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oLr d (ggMf ) 6r-" "r.a g;9.,;::., lsJ -s.r6* )*:yy.g;l.ul olses.i aL-*l .rs
, J-f.,i. .-t*-- Crr*-a+l Ol..rrf . r-JS JL'r at^J rs l'rJ t 6J9t."i'a J'ilt.f (E )
t=l#:r2oA
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IJ=
60()
It:120A+2A:122A
dl-A- ..:JL , rr.'rt t2-, tl ,l .,nT I y" fl r*1.-,..rs )f t., .-l-*t-.;l
f-.*.* * 6r.VL OlJ,n- ,-l.LJ ,i:.-l rJS." , Jli ,rlr e.fT a."-[i 9 -VT,5l .i6
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3) Fuse 4) Circuit-Breaker
T"l slotry
a;ls;l olrî.,Ligo-$ ls--oS; )l:yy *t*l ,s.r,;os.:L; ls t1";y.;olr;*

*
l- fins asti:*l 6lo L "9 .rl bryytjjl,'l ol, 61.; 6 1-*l** ,"',i]*
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f rJ
f or-: "i,a \-lrr- f ld . ,"JC* o5"." ,l l) O#t.51 . .ll^-*.0 W9 O*..os Jr
*ln* " lr*r a2L9.l r.L-J 9 u-(-0. sl,1Tlrrl.ulol,ru;s.t-*tt;.i,,.:.ill .stt.l
"roT
. ss S*..1. OFF o*Jf l
*g;l .*lrT - , 6*J.l.; d-, oî,, J J/t{ .5j1";l ol, 0.L2". ,r. 5 cxS J*tt
1) Starting-resistor
Cl* YoT
"S,r5Jl.sL+rt
as*l ,s. f:,nr lL;l oslLu t Ar lrJ-rd,;.rl,Sl . rt.r ON *5 4i OFF
J+ 1*n". f L;l Ar l, & cxltl.Ss,-;Lott. .r:.'L*c uAi jls;l ol, drr+, ^;,li
; c5rt; " L-; jU.t , r"T sprt o*it.lJ r.5l^ti--U rttli ^5r-.. .r; Gy* oS;Trt
. f*loJF Jl-rrl J+'JT r St
,*Lii tJ.:SJI .gtt.r "PTL-; rl.ul ol, a:-s r.7.1> lo;ls;l ol, a;J+lrs
4r." rlol*r- L-3, t2 cr.Tcxl r*'-l.r* S ,/,';L" t; Jtlll jl ,-Jb
.rLr.5;ls;l ol2 J-lt .r. ls,tiy tl,,sr F.olrrt.Sl JL . s9.1.*' .5;f- l rl" .!,',
. .:*l 4r- o[;+grt f t'.i"1*.rb o"f f .f*t^, f lr.rb +L , ,rJ
Jl.,L .r!l; fl . (t-*, l-,) pJ.r[; e'rsi., lr{r--rl.u.-r[iL r,iL ca.-:;;s

Jrr sri.ab ,J*"tLa +SJl.9l-., cpTns.rf f ,"riuT.!r- .r1.. otr.6 ".t'
.( a- c-.1) ,ls ,S=;;9. V siyr6 $ to.ro:-s , r.6 J c* s 1l l,
"fr* OFF *s
. .\..-: .^; ,-|L..rL;.91^Ll; ar .glo;ls;l ol, ar.^tj 2J
+
E,
Elcctromagnet
*.bL;u, a- sts:165 & sgl; ia

- lf Jg
ToY cla*r
DC6br5irab* f a;tsl ot, A-
5-l 0.2 Four-Polnt Slarier
15h.bqi Io -t
to;l-r-;l ol.r,rlrs .," .lo.r.:l osl.r ol:; (O-fO) JS-2sla;l-ulol.ro;9Sl1
.r--tb lFl.sl*.r "r"T.&s [o;ls;l olr.r*1.r" . ";1" rszl (r f ) Jt*; f
.-.ri rs,5,-r; rl- Ol*ra .-l.r**; CHJe.s ..lg,li*e arii562--:.rl.r" Olr.f L*;
. s.r.rS*" a*-n qglatjL o-;l ;l.ul olr.,'9JLLc--*:.-;rss.rlur.s.iltt.l.r"T.rl-l';9
r-* --*--l
.gl6Le, ,@ 3l::lob & gsL:; l6 - f d JtS;
DC .5lrblr"ro ,Jlt (.lKtf) *(*tr,,l ..91o;l.r:lol, O

- Io -i
5-l 0.3 Automafic Sterters
,tai ljglcJo .--l ,rstS -Lii ..-,-lolL zlro-t ta;l-ul ol., ..,,&l lt.rK
. Jt+, lo;l.ul ol, o;J:"lal JL;t**t e* st. F.br
".rf "
* **l "'
.rL.r ,;tcJ.r .J.b r o"ri osl" oh; (o - rr) Jg ,t;l.l',*
g;t1**.:L ,tL Yof
"l'FJl
.uf.5" ar(rL-lr-L)E;lJ l.rs(^d., jt A&;Lyl;l:;lo(reS--6L:; la- f f rJ*,

,$t*# D g C ,g
. s*lr- &
-r rl-lr" F.or rb l, START aJ.r otSr.o
.sq-ti*arlrai- A J) START a.Ssgrlsrh;lr-f
r.,q;/i'-j .- ( A, , A z, AJ ) oTa tr;S l.:5 , A Jr, $.r1" ,-!.;' lr- I
.(* rl.ej-t, B (l ).r L; pL J, Arcf,L5-y
' u't' .,l"ii- l, **, ri rl* -r 6.,.'; ,l'g A, cf LS- y
. .uLro" ,--i; RELAY-Logic *.o,"ji? A, .5t:L5- 5
s',.,no lr( 82 : Br ) rl-.5q.5U5 B J;.,*o" gL:-t .-lr&;1.-r-
- f
. u-1". ,1" j- l, C As , Br .5t.:5- V
. .r.11*r" etFt l.r" ;l l, & *rli. r gr Jt-:;S- 1
.r . *.'lr( Cz e C, ).r6$lJ C Jr,-rrr"gL:r*tdrlr*- 1
1) Time-delay-ReIay
ToA DC sbtyy
. u(*o rl".!; l, D J, Cr(51:5- \ o

. rjL*'. esVt l.u.rl l, Rrsrb C2 .JU;S- I l
"r c5b;S D "J2 g"oo gL2 ,;V &.il t-r-- ly

. rr;.*.. 1., ( D, )
. u!" 6,,b.r1.r" ;l l, R3 ."*J[i D! .JU;S- lr

,-LKrl-y .sjlgl alrS rd.#o Jtrl s,y2T r tJ',.-t5;Ur.rf aLr lf ..Jt jl.-,ry
...., lc:,l,.S
Vt jl;.S.s;Url'*l' D r Q . B. A a'l"J.roScri5a,L
.r:9-l .!ra:
7* i v
6s.t*ortL'- L osl , Jr.trai ostic*l ..rL; ,*;L.sbJ.r J C**i:"
g**t e.er J 65J-." 6l.t* a+ J.o rSrs .-.21*+ . s;d .o .-t -t orlg [b4 . aSr'*" .r.;
o.ti osls gLru (O yy) Jg tt e* c,;lrsb . J;d:ic ,[.c .r.rl9 bJ, rr.! ii:.?
-
. s+&oa ,,t a"*L.rr;j ,bl.n , r* o.rls.rl.! START aS.r ol52o ..:r-l
' rr"{..o ,1".!r ,A J.r START nJs ,lJls rb tr- t

. s;+.::.,+a a:*, ( A1 9 Ar) oT.5t($US A J.r o$ tl.r.!,' tr- f
. t't ,|..!rt lt 4.;* ,1.5 A, crS L:5- y
. srS,*. A J, or lrlrs.:.c1., , Az.5l:5- f
-tt*lif ,.ulosrf,r9;6o.sTrl\c5 D r C r B .5bJ.).e,,*!L.:.-rarltl t

j-:!-* -*tT yr)b.J9ol5ro,.u.lS*r..-- 1., 1 Eg+Raf a ) ,*rT yrjlJr
. Je.l,:,. €f- B Jt , +"f Vt ,l.r,i" lYo
' 'r+'1.*o ^""- ( & ) oT cJUS B J, or.! .!F t, - o
Clbsl.-r" jl Rr srb . ! "5t SOJs^':.y \- f
,->y-t ro 9 .l.d+o
. rt.t* t)lt' syy ur

, u(+o r[...c C aJ, , -r.l Vg 2lr*.%lo J9J-e. r+*rT r tr;bJ9 alSr.o
. sg,lso ^- * ( CJ ,T.JUS C J, ,.t rl-t L- v
,utr, r+,:\i. ev.rl"" jl R2 .,:-9tL . Cr crSLS g.r.t dl*, L- rt
..9lt '; " t *,L l"?

"lt5Jl
t)Jl* syy . s92+.o
. .'(r,'Lr D oJr , .r,l Vt ,lrn%to J9r> .s*sT yr lLJ5 ol5rl

. Jr.:'.,f. ^.' , ( O, ) OT ciU.S D J.r Or;i & t.'- q
. r.r S*.
CJb .r1". jl R3 .r9ti Dl c:S[:s or.r ai:*J l, - t o
t2-e)p-,t tiy, . rr.L::"0 Jtrl s*sI r t+,-tlS-iUr .iy o;15 I o r,l-lrn
..rl ;1,-*
. ,_a I o r=rrJ
"p ,,9 L"J
.eJl^, oJL . trca.
"rb lrSTOp cJ.r fl f-il.ir".S;L;t g* ,J ,rr
, cds
"..rr_
jL ( l )oF
Rl
R2
R3
Eranfu5-16 A-lt Jtt"

.l*1,.p.;rn 2r2) ttl,.o+&,a l, * '^ DC :iy &
JL*; .,.-ljUr = I To ,*J,
jf .r;f ols
Ey = 6laLiu f
2a*-2T o.-l ir[f - A )r.T
2A2T"''',lii.= I t-"1
;l.sl ol, .: ogtlL = I A fal
1) Stall
ToY DC cs|osry
:.:-tl'lL
I o lJ aL-.J ;s
$jl.u - .;r-*,1T ot*.r+ I
. ." | ,r"*l Ul;J- J,aJJ JJ" Jrr 6-f Ot.f - Y
:.Jl-
:f iJ , r.!l+,..R"*pgtart s4'r, .tl.brljL ,J5a;l.ul ol., ali'*'l Jr- I
trlr"r=lO+150=16O
1..:v
'a R,.=l2ol
16 o
=7.sA
I f*rlr rirr .rl.rcl q +i tt

- T
7.5 A
x 100 = 150%
5A
Y DC slo:fr" irrt 'i39" -

sropprruc A OtC nilfc,n
It
5.ll 6 ,,t'rti
A
o-:or o#!L , r* osls ,bi STOPo.Ss fl frtf.*;

"u'.r,
t:r Ss,slstilp;.6 c-i9 s"! . ''' '*16 o2r)lL U .fu * lJ or'l uii;r"
. s9.i.Jl-L )y..,-LK.iii b rrsS rol* Jrt .;* liJ "i-lst;cro-L .ratl
.!L: c5l; oltl" cxlr rrt -lsl .1s.191r cnf t ,l.rr" .15l tS "f n+.:' +L
av gJ--,, b ;Uf Olrc t-29&l ,s . -r.il* n:'lls o!.61 lr,r'$; sl;l L t*
,h: \t&)*,t s.' s.jd,yd "t' olti:-l os92 tl +lt 9 't::.-'{;l- OF 'tL
-*U
.r"f -t,i jttsf oslx*loT )l ))b&,;l .sl.r. olr:*. ;,*r;,f
oS
(t);{.U"
&..- *Si,SJ ls)il *. siy jfuK. rs)il ,fst,^rrl .r" ..pl
1.r
.rl ; . JFi.i1-[ g-c.,*+ ol.:*.lr.r*-r+.rf*t5Jl ,$il drl65.bl (ls, F"S-.
\sJb L*l.i;c . ;;J.+ *l;)1:fr se*. Gb r aS "' loT.$".sbl,t

(STOP) .roi oLt o$r Ll , sd.*o vta sry.sh,/rL* s\ trll') rxl
s)il sfl.fijl ,:-rti. drl . s.rr!,;. ,.bt #|.fi.sUW; ov.r-,"51'i"' . r&;sL
l) Dynamic Breaking
',r "'t .;l* T oA
"SiSJl.sl*
lyl.$ -5Jtlt .:++i- t" l.l )yy Lft2;;,-e .r*r.:,.J[!L1rla:.i;,J, J.,11-r* .,ll*.lJ
. JJS'*" .s.r..o. ." "l
plugging.ir.r ,b b.rr- y Ur,-iie; 6l.n rf y ,sVy tl .&.r ,rL
o"ul, oqJL9Jn' clp f l5j.6 o5.f o.,b: cJ**9-t a{ ,jl9io,. lt ,-}y..-*l ..r-l
!U a"lL ryy ,ds ts;;- dF{ ,1l OJt"& aty,-rl.r" . s*5- ,, 'dc 6.u,.5
"5
r-i,3g o,*-lt polr;*" aS,JLl.fr ,to5 r'r"r*. p L.,l
JJ^.l l.rplugging. .ulo*o
, jt:J.l +,r\ Ltu.+c lt .ri.i-
JJ . ril.;* o*t, t*tT jU.t qt:\ ."5 l+
,r.\.".i ..,1.1g" u *liJ , J5.#, ,f f ls JF Jlip L*{.? 6
Co;L* .rg,*-,. l, CJ*JL
.iJl.-. sF> 2s aS;T jl J.i , J*.r,-LK -*il" ai cE.iL oS .,*9. .lJ . Jrl**;.6
, J.,11".*o ls> o*.r;
6+-. ;l
l;T, +L.t:".r5 , eri
. *l :*;1.rr Jss"l oLf or.T stzy, plugging
;9, ); la
jUr L ;;oSr'-. jU: , ra-.2T;Ur",-.r\ t*r*Lra.'\aiaS....lrTrlcrl .rJ,
",;
rs+y -t;:.,tT.r" l.r g;Jt/j Ol"f jUr rJ .rl gr.*.. lJ r a.r,i. q.?
t*a.6*rT
Gr t& 6 ,olrf al:.5 rrr--. .:.rli.4;l ,.t l ,&l;l,SrJrl- Sl.r, . u.rrTcsr
6 .,*r" .!,JlJl. o*l d
"J o-i +L, &Jl . .u.d*.o.rte-l srJ*" ,l; ,-*rT l,
o S." .1f
". ".lll , J+.i:r. ef '#rT )d, +.1\
Exomple 5-17 I Y JL;'

. -*l ,.f S* 2*;,,-Lr;,,Ut, .-l OC ,rr.L-
Jt*;,5.-l;Ul= lyo J,
l*sT.g"-l 6L,r.17 = I o )-T
-t*tT,"o9l3.= I f,ol
.'",'f *b t t o ,'rTaSJ.:.. & *-c- .;-r-i O#:r[ ;l
rs9s,n 9 .^vi2>.-.o o..,,1
.i!-y'L . (A- rf ,-!L) l
"9: osls" a-.*L *iie;,.sl.xpluggi ng.rst
t fl
.r+"T I A;l .6,r"'rT olr.r+ o$T
rs l, , ( Ry ) olrr u.5 J9J.rr.o *rl]L aa.- l-..
a
. ' t _rrL;
:.j-
.JL*'.rr o.r,,i osls Oh- rJSrr ra , .u r"L ( STOp ) ..rr, oL,, *r
Y"1 DC cbsyy
d - | y dA +Lxt lu'.6 -y 1 ,J9:

. cta*. .-,1*- g16r;rl :*sT Clt;r ls.J . un.!. *) Fjt; p L OLln
, --Er*V
'" illfrl
15A=
n0v+120v
lo+n"
t+&=lfg=22
R.=21O
.5lt ',r;l t CL Y'l o
"SFJI
SY['BO[S ,'I,TRODUCED IN CHAPTER 5
Units
Symbol Dcfrnition English st
1 f output)
Torque (develupe<t or lb-ft N-m
y a Angutar accelciation racUs2 radlsl
ft-lb-s2 N-m-s2
f J Monrcnt of inerria l"d
e
P Power (developed or oulput) hp =t-
watts
'
A Tt l,oarl torque lb-ft N-m
, K^ Motor torque constant fi-lb/V N-m/v
ft-lb-min N-m-s
Y Ka Motor back EMF'constant .e" *d
A S.R. . Speed regulation pertent percent
t 4r Shunt-field ffux lines webers
! o O, Series-tield flux lines ' !. webcrs

'l I & Extental current-limiting ohms ohms
resistor used in plugging
.5 ,l,oi Jr 6J.! olti:*t d)l-

- A oli- f ( p tss) ar-,41 ,L-y rsl^r:|, vt:,*- r (J.f) rrbs- I
;s o5r-," &; tst.t*.+lt .-.r-- Y DC :iy rs.r9Ll5.:rb *.,-- ? :L.rrt:iS
c5.;-.!r,t; rl* rb- 'l o *;:;.!r.-; .rls" .rb - 1 i-:s- -A;-1 )yy
Plugging .f tt s" ol*r o.r;5 J9J-*a *r[iL - I t
'aauaj,
6U'{,ftJu
/6.
Ylr JJl.Jt-r -bL
Jrl J,ai g\f lJJ'. f- t

"l5L*,
. g\,lrl.
. r*.r- f L 1., .J" i ,;!'i5Jl .s L+.5 o-, l.:. ,J*-t l:; .g l.-J - 1
j,;!ili
?f ts"b4:(C)
.l$;Slt *J, r+5 .r'.p l.r ( .,*#LLi .J;\L ir.r) ^-,r L LJd - y
' +#:?'-t liT-l':'

ui :r? B-H U.l^.r. - f
.
. r.rJlr jF B-H ,j;,'.i. lra

", - f
. r"T,.f Jf y l.* s cb;;.,J*#tU& sL...,.'- A
I ( SNIC ,.i*1.) ultU

Er G+/lr JriL looooo J"[,o 4:a. ,5. l" ( B ) .rtl ,JlS-- f
. s-al* r: j* A:rn
&. Ct- fl ,b 0,.,*l-" = -/L ..L:1t,,*
ere-'-t r'(.!t)
6."lf *LiL6lo,-lr.1.-)
at ut' %a : (c)
Otf t s*l o$ oA#A*, tj.lrJ goo 6;v l.*4,J.*tLii^" ^4.lf"rr- T
r.is.l r IvIMF ,,qJL *L
..'
G*l 1; u*o L-9-" J* s| ...>l ,r.T a G# f.'.
' ( tt ) $*rtb ol**
cSslr YAo Gry f,*- OT )t* tt>luorrye*ltf !*fi Jh ^" .n.(,r-y
6a l.,l- o[f ,.r&lrO*1.r, ;.1,r:*T1o J.rL" H 1.=ool9;-Jl .c*lo.r^J; o-r=.;="

' tt.rrT "' " l' l-
(J'tdJt .tb Tlf
"f,,r5Jl
;L{- . s,lL fl , sl" .*T Ao J"lt"" H lr";l st rSlaLi-." .r" fl- f
.+J..-l*-1, 1B).rb
,$tr Ar e-tl J.rL B lr^;l r. g;laLi^".r" fl- O
r JrJt Yoooo
..*.rrT!:sJv l, ( H ) ol.r* .rs^:,
".--tLi;
S* ctfl .*t*. JrJt f ooooo JsL".rl.l l*)lsrrslaLr*" sr-?
*
r:L;& . (r
-r Js) .a, ;*; :r;-.",.I :t: f
. ,-*l x) sl* d.:.r..rr
A =A E.rnG=l
L. - Yo G+il
N =Ao str
,b = ttoooo J5.JI"
. +.lf T
ry !:s-r< l, C,.- Olrf
,lji* .u,.-r' c-tai-.i.o (t - ? }fu) .zl rrl* or" u-j? ;l a:--o 4 - rt
' rr-l Xl
A =? etrc-l
N =,1 oo ,lJJ
L =tY C+l
. ar;fT...rr.! l, ^J.".^,l".lb . rit";+T t o @# fr-- Ol*.f ft
gL.,ii .(f t,.Jfu ) .rl..rtr* 6fo;4t s)lg r*;- ;la:*-o .5' - t
-
. *-l ,1 ,l;2 ^-."d
A = Y 4t.r6*rl
N = Yoo JrJ
L = to C+/l
.rrr& rT t o 6,,1;t*- Jr ol..r . a:-.o,..,r1 .," ( B ) ,b Jtf" 9.;b e,:-,*lL
1.1
rrTs:-.t, J#L fooooo J.lL,.g.1l"*'"-rttfr.lr^""^'i o .5*.rrlo

. fl
^**o ,"lrl 1.-r-". &" CL- .4/L
. gL oJ? e9- 1l n"'' ^ (-r,*? : 1.-r.tt;
TIA Jrl J^, ,te l*"
r)Ji ey )16r*.ou*f .(=)

. s.:;L.gfo;.;'-r
. (0.2.,4 trtoroidl c*lu;rrs. (f y) JSl .;U- .5lu*o- I I
. :.. .l r) :l* o:*o ,:rL;.i.
fr=Te-iil 5 =too.;9J
:rz=Y6+1 1 =f/6.t*-l
. r-!L ,gfu;;-,
")J9i Li )l
oJ.$ orr'- S:T rLs*.rJ.-t*- l., .rr.rb
Urf I y oe;^.r
S* Ct- ..:.l et* (f-r) J5i.e.rU*,.sli:, *- \T
+-lt"li=o;:T
A rk*iLr-- *'tr,r,
'
'L t
= -e-F
B l:."*i ,)..-b = O.ft
Lr = f C*il
Lz= f G.tl
. * -y'ho , *t;L J'St f JrL rb r...lr-r ft
oooo
. r9J oo.tr 6'*" t.*- L-9. +lr.S jl* r;rn MMF . 1.lt;
c# l'r* otr : (=)

os;'l.ii jl A .'. *..; r**l+ oS:T rLl*, r+s)lF l.r I y "Jt*"- lf
")li Lr+ )l B !:.*3 ,
. .:* | .gfo;;-,
. **l xr rl;i... a...,.e,S;s .:1..;".a"
r' 'r-ti'
;T ji=.,::r:
'v
:T,t ; lj:. :j5;
,V "ry Ml{lF o.o* l-" g *.JL
.
. r.tlr.sf^:^r; r)lf
e, )l ord u+J5 fl +J ,l.T lr l f nJl*._ tO
oJa ee-,,1 oT rtb. t *el ,rt* (r - o) Jll ,;lt" .5lc-,-o - l?
. **l ,, ,1.* oJ*.6 c, l-;*a. . -r.ll,,*o
.rl:. J-lti sL s." rv.i &* & = f Er" e*l L^ = y a+l
,r$t:SJl tslt '*,'! t Cl* Tlt
1o.7r." *lJ s.*3g;lr;n,i 4hii.

&= ? gr Vl = f 6.'l
"2
.jlro &lf jl f lr5 * J* = o / "? C+l
JtJL foooo.jlroaLli.rt.lb t*.olrirfl ;l'- rsy MMF o.t-L- s.-'.ttlL
. -u:t.,
.gfa:-r., ")li ei )l a.:-n uri' &T.r' Ll.* # JljS l) | ? ^Jl-" - IY
, '*t
: ( SI p*.ry) .t3t"
fl ,b o*t^n .+JL . s.lt,*. )t* /? tt.'a4 ;s .rLl -ll5"
1
Q t
. r.!l' r::l* 3Li Ct-
e, * of ooY ' f iJt;
.r- o /l .}iv 6loJrl.r I 1.-)
. e.r. ;";L TA : (G)
t o$ 6J+* 6.lrJ foo 6w j"- 4, u.t.tLn a.:r5 4 t:\- ll

rzel
l) H -: MMF ,$1', & o /Y a:t,.sL'-9." J* Sl . s.lL* r".T ? & ;* otr+
. r".rfT \L-!
L,-9- Jtt.Sl ..;:-los.,i, or+6a cg;JJ foo 6w F* aJ*l 4.tr\- to
H r..,r"lr*r &Trt Ll*, 165.-,1-- l, 6* l:,i- ot:+ .gl* * o/f cla
ssf * x.pTfooo
. J.rL.o
l) B , .rîl.*..1... .r .rfI Tooo J"L" H ,lso )l , 6laLi-. lr- Tl
. at.lf T t^:-J-
.-1,..-- l, H . J.it*o. )l*; o/f Jst" B .lro jl x tglaAi*" tJ- TT
.+J
aLu'
e r-A.i. . (r -r Js ) c*, -rIil,'',rl
jtr,:il l;; 5
: ," -l ,rrlrril ^',..",

A = of oog eUf
TIY Jrl Jtî -t9L.
L= "/d *
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a:..5;J.lb =of ooll ,t
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Y*-r r,
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r.-,Lcr*L , (f
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lo ;:.*;L
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. rr,l O**L
& f*'L*; +tt 6 jlrn, ".1f" ItIlvlF . f -itt;
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O
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1
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:fl .s"b.r" or.l, etill
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Cl* YTf
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ggrb .rip rJ= y 3 I /A *-;E .n *
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= A
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t*"t" JS rl\t - ?oo

u2:= lToo ci;is;'129s
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r: dL rr r"r Ji.ro.rb ,**y'L
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J}Jr
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. .lrl.r rl; rlr. .tr )e ori5 J"Lt 1-*
Unit I Unit 2 Unit I Unit 2
ir (O) 120 llr Rr(o) ll0 ll0

& (o) l.l5 l.l & (o) 1.0 l.o
Fr N) 24t 292 [, (o) o.t2 0.15
4 (V) 350 350
? -6 ,h+ 2-l ch;q,
F
l^rh
TTA rr\n+ J'" Jt-
tlo
:ao
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to
r60
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60
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I c,)llrL
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(BEMF) 6a s ct;.*:.iJl
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"
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FAt, J+.5
.u4 tfr.rs o.LL

!, t tgt*.rlf cp .i/na
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. s*;ls oh "r;.1 DC tyr',*r 6y u.lt x)'::'l.r*q- ;l@

rr$ ,cf :f y €r- oLr" .'rf
tl ' .-iJl
r*,tf srY r.-vl o[r q-" fl lv
,r.f,s np.r\ # s-1y asri: er- Jgr fl
lc
. A-:5 .rl* a- DC tiy ,sl, l, ? Jl*'@
("t' o.,!) s.t';L .5;r: rtoirSt i-lr6Jgl..g;' DC tir .5"O

. r.+r. 1.r rslc'ill e
. sJ
rlp rsr DC sfv,slt A JltL@
l,
DC u bsir,r"t.r.,-L 6, s-5.'Sr.Jbl s"atS .rJL i,,+{ .it-O

i.,L
jf .S*f .5.r.t',r-.,1 -r- ;l .Jl,* DC tiy sr .t?vsT o[r. t'dl'r
. cr.lll s;oly; lJ)rL:.lS.r".rl"l:ll itd.;;l+.t DC tsb.rr'r'
* s;,yr.,,rr "-rtrr*llil '^t' n5,^ jl DC :rftS ,r'[f tt@

5p 6.r*,+X
YfY f+t J.!d Jlg L.
p2 ", -"
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1 ENG fir*'') Jr L," :

-r,>.6;o rt)Gtf:".;-.rJ r.f lrlr .r* Orh f+'l A DC 'ti, -S- I
. **L &" ul1;;,.'r.rt l.r siy rrluS
ei,tJ 2J 29J loo ..ilt
. ai,_rJ ;J.19J I yoo . r-
{.:i.*,f., "-t - uf" YAoo J.tL. L5r9Li,S VL DC ty4-V

s.lL*r. oT.r.-l )1., JsL aS lJ 19'r".JLT lc r.fu Jl+vl di*is .lr .lJJ lo..,:.-c-
. +*t* ,, a"rL ,J.-l ol:- . +L-, t*.b
. ,.:r-l ,-e;* r;; l-la;-U L DC liy 4-f
l- ,r-,.,1 drli = Y Jtit ,=-l

T- ,ro-I lis2" = lAoo cii*is .lJ .lrJ
r- olrfiol9;,irtilb- !fo .-l.r
l,-*r}lL
u...,1 Jrb.aS ..ilt
dr-iL ,o aLL 29lrd i.-

aioSs.lJ.lrJ TYo o uf cr." 1., Jr.i g.-l.rl.-i-.;f nJt.- )yf ft- f
. .r;5 lr* 1., tyy t*5f .19t:JS. .r.:Saol.ri
oli b t'.rJ." b.r. f+ J-i .1. (A - I ) Jg &lt u.+i*- A

a.iiis.rr.rrr 'l Too .irJt-.i-l f sfr r*r. f.5.Sr"S.;l.sll DC sif tflf
( d = lA C*l) tir cftr glg ct^,$ .s.19^* l, -1, TY rjl.r,9,.:-l
,Jl-r.r .roT ei )l &.r-*- ,;.-l 6U+ti I ,.:-l ,-rt* DC try.S- f
..--f x: jj+ #y .&J r-:La.i& c:-l ,r.:ls
'f - t3;.rlr,5+ cJL )J tzer : 1o o ^q$J tJ .trJ
,;$ SIIol,'r.L,Jrt- TfA
T- OF;91*5= f6o"$53-oi"
. Ar.J lL;l \ t)otil-., rJ ftl;-T TS | ".n--Jrt*f " ,e;..r.
rrtr efa 2L ;9b.a5 ri,.;ga riic .rJ lrJ fr o t-2- \ tr fr.lr^t tl : .iJl
. s.aL,
, - qitL b ti1y uftl* oli JtJ+. ei*i'r.rr.rrr YAo '.-r- \ tyy fl lv

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. .- | $ ;-l .il:t .. DC s9y I
o
. .# l** l, I sir o.;S- rrLd5 ..ilt

.JL sJ I tiy ,tns- , r-,
cb#?.S.rl.r.tr
d*i.r.lJ.lrJ to r:..e;r tt l, " xx -l:,f" loo .191:.lS tt .s.rlt f=plt*t fl 'C
.,:rl ivb :yy llsS f"itiJa{
ai*is lJ.lrJ ?o tfl ,,>os- 1.r4,*l 1 ,r-.,lca;&dl.ll.loSA+rL l,,gt;y i s
. J'L
. ..-t ,f S* 2*.,,-Lo;"i L DC siy 4 - rt
l- .,-..1 olgi - t .lt-* .-l

Y- iSrJ
,tn-l ,u2- = I Ao o ^qrf .r9s
r- .S.lL.; .jrJL SJ w2* = Yl oo +'r,+:s :J.IJJ
+Jl+* l, syy ur FAt r'rr

.
9 .rf o.ri pr (f - r T) J$ rr '-il:;. DC tfy I wr a.a;dr- t

f"r, 6y ,,Slss9 y slr lt t2tr FA;; rrJr , uo1*..n T to .,-.1 .rtt 2s.rlr
.*J
..-*l cel* Jrj el,.id. It s '' DC lfy 4- l"
l- J t-*; o*,1 3ltJl = I Tr s.l, \
Y- g-,'i gly = f .1L., .-l
L"l.f.rr ^(.-^ 1l o.r.! o.r".nS OLf = lV u.T
r- (..J.6 .rlt ) o-., t
f- Ra :*sT ''-5[i' = " /Y Pl

A- Rf r*l rSsg: ." ^lb = to Pr
Yrt l+*t J,-i J t-.
?- Oo-'l ,* 2- = l?"" cii"is.lJ.r!J

. * ,'-lt"
ol"fr gle; eti-b :.Jl
o'ij't2J^l Lol5.;' ,'
o#.lt L-;.1-L Jrl-uS: C
. .-* | e t* sa i *La;e.c f* s - DC tyy 4- il
J4.; rf ljUl = lfo .-J,
Y- O*"1 ,:..-cS* = I Po o aii"r;s 29s
f- ,-t 6rLrso5-: ;l o -u: o.r-5 ol*r = If v.T

f- (Ra) ta.',tT '"-'e[i = o/A f-.1
( R, ) *r'l '
(*rr; .rl-r. ,;'..r[1. = I oo Pl
A -
?- ffAult
( BEMF ) osr-
c
J
. .>l Gl* -, ,-ta;..:;,. L

J L*; ,J,.- | j Ul = Yoo
T- ,r"-, | .:.s2* = I f Ao
r- ,-1. 6, lrr.lc5ol, lo -r.i: 0.r..:iS o l*r = r a/a

f- (rxrT) s, o5[i = o/6
A- u:.t' 's"J.-: "'.9|1 = Too
?- ul"fr gl9; crliL - Aoo

I * ,.rlL
( BEMF ) 6r* $ rss:*:.iJl
rr.-lrl9 ' Y
utr:SJlr6t1..i"it sib TAo
g*l tz,.s,2- 2 vl rf l*r,.l[i+ .-l o l6ri'^ DC :f r*::;t"

,;T
FAt *rJJ o*,)r-.lJ r*[ *Sl\,g,.:-ltt 2sllT'- 'r.\>lal;c ,r 29r /oo

$L%Yo.tiYt''lr
. +tt* ls tf y o- oL.sl .-:-l rrs* ,) ,tr|.-.t-;4. \ *r.- - I f
trTtA ,vJgfoo , )4.*l 1o . Jsl tyr :-iJl
.r.T A ,,-Jgffo . Jtir .*.,1 1 . ;!J liy
.r.T yA , v)9 f oo . JE., t-- | 6o , ?y siy 'c

r r,eA;r Fre'i'*:.,ffI,,:: ,:K"ff;;;]: ,.r\:+
. ..:i,l%yA oLsb ,sl.,l. Jj ty :.iJl
. s-t $Ao g.5s )yr eLsl, . .-'
".
*>lX1 o lrtfy gL.ul, I G
' s'45"'''rarT a
:*,; ;ij:,I',J: * rT,'i:,: l'-b-r, rl
o";[i, l*,1 1o 9.-J9 f fo .llsrl.s;.1 pg :r r.! .S\ .J,L.t t<- lY
sl.rl . s;Sr .rlt&L;Tsre. F^+ Jt-i:, (A- f ) JS, gl"lL , "rr;.* *
.-::*lo-r,i asls (p
-Y) J:r+ .rr-li*L:Ter"l orLyr
tf gl9 .-*- , tgtf )rti&SrgLrj|, !i.i w ,!i OtJ".:,1r.*i194. gjt
'
L-9
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c-;[r. Jtl rft;.r o.uT srr' rl+i. tt |.1-T9 a.b-r,rr ttt3{ya+ pfL crL-1, l a
. c,lf**. c.lr TTo !,lrl- olt crtiJb: rol | /f :*",T*l[L .;l '^1,
la (A) t3
4tAt 0.t 0.8 0.t 0.8 0.8
S (rcv/min) I100 lo40
? -Y ch+
ral f+-,? J.^t ,.,Jl5 L-
GD r t *rl ,est* .. 1. .:.;-! gl )l .,rLol -ual DC tir 4 - t rf

.J.6rL s..'i, rJr.i+. ,-.,.+., lr Jrr ?oo ,;.T tf . olrl l6Jl.rl6rTJ)f-
Yr ,l
x) ,l* ,yr 2Ss ,-L;-i . g*l ,6 Ju.l
l- Ra = o/1 f$l
T- Rg = "/6 Pl
r- R; = tY 15l
f- olrfr e,rli .rti-tr -, I fo .-ll
.," ,;lL
BEMF SF tb 6t.r :*iJl
t'*t'19 ' Y
':-l' ' e
'L
, tfl ,rL:-S . .r
..J..* L L*; o-.1,. L .r9t-S . -o
.(J;g ol9; ^ro.r*.-[ra:.*;SJl ,ll) opt rs o.LL rlt '. t

el-.;& ,..r-l ,f Sf ob95 +r: ey )l Urt.l .u9rJ DC )yy &- l l
l- Jt*; rrljU, = roo J,

Y- lir,r.-lOtJ.-= lo ,.7
r- g.-l tU7* = 1oo î,riJ.lJ,lrJ
r- Rf :' Too f5l
A- Ra = o/L 15l
?- RS-= o/Y f5l
Y- ol.fi 6t9; ,* lib = Too uls
. r-os pL+l (.,b6.rL) rrtlvl.,.l s"l.txt.-t-L-.
BEMF oSrA" .t; 6 t.r . .rl t
'
"r..-lol; '-
';Ls;l,,
: C
i
'Yl "b':;5 'l
tslr ''i L Cl* TAT
"Sr;SJl
O.t-L J^,',g- "l-L.r9b;:5 . -o
,fr! oT eLi&9 ,,>l ;og o b9S ,::.,r:

e? )l.r-yS DC :yr *! - To
. ,>_l ,,
l- u"-lol5; - A .ll;r.*l
T- JL*;,r...,|;Ul= lYo dt
r- ,r...,1 ,JlrJ-= fo ,.7
f- Rf = llo frl
A- RS = "lV fll
? Ra = o/l fsl
. rir..r f Fl (.-Lf .rL) .rl.L"lr.l .r, l.r;: .:1.*l-.
oir.!t e.- .-ti! "5 :.iJl-
.rf' ol"tJ- 'r'ti! : ''-
drL$|, I e
. *r& & It r:1, .:;' e9 )l1rr;r 2!'.,;r.lJ, aJrl.FlrYo aJl-.
- TI
ls-l fi)I*OToLoi..A. tt2-lrf;*tJr DC sl;19.{-TT

t- Jt;,r.-l;bJ9= ITo .-J,
T- gnl +>-S- = to oo ^q*i.) .lJ IJJ
r- .;.-lirLJ+- ?s ,.7
f- Ra = "/l Pl
6- Rd= %A Pl
?- ttT
olcfr 6rlp ,-ti.,Jb = ,i:.J,
..r*rJ lL;l ,Jl.l.Lrl.F r, lt.n).-t*L-

o,r.! L .lr rf .:ti.! .-F ..r.tt
(,;fcK. ol5i q.ri,,L.r*:..rSiSJl olt) o+tL 2.r c.LL 6rl; . .-
)YY gtt--l gl; ' 6
O#.rL ..r-l ,5t:.:l5 . s
gL'rl, ' -b
..:-l .tt* ,; '>ln;,,J,n 1.9r DC :yy &- yf I.1
YAT f+-r J-' J l-.
I - Jl*.,- s,-l 3Ul = If o ,J,

T
- ,-l ,lr2r = IY f1
f - g-l tzo2- = fooo 6r-tJ.lJ.lJJ
f- Ra = ol^ Pl
A- Rs = %A PI
Lul.f rr l.r s?f vr.r'U#. Jt& .r,.Tr * siy rlrr ,rt f ,ir tL fl
..r.rrT\b{- (f .rt) "'*
:1 sr fu) ."EL
6,\::,-t-,::-; lr,r.- I .rL s ,>l r;r*6lrrJ5t " , DC $y &{t}
v ulL
.+.1*, xt6WZ-.1, l.t tyy.rr[IS '*(rr. . ,1
*:E r Ol""l.rf o ..rJl
*Ergtr.lzfo. ,,
' *b .r,, otrJl, yo . G
u.s-,..=oc l.l p ,;.lnfooo JrL .s.lrbS +L DC *y &- TA
. vL l-.,t? .>l oT,J.-l ,l* JrL. oS 1., g;2.;LTtr r5.l-. tl c';b.x ,tt"l;f
l' ll-
: ...- r rr s* )r ) er-4;.).L oa*;'';..re;
,r.-l gl5; = | /6 ,-12 ;5
u.-f u2* = I Ao a*b.l' ot.ll.,

r- olrfr ol9; .:b l', = I Ao .-ll
. +r., f kl u.-l.rlr .1" ll x).-t*h
,itr rrl$.S : .Jl

or,: L
sf y L-; ^.L t- rrlsf : ,-
,t*"1, TYo c..c- c>g l.rJt;.,....lJlr !i J Tt aJt.- DC:yyfl- fV
. .*5 l+r? c:^JL+lrs l, siy rftf )tls'S. r5 o*s; q;b.r
L-; L FIS'. b.r. r^+ Jtî.r. (A- I ) Jg .;lL #- TA
*:V r rt"l, I o r:.s2- v,t 2f9t.Sl .FJ s.nSo:ls;l lr t'ly g+11. ()ll; a)T
rst{*'*t Cl* rof

"tt:Sll
.;-) ."5 l-r-, l.t sif ,lt* C.rly ,. .r.A#. Obi lt,gpl "" $li,
a,:i'.;61
( d -"/d
osi c+L ,Jt'|" r9l+2 oiT jl oT &.r^, ,slt,Li aS DC *y4- rf
: ,*l ,;r-Lr&,5lrl.l
I- .s.rlr,s .:iJL ,r wy = t" *.b .r., oLrl.l

T- op;ebi5- Aoo *Gw
2r;,-LL., # f:sls:ir.c."'l (Ts I *r JrbS,-l.6*i .5.;'":.
. '!+r ll5;l lr
s*t* rlqi..+a ll* ,rtdS ri;+, o;b r uLsl, f o ci.r- \ tf y Cr."lr*fl : -iJl
;. ssJ./latl
.." "r{? )yf uf,lf Oli s;;+t a.-b.r Ot.rl, Y$ c..c- \ :iy Jl lV
DC tirrt*-e ('fS l ",tn-Jrls'" o* *-fil ;g{O
J.l, t rr. .iLJ..
.--, l.rl"i. * | t*y rs oF rrl$S :.iJl
o#b;r["L tT/A ?y\l:p ritp tA'rrf t' f{Dlrtfl : G

.J.,1.,
.> I 2;,..* V tyy f l.S e* ltra,
*E r urt"rl, A Lr.-l,:.^r.- r .-lrr|f, | l b r,3,-loli*5Lls Lo25r9.jl*Sr'l.rS : J
. rg-l
Ifo e.rr- L $6.rL.r" tyl6t* Gils rl*!.S" DC .y1y{-f t
rgtt q'-b , u\ ll, Too g.rl"r," ,r.JL sr.tf, ?r fl sr6;" c*b;,uLsl,

. .J l.* l, tiy wr FA- .!e.;r
,L.rp Oh-; lr.iJ:;* 1DC t;yt u>-e- (.5lna.or"L.(f-f f ) JS-f T
. J*.llT?q{ l,l cf Slsly9. )J tzer
FA-J.eJJ r'^(*,126rT7 Or-,lrltrs.r$t l
9 c:rl q-b .,' o[ tl, ?" f t ,ry.r dbl. .rlr rl5 .o / 6i.1g-9. 4 -.f f
. r.i*.,,^t, A.llr,S ,&JL sJ lil," *,w. s.lt*o.%TA OT u s q! J.aJJ
. *-l el*.;11 r-lai& L .*+ DC s.1y&@
I- JL-; g.,,1 )Ul = Tlo ,J,

TAA f* J-i &t-"
T- ,r.-l crl; = I /A .!lr rJ-S
r- ,r...,1 6[f-
^/l
y'I
Y- Ra = t/t pl
A- Rf = Too f"ol
?- ,r...,1 c..o.;- = lAt o,rtb.;glrol
. C:_r'-lL
olrfr ol5; *L!b ..i.lt
O"'!t .;s aJ'oL ol; ' '-
O#.lt L-9. aLL .rrb,lS : C
. .-., I ,ysf ,*; .-;' DC srly -{,
r>l.,,o.a.l..,
-C
JLr;,r'"'tjU.l= f?o ':..J,t
T- r-,r*l .>sr = Af o*;b.FCJtr.Jl2

O.-,1 Ol*Jp= Y/6 ,.7
f-
f- Rf = YoA Pl
A- olJtirlt,;rtlb = ylA ,-1,
lc>tA
,r'*lgl; ' '-

:
ri.-lJrbs : C
' gLs;l.,' r
i :
o"jt .,s a'l'oL 1'19; I 'a
. ci-f cf S* ,,2) c-l.oo..:.a L .:;.1 DC #y 4- f f
J t-*; .r"- I ; Ul = lf o ,i:J,

T- , qfle',*-r= loaPbtrt*"1.,
r- lgl*2.-= lf/A *T
f- Ro = "/? f!l
A- Rf = YTo f5l
,5lr;*'L ,Jil+. . t6?

"$tSJl
?- olrfr ,:rli 'r,tilb = Plo ol.r
t ) r>19-tr. .sryrlL
(BEUF) aSJr.. r.i 6r.r, :..iJl
u.-lolt : y
irL.!|, I G
. Arrk l, t -T oL -ul, .l l ,gl* It DC ty a- - f Y
J.j ,rrLoi.i.
.r.T I |, .,rJ9 yfo ..rl95JJf I Jrl )fu :.iJl
.r.TAo , r-,,J2?oo .,.:,lrrl5 f o l;9.1 lyr iv
.x.TTo ,c-J9yfo ,*lry'JO llr- tfri G
lr;ToL.r,l.r.l -brr..rJr rTo rdlrrls ll6, DC tiy a;-fA
. +*{lrr, l, lrT g.-l q5tpt:+ . ,;:..1 x: :l* .,.-l .llr .1.
.- lXq f Jrl tgy gLr.rl, l.ilt
.:,-l %AA 7Sr t*f CrLr,,l I V
c>IXYY prt*rgrLrrl, I G
. r^S*r.r.Tf r9.rl+g,r;.1 9 o l,es* trlf ff o . DC )Uf 6-ff
. .".rrT.-.-A{ t, cr.-L ol.fr olt otiJ; s.alt ol: YYo sfrrr- .?til fl
4tL 9 .--l,,eup,tl, ttJ Y / d lsJr ffo . .:-i.i .DC sd1y.S"@

.;lL .i"L;T erbr fl . .-l olf ,l,r +*L )T "ty F+ J.-i .r" (A - f ) .-&
ofr, .r* r1 t,rfr5Las . oLsL t #2t *H,;s:ri';

. , rf.tP
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..#,S" ".iJl " ef 6-lt Lr |,.;T9 s.rs"r O f*fL gLrrlr6l^Lq;lErs lv
i *:,I elr lT o si;9. ,.r"1.rr olrfr olt otil, Pll.lT;6*.rfclrb :"?t r.t,
?-ArJt+
TAY l+? J''i #L
l. .-i-r
,f.r+ OT 'sLa;,a. t 6rr'. tns* .r: ei )|l-f lrl s-ar"S DC :iy 4 - f f
'.
s,.l x)
t- Jt+*; ,r"-l;trJ9 - YY o ,LJ,
Y- ,r"^.,
I 1.,1t*J-
= Y /6 ,i."T
r- ,"^-l .lc2- = ?o*V r oLrb

r- Rf= ltl Pl
A- Ra= I Pl
?- Rs= %r f5l
Y- Ol"fr glr: c,b l'' = rlf uls
i*--'fL
aSJ.*. & .St.t* ..iJl
oli I .- $"-l
irLr-! I C
,r"-l.r9bcS I s
O+rL L*,; ^l-L ,91u.5 i .o
(d*l$ oli 6r.! .-["* .,!j;SJl oli) c"-rL.rs al-t- drlt I e
d.?
eta;& t 6ry,rs* olr-f o'o. ey jl ,tL;ls-3.S DC tiy 4- f r

. .--l :r) )l* ,.lT
l- Jt *; o"*l ;tiJ9 = YY o ,r.J,
T- ,r..,,lCrtF - to fT
r- ,r-..' I t;-.p' = 1o o c; b.FOtrs l,
f.- Rf= t?Y Pl
A- Ra= I /A fol
?- Rs= o /l fol
Y- Ol"fr Olg ,:,li l'' = A YA ult
:,.. .JL
(BEMF) 6.r* *i 69r,2-:.iJl
g.-l O.l9; I .-
tsl( ':#,jl t CL* T6A
"SiSJl
,JLr-l i C
,...,1.r9L:.L5 i s
dr.iL J*,'; 6.1- L .r5bl5 I .a
s-eo"S Dc syy 4 - rr
i.nl s) i*
l- ,r-l olr = A c'1"15
T- JL*; ,r-.,I;L:J9 = Tf o 'rt
r- ,r"..,1 OltJt = Yf y.T
f- Rs= %6 Pl
A- Rf= Too fll
?- Ra= " /Y fol
:,- .y'L
,r..- .-ti-b JF :.iJl
,rl"fr olrr .-til I .7
oL$lt'e
ult .rl ei )l b .-r*S pC )yf ,l**l .iJ, .JrlJS lJf f ^JL-- f f
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,.:*f
l- J[*; ,r"-,1;bJ9 - TY o ,:J,
Y- O*,,1 ,u2* = Too ub.;g[rsl.1
r- ,r"..,1 ,J[;? = fo fT
f Ra= o /\ r5l
A- Rs= %Y fol
?- olrfr gl; ,-tiJ: = tAY .-ll
t
.* _/L
g"-L .rr ,..r- ,'tiL ;lS : .iJl
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l JJl:.l.S : J
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t cryl rfS*,S.ri.Trf f .s!f TAo 6r

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o*-lt ol*.r ,-l f s1 y rtr d ,jL-l*;s ' $.26;o a;;b , .-rl*rl, Yoo ':'c-
(RS= %? pl I Ra'= l/l ftl) **1,'* lJc'Jt*+lf svyeey ss,S*',r"TT
: ( srrENG fit"+-) JISL'

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Ra = oly f.ol
Rg = yoo Pl
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- f
q
Jt *; ,r"-I;Ul = YYo sJ,

= .-T
l- sp2T,r"-,l,JLJP A
Y- Ra= T fnl
Pluggin ,-*ts )l oT -iii clr t c-lrK J* G"*l Ll-,,l
," sir ';,-l
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o
F
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100 150 200
Speed (rev/min)
, -tt Jgt
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1400
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I
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AC CTRCUTfS
Jf ,:l"r Vrb,SUW; {-:Fl t ri.r r.. o,. 1s o;.-l
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J*!r. ."Jr- (f ,-* vrt* jU: DC r.slr .r.. L.r. " jf ld
f*.ra a.rab. ( yl1f
crl , tis'rrL y-V"Sll ooli; lLr-.(Jlr -rJ- r.r T-1rT-y.gt* t(^1
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".t*Ct., AC ob ( l*!rrl+
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3) Electrical-Isolation 4 ) SIip-rings
.F";Slt .tlQ',rnt c,+. tfi
v^ '17Ov
I- =8.5A
cr*eyt r.y- I cJSt
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r'--\
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sf lri.tr AC gl" orsgl c-4
J-u{a,J.b tJ .*l*. ll*llr&.-*5* ,-L' lt(,92L
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:. S Olt:- e)f ,-rl
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e, ," ,.xl (rms) ,r.rl.i-r
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rft.t*rl-.1, l*Tlr r. lr , l,1" l* o;b .uL 9'$lJ )n"V ^(L o"t*; Ct;
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"..So.&L
, r.: l**. ( Va ) ,*T
appart'nt p0\^'er = n i' VI ( 7- .1)
' F''lJ (Y-t).-lsir-,+iL

V, 170 \,
I' =-{z
rt = ll0 V
I,
.....: 8.5 A
:
vl ='-\e. oit
P : VI = 120 v x 6 A: 720 VA
1) Pc't' 2 ) Out-of -phase

r
3)E{'..tive-Value 4)Lagging
,i$.tSjl .5
le ! ^ t,.r.,t-'' t?A
(t ) -,ri'.i-
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D
PF:a (7-l)
n
ui .&u,laJtL rty,.ob*JL.sl:r olF,r.f"Jl.iy.:.-L9(V- f ) Jg, a+t l-
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g .;*l**l.srAC r.sb.;l.r..r.r. (y-A &lr) sr9T.:*r, l, oli *.ra,_rl.t*
. .u;(* *-L- Cr.#,1lyT utl;
Xt. = ?rl I. (7 -6t
l, I
'
./t r'
-
ZrJ'c
(7-7t
lzl=\m 17- ti)
o = arcru,r
t, tr'
(7- 9t
I ) Active-Power ^ 2 ) Power- factor

3) Phase-shift 4 ) Impedance
www.microgridprojects.ir laJtt f-glt
rtt
I 6rT rs aS
Yr = qrrl ,..--- , )l$ (./-) 9":S9.u1u,-l1$lJ

X(. = ill .-.- J.r Jlr. (.r;b) t*rr-!6.r-15!
R = Pl .* t Jlr. &-rb
L = 15;ib .iL
C = -.r-r;lr.
slb .--- rr Jl! .5,jb q"r.l}
F = ,f *, e#.;;Ei
- f ) olttlJ .v .-5; U
: ,r.iS olt:*. (V
ofr.r I J.rls (r,rJ-) aJ9s.l \:ir.olt ")tS:l- tllt l*t e tl :.iJl

(;b.-t) l;*1..:. jUr nt cir{
jUrn'." 'r ,:L4 J.rlr gjb c^.-b"iSrt.. $trdi e fl lv
(t)
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, -.llrr+, ,lr.
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f
,$il oJ+;i l AC,.sta.llr. .1r ' rtL:s" 'JirtJ .,,';Jl,ll

drd
ltc)il .r ojb
"-.rJ
t-r tos.:'li:; fl.U Cxlrt e+r. jl ,$il ljrJ t os; (4"ft.) ,J'rb ej*
fi)l .ili bol.* grl str,l .slrt lrJ . ss S*. jt' Cf .iA znV d.r-.. u* il
.rri.r oiS (f )";St, oli , ol9; c,,*l n* . rrii- .7i- gr- J*, o;L9s cS ''>l
olr. crr .l"tb . f1rr4. otl; r iJ.r?$l L l, ,19. d,;.l ' slt**VA.R oT -ll.r
I .r-l r.r*+^:rl 5,j5l; c.tl1,; s,Jtlb
I', = Pu sin h (7- l0)
P, = \'l sin 0
gLo 0 l;lL"lt.l .1"
. J.:t*.. r1.r..-r*lsr.le-91;
6sli' .-loli ")tr^r. (f ).tJ.U
.il^.. 1l #lrr .,5*'- . ,sl1-lr- JJd,.slrr- 1
^", lo$ r*.r.rb,.n.irJLsl; (y-r) .-lSlrs." l. o'l .(Y -rJg) reit#.
#lt Off. f *;;(*. 1..,J .,rrl , F, .tt+*5fr l.r.rr'.r-rlr;orlr..o . (u-+:" 0 )
I ) Leading 2 ) Unity-power- factor

3) Reac.tive-power 4 ) Apparent
.,Sa;llt OlQ":r't ,gL TY.
crS.rrL . r; -\,blr f t sp r-nl , s9-s

:
..:*lC,;q '-tp- Jqrs,-;;lc-r.-

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., l)lL -p.. -rf g;' (;tir:*) rrl*.C." (/ ,Sl-f
T .
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* crl ,lr- ?)p: (C)
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,l- crl.r, ldly elyt . (-r)

,l* crl.r" crl9; ,: 1,. . (-o)
R -2(l
-+
I
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y-t rJtL+Ly.r ,|uy_f Jg

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: l-iJ , ).-tujb.rl- crl.rt or+ ' 1Or,
".rl-u
lzl = r TTJI -- tif
= \'Jo = 4.4?-tl
i ;r2ts (v _'r ) &! ;l
d =.on ron 1
= $1.{f-lc-
sr.L*r.-l-- O'#-++lrla....lrl.l,,l*ra iy sl"i. . (V)

, _ s(lurcc voltirgr,'
z
\ t20 v
:_
4.47 ()
-= 26 ll-5 {
irr'" (y-A) &L.il i(c)
PF -= cos 6J.4.1''= 0.'15
..:*f o$ c.*l^. ';;-i (l l2r1 ,r-l ib u- ei )l ul1lJ *f g7l clS stt
:F"rlr (v- ll) r (v- t.) ,(Y-r)t-ty rt l(")
P"= l2oV x 26.tt5A
= 32ll VA or 3.?22 kVA
h = 3222 sin 63.-l-l'
= ltltll \ar or I tlltl kvar
^: il,,.1';-J, -.^
P. = l.4a rw
P, = 2.88 kvar
= 3.22 kVA
Y- t <!b +Lyr alt;, ctJ:.Y -6 Jg

.F-ifJlg;l$,t^,lb ;t* YVr
Ol..+" l) ,,s".r- ,15; ^'* ll

P., = RI2 = 2 O x tl6.ll5 Al: . s;|.,r. .. .rb .lJ ,5i.1,o"
= lJ-ll \\'
,-l (y -A) JSl .-;lL ,lr; c-li , (o)
l(ar-RC.rl.ro) y-yJU.
, *..-rlL , ,;*l ,-rt* (v - t ) J$ ,;tL 6.11..
,l- .rl.-r-l**l JS : (.-Jl)
,l- crl .r" ,l*r+ . (=)
,l- errl ,lf- *)p . (C)
rt- crrr .r" \;ti at;t I 1.r)
I (-)
.ll.u crrl.l, .rl5; *.11", f,
Xc = l-rt
t2O V rms R =2{l
y-f clL +Lyt sl.t V -2 1!5.2
:Jl'
rp, .il .rlr. .rrl.lr f,*lA*, A*5*.osti:i-l (V -A) 6!vlJ jl : (.iJl)
lzl = .rti; -
,s rf .',lirJ . s:ls;
= 3.24 ()
_t
I ,-,rls (V
- f ) al"rlJ jl
0 = arctiur #
.i
= - 26:-s7"
, r9ir.f .:L- o,fl'".i*l ,Lr : (v)
I, = 2.24
120 \'
{t =53.57A
=-="-=
, *T.f 'r:dJ- x) g.F Oly **: (C1
PF:cos0=cos(-2b.57')
= 0.119
TVr
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..:-f os-l a*|r." 0 l2*2*l .;tir;" ey tl uly -rr-
.
"r;.
\br- d,,i-?+l ,t'Lt' (J;tFtJ; i 1 s;
"+Tcf
n -vt
= l20V x 53.57.{
= 6.43 kVA
n =VIsin?
= 6.43 k sin(26.57.)
= 2.88 kvar
n - V/cos0
= 6.43k cos 26.57"
: 5.75 kW
lLt ,s.r|L J*,'; ,Cif oli OT, rr..j .-l*-,J.Srr \iA ol.:*. b,S*- ob
h.= RI2 = 2A x (53.57 A):
= 5.74 kW
, r.nlo.r.l ,r.,, (V-y) ,Jg:. oli c. ti I (.")
= 6.43 kVA
P, = 2.88kvar
P- ' 5.75 kW
V
-l cllL f Olrr ct'"V -V g,]lll
(ar- RtC rll.) Y - r JU"

I
I ,- *;lL . cr-l ,,rl* (v -A) JS-l .9'b dllrn
,l* .ol .-lS.r-l+.1 . (.!l)

.r1.. crl t" ol*.f . (=)
.rf- cololr, ?'o: (C)
.rl- crl.r, t1-l;; elrrl . ( .)
,tl.l, olg .:l'r. I (.o)
:Jl'
i;*2ls (V-A)
"t-lt )l'. (.-Jl)
*;Sltakr;*ll" C|.o rvr
izi = 1arll11:-[
= \'Jd = 4.47 {l
i ,.-rl"r (v - t ) &! jl
l0-6
d=arctan- 2 = arctiln ; = 63.43"
Xc=6n'
120 V rnrs R =2tL
Xr = l0Q
y
-f rJl:" +Ly.r .r(". - A&
Y
. rrid .-l-- O,*4r:*l Otf+ . (=)
t. - iTCI
120 v
= 16.85 A
i (b-\, xi rX.F ol9; t*.rn: (C)
"rT.f
PF = cos 0 = cos 63..13"= 0.4-5
. ." I or.l, n-*l-. .-+i 0 l2*i r>l jb u-r ei ),1 il;; *f
s;.t'r.f .-L- x: rx)*.iJ:i. tst1;lt i (.)
n = 17 = ll0 t' \ :6.85 A= 3.222 kVA
n = l'/ sin 0= 120 V x 16 $-i A x sin.63.4.1"
= 1.88 kvar
p_ = Vlcos 0= ll0 V x :6 35 A x cos 6.t.43"
= 1..14 kW
.,g-l o$ p-,, (V - t) Jg.rs ol5' ,.3, 1', . (-)
P. = 1.44 kW
P, = 2.88 kvar
' 3.22 kVA
y
-t <JL sr' ,jlg c& y - | dlg
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.V_f Jll"
o.r9- rLi,s!r I f .
6*-. 5-, ! tlror,.r*1.,:*l rfs* AC;b & rl* €
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- I ) J:.r- tJ b.lL .-L;-4" ,.nlJt-:" .rJ:n Jlta- *:*t l.",5'".9t(#|,
. ."," I o.r.T
Table 7-I Y-l <Js+

kvA
A t5 0.9 lagging
B 5 0.9 lcading
C 20 0.8 laggrng
Lo;l*.11 4* ul2,,ri*i- ,,";S

to;l* ;l 4 .p 6l; j;Sl) oly : (*)
,si#i- crl,- J5 : (c)
oli JS : (")
'5lr
.5r.ob ol; J5 i (.a)
l** J5.slr .fy ,>ly *:-' (s)
: J['
. .-l*- lr lnr!' (9'51) .r*-t- ol9; i (.!l)
'*J.f
Load A:P,, : P,, cos 0
: 15 kVA (0.9) = t3.5 kW
Load B: P" : 5 kVA (0.9) = 4.5 kW
Load C: P" : 20 kVA (0.9) = 16 kW
trssTg. (ba- L brl' 9.,:Slr rli I (v)

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Load A: P, : P" sin 0
0 : arccos (0.9) = 25.84"

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: 6.54 kvar (laggingl
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e : -25.84'(leading PF)
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= 12 kvar (lagging)
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Total P... = 13.5 kW + 4.5 kW + 16 kW

:34kW
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Total P = 6.54 kvar - 2.18 kvar + 12 kvar
: 16.36 kvar (lagging)
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n' 37.85 kvA
: 0.9 laggin-e (and 0' : arccos 0.9)
0' : 25.84o (s1'stem po\r'er factor angle)
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(c)
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SYMBOIS IN CHAPTER 7
'NTRODUCED
Units:
Symbol Definition English and Sl
v (r) Sinusoidal voltage rms volts

I (r) Sinusoidal current rTns amPs
un (r) Maximum or peak value of V volts
ln (f) Maximum or peak value of / amperes
n (6) Apparent power VA
P.. (r) Real power w
n (v)
PF {,t)
Reactive power
Pbwer factor 3
f (qt Frequency of sinusoidal voltage hertz
0 (t", Powcr factor angle degrees
L (rr) Inductance henries
x. ( tr) Inductive reactance ohms
c (rr) Capacitance farads
xc ( lr) Capacitive reactance ohms
lzl (tot Magnitutle of contplcx impedance ohms
Q, (tr) Prirnary winding lcukage llux lines or webcrs
d, ( tv) Secondary winding leakage flux lines or webers
4,,, ( t,t ) Peak value of mutual llux linking lines or webers
primary and sccondary windings
Nr (tt) Number of turns on primary winding
N, (r") Number of turns on secondary winding
Et (rr) Voltage applied to primary winding
-"
u (rr )
Voltage induced in primary winding volts
Vz ( rr; Voltage induced in secondary winding volts
a (rr) Transfbrmer turns ratio
Ir himary current amPeres
Iz
(ro) Secondary current amPeres
It, (rr ) Rated primary cunent amperes
(rv)
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% V.R. x 100
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r.:r; pQ syyL,; lt sili; JL . fi.rl'.<,,". .;L lr (rt
- q ) ,El ,s a.r.i osl"r
l
^S
.rf .tt &l dr+ olir*" ,i-lr ir-ltJa*. o-'1 ,z.e ,*
..rr&*J -1;ryl.r)tra)tiJr liJ , ( y: 0 ) .*l.1l*4:*..r1*o ora ! -
9 syto; ,-l.rt' silr)2J q:...r c.bl: l! . ,.*.rls .tJ^- ol*:+ or? - T
, ssSo^;;"L CIV * :l F
tli) ,/li
&L x-LI .sb6 f*.lJ,r--.-UL l-Ll . '.'''.'i jl" t"+,r.lSor?-y
oo.b -i.r- (ortsr* :ili)c+ 6r:.r, olr,) DC siy ,gtr oltlil ".r5*-
, s.r,S* ;fu|S. ,-[iL:
Pn : P...6(alternator nrechanical loss) (8- t.l)
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.F"iJJl.shi,tlb cL
. frJ dLdi
rr4r* oltr. (Jrl -'*) -r+n' o-l '->'e 2' e* t;l;3 aS oLe"..o
&l- ,&t*c;tnlt r tr tr Esr. jL{lt FJ* 'L; liT.rsi;Tr F'jL* tl-r',
jbll ,,,;l .(sr.q#'.-L.-1,-YrA-t.JUb..Jr "r" Ju't *O t. ) "/
I sJ *.' .+ jt, .*lS t- y;rlL.iT.rrl.l" or? Ll cr-l ;lot g*l 3ttJr .rl )19"o
"
f
, Jd;p.; &L :;:Ll ,l o*. '-litL ' .-itt
, rrl**j.r"L e4 syl.fi;l ol5r o;9S7=oo , ,-

rr' ,#L rs ,r.^.,lJb liJ i,vl o-r.l ,..,4; Jrt JL- rlli ,s E{ aS*JLJTil
lP,ro." l t- Lib j+i oJ'*-b s [i-b sJ 9 s., s
si y,i tf oli'-t L; l r s .-rq' Jrt Jo
l l
l**l^Jn.a .3li-lr, ;fuK",-ti-b e;,q'. ,1, (or.S :;li),6rt$ oly) DC
- t f ) U',lr t.Fl &l.r

. f*.rls (rf dv a+5; L?
P.'.,rc : Ita- Pi, (8-t5)
(S f.r+) rr ,st 4;* ,li. ,.-bJ: t glr:o, -**L;T.xl.l' d,*o-

fl*ta : Vtlt (8- 16)
'ff tro
s.^.5o- ,s? t ( .1, : 0 ) ,tJ* 'i,ol.r.!.* otr l":tl..,l*L;T6lrs

, 6-r; Ls rf g-"1 ,z-rr*rls syl.fi JLf(ot'f JL^'l ;L;T) f*!',.r r-fi
l.r
lOl*r. lr lol*' "l*j.'sT l., 4.,- ot'r

sr csft'rrf J,-V (b ol.r.) .f
.-bJ: rlL;Tcr*|.r, l!9 o s9-t fil- J[*t Jb l.rJ ,*l f ..!f' Ol*:+ '-Jl^*l
, sril+,o :;,u*l .51(.0,* ;l tf lol*ra Crr? Ll ' s'i't't* .-,,"f Ff t[tli q]'"t
..'ti'! ob.tr-l'*lt-' t-b& l'J
c.,fi.rJL;lrs, Jrt $lf rf |cJL.lrtr-
l" a{ 6rvt oli) DC :ir ,gtr
Lf eli! , ;futS" .-li,! gr-+" (*l;:
r J9r J'olt; Cl l*. r9:b*l
Pil:fl,,*.t*PCu
I f*rl.r (A - I f ) ALlt t.*i &l.r;l osli:-l L
(tt- l7
Pcu: It,, - P,, )
lf _A Jll"
I +- I ,rl* .r,t) el,.#^" lt ;b - ri:.fu El.fi &
I ol9; = Y .r.T Jl rl5
f7f o !, )yl,,3
(.Lr ;LJr) J1un-;,r"-l;Ul = ToA d,
.,-.,1u-,lSi = ? o i.P
l"+4"\+" f Ll 6,r*t 6D r.ro-1... .2* srJ .Jtl* ^*LrTO#rt .-b.[: OorU g;l.r
siy oLslrfl , r.alo.r"T (A- ! ) Jr-;s Q;*L;Tcrl6;b ,(A_ t JS)
r:\lp .:* l) otfj* yl;: oL$|, , q*rrJ.r. ,tu.r" %yA J"b r.*bl,
, "roJS l.t*-
$l*oo .-lr rL ,>ly +.n t 6ry.f l.rl- sylr)r! l.-lt
,
. "' ".I jb,-r-
" / I 2l oli +r,
oJt? (J" tSJlr) ,s...,1r1, tyl.fi )\ ',
'u
o /A sft Olr- +.f t 6ry (,J.Srl- .ia; .J.-lJl. u.!ta; ,;l;: .r\ i e
- | ,ti .;l*
Jv"'
Table 8-l (,t-r)Jr\r

Ivlcter Tc'rt I Test 2 Tcst 3
Vo. (V) ll0 120 !?o

/u. (A) 0.9 2.0 2.4
ur (v) 0 5 I
L \A) 0 7.2 1.4
Ec(V) -Q 210 0
/r (A) 0 0 8.1
/: (A) 0 0 8.5
/r (A) 0 0 8.3
:J-
ar csJl.rl Ol9' l* DCryy tfsf ,:ly S osf osti:-l 1 ,- lr) 4L;t
'.
7*SST €
.b J., ,-f * ,Jr....ii & JJ lS Syl-f)
l: P,r = 120 V x 0.9 A x 0.7_5 = lll W
Te',st
Test l: P,z = 120 V x 2 A x 0.75 = lttO W

Test i: P'r: 120 V x 2.1A x 0.75 : 216 W
l-.,1"(A-lf) .l^,Ljl
4tr..h : 8l \\'
, p'.21s (rf
- I A) &lr jl
P..,," = lttO W -'81 \\' : 99 \\'
i 1.*;1" (A
- !y) aLlJjl
,sS.;Slt .slt'*3t ; l* l?l
Pcu :1216 W - 8l \\' : 135 W

I -rl.9s o2b e.; t (rr - I t) al"'b jl
Pti*r.r=5Vx7.3A=36W
I sf 'L- l, oLr.j! olrr+. (,f -l f ) &l.r2t
:.ijl
3rJ00 x 1.0
''
h:-
3ooo x 1.0- 135+99+36+81

X 100
= 89.53%
-1000 x 0.9 x 100

''
77=
3ooo x 0.9 - 135 + 99 + 36 + 8l
-
- oo'J-/c
",8.5%
(Slra) +T6.:-\ Cra*"'; l filu*| .rs ciJL 6,,l .,s ' 6

'-"-ti&
Pc,(at j load) : Pcu(it= = 135(i) = 33.75 w
i cr-l dFi?+l .jrJl^+lrs oLr$l

__ 1500x0.8 xl00
't t500 x 0.8 + 33.75 - 99 + 36 + 8l
= 32.777c
: or L :yl.r31o p-rfL oL$l.l ,t - Y - t

8-7.2 Maximum Alternator Elficiency
a 4y r*tt oL*,b(Jrl J+) t-irS DC alolrli) tt 6 rl-b
. .ullr tl.f, x: nLl, oS s.or'+.
i;b.-tiJ: efr = .:.rb .;;lil'' et,+.

:criS Ofto". ?? +.P I' orF:- syl.r) tr
(t
.-til; ,p(T)n- .-11b r 4r*.rl"..rtil, . )jiJt{. ,;;lrl.' ,..i.lt
. \li.l#. t-.9,**.ot:-b
(Y).r"
. rj!.' ),t.tJ )Ultg *1,;*:. c.ti! 't l.,;l Jt '.-'t'i6 "-
r.i4r.' (r,F+*+rl l, s.ors cxl-l JA++. t:f lrtt rl tsJ.oJJ r.l p+rfL grLJ.ll!
1) t'techanical Losses 2) Core Losses

3) CoPPer Losses
f26
orrsb )91t3
, .rilrTtt
(l(fP., : P..,r" * Iln".t, * fi'r'. (8- tg'
lr,-r JtJ"
,L;l or.aJJ ct,rr . Frti"' F r. (l -,f ) Jb. drlL orF- s'lrj
, r.o+. C., f*fL OLs;|, .,-.,1
: JL'
: rJ,." cr;Sb (,t - lA) aL-L r" b (rt -A) Jb rro-uT.- ,r.,gLib
t:x l35w=b9w+8lw+36W
, 116
A''-TE=l'6
t: 1.2(r
+tt Ll , s-o.r++ e) tfl rlt%lYP 2'r f*tL oL$l.r.rrlr)rsl sr i* '-2tt' o"

, r.o.u. t: ,gl.t-l.F ,|lf r" t*fLoL-12u5S;* sl:o:;;l.$rr" )lr.r.a5ciiS
8.8 TYP'CAL ALTERNATOR CHANACTER'ST'CS

i.lli a- i.rJS! syl:.j.glao.a.;& ,ri.r*i.o A -A
sj L*. uai-a. l) Jt;t- $l1) :V; 6 s.r l.r r s-tot'l-f,S loa-i.L. ,-,;.;"
lr*i.l.r" L , ..t T rb.a{ ,"!rSJl..glr ':r ^t .;l+tL**L;Trs ol;*" b l<.,T,.f b r
r 1u.5'\s* ,l.f ,gy sr9" .riJ th It VT
iAltr..f .iJlt.lo €Fl ore.o A -A -

8-8.1 NO-[oad Saturation Curve I
o|r ...- , (b;lJ-l) o#it JL*i;L;.Je ,rlr*;i araA.L o.r^:" g*l

j.,J,::'H;-' *-
\1,& rub .rf t;3 o*,,t r:.cr, ;tTj't#
.rb l,r-,1 ,-15.* .rrl .--t.*t (A - l.) J*' jl cS Jt'rLn . -ul** gH.lL u"-l
&L ,J;ti oh; ,:,n i;l crpLu...,ljltJr" )19*r. . f*2pel+& l,lJl-..ru"ri-r 6rr;
."6 (l )orL- sJL.,, ,J-t' ,r-=,tLi .r:^.. ,.ilf cnrl 4., .rot55 srS,*.
. s5i;r
1) Uo Load ,Magne ELzing Curve

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.F-;Slt c;l*',r1t ,,,L
( t ) A,ar-r. .J,.'.:.
;" K 2tr,r;-=. oT o-: srl.r s9--9 r.o.fu :fl-r) f,.sr$.
Olrf trl.$ oll..a J, f*o.* #L 4r^, Ol*ra U#bL.rrl .lt ' s..L+,. a:iS
,b l, lo,;'*." a-9Ll (rt - l.) .Jlg, ? r:i+n .rtr tL9-.. 1., (tt olrr.) u"-l
, $l**o (j"-lJlt ,>ly +.n 6.1b l, t{.#.t-i. gxl.",r.jraS..:,lls a>i +tt f J.b+!+.
ntr Crl.-Lol;* t .\,".---r .fr-" eLL 6l.rls &5r.1* (.5ih,.1-i" (5.LJ a5.:iS +L
, .:* | X) .)*
V_ : 0. 4f, Ol*.f = Ir
PF = 0.7 Leading
PF = 1.0
Rated Voltage PF =O8 I
I' r-"gging
=e )
q,
gl
(E
6
o
'jc
Full Load
It
Fierd current
-,#l* +Ly.* d.atr .,:+ s rJ"8 :l agll,*"L .,'b-. ll - | o Jg,

)li' u 6,s5.; :yli:4;r <s.tlcs crJlD.r, <t' ur-
8-8.2 Load Curyes lrl".Sl{d-ir,t"A-A-Y

$f.ftQ syl.r) rb., Cn*- .Sl.rt d fri. a'aj"'1. cal6bi ;l .S"
(T) "Sg;tr*j*j.
Jt*.,;;bJe ,-l.r.o; Lh*r-r" ,;1.r. . (rt - t t JS) sll*o. rL
E r.*t-Lo " sxSo. )lf ,''.l*jrl "rr. (b olrr.) cr*Lol*.r+y, (J*t:ul)
ol , or)b , .sl.Soo r: r-b5)tt b.s.ll*.-s, .JL;l l.t.ort-.. dr'rl .=-l''ry J$ ;l
, .l:.o w a.9lsl sil;::UJ, f\Ar r.aJr n.1 e+l.r a,,tf " l"-"'' +rJ l1.g'i'&
'l$ r.r
, ci*l o$ j.l .iLA" al-t-,li *.f .s.l.rt .9-t:" o- (A - I I )
1) Ful1, Load, characteristic

2) Load, Curve
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oS F s#. Fg- Sr* cllr; l''-l t{=rl'.l"O,rl O"f l+* Al.;a
l.r,!r.r.*:
, p,.or.,Ar #l)4,r- JL , "/ J.,L a;l*,-rl L"lrt.r" (b;Ul) .f ljLtJ,
lyTglr;;,.*. ;-.tL"&li t.f* l,#:l4ro.rrr f*o +,+. ulr l;i I l, J It tii

".f dL.rt tl
, F) t
o[r t dLjLJr .plr*oi *;lrr*" l, (ttilJr) c,*Ljblr aL-J.P.rJ I
. 1y,S#. f s ll s\
PF = 0.7 Leading
I
Rated Voltage +--

I
c,
0r
c]
6
TJ
.J PF = 0.7 Lagging
Line Current
Rated Current
u-y) o(i(u@F tr:li - oe.$ t':l.r3&f zL66o;a:' lrt- 11 clS;
ul eggL csslrc;3H9 laoto.:. cxl sr ' cil:4" <sl',r-lg'
PF = 0.9 Leading
Rated Voltage PF = 1.0
PF = 0.9 Lagging
or
CD
lo
o
o
c
J
Une Current
hateo currtent
*.e olil u ogi t, :6 * ot.$ .ry|| 4lr :l cslar;o:" lrt - I f 49

.$J':* 6*,1 oL* s |Hs ^lit; ss to6o-. g'-l ' of bf 6L;1,
. $...6
,F.i{Jl 6l+:*"1t .,,t.=,.
' f?A
o".l:T.irrJ sl, - t r .lL) .lrls Jfrs*..,trat<^*r-.r";1,+EJei

" (rt
-&L u-..,ljlr-lr ,r...,1g[f dS FFS,:". FAt ,s:* ! 4.r-- o[r* Lf*t-.:" dFl
t.gJlJ('n oSl;.*rblJJl" Ol,J wr.tnsf*),J-.Jnrb-1r--otr. JL . srt
. t*;lra*. l, (b jUl) gr*t;u9."t-J p lr t b.r.,i,a a. b F"5# f lr rl.
csU+:^;" f"+ rs lt (b ol,'r*) .rt' o[.,. .g r ,#L:Ll .:,|.rn,.s ury
jlrJ, r*lrL ort.-o Llr).:*l;.vr. (,f - f I ) J* 6t4^.. ;l (rf - I T) JS
(A - I T) J$ c1*+.o, $-t'.r1*"+ ah^J 4 r" rs l'.tJ;o , L,,,*l otr. ) g-"1
,.u(,... *yi+ls (rt-y) I (L-?) .sUb.e/hr
: irrls! :9;l.t 3.5L{.*r .9loo"ai&,rir.io A -A -Y

8-8.3 ndditional Characteristics
N
,gtf Oll, . *;S"e *" l, olrf ,ts| ,o-" r&T.fr.r .-li9l .rotS
Gls
oL! orSi- rsb.rr,lr) rsly l, .rJ9l.s* Lslno.-;J. (rt - lf ) js. r*n+. J.i \
. J.bAd.
NeLoad Voltage
7st
C)
c
Full-Load Voltage g
()
505rrt
!,
(',
.o
6
o,
.E
J
Power Output
Os.$;,',. l$ & t: sFS;; ,jl9: c-,> x 5bJs.l O[.$ l, <z(rojg ]l - lf cJg

)bu
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SYMEOLS DIICED IN CHAPTER 8
'NTRO
Units:
Sy'mbol Dclinition English and Sl
En (t) Ceneratcd volta-uc tirr l single-phuse stator $ inding rnrs volts

E,r ( y) Generated line volu.rgc' nns vohs
: (r) )iumbcr of conductrrrs in a singlc stator '*'inding
I (f(a)) Frcqul'ncy of gene ;at,.'r.l vtll tagc-' hcrtz
u Line-to-line ternrinrl roltage of a thrc-c-phasc altcrnator rnrs volts
r, (?\ . Effective resistance ot stator uinding for on,""phlsc tlhms
'tn (v) Synchronous reactance of stator s inding for rrnc' phase trhnrs
z, (tl Synchronous impedancc' of stator s inding tor t-rnc. phase trhnrs
rt (1) Resistance betu'een iJn\ tr*'o ternrinals of a thrc'c'-phasc alterna- 0hnls
tor *'ith the third tr'rnlinal opcn
r,l 1t") Calculated resistancc tri stator sinding tbr onr' phasc trhltrs
r{-(nl Phase voltage fronr \)pr'n circuit test equal to nrcasured value nns volts
divided b1' \'3
/*.(rr) Phase current from shrlrt-circuit tcst measurrffic.nt amperes
4 (rr) Altemator field cunent ampcrcs
I tttl Rated phase currcnt

Rated line current
trlrpcrcs
'.v*ri r
(
t o)
)io-load phase voltlge
anrPeres
nus volts
ei
vn"(tv) Full-load phase voltirge rms volts
cos d- l t rr) Power tactor of onc' phase of a balanced threr'-phlsc ltlad
t (r r) Fraction of rated lrrad shere marinrum efficiencv occurs
rs or.t os.;2& 15JLd:rl t')tt

A uL-i
;15u 6.,55.j- )9;l,;) 4.rr-Llrs aJ.t, +*Ji jUr- I
(.kr .i IrJr) o &r, +J9: j U: - I
;K .lr-Lleor C=,* a.Lyy ..9[{...{slo sl,r': Y
-
jlJr.r-Ki - f
0""1,
"*J9;
(tr ; Ur) ;ti c* osJL sft.fi r. J L*i j Ur - A
tyu*.l ;li ,o .foy *tli" - ?
)9-Ll ;li ,^ o, Sj- u-l5b - V
)iW | :b ,o o, Sj* ,,r l+" | - A
.r-lr ;tr ,_1" Jl+*; o5 .r#, or;* syl.fi Jt *; rJ c,,3' *r[i" - 1
(n*t-" ,t-t )l) #t*l.1li.p .*.rti - | o
Lsrl'6 --** l.;T.1r
- tf jb jL4
.lr-f J L.r l L;Trs .lr.f J L"c I o[r - I T
"4"
$r.fu :;;l;) 4r- o[.r- lr
.,$.;Slt .9le'r,roU Cb rv.
j:i:i;:tl
(;li;t4) .5rt-.,s )|uJs- t?
(;b ; LJr) l"rt' ; bJ5
.,..., - t.Y
jb - JrL-. .rl*.r" ;li r. c.tl9; *.r- tA

r r;r t ;*ft ,JL!,|, ef1 os;;S
"";..4.
cS 6.1-rs
- It
J,
tr
btLJLtt
', " I
6t)1./
t'
THE THNEE-PHASE NOTOR

'NDUCT'ON
/br
rvr jli - rstliJlUlo.,ir"
q ,-Lai
jti o- ( ;epJeo;l) ,jtill utq#r

. a.rjo
(tt
( q'eJe-r.r; ; bJ l|Jsfly)lrt .-- lr f&Lrc-l-;br615lrs
'stos'v j' Fr
: il'j f:;.fi :;;:S,'il; n- 5l (T
. ..:-l
"t ; l*T )ol+,t-l .*Jti : .iJl
. ro.ffj,'":
.r, d )L;f L Llse"; elpl trfrtOJL r" ,.nrlf )lr-l l) 6s1. y *,1
, J.lrict' l"*?- * Jro- Olot l, br:- y t;-l stF t laf JL
g-t COTS7R UCTTON . o,lill ,.Sto.rr"r" oldirL t _ t

I s;lo$ Jt-fu .,-Ll ,g.; rr jl jb
- ;tiJl slos7 y
(r)
'' ' ,9;Ll f L .-*b .:^..ii :-iJl
(')
,r, cl+ rles .:o..ri l.-
l;bo- dtiJl ..Sla.tirol,Ll lq-l -l

(5),jb.rF.srL lr.,,rL a-f; l r9-l;-l
.,-nq c,r* lr;Tor.rJ aS s.ltr.,
-.lJ jb a* ,r:tilllsbsyyr.r* t* r.1*lo9.* q +i l.,9 a.r,l 6jL L ,.s;b a-
. .us 5*' &L t ., r""tr,
6.b f , .,*t6
1) Induction, Motor 2) Reliability

3)S tator 4) Rotor
5) Slots
*qiSll6lq'.,,'rt ,gL rvf
. rrls r9- , (,-9.-)

"f-
l;li o- .,3tiJl Ub;iJ" sgs l I T

- -
. ,:*l r) tl* l, * i [ --f+1.r, Jrl .',a .5bt's
(I)
.. L ,r, h;. ,r-ii si s ', -jlil
(T)
.-u La. $rtr* ,"rc sys |
=
o* (r),r* f* ryrle
ocL $,ta!.tS:f.l . I I
i I
- -! -
osL ,r.t-;*,.*i]i sys ,,P jb - ;EJl.sLo.ri-:" 6l.r sys ,--Jrl*
Copper Rods
qgloaib L-9: tl,oJo" e Q::(9s .r-t aS

6.bj-,,.i5 .tf.t & osL 61".i . 1- I ct(;
, ,s,.rlo.l; obeS.Jbr( Gt*t
Rotor
lnner Outer
High A II uo*st"rt2..
I du" to
I to*
Low X Reactance
J
, , i'e lin c-.l* c-*sri :gs & ,Jtb .r(u I 1 - f &
1) Squirrel Cage
2) oouble Squirrel, Cage
3)WoundrRotor
rY0 .ll3 - oSlitl Alolff"
eq.-. q5LbJ*. )l 6lyl c.f+l ."rl.l ,-L.;* ,J-rtt a{ 1.5rlij satdlxl , *L.f
." "1u- (t
- t ) J$ :l E ti'"'.Lo e .rue":i* .sjLt?. sys66.'F.r"aSo.r-r;.-l*fu
. .:*l os^t-; o"ls ur[l; s"rJ.t' o:;L 6tyets+ (A-ib s"*i) jr-.1 oc+
^S
:,.-is ta" \srl+! r,fes .pr.r I- I- T

- T
.-irLa" $.L.i-.r.d g9- j Gbsysjti - ugbJl csLotr-r. jl ,€y tr

..r,;los r[-5-; "l*.sr rr jl bs;; s a-rS+|, .lrll Jl+,
q5l.fD^l*'ov 9 .t9,fuc # tysct- l"rJ- tr g6ryC}.eyjlLb.l* Jl sr..lt
(t)
. .u lp9*9. t', u
syt.sbtt'i' &ls rs I Jll 6r x)Jr Lr-? jl ls^l*. 39s cS.;* i,-
g oJr",-r..
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J-ls .5Lo^Jo. or 9 s;sf ,g *
. oS cr;L ob, FLt *1,
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.,tLiJl slot1' ytiJ oTo- J*Js ,#eJ,rr*,_t' lL;l.f-tLi.'lill L*;JLe o.l
. r.1.l$" Oll ;*
9-3.1 Motor Ratings

l;b o-, orJ!i."l L ,,3till6loll;r. r,o-l6loo,e;..1" i1-f |
-
.!lo"-i".+ I ;[i a* .,: till ata.lfr" $"-l (.5bd,..-i..l. )19-r.
"ry'b-b";LLl, ),9-*r r-t' Jtrlrr-lr*lo., *1.', aS rf ljUr- t
,,-l .F
. s,:l L l) s-,,l .rr Ki , Lo nr j'.ii C*,.; U-l J" l" af .f l ,r- 5i
a': 13
'r.
f
-
oo.b l-:ls .s19;,g sfy 6c*ljt*rlS.olr.Fl.r-.-Lk i f l oli- f
,J.t'rt' a*rsp (r)JKrlr,,o KoTr+e r.5
I ) Friction 2 ) Windage
3) Asynchronous-Motor 4) Ful1-Load
olo',f "t,,it* f^?
"$.;stt
a5c>l .,;.c- ',6u,,1 .:.sr-f
"r (rL6rL) .,-.,loli oT,.r-t syy
, '\rbJ,Sr ,L* It
.rl,6 r5u. .,iJt.rr o*ii 6+-. )lsq1y 6 c,*l ,rrlrrar.f l,-1l*r+- A

,.i-lp .r"b olrr )lr"r", rsrrt' &*l.r "-l- (J"tSrlt) .s-.,1
rr cf IJL a5.-l ,stJL.,, )yy (l ).rt9; *)b: ,j...,lolr. *)o-?
.$rct' ,^LF It
:1
ENGft**) r -r JL:"
, r;*l ,-el* sai r>l.o;,,1- lt;ti a* (r9f*l) .jUl :yy &
(tt -lt) J U*; rf I j Ul = Y oA .rJ,

.r"-,l,";lSi= lo ,*
,r"..,1 6lA; - T ;bt ,*l
;"lL ,s aLL ;ls:lolr r9b5= I Ts;x- r--9"i
:"' ,-y't.
r9l Jbl s;y a, ,*lr Yf o jUr d*tf:l re:9. .;l.ul ols tslus :.iJl
d!? +l* .sjlrJ: o> $lt " -to
- .ri" I A jlrJl ol rgt:,c,S f=."|r^t .51 I v
. Jrl Jt l tiy
:Jl'
, J.frt' octi:-l (q -f ) .l"b rt
: f*Jl" *Jr Yf o r ToA jUr r'c;lJ- :.ill
Tt : K' V?t for the first voltagc

T* = K'VLz for thc second voltage
i p";ls Jo*;I tl"tlr gs ,q/"'ii: Jl
T,
r,r-- \u-)
/v.'Y (9-aa)
r,z:r./bY :liJ
- "'\y.,/
/z+o vY
= t2 ft-lb
\rr*/
= 15.98 : 16 ft-lb
l)PowerrFactor
fAV
jb to:fr"
- .J liJl ..S
i,xrl.r (f
-fa )at-b :tl=
V.t: t4.,
\F
l8 ft-lb
=208V
t2 ti-lb
= 254.75 Y
:( rt1rr**) r_f JU"

rirf ,e:* J*j 'rl€i&, tr;b n* dliiJl :yy &
.
(J"t-tt) Jti*; o-.,,1;Ul= ffo ,lt

u-.,l,.j5i = Ao ,*
cflol9;= y r;ilry'J
, o,'r.eL ;s o LL ;l.ul ols sl l:'aS
= f o * t:i*
.
r-;, JLol c"pLo' *Jr Y? o )bJ, ,sl ,l.sl uJ,*o'L

ol.t srbjs :
+LoS lt s)liJl sLl " * ,:i*" ?o )l;r,l alr rgks ,*rolr;* fl .,-
, r*.lrT .b..t, 1;J .l L. I Cp L
J-
.f*lls dtYfo : ff o )dtrr 6l.r' (1-f )
,
"J^r!;r
Tt = K'VL: for thc first voltagc
T,z : K'Viz for the sccond voltagc
| 1w;ls at-b rr dro?l a,,*t ;l
ri _ /v.,\,
r", - \W) (r-rb )
rz = r"(#)' lar.;;2s
= 4o*-. /qoo
vy
\440 v /
: 43.72 N-m
Vtz: V,'lk
V4'
i,*21"(q-fb) "Lb )t', ?
60 N-nr
=440V
40 N-nr
= 538.9 V
.F"rlJlc;hi*it .j,* rAl
g-4 SpEED RELATTONSHTPS l;li a* ,jLiJlGb.rie" 1r (i3;,!,1r., t -f

oS cr**-
o;o glr. .Jr,.-l .-rb (or$l) ;EJl.sl^.1-:-.1'u.s )Jr '"
.r5.r"- Fr'r f* *-
!l t;S.f )-*;\U \ lhtyy a'95* | '>'sr "ScliS 'r*L '
wr Fr*r Jll "l+.r" dr/-Lo r J9: J'b19; grf; t>tr;lr;Jorlg..o L>sr
. sls .;+*ru olf .r dr++*l l.; DC slasly
. rrlsS.r. jl nC syy w2x , &.r* rl*f J...,,*r, -l
, s.rlr .1.}l DC siywr , :p- sl Otrr. J+"', - T
! J.or(s. )p;,t \ DCs; y u.vtt a,'ri * )bJ, n**tl - f
# r):, r*L .#,Ld15.," Ft .,.tSio (,iUl) or-5*l syy t2'r
uiza.sf.r Jl*;rlr JjtS lx) bs,f $+ J1- ,\r-i tL.er ,,*i.*{f siy s\
-9"0;&lolsus
clssylp e:s2* Jti "4^-g;J$s.-il.ld., a*L lU ' .r**; ).t-1'&)
t2sr F*tt, bsi: y a-flrl ssr Jti W olr!* ''' ,i:ilt rirr UtJSj*l
"$." o'usJ ol+n" otfu
.rf .r,ru F*i: L rl ,-r,l (q
- I ) &1, o* c+i It r ' -u'l*.f
.:.rh ,-r.-o OT, .l.rls Jl-l f 6.,F".ift ' ssf,r'.;*o'a* \ni e.j"L;.jtSy l* lt*Li
lsJ ..r,iL6 ,r-2b ,Stu*tooJ*ro-r': .r'r*' 1"* rsbsl-s
"u Jr:S sys rtVf
. s.rl-rS.r. il wr; JUI' oS +T.r 2o J;J v; ;*;JrbiS,
', 62f ..:n9l:L ,. R,Il .-tiJb *lt oS +" f*.olrt J..t ,-rl .r" Ll
(l )rL'ul,
cu,syt sl; olr,.ro, ,5.,;t g'l il *l ,or)b r \ltcf rl.o5 oc'lt
.
"J
o s [i:* I
,r, L; , ,-i;
ll
ol.*) as;sf ,b (b--L; ;Ul) a'-ri: t* SbJr ruKL 6lp6^;
!:s;o-i J1-.lr;,fss a,l ."r- f l::i: olrr lsJg sls.,a.o5 l, (a.usf
.ofr rl++ JrLt' u,l-.- 2l ,tl6**a oy 4si.t"6.sdll..l"rl+[t-lvl.tsl.r;
. (S.ri csla;f-f" sr tf t+) r;l
9-4.1 SliP dlrJl-f-l

(Y)
. .r*Tcf ,"-.,+< d'+la+l;li a- (ortj-l) ;riJ I clasyy.," ;;"1
i q*11'61q6 fr"'n' )'
slip:s:S,-S (9-5a)
i ,.*;ls SI p:**,- .rs
1) Efficiency 2) SIip
rAt
jli - .jtill .Sta#r.
slip:s--&)r-(, (e-sb)
. 'rJ*\rf trt.r#lf u2* @ , S , Off- \icr (rt, , S, .i...-lLlgr.ro
u.;rf suf 6l*., 6,9.S- tzsr 1l 6.ua;.r st* l, ;r, )9.r"
I p*2ls ENG f,,+r-.lr
t
percent slip -, =.t'r r loo (9-6a)
I p2l. SI;:*,0- r.r

@,'- @
percentslip - s= x 100 (9_6b)
@r
q-AJti. i(gD{c1-,.+-)
..-*l,at* r) et..il. t, .,b a- g.rS;-l :iy &
(tr-tt) Jtr."r,o-.,|;Ul= ToA ,),
.,.-lol9; = Y .1[;t.*l
g*,,1 &5i= ?o ;.p
rS.ll*rs*cJL )J,r-er =l Yt q a3ii.J.lJ.lrJ
(J"lSJL) cfl.rl* 2.r .-2* =! tO6 aiii.r.rr.rrJ
lo-l ,J s l.r*:.:
= f
a*.5 ,-L- x:!-|.F .r. l.r.iF r,a.rJ : J;J
a.rl'.-* ,-JL l.lt
(J.6rl') .rlrl' .=JL ,,-
(oF) (l ).-u .Jil 2fs,irt'- ',
n
:&
(f - t a oLlr) f*nT,C \kt lJ orJSj* .;,cr.-l-*l-.. gl.fr jl J.i
.s, : l2o t = l8oo rc-v/min
ffi
-r," (f - ? a) r (1-A a ) ol'l,il :.iJl
I
s : 1800 rcv/nrin - 1790 rcv/rnin : l0 rev/ntin
s : (1800 - l7e0) t
# = 0.5567c
1) Blocked- Rotor=Locked , Rotor

rl.
:taY :- - - - -:
;; t r--7" v,lT - ; ; tL r;ir :'-
s = 1800 rcv/min - | 650 rcv/min : 150 rcv/min
r00
s : (1800 - l6-s0) * = 8.337c
f AOO
.,.r2ls (1- ? a) l (1-aa ) aLtr :li e

s : 1800 rcvimin - 0 : 1800 revlnlin
s : 11800 - 0) x ffi: 1007c
SIp:*a-) l-tJtr" .(
, .r-l ,gl*;; eL;*;1. L, ;ti - orfll :iy &
(!t-!;1 Jt**;.5...,1;Ul= TYo ,-,J9
Ir-.L-6.rl"rc = f
,r"*lgli- 1.::199J5
i.p
,r"*lr;5;= go
qstLtsr JL 2r eesx = I AA oo'b ; ,l*'1,
(J"tSrl.r) u"*lJl* 2r u2* ='l f o c*b.ix ol*"1,
J ,,1*- r) 6Q:JL.rs lr.iF r.a.rr l,-f /
cs.rLcl cJL :.-iJl
(J'tSrl') u'."'lrlt JL "-
".
.,
(o$ Jiii.tr-.,) oF '-JL :C
l:'
' t.
:J,
' I C*rrT.f tls ! (f - I b) &1., il lr o95i*'is- l''!l
" ## = 15?'14 rad/s

@** 4n r
, -rl" (r-dc ) : (r-Ab ) &11,, il :-iJl

s * 157.14 rad/s - 155 rad/s : 2..14 rtdls,
r= (tii.t4- 155)
"# = 1.367q .
, p,zls (r -t b) I (1-Ab ) Ltv2l lv

s = 157.14 radis - 140 rad/s = 17.14 rad/s
s = ( 15'1.14 - 140) .# = t0.9Vc

ril www.microgridprojects.ir
jli ,,3tiJl .Slo.ryro -
, p*;l.t (r - ?b ) r (t -Ab ) ;,'.t1-, :t i c
s : 157.14 rad/s - 0- 157.14 rad/s
s : ( ts7.t4 - 0) x = 100%
#
I 6 ,*l*.r ," .it Jtr. 9s ;l
-U'tt.f .-! JJt dj"J g6ry%l o o u!J*J r.€Jr .9j1.;l ob ah-J .rr I
-
JLr*t.iP a.rlr.-r sJL .rr, rtl*.f .r.olS;F :y: ,Ff esr t-, - f
O,OL V rs- J9r>.i)rJ trisl .uors y bJi.. Jrr-.ifJ .roJJ )lJ,.r.r..r-l f
, C:- I
Jrl*Sr Jt'qf sl*;J;"Jr-r-l*.r*oK \L.sr, tyy rlr .**lfl tt-f

lrrrLu5aS t*,t.rr" liJ, r5*."b lrrl* s;lr* t, Ja.i:ro &L syytr6J:.Li{
, (nJ.f ci.,i\.a efy cxlor 3'.lt fu rLd o.ljs) .....1 L..tr";;rJ
f -y Jll" i( nfVC f...n-,)

, rg*l ,;';;,ju ,) LJLatt4 t, g;:o ?o )B a- Of JLI :iy &
rS.llttSt uf = AtA atr.r lr.trJ

(J 6 Jt ) .,*,1 Jl" lJ .i.r'J r,aJJ = %l ?
L (rtfSrl-) g-"l r>-es* rr'1..4.on t L#L g.l ,s lrJi .r1.."; o.o-L*,.:,-y'L
, r#l#
,tb
(t Ut,
rv.rrt<sf ; r1*5ur. 5.11,i'',' )
oy)T,-f ssil JL c.rrl J- slr
.,g- | O, .S;* e.i)* a. 4s; .rLi- .S.llr,s. .:c- oS
i -rls (f
- I a ) nl*|., jl liJ . $L A gpt r*J.r.r/ tr+l
"J*
S,:120tf;=900rev/min
' rJ.r oLr"l lJ

.,+Li I o syy JL
S":'120tff=720revlmin
' r'*srct' .rF.r.LiT ".rr. t tJ^b I T 29-9" J L
1) Trial and Error

,sqrrllt .9le'+l t ;lr. rtr
S"= l2Ox9=600rev/min
\v e,. o" 4.t J-- rJ- ll tr y t S.fu O- 6 F..*<d

Crrl.g.rl*.t
ll siraS;l o-*lr L JL , g-lriJÎ ll t9 y g.lc'u; .;J r r:al sir
"J" (t p a) l.iJ ! ,-l aiiis f o o OT O, Si- u2-9 **l
osti:-l - "l*lJ jl .,J 29J
'eJ.r
tu:9#x roo
l6
t* too
: -:r-"'
:1 slfrr+d) l-AJl'l.
, r.r-f ,,jeL;vi.,sbl" t r-ul rrt* si.p go ,ltia- , rlful.lfr.{
..s;ltts, .iJL )r (ler = ?l /A a*b - otrtl.,
,r.- I Jtt tJ .ifJ J.a;J = %Y o

(J.5.rlt) rJ...,lJlt.r" l.r )yy wr r 'r*.r.tT t::- ! lt t;9.6L$ill";
.r;5 ^* L.
:JL'
aS q*.rl-,;l; r1*;S.,. osti:-l tht l r>y)T,jr1 ;l aJL. dr,l J- cl.r
octi:-l (f - I b) &l) )l J r.l:*.6 O5*.riJ--g.rl*t-s, wrto:f- e.er
' fo{.r
, r*rJ,.r F l" A L.rir. l"*l
"rt-
(r),:4ir\+:78.5rad/s
, rJ..r .rt*;l ,J+b ! o l.r :iy Jr
.(r), = 4ir x fi = OZ.A3 rad/s
rsy s; y cS.lLty c:.s x .!"t ,+" I o s9 y Olf- ,::.cr* oS l+,...ll<$.

-u,t-.f
. | o tiy srry . ,-l .F
"J*
, rJ.r osti:-t (t - t b) ^1"'lr jl Jt-
,o:%x roo
o)vv = 62.83 - 62.83

"# =
50.26 rad/s
jli
rtr - ,,3liJl .9brr;ro
o.rli",,, I ( q
"r.f - f) t (1 - t ) Llrr ;l ;+0, r:,cr.-t-*,1*. rs g9--
-ii-- lJ oJSj- ur nt-l.llr l-J .,onJ.,.1r.1 f.r"lrt*T.r*lli- l!
Cr;lero,
, f*Jl.l ENGI"*;- r.l . t-5,r"
5:J3ol'11 -s) (9-7a)
f*.,
l" ENGp*,f* .r.l
al : 4nf (l - s) (e- 7b)

T1
y.r, r-rd ..-rlo., Jl;:rl ..*.' r -*;jJL,ly,rl.l" aS..:,lls a.-; .Lt*
e&V o lT Jrr Lly;r rr+%To ;y' r.arJ,5t fU .Jr.$,Jf- ;.frL .r-.rs
'rJ.r
i ( nmqr-*) 1
- q Ju"
:':': :::,:;;f,t j;,:fr |;; :,
r'a,J'
'T*sy'
.,r, .,.
: Jl.,-
I 5J (1 - Ya ) al*{lr jl
ll+jg (l - '*r5.r
S* = 0.18; = 1.176 rev/nrin
.(SI'-***) q-l.Jb.
.rlt.r" oT..*y' t r,e-l Gl* si.f Ao . ,r+Lii I T .;Lia- ol.Sl:iy &
, .or[, l;1 o*,,1 ,:.s.ry .,:*l%Ty (.-b6.rtr) .f l
:J-
, rJ,t(t' 6rli:-l (1 _ y b ) cL! ,t
orFL:
# 0- a.22) = 4o.86rad/s
g-4.2 Speed Regulation lgcr- F-btl-f -Y

.;:-l pg g,btyycrLa. jb - ;bJl,-sbr-l-r. r" (l \ ,-n-pA-qru
.t"rrls ENG f**.r" ,(Jll *l+)
I ) Speed, Regulation
.F,.jSJl ..9lg',r 1t CL- rtr
speed - t_ rloo
nn
7o _ Sr.,,. SrL (9- 8a)
reguiation --;
' 321'r Sl lL* .rr
- ';ht. -
7o sPeed @Fl
X 100 (9_gb)
regulation
')fl.
Lly crl .rL J, (1 - r Lls) ,.->l.p;J Llyo"[l..iit"lJraA'T L
Lly.," Jr *l .F & rr ;,sfu *er.ij.JLly.rr l-xj $'1 ol-:;l ft L,
. rJ.:; € Ch.s.lLg t2sr 'r-t',,. oJol^::' "Srl*b tsr
'"4*
r-llJU" :1 EhIGdi.r#,)
sL;*..5lrls g c.*l Gl* Lsi.P ?" , o,,L; ? , )E o'- ufbJl .r9;9" 4
'.r> |r)
.StL.f r.E2 = IIto aiiiiJ2J29J
,r:: ,:,:*;! ;";,,J*,.

;|11"
:Jl'
if*rl"(q-l a)^Llr;l
S., = ItU " l: 1200rev/min
f*)1" (1 - f a) &l.r.rl
'.
s : (1200 - 9tt01 x : 8.33vc

#
ig.r.,ls (f -Aa ) "Lll .rl
:
" # = 21.4%
SR (lleO - ett0)
:1 SIr**-) q-lTJb.
l:L;-U .5lrl.l g t2yl r1,.;;l. Si.P Ao ,,rJ'-i A , jb o- ugFj-l:yy &
. *"1 r)
+b;
.stLg tt-sr = YY /L glt'rl,
(.l5,rL) .,"-lJL 2r cts- = ?? +b - d,l*sl
rt6 www.microgridprojects.ir
jli - .,3liJl .slo.rrr"
. +r*f*t ls syy \>cr &aJJ l,-f y' J.aJJ

'"4-
:Jl'
i,*rl"(q-lb)'L-lt)
k),: 4T { = 78.57 rad/s
" 8
i rrts ( r - rb )^L'L ;t
,: 178 .5i - 66) x : t6c/c
,!J0,
.,.*rls(l-Ab)o\l.t)l
SR : . # : t7.9c/c
(77.8 - 66)
631i,''",1 .irp Jb r, alr uly,g F (t

-y) t-lJr jl oS,::,lls q9; r*L
.sf
9-5 ANAIYS'S OF ROTOR,
.BEHAVIOR
,.rli a., o5tiJlC[o:fr" sr sy-tJl$J JHdr i -A
,*l ' g"Jct'.llf ,gt, J.l.r" b.lr-9. o.;&l.rl 1.,
sis sBs,-F ,rl.l"
wl.r" . -u,t,.f 6Wr sr ,€ef rrb.i.S,
o-fL-f .h-lsr,.trt,:, jt!
"!FJl
sl.r s *:*1,-t;, l--:6*tr..rl.*2s Jl p.Jct'.lt;.F.r" l,l d vjt tg),
Ftrl^"-r.-,t,-rl.l" R rx.'ul. s,iL.f ,.i"L os; Ufrri f#gt3.l+r*,J"tr5 Sblys
, .> | syl \ Ly.r 6qnJ
JL f ( fn, ) :r.;ru\r,_*,t5i S r"*^S.1.., cli.s (f - y) .;;r.r.r
f f* , tys dP-S wr l*,'"*l rl, ( f ) Ey c,s.i Hg*6i Lo#-
r:-ri; JJ a*.Li 4+;o L)*Si f tys.,rlf.,*i5.,'i Crr-, o.t..,|, a,o*
-1 oJ.lb : J9.l.f
. -u,tr.f .r!i" 6V;f
fn:sf (e-e)
.5&a f s r*.f olr.' a.,|,:r"l .r.rs ry - (S ) ;F .r*-t o.Ll.r.rJ
. .l-lr5,r^. ,yfrL
".lp trA " \ ?o ,1, f^ e 6ry I, U %l oo.tl,*r ,r-S .-:JL rs
A
o\r.r*Si lJ .(%A s:$) ..nl frt,*, J>'S csl.rls 2\Jt l.ulvl; r.r . se-
ra".s:*" .-*l ;Lr Lrjf, d
"9' --lp i*
y l, r/o J9r>,s,rtr.,sn .JL tr syt
F-;Stt ,.StQ'*11.;L,. rtt
'(DC)
sys )b .p t*bSl2 ,rJ9 .-l.-'b ..5s.r." (.Ln ) #: ;b.ro
"r-15.1-l
.,'rb sit )b.rn u*l5lr liJ . ( Xn = 2r1nLn ) .;*l.tr5i;1,*t ( X, )
"-f- oF
.:lt- Jr tt )V .ro ,r-61.r X'r .15l , rg*l .-;!tJ t tzsr )l
cr.^:+.*l.iJ:n1stt-F sr sis;b ;o ,-,-61., ol.r.ll*, ( XRn = 2rrfL11 )
. s9&" drl.;.?
(e- t 0)
Xa = SXsn
.stn-;"J sr tis;b .p ,.rls+"T l.l.J . F,)& Rr ls sis;b .p..-9tLrSl
. .-:* | c.r*-++ | .ilii"
zn: Vm-+Gx*F (e-l I)
l.:*l.rj cstdJ Et ( En ) :y:;b.p Jr o.\,:. 'lil];liJ,
(o*ii e.r") ;rLl jul - t
:*: s[sto .b*e: o.rusrS )U,LrLt
* t, r ,F-fa - f
tis s tyLl 6["e* tr,1. r9h.rl. c4-.; - f
.,tl.tj-r*iii q5lt':r"V sJ s9 ll l9-Ll ,Sloe3.; frr* rgb.tf J s-.*,j 4:{ll
ge; l'".S.r"- Jtt 6lr$s lr "-:- .-[5 c,rl.rr t J, '--l fl-t ..9.r$
'*J.r
)dt s't dtrt esr l, , $lro.r.ll olill sfs;ti * 2', Er* ;L{ o:5- .-JL;s
elill;bJe l! , (f-llOf Y $') sis )b:.o lJ os's'liJl
.rb:J ar.t. "*l*.f "uK
, r.>l d!.:n+l .ili;" .9qjl sr slrs )b
En = SEHS (e- t 2)
.iLJ.," ,.gtn-.:;Fl sr sys)E*ol*;+ (t - t t) : (1

- I I ).Llr.ra+q+r- l*
sErrn
, a*T,.t' r:.rJ.f
In= (e_ l3)
\fiT (sxrJ
|
.r",-iy'b :r v*ll're '':* R* rl'rY JXaH )1r""
(J.lS rL) rl .rl*
sg- -rolg; RR otr t*Jrr sit )BJ.oLFI"*!,r-.,1 \l;rs lsJ. .at11 .59.-
. ssfcr ({R*;t ) ;l i+f ( {s,Yu*;t I t.r:
.q _ lf Jli"
Xsn , f.ol o /ol, sis )6.p *rtii" t tlvl ,eg* jb- urtiJl :iy &
.
"rlrT
rk! %1. *iy' srls t>t;b.p.rl.""l. -"l,tr.f j[i;o.l.t 1.nl"7f A J"L,"
jli
rtv - J&ll Alo,r.r
:Jt'
Frl"(l-tl)al^{lrjl
zn = v(0.08), + (0.1 x 0.35)'= 0.087
(q -f f ) &lroli.f lJ' .r.ll*6ArL. Rr L l*J- Zp .rr,l,*r os.ob.o

\.$i dr'i"r++rl vf .--rF tt ..51-ltvl.,.& .1. l.l
,*-E
, - Stt,H
(9- l4)
l! i s;L,.f .otb .frljL " [*r)ji: )y)...-lr.*'l ,ro*llvl.ts.lr^(,rqLrT.rl

,j..SL I' Jr., rilg- s-lr t*lri ( co5 04 ) :f: uly +)p l*1./ ,rl.r"
,tis.gl,'.>lr,lr, *t'dt f p,;,-t t-, I(i-T) aLltl"(q-If) &lr
, +Tur s* L o+;n+lJrlsS aLL
-t _ K6sEBn(l)
--Rr (e- l s)
L 9 osf a-5 ..f- l, l*',,,r(;L f! .g:-t;y' '-. \; ,;l oLrb.r,

' t+rb".t' O[&, k" .*b
nl/rt - . K6Ean
Rf (9-16)
(.Li-tt jtJr) jUJ, L ,L* ^5cli5 oli..f wr
aqr.r.i e.r*. I.,
-.;lr,
. f*ro,(.t' .F .tt 'r.b t*.rt lr rb str .*.b cr.r.i * )Ur fl t *rl .*lr,t
. r.'.r1" (1- \r) t (q lA) &ly q a+t t' lrJ
-
T:K"s (e- t7)
, +T..f r" w\ d,irrf+l ,gtf Jrl:t'S
ett; rrl:,l5,31 1 - lV aL- l) siy al-L JrL;.:l.S syy - )yyo-l;5,i-iJL. 6Lo.r9b.t

I oS .'*l l,
u
6,o
,s9 9, os:5.:illt ,-sto,rrtus- o"-t &1.,Jfu15" ,.-li-L Jtb- ^l-L Ltlo.r9b5
] lsJ .:* | .i b t*r$ ,i{o, tS. .- l.i'-L gt-

,gtf ,rbS = )yv "LL Jrls5- ui.rb 6slo
slav
ur \>tr )iit ol5.r" , *L.t' -tlP;l ,*V ,* Ls?9f )tLlSo-*;; r.r
, .,\:JS 6rlr rrL+SJ.1-" t7tf
Jrl:;.S, Jr{ rnlrt .p yl;,:, liJ, .r5.r5";b
.rG-Fll rtle v,f b .CL rtA
;,;-;:;;;:;il;;:il;;;;
syy ,gtf Jrt:iS = )yy "J''L Jrl*.5- .+b ,-sJJ-e ; ;l* .19b*S
i l.rJ .-l f .r.rt ;fui$ ,.-tiJ ora
.tiy Lftf JrbiS = )yy ^LL Jrb.I'S= rL rrh.S
llnnC1r:i*,1.)t-tf Jlt"
,lr) .*lJLt .r" oT u.s 9 ul ,es* ,s;.p ?" )B a- i,9 5;-l:iy,&
lrT *r, d1*'6.r.;J.lrJ l?oo J-IJ- (;1"5
"*.lfTr-i*A.6-.,lJl-, !d.,J "'.ltt.t
(# ef y l, lrrlt sl.u)
:J'
. (1-Y a &1.,) f*stT,g .- ., '! .,"* I Jlt .1" l.l J;*J l"-.t I
16oo: _ s)
%jg(r
s:l-0.89=0.11(ll% slip)
.rJ.-iy' lsJ . *-*1.-Lr rl, l*,llJ a5 6k rr drr JIL r(1 - ly) dL{b jl
, A*Tcs" s- ! Cr;'3.;1l U-..,lJL .i,.i
s = 0.1l1*y:0.055
l1t-V a ^t-L) F;9T,A r.:b'\y b.rlrL.-i-i,;.rcir-JL
, = %_g(l _ 0.055) : lTol rev/min
llSf f.".#)f -lAJb"

,L) g-.,lJt" l" ,T tE ytt t \bl rfy* ,Si.p A" .pli a-gg.Si-lrf"f" 4
+r+ t2sr -uL J*li: .,*.,lJtr %YA a+ tiy rtt fl.- '.lao;b.,rOlr"!TtA (,J"lS
, (aJdt Y L U-i Jl.-'') Sq**; )yy
l1r-v b^Lb) eJ,r, !-l ' - b .rl.r! .1s rtl ;:

4zr x 50
265: (t-s)
,
s =I- 0.84 = 0.16 (167o slip)

rtt www.microgridprojects.ir
jli - .Jlill ,jt!.rfr
- l y)
,-l-.o d,;Ara+?l..f l Jtt %YA .rr,jlJ oS f*rt*'.rr .jr, Jlt r (1 al*{lJ jl
sr'l'or
s:0.75 x 0.16 = o.r2
, f*tsT,A,..-.! s-.,1.,l*%vA;.r l2u- (f -yb ) ^t-1, jl JL
4rr x 50
u, = - 0.12) : 276.3 radts
--(l
9-5.1 Torque-Power Relationsfiips '"
Olt -19tii5 dl.{lJ I - 0 - I
s.,r" I DC s|o,iy ,ilr- trrlus cr", &1, (Jel "!) 1-1.4 ,-[.^t ,s
sjLcf .r.b b t J,oi ,*rl.rr o-r-f.r.slots.rrs Itol.r"o L\:,rrl, f*slsrl; tf sr
,sl x).s!ti. , f*.t;T rl-! lr;ti * ;tiJl,slor:-r" ol9- t JrUiS cr,&lrr d
, ssuf ,,*y i* ll epy
l t Jlr"
,t,et*.r) sL,*. t., ;ti .-,r; i"::rili:-
r,.-lui6i= ?o i.p
,s"*loli - T 2l*..-l
6-.,1 Jl* 2J re.e.p = I Yo o cfu3.l.lJ.lrJ
f ,1.l .;J r:ic r- =lYAo c!t*i.t.lJ.trr

icl,+-lb.
.,"-l rrlus i ult
(t )(s* ,l*) f ,t'uL.r, ,\ rsh,s:,-
(S* rL) f ,1.' .:JL sr ,gtf oli lC
:J,
csft-hi rl+t: l.r*l.rrl., liJ ..-."1"J* * s'y drl o5 t,-1",s,.. .,r+
A{ JrLg c*lci*l.l:J.lrJ lYoo s; ;,.,r-.,lur- aS
fro-|..t' , f*llTru-", !T
o:I- .;,.r.sLl" f g#V ;* ?o o*5rr r" , s;L 4"i or.$ ,ur
"J*
rofP rJ- Y :,;-Jtj.OrlrsJ'l;s;g. t*y |L:itrJ...,r-r, s.ll-.sr^q*i.r.rJ Jrr lAoo
. J9;
I ) tight, Load
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.*j$l .SlQ unt ,glr.
I 1.*;1. Jrl -l. rr (A

- Y a ) aLL ;l I .if t
P:Zhpx746W/hp:1492W
1492 W
t :7'(A * lzoo;rrin
= 6.2 ft-lb (ratcd torque)
,*5.f ,-,1-- 12 s-,,1 .rl" rJ,-itJ (f - ?', \ ^L-I ;l i v
full-load slip = (1800 - l?00)

"#
sl.L = 5.56% = 0.0556
, f*ssT,g !b ! b;r-, f ,trJvlrt (r'c Jr
s=(tE00-17s0)r,1.P,
t800
= 2.78Vo : 0.0278
l6 ,*rrln .lr "itJ ,J r1;l a**i ;l
s 0.0278
;=ffi=o'5=i
siy 6-,,1) lr ' t ' gb ;'l..5l; 0".! t.t .-S* Jl-, oS ftF l,r.;sn-.,*:; rs
g J9., JAlf
,f lJrlil-S -i,.;;o-,;rJl-i.l.lr.ll" Jrb"l'sltJ , ".1,|-,.t'
Ir.,u,r = (1)6.2 ft-lb : 3.1 ft-lb
. s*Tcr \k!Jrl rL.r" (A-f a ) &1, )1 ,ftf oliiC

p:;h=3rrt-rbx-+#*
= \['
770.6
770.6 \\'
=_ : r03hp
r'
746 Wihp
( Sf ,-..*,*) q - ly Jb"
I
, r.:*l ,gS* X)el,.i.l. l" -ib c- .rJ5 Yf o 95J.i-l Sfy &
.rn..,1,.r;6; = Ao ,.*
,r-.,1 oli - f *1, y'J
$.-,lJl* JJ s.tJ,.a, U[rl.t
=TYAl,r',brr
f ,l-, )J t>er =f o o q*b ; ul*sl,
i c*'"rq"
f.l www.microgridprojects.ir
jli o- JllJl .Stolft '
,fl tt luS :*iJl

(S* r1.,) f ,1., JL sr.r rrlss:,-
(S*.,1.,) f ,1, cJL ss ,s?tf olr. le
:J,
J"['" i.rb 6o.-yjS; t.. 9s &JL rs 095.:* errr*r.lq;-brrot"b fVO

"Jt
.,s*l.5J* f s9r crl dd rAl! .-*lo;;b; ol*Jl, rlf
, 1.--21.r Jll -l+ t" (A
-f b ) ^L-b jl : -iJl
I: lC[]Ox 4kw
275 rad/s
= l{.55 N_m
, f*ssTr;. \:-r- .,--l Jlt .,"
t!
l,r
-iF ( f - ? b) aLL :l I V
full-load slip = Qtq - ZZSI 'xS

3t4
s6L= l2.4flo:O.124
: f*rt, f ,l.Jvtts .r"
s=(3r4-3m)"9
314
: 4.16Vc : 0.0446
. ,.r;ls J#l "lttlgs f,r*il ;l

s 0.0{46 -.
srl= otr=o'36
4,.1+lJLJrbiSa-r.-J.-;2J r J9:Jblr o*,1 Jl*%f 7 uW- Jb. c.r,lrs r51L.,

lsJ
"r*T6.a+'
T.,o.r = 0.36 x 14.55 N-m : 5.23g N-m
: f*rl" (A
- r (b ) aL-b 1l o rli:* lL : C
P : T' : 5.23g N-nr x 3oo radis

1000 t000
: 1.57 kW
www.microgridprojects.ir ?.t
,r$;Slt 6t+*"lb ,tb
9-5.2 Torque-Sllp Curve ",-iliJ-Jrb'.lS " ."irj., - t -A - T
l) dt .st-lb'
J, ,.-..rrT* .s' (f - f V) &lrLy .,.,.rJii es*
*t.f Fr9.i ,-n.i Jo-l., ol Or.rlT sry'! Cl.nlx1:r1.5*.rS&l.rCtldft,-1".t'
,ry' r rL ,rblS o*$ht &lr 4 "5"r' ef y ol o Ll, t &l l'' s- ls tv., ulr
1lr;5b.l5 ol.;**- o..t +i tr.*i*t ,-l;ni tti.J s ,g-lr 6lr
Ll , Fr.lrT sp !
& ", Jt* 19l1-aL,2l .-* , FstT'r*\"'tlJ t ,lt'S cr*/ Lsriij'! 'l*L *L'
" TSU' ,J+ tr |;T L dg-.|""iF-Jrb-S" ,r;*ir 1l o.lti.:*l aJl*".rii;.is
JS.l . -ulr.f ,!l r.aJJ di? .:.#J tftJ-.irrbs *lr**;,: .J;,*. dtl , F'L.t
$rr-t' ot.l;.ili o- orflT,rr.!.91; ITSL .i.l,';" 6;t ) 4 (t- t")
.lr fr (f - lf ) al*.! , r*pJ.f Co-l *.J1-;" crrl o.rl*.rs 6;-ri JL
. dlrct' r eJ.r co;$L (t - Y) ^l*.L
cos 0p : Rn/Zn,
, Jr*l.,. cr++lJrluS&t, tU
(Kr0EsnRr)s
, =ERGF (e- 18)
,alXt o! chr.J Jr' &ll'.r ( 1-lA) .si* 1..r ( I - I ") Jg'

'ilJ 6;l.sl
oo
t*r.J.r dr.,,gL or-)L.r Jr.jcr ,-b-l :i: JL, ssf.rn &L ;ls;lol rgbcSg
t
. rer A.b lr ,rr;y'..,brir. -f y'r s.!r.* ,j;fr fi'i'#
,lr;b .e'lL i;rel;'Sr (r/.r f *-) r.9.l d "L;J;tJ s[; ,l fl
. J.t'
&L (r-t') Js-rilt Fs rsls (r-lA) aJst..tl'+[g.;*lyl

"Js
pull-out JrtuS t q.*fL Jrlef oTq aSc'"1 rs"qtt,5lrls errlr ssfcr
'st^r"
s* plfl pull-out U FtL JrhS crrl jl 2t'.,eL,LS ol5.ro , Jr'!*'. 'a:is
, .rT.f..r" .rF .Jt*t o2--)tl* b r"[rr o.t-L
"uS G!J+ 'ier
(q - !A) cJsl'" o' S (1- I ") jfu ,,.l-:" r*tL ^Liu ,f\: .)*' tl
,
"*T.t'
cb! dr"r*l "t' ,^tLy.t
Ri : ($(en):
(e-le)
Rn = SXsn
Rn
pull-out sliP = spo = Xsn
?.? www.microgridprojects.ir
.lti -.Jtill r.Sto.;9i.r"
Maximum or Pull-Out Torque
o
c,
o
:t G
ct Eo,
o v,
F o
o
:o dt
o
Starting Torque
--.-Starting
I
Rated or Fu ll-Load Torque I
Normat I
Operating {
Ranse
L
40\\, 60 100 Percent
0.4 0.6 1.0 Decimal
Synchronous Rated Pull Out

Speed Slip Slip
Slip
)Gu <stGJlsflv4csfrttsr-, lr<iy')eu,S(# l-f o sJk

4' I putl-our L r*rft rel:;^S uLy:" Jy' aS .- * ls +i *!
(,,- l"-) .J$;l 6,'f'uLo , -ua.r.r" ub pull-out
, "ilJ I c*ft -fy'
Ly-r" ;*- tr{ b (cszl"ulobr oF,iJL)Zt " " 'iForrr-....rJ#.'-*l.rq
f*tt Jrh,S qLy:"tli, JS.l uxl .rr ,ci-lo$1.*; ogfr ec2r \
. s..;fo r':' 6rls gLir;l$lolrrel;<r ( pullout ) r*ft;;*!.( puil-our )
( pull-out ) r*-f t rrl:"l:5 ;l .rl* .,el;,.;:S ^(+ I r: l' o;l'2s .s.r$ J L
. f*s.f c!.:rva fu "l-f r"f o.lls .!r* O,s* *Jl*t )yyl.f
".',i fu
oJr)ltrl^: I
"t'd .,:.l."i syt,yl..ro ,c (SXBR ) "1"+ -iyJ ._i*lyl
I'l
JL. rrt $lp o /YoY sis rrly *.p dL-Jc;l.rr,Jrf ,.rL Rr L SXBR
gl9: u--'ll.. r r-1,i: .f f :i, ,>li +'- rJ.S ,tr^# -*/, r.t' irt";rtt ;tt ft
* "uS t,-f F or,i is[, rrsl, oli "r.r,l f . .*|r.t' " oK si.tLi aLL
,rlx ,-s,tl .lrlsS.r" jlol3' or* f r ot\ts s9; aS .l.r.5r.r sys ,,>ly *se
\ :yy U rtl*cr a'l'llr 'iUT
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;i.1j{Jl.sto/*'ib ,jb
:1 ENGfry) q-lAJu"
'--l ,lrrp s*; ',>Vr;*:* L ;b o* ,rf- 2YY &
|
ln,k sls': - t
o-.,1 LritS; =t " i.p
gl9 = I .ll;t,.-*l
.r^..,1
)y)rb rr *-:ti. ( R^ ) =o/ I Fal
sr syt;ls .,o u*l5l.1 ( Xu* ) =o/f t"al

olL JL
-)6.y'*, x:o.x oT L L?ls $lr* d J#l* s1 y glrslr l, ,f r $1"-
-
dlT o'r<
' r-f osls .5- ,F dl*-
,r
rb
. .r..r. 6, ( pull-out, ) f*ft -iP -il J+s !:'{JJ # s crtti.S
F.rls (f - 11) aLlr .rt, c'*l f"o*tt -PF gLo ''rlr*r GV 'r- t{ts '-2tt"t
0.1 o
s1",:oJo:0.25
l-r'' (r-Ya )oLl., jl
s : llo x 6o r ]-+if : 21oorcv/nrin
I1 q-lqJu"
SIp:r.";-)
, ..:*l Gs* ,) erl4,;& l* ;bo* *ttiJl siy ,\
I*LIsl.ri:= lo
.r"-lr;5;= $o i.P
,r"-lgl9:; = I ,rlr gJJ
syt )b r. *rli. ( Rn ) = ofoA f.l
.rL sr syt.,b.p.r*61, ( Xr*. ) - o/oYA pol
,F
+;.r+., .2'sr,jT lrlo:ls .ulr* o5 r#l# tiy crl.sl.rt lt ,Pr ,Jtl"-
l r-t' o.ll.l .5r* ors* *Jl-- 6!T oJ!
:Jl'
c-21*"r , ..",r. 4, ( pull-out. ) C*ft -f tJ jl J- r2v.rJ L23r e.#
.r.r.rl" (1- l l) dLl, jl ,..-'l ,.*ft;/,-rLa ,
-f i;,jl-t- "-.S"
s1'':Hl*=032
?.6 www.microgridprojects.ir
jli a- .jliJl .Sbrl;r
f*rl"(l-Yb)e-lr;l
ot : lir x 5o x : 42.7 ra4ts
+lI
9-5.3 Wound Rotor o$ !r",ti l.r+- rg loflrt A
I
- -f
, l.vrls ,l; tg)r.rt ...r- Lsil , lrr\,o-;l ;'lln-:r$.r;u*r.r
"*rL
)#2, lt tys.rLi :o ."*9h. Ol5l,.f -r;L o* .r+* f* t?t eU )lg*;t :itFlLl
( pull-out ) lo :'' 4, syt utti"
'*'fL.ritJ -*s t, , 1t - r .'l5l) .rro
ur ** L,.sl.r ,4+i, lr,rr;"J olf .f tgr* JL rrlu5 (i.'.; .SL, osf
.;o*
cri5 oli.f
tt : R*,
s1 .Rr.:
(e_ 20)
,r r-.r:l yt 2;2*orb L .:*1., ".L& .iJ6" ,-JL rJ"lJldtJe:'*;.'.*,

.i*f'lo.S siS +1., Ll ,
"".S.t' fu ;; .'tJ,-J .r l:lrt* r*rbrSll_iJ.,,JL
' (9l.ra) 'ror.p r*- I ( pullout ) ,*.ft -,tbS ,e:l.-.eV
oliu TSL ,5lo.r-r*- tsr -y ls sr s *-tti. ,7*& ;l (t l,l ,-[i: - )
e J.SJ,C
es*;L .-; t, UL .-n- olf .f sys ulb., r;: t* a5 roL..fr" a-rj:-;1J
8ô)F^r)R"z)R^.|
Maximum
Torque
(D
f
o
o Staning
F Torque
:tt'/
Rated
Torque
0s,s2s3s4 r.0
lncreasing Slip *
(Decreasing Speed -)
TSL LO:el )el*,# 6il.8 se.r2 <^=aets.;/.f _ t t ,Jk
www.microgridprojects.ir l.)
.F-;stt c;h'*'1b,,it',.
. s l.l .6+u
' r-J.r .s.t:T"L l, 'u- ,r'tS- L;l ,s

.lr ,jlr.- ot sis uttiL .,:19,o;lrl I J.il+ tr- t sl-r' ts .f.rb ':"'rtiL fl- t
,rt- C.r"l jl 12 ".n-'lor[!L )+*r' Jlt \ rlp.r'-' ps t \>el .;y J'b's'S Ct#rd
,rF *
. Jr.t € * )yy rl.ul ols stl*-S, tis tfsV 'z9lr.;llrl t-- f
:1 ENGf:i*+-) f -T" Jb"

. .> | Gl* 2a; ola;:;a l- jb a- g9 S;- ! .lr.l" €
,k jl'r: - P t,
.rl.16; = 2o i.P
srs ir = o'tî; tra*1 g-*
R* sls;li.ro s'-9tiL= o/"4 Pl
oF ,r:JL tr s,; 116.p g-Jt5l.r ( {"*'. ) = "/TA Pl
O*,,l rz-t2*=I oAodL!J 2J.19J
L-*r.rb ;. .kr[i. (rlF slo"il- s!*,f )) = o /'' O
f '
.:JL.rs LFpL .:o- )P,st), V-*., S r.,Jt ,:f

1s-t' ,-A*
, +.t l* l.r Pull-out
pull out .:JL.rr l2 g';Lc"- ".r5.;lirl"'.r')LKf*ft fl :=
. aJ,'l*-
, r*5 f **1., \.r5 onl ,->-t2- -*ll lr' ts )tK L-;, S tlJL rs ' 6
: Jl-
l-rl" (1-\1) aLlril -il|
r,o=H*:ol
I r*rl" (1 - Y a) &l.r .rl
Sro : 120 x 60 x l-!'2 = 960 rcv/min
(f - I t) aLl.r jl .(Sl.,a)
""f.-r o /\ tyt;L;.ps.*eti..'JL{*lrs "-
I ls
''*.,
?.V www.microgridprojects.ir
jti o- j till .s l.o.riro
spo =
ffi= 0.8
i q*.21" (r -Y a ) ^LL.il
s = 120 x 60 x l -0'8 =Z41rev/min

Jr,-
-
] ,*rl" (f f a) l.'il l6
- ^Lls)|. e*tT6o....,,rrl.rg+.tL,JJ,S;* s..er
S':l2otf:l20orev/min
: ,"J.r l',ry r.rl.u s9,-9 b**,65rjLl;r.rlr,r"-lr[rs;.,"J (r - A a ) oLl., jl
Sr : 1200 rev/nrin - 1050 rcv/min : 150 rcr.,r'in
, s.t'ct';,1* aS
rJLl_,; r" g-..,1)1" .lr .iF urJrT,..*.r* .5lJ- JL
".lllb-f,
, r*rJ.r 15 ( I Yo) ol-1, ;l
-
150 rcv/min _ 0.05 O
S: 0.20 O
l5o
s:=0.2x = 600 rev/nrin
'lE
, r*;5.r ,55 11 - Aa ) ^t*l) jl JL
600 rcv/min : | 200 rcv/min _ Sg_
Srr : 1200 - 600 = 600 rer.,'nrin
: 1 SI fi.+-) f - Tl Jll"
. .-:^-l ,gy*.11; .-l-il" l* ;b o* ,JljLJl :iy &
l++LJ sl.": - t
6"..,
I
L# 6i =A " ;.p
)is lf = o$ .gry 1'*
f))b.p,_.e[i.(Rn )=./ll pl
oF.rJLrs.re;rjb.p,r*151, ( XgR )= o/A pl
$-..,1JL.;J llis,* =l f o n;b; Ot.ll.,
sytqL y>",sb**t;ti;o,.:..e [iL ( olF atoo.il- 15lltr) = o /y F.o I
, a:*r9JL
www.microgridprojects.ir f.A
,*jSJl ote:*i;L;t"
.Lf t Jr+r ol\ pullout JL l" )yy wr :,"jJl
, Jtro ; l:*5, It pull-out JL .r. syy 't-2- i 9
"fl
. orlr .rlf ,ls..ls f-*:AS,/L.r" tyy 6*.,1 qu-'. n
:Jl'
: t*rl" (1 I 1) ALl., jl :.iJl
-
sr,=
fif :0.22
i'rlJ (l -Y b) oLl'r il
@r, = 4n x5g !-gz -- nz.srad,s
"
ALlr rl .(Sl>a) * | pl o/y I syt -ib .p *r[i. .-Jl-+l .r.r ,9
I ,.*.rll t- ll
sF.,= = 0.62
H*
, 1*;1. (q
-y b ) "l^rb -il
: 4n x 50 x
I- -0'62 :
@p., 59.7 rad/s
4
i p-.rls (q I b ) &12 jl , rqo;SLt' .-l*--1., o9'S;* t)sr 1g-[ i6

-
a),=47"f : l57rad/s
,FtlTtU r.-r!'\- (q-Ab ) ol*1, 1l osl;''-'lttl.r o,*lslr.r..iF

sr = 157 rad/s - l-10 rad/s : 17 rad/s
(q- f " ) oLlrrl FrlT (i*r- V*f ., "-:-rL I tfl ,L r"l.,J/ f*olrr, -51 JL
. ,"J.f o s [i:* |
17 rad/s _ 0.1I f)
s2 0.31 O
s::0.31 "#:47.9radts
. ,.,J.f ,-l*-- l.r cf lrL.rs vr> \i-e ?. ( f- O b ) dlylJjl
47 .9 radls : 157 radi s - r,r1,1
a)n. : 157 - -17.9 = 109.1 rad's
lgb$trr-r
?.1 www.microgridprojects.ir
jli-o3liJl .5to.rr"r"
(l )r[-t,
DC.5bt*.y,!h F )G ^- (,,:Ul) ueSj-l.sLrr.r. r" ^L-t,
: lfJ , (Jel .r.l-) .r-l
l)
rl(/,) = (9-21)
;,, 100
P,,= P, - losses (9-22)
ng()-ll-losses"
,\ P,
roo (9-23)
i P'',1
ls .99'J*,lLt tr
n - jb - ;t!l s9-y c, r.s.rr.rr olf
.fl,,= .rb - ;lll ,yy )l ,glr uly
losses = jb a- ,r:Ul.li.l" .-bI JS
i.lLi o., .,i lill .Slo:tfo 1,r cili-b .1,,.1r., i- t- I
9-6.1 Description of Losses

ory tis.,Jrl.r.-:[iJ: gLr o*L,.-Lib (q _ff r(1-TT).t-lstst
)
, r-riLt' l*n.*.r; ^"

...r g.l 6.< g
(
: ,b Lr
Y ) .iL: ,.:Li-b
- 1
ot'r gtlt: t x)H.-[i.L ]4 :'Ll s syt .,J ^""..tr-:ls L' : ,Jl
.rlt-S
.Jt<l"."t jl,,^lL,_l*b I,-
*t'1-'-il ,,JL.'bJ: i 6
, -rrL;ct' #rl' l., .S (Y ) ,*-..-EJ:, y
-
t9-Ll .r" cf .-b* i .-.lt
s?tss rfsl;'b, lv
i p.^Jcf C*9; * fUl.ir, .-b$ o2!.,s JL
i lysJJ airr.o cilirJj

olr t rftre.*-6.,1.iJ: lll ... , I
f ,i, ulr,_rJlSi , g;.r[e l*lr.rt
1) nfficiency 2) Constant, Losses

3) Variab1e, Losses
.*.;StI.glQ n'''t CL- ?r.
;;;;;;*;;;;;;;;;;r;
l#b- l .1c o:i..o ciliJi
rsf,r..rl+\ *+ q5lorL: , sLlJb ,rtb*,-1il: o*l
-f .rL ,*,,i-L 9
.s.lltts,, tl lt tyb*l.rr a; o ,.:tiJ: ttrris$. )#t .l gLolioo'brb
=f -.*
, ,"J..f ,et qb .-LtSrtt b
jl .f b .illr.b
i a+r€ 9 .SlSb.ol
b .S.rL,sr .-JL.lt e,-sr ot"t.l-lt,.l;.lr-, ,F-& ,lrr" pLi- eLiJ: g'l

a*'( oT \ i;j!-lS. .:b& oSlJ ..:tiL Jrl liJ ; 156 F,ti,r.l frt-drlj*.t,-LSrlt
, a5S,g.F st.ib o*,iLjl a.rls;o;rr-, ,-." J* r.r .rr.L*a
i :1l;lu-"l o*ooli$
$L.r rL jl $,rb ot?tc*lr;L-l.sLt-*lJ R 12 jl .iiL'-tib 6r'l
, sf ,-l*-' l,;T Gtls, orrr- il lLt *, ," Jrtt l..rJ
'')' o*'citi'Ji
o.rJ o7*; f'l- dbsys 2r9 e*l tis Atr.*.lr fi tr il ,5Jt '-LLb d;,l
.-[i-b olcr*- .sl.rt .srl.-; abti.t.t" Ll ..-1,.52*5orl.sl J-ti .:Jx-.,-
".^r;
, ,-^5,r.;.r--.- tn-fu( g,lorL.ls t J, "r..f osli:-l.5loli".:i* 6Vy )l
l.lti o- .,ttiJl rsl^sis..r. oli.-i{ er-* 1- t - Y
9-6.2 DescriPtion ol Power Flow
7*r ls bsyy -f*l r-.r:tr .-bI ir#=.'r uLy.n 1.gtfirLjToST jl J.3

(l
. fJ.f 'r:-Eo ul-fu| csto.r.l.l..rr )ofp rbî o.;lt.;"r r.5;ril,q.o.r
"If"
dr* rSl.r . .ljLcf if l, 1., l( "yL;T "lr9..lJr.5.r* .-l*- t^"t'(;J'T :.l rt I .;^13
(.5*.i) *.l; 6+i a- :;:Ll 6 p** olSro . r*rJ..f F.r"l.r(1- I f ) J$ .r"t
,>li ,yl i "';'+ jLi * btyy !)t"t r-t'd tyr srl9,r!.rJJl olr ' "'t25&9
I 1.:it, rtJU .rll v. - -) J9r r.6lr- g"u;+l s; y a. osJ srlg
P : 6 V111. cos o (9-24',,
l)PowerrFlow
?il jti - dtiJl $to.,iro
L Ll-.--uaJ".i. ( cos 0 ) Ol9; *.f t; y egls .r

"lL,rT ftfj.6
lt
. {--'\-i* 6rttt ol3r oli.," (v f y .rl5\{ y .-l.ai) $*lr-:Jril.r;l o sti:- |
- -
P,=W]+W (9-25)
"Jl" ey ,r.rf
, s*r.-Lb Ll.r"
, r)ls ,r$*r cr.ri Cf jUro* d ( p.,) ^,-,-l g[i& l.-ilt
,5!*t;*rL- c',ll9J.r'l.lGS;,*ttt otra^* 6 ('Pc*s ) .r.- srbJ: 1,.-
^l-Li ehl
o roT !:r ! oli .r.,s ,.s 6rrJ, oli.rl.trr,-ti-L, ar.*;;s'rolP
i liJ ,
Pp-Pt-Pc-Pcus "t'.s" .JB:- s9s*,jlro
(e-26)
,Jf*t (.*e2,*) ;;rl * ti.t rs*.crli-b t ct*l ;,r+Li ^".,^.:bb r;r.r.l

d;;.;++l l.r ry, c. o-r.l ^ Li:;. Oli f :yLl .,-" .-b&ol*|.r.-rlf cf ,)t?-r. s.rls
. ... i9;
Pc,rn:sXPn (9-27)
Air Gap
Electrical Power Conversion to Mechanical

Power lnput Mechanical Power
ln to Rotor Power Out
Pi Pn Pn" Po
__--__----+
-=_+
Friction *
Windage
Rotor Loss
Copper .M t
Rotor Core
Loss
Stator Loss
(Negligible) Pcna
Copper
Stator
Loss
Core Pc"s
Loss
Pc
)b u GHI lotyy )) olyn:.;7 f l.fL" )()td l1- yy aJS:,
(t )rf-L dS+ljlu-
ti.tLy olr f .-t' .# .,i:a, orrlr ,>li )l tis,r.-b!
, +Tat' lJs-V
1) Deve Loped, Power

.Fi$l ..9re r*f't Ct*' rtt
Pd..u : Pn - Pc'un (9-28)
ofi ",;^l; ,,5 Oy "L.L ,>li :l SKt.l t *xt jl .rt, .r$rli uly fl
, ci..! )yy ( t )
"rT.f "-rt
n :'Par" - P, (e-29)
JS "r.rf l-;lf-ltO1i .-[Lb c,#"-ri Wsiy 6il .tt a5 ;t 4L;T.rs
r"o-f
r,r- J +T.frbr- tyL-l +;*ul .-tiL, .JJIln .-liJ: :l fl e.:rb .-til
6':.-o (itiL ,tb rl.ri \9 t:*l
,JS-IA.-tlb ,-Lk ,.--b.-tL[:g,l;lrl-rl" a; a5
' t-J ueY e* ,v;ly$" L -u,t"..f :9-Ll
:yLf ,l*;s l;TJ0rr{ t1.;Ll c..o ,-[ib *Ly.n.-t^:.-b.b,-5 ,.ilt
'r*L.r :fu
,fu syst ory sr- t;!-tS".-bJ: *y.r"--t-:.-[ibJS i v
l-r. .r.t l;T9
&L lL; srg..r^.rJ Jl f-." tkl of Jy sr f t>*lCS.. r[^r ,.r ,"J.f

1.,
i lr, t* ,g
u*...b1''.,+"JL.f tfu:yb*l .sl"r lr,:,til'' J5cS J:l ,JL.rJ- I
1l ^b''; oli;l .5'-lr tit al*,.:bJ: l-n), J9r J-olr *L sis tr os.i; ^-+*L-.o
, r.;r I SF,S* ,9:Ll

co-L. rf ,:lal': , ,*b.r *bt; s6l-1.-tiLJFaS1.9s,::JL.rr- T
wr
, r.i; rol9,; o&
"[1 2l*, tis
\
L___ __ ____J
jbu ,iHlcslasyy )r at;ls C*r*; r*L:I uLy.*:lu',1-

Optical Tachometer
(Used to Measure
Speed Accurately)
I
&
f JgZ
I ) Output, power
jli
frt - .f UJI rSlor.l,r
sys sle a- ./'.- l, .*tl .-b,!,JS FJlrLt' rL; s" fu1, ,"r. cJL L Ll
"** i lx1"*1"ct'
.-Li.L l,,^)
"slI r...."lf
\bal ,jLr-l;l ,Si a;ltLi.*" Cir-iJ :-iJl- I
"--*
,er*ore r*roirr,i.a
rsJ rr ; ;, ;'ffi,r::l ::-:
, (1 f f oLl.r) .al gpo fs.rl c;q*i- 9 ry solg;^; c.,l-S
- ^1,.L oli t*
l;Te e-*S,g.p (q Tt) .L.,lr rc 12 ( Pc' ) *'* .-b,! .rL;i g'l I'
-
, ,*5.r 2fu( q
- l ) aJ.r L l" P' t' ol.r- o- tS ..-!
Y
9_6.3 fesls to Determine Losses i *liJb O++r,r uty..lp rSlt+b;T f _ t _f

Ji tl , Forcs. f Lrljb a* uiliJtalozg;9..:Llb c!+,..r".sl"trL;Tg"r
A - A - 1 ,l^;. a-) c.;9T.:*rt l.r lrLl :ts * .fy *.1[iL rrl" l.^*LjT crl ;l
+T.f'.:f !A-A-I r:li{ qLy-n"lL;Trl oS,rr"tb, ("-t' ttestr.t îrs

. .VT rbr-;li.p .fy *t lt t ,."5,C ?t' I /yA +:-.r" b
r, = l '25r, (e-30)
. -* | cF+ | s9-L I
6.+; fr** .r r cf ci [i l'' J5.S ,-i t; ol9' .r ,19r,*-
"
Pc,s = lrJi (e_3 t )
,$L.f L;' ol"f oL.o IL .!:, ^trl.r.r"

c,.>-l .p rJ;o (o,,l,r-) y I (* l''-) A JL"rlqsl (f
-rl ) cLl"S*;S*t'
at* Lf;-rJ 9 orr" ( A ) ': l"- estpbsfy )l ,g, srtr-l::.l6 f*lx)
.-u,L.r ( Y ) orl:-
,fonrct'f Lrlf - lf J$ +U.
"+tiTJL
I a.rl*c uL,b;T I -u t
t\ tyy )tx , J r"J.f Jt"l :"-Ll n' l.r o.-l;Ur,i*L;T g'l ,s

,iF.&, *rt-,r n, t 6ry str; ,;*r- lu*l rL.r, CJ,*L or? , f*J.f .Jt.:"
.^:b,I ,"-..'-- ttl ,s l.:'t lu-l J.s.rtt- dL.l. $b-l oLr ,.:-t ,rqL il=*t
( P, + Pu ) cr*L .'' rb.-tjJb 6 ur Grttt crli a+ii;J .;el
'Jrt*-r.f
.iJL .tr F )y) )J .,* ,-ti} o5,;:i-(.r*L , r-f o. :9-Ll .r.l ,r-- ;*7V.-li,J:9
o.rf l.r*" (l rt &lr) ls syb-l cr. .-t-i-[: fl lrJ(slra) .al f.rl*-.sll*,5,
-
'.-rJ*;[.o 9 .
"*Tis
.:.! ( P, + Pu ) .-tb ,.-l.iJ: JS Grttt,.sly )l s
'#.1J
.,$j.lJl..gloi.,"b C|.," ftf
L, l-l .f*5.* tfu.tyst ls.;.r lr.+b.i-b'L JS r f*rJ.f .'i.o lJ Pc F+"S
,-5.r ^,o\L; ,rLlr.r" lr.ile -.rb. s.l.5cf J,L Pl ,5.*L;Tcrl
lil +Ptr:Wr*Wz-Pc"s (9-32)
.tyLl ;t+1, ,r*" .;[i-L, Pc,,s t ort< lot:i.;l, ,.-lliL Wr , Wt Fl ^L"lr rs

. sylLt' +t^" (t
-f l ) &! jl a5,i:*l
$.-,lrL 1s .;b;T i -,
:
,*f .r. . "f osli', I F gl .,L ,iJL.r, c,li.r" (1 - lf ) Jf!.rl* jl

r:Su" c,-tc lr,r"..,l sL t1 y ^(-...01(;-o . rJ"l JL"ltir. t9-..r,.f l.ltt+t-.1lL;T
o.r.i; o.rlrJ'.t Ot*f ol5,ro , r.t'1t' oulf ryy urt rszJo.;t"rl.Slr+l(; s tb
6rrJ, .r,--rfT JL . Frlo r* '.r r,o- l.!vl- - +r-S syy.r"*l6lrr ob 14.4.1
-f l dLlr) fJ,r.-L-u"-l)L.r,
l.r
,yLl .,*. .-Li-|, r ( IL ) r*'*.t',
FnS ,-L*-
lt ,fl ,l*.rs -i;J ,.*., lirt' 9 ra".t'lr.r.-l .:.r.1- ( t )e- t.l.l , (1
(r-TY) : (q-ri) ,(t-YA)t-lyrl o'rl*;*lr lo;xle j.l.;lt; t* '1st-;
lyl lr.r*. .-ti! o"la:-Jt , ( pcu* ) "rrT." r.J-r lt lys rf c-li-L, oli..f
Llsrl! *lal;f .*l: Ib ^(llaqo..-J, l., .e>l g"*L o"*l \rl,; "rLy.r"
tru,JS^5sf+L*r-.+l.r.r.;-otr L -12 o-s.r ulr (q-yl)r (t-frt)
, r.ulo.r,oT.:*\ UJ+.{* lJ sys.ll* or Ly.,
." -,r.{
.,.*l.rlr.l" ls tl"y ,>li *.* oli.r ( q - Tf ) "l"L - n-i L
JI-Lqs.r(ojls;l LcLra BL s L-9.6"- lJl* q L y.r".:-; ;l p, I . V l.r ) tslT
. -u-t' Lr"
i oL,ri! a--,tr" 1
-? -Y
ol^l f"Jl.-ir, .s\r'= Lrf 1l osLi:- l' Llr oL-u,|, a* [-. ).h x) 6UU.
. JjSJOo
I (nNC r.r.*F") q
- TI Jb"
, ." * | el* ,;*L*t*L #y &
or,5,r- l ;l-i a*
,r"*l d;lt = A ,[* ..*l
I ) Tachometer
jli *
?r0 .Jl3Jl .Slalfr"
(t;;LJr) JW; $.-ljbJl -ToA ,1,

(bol*r) ..flg[';-= lA fT
6.-lrilS; - l" i*
It-tislsc= f
&L se;gell.-;L;r;lo5r;l*-l,*.etL= ( .r5 )= o /L:b Pt, fol
. s*T,.r ,^r-! F) Eb r r*o";;il.r .f lrl'rrL,s''i*L;Tr" .rTt,

, c51[tg: L;T
"i*
No-load tcst: Wr : W, Yrr.= I l0 W
350
U.- 208V, It=4A

(.rlrL) tsrls2L'*i*L;T'
'Ralcd-klacl tr:st: lVr = 2.6 kW. W: : 2'26 kW
Vr:20tlV. /r=l5A
S = l7l0 rcv/nrin
. siy ctl;: *.t- t tf,lrL rs :iy gL.ulrc*L. ,r>.-*rlL
:J,
(f - yo &lr1 J.f d .-L-- c,r":a+l .;y'.rb
r, = 1.25 x 0.8 O = I o
'
(t-ft &l;) "*T,.f \:i{\y :l-b'l$*'.-tit-b .9.rlt.t.p*L;T;l
P<:.,r = i x (+ A)' : 24W
" tQ t
I ,*rl"r (f
-f f ) ot*lr il
P<. + Pu * 35()W - ll0W - 24W = 216W
. .tyt,g tfuul, f tP J"L h, 6 t rl,J,.r. di.S .F t" P. = 0 f'#l'r6Ll

. r.t'd Jl-L 6...,1JL lr lr-b*1.,*. r-ti-ti .,.*lJl*.riHLjTil
i(q -rl &lr)
rated P<:,,s = I x I 0 x (15 A) = 337.5 W
\:* \, r,..., lt*|.ts ," syy a{ LsrrJ, oli (1 -TA) ^LL ;l

""T.f
ratcd 4 = 26il) W + 2260 W
= 4tt60 W
. .r*T.5.c* L s; s c. o b.; olr- ( 1 - T f) oL-lt tt
ratcd Pn = -
- 337.5 W = 4522.5 W
4860 W 0
.,;5i .r. ,sJd f cr#L olFi \ur t -pl ly'o ur tfl.rl'l"or+
.F-;Slt UIO'#lt .r,L" lt'
c*A- U#-r+1.,"-l.t*lr.;l.lJ i.,*J liJ , .ulr.f *"rJ.tr.t .l!AooJslr" i* ?o
ratt'd s : (1800 - l7l0) t = S% . .*T.f
#
s = 0.05 as a dccinrtl
, rrT,5o.:- * :1r:LL I .,*" ..:l-iJ: ( q _ Ty) 6!-L jl
ratcd Pc,,r : 0.05 x -1522.5 W : 226.1 \\'
*\ tftrolr
, r*Tcf '" (1
-Yl) I (r - yA) 4lr., rt
rated P6". : 4522.5 \\' - 226.1 W :'4296.-t \\'
ratcd f, : 4296.4 \\' - 216 \\' : .i0tl0.-l \\'
4o8o''1 w
p,, _ __, 5.47ho =
Wlhp
\T.t' '" ''-{ (f - Yl ) &1, )l ,r"*lJvl"; rs ,;L.r!

_...-rn =
..'rLv,/ 40tt0..1 \\.
W ; l(X) : 91.96 _ g-l(.i
fat0d - -?g6C,
. (f
- rf &l,r) +T..r s*+i dr.-a+l .rlrtr r" oli -,o
: : 4860 u'
ratecl PF cos g -
l\'3x20tiVxt5Ar
PF:0.899:0.9
I( sf f*.,=t-) q
- Tr JE
L.--l crl* 2:1) c>l.a;;7a tt Ot.lS-l;b a* yy &
.r-.,1 gl9; = f ,Jl, ,lJ
(tt;Ur) Jl;*; filjUr=rio ." ls
gt6-.,lOl*J,-= lo f-l
l(-l$ -rls*; = f
*^'' jl o&T,.. ..\ s1-Ll .--llji. ( r, ) = o /l :b.p,r" fol
u..,lu";Si= Ao ,.p
, '>*lrlrl.;st .f lrL, .sll*rs, caq&LjT o.l!
\o-load tcst: lVr = 290 W. llj - -70 W

Vr : 230 V. lt l.tt A
Rlted-load tcst: H! = 2.3 k\\'. lli = r 111'
jli jliJl
f tV - .sta.lr"r"
--:--------F---h ---
t'l=t2A
i=illl;,
sfy uly *.rn t ,fl .rL ro g*lL oL-L ".*l-. .+Jt.
:J.
, f*rtT,g r^:--L ll ,b.ro -fy *lb rl"n" ( f f ) .l"b jl
- "
4.= 1.25x 0.9():1.1.1 O
fr a.rlr.r., cJL sr s*L-l
Lr*" c-tiJ: r orJ ostic*l 11 - f l ) &L -il
, f*s:T rg \b JY
&.u., : I x l,l3 0 x (3.8 A)', = 24.5W

,*rl" (t - rY) dl"{L jl
* P11 : 290 W - 70W - 2.1.5 W : 195.5 \\'
Ps-
r J9- J.6l9; oll f 1OTA oLo h, .fl.l.J: J-t'$" {;srSFrr p6. = (t t*-1".f
u-.lJ|*.=JL.r" lssyb-lu*.,:,bubr oJJ osti:*l (q-f l) 6l'.?b jl
, f*l:T tf trs'!
: i x l.l3 O x (10 A)' = 244.1 W
rated Ps,"e
, ,*J.r ,-t-- l.r cf ltrlt tr s*lyr+ cgJr.r, oli (1- Ta)

^l"t! rr
rated P, : 2300 W + 2000 W : 4300 W
( .f f Ll; ,s) pJ.f ,-,1--- ls tyt q as.rl, ,il9; tosfo3li'' l( t-T f)

^L-rl, tl
rated P6 : 4300 w - 0 - 24r'.1 w : 4055.9 w
;r Of*"! tOV -rlr i.p Ao,-5t.r. Y s;.y d;lJ, ggSj- tzsr r*-l"cf
"J*
I1t -f b ^t-lr) .- -Ig6:;+1,s.-l.t*l.p.rr.-i;*J liJ ^...,Io+iti
rared s = (157 - 149) t l# : 5.tvo
s : 0.051 as a decimal
s- ! (q - Iy) aLls )l tys.rr .f ,.-b,-t:
,
"*T,.t'
ratcd Ps''s : 0.051 x 4055.9 : 206.85 W
, s.f ct' &L oly (1- Yl) l (q - TA)J"'lrr rt
'ftr
ratcd P..r, = 4055.9 W - 206.95 w = 3g4g.l w
rated P, = 3849. IW- 195.5 w: 3653.6 W
P" : 3.65 kW
.F-;Stl ,"91g',r i.t C L- f tA
, s.t'ct' J.,L (t - T! ) aLL;l .rll*'lf rs gL.ul

rarcd r ='### x loo = 84.e6 - Brvo
. +T.r '..b! (q - Yf ) <l s-"1 ,! rr ,>ly *.r-
ratctlPF:cosp= - 4300w
V3 x 230V x 12A
PF:0.899:0.9
.nIgtr5 J9J>,r^..,I Ll.,; ,. bl9;r.oL-LaSr*l*.r .lr ,.3r, ,st lb. ;l
.rl* %1") $rct' i, ,yt ,1" a" .S*"i cs2l+ 1s f*tt gL.ul, bsyl ls )lr* r
(.rl
f oft ?)p l;; .s:Sr5"5F ,J"-lJl-.rJb2il"./cf osls 6*-i aS s*1gLJs

(S l.r*) alt .r"lt
"r.t' &;s 9*S1., oll- orLil
9.7 TYPICAL CHARACTER'ST'CS
i ; Li a- s, liJ I .S lo.#.1" .1c ig.;o 6laaanido ,r/*," t - y
r*losf .:--... (tSf, ) ",i;.J-Jrh,-S" o.r,--l,o o2!;sJl*., b
I o r-l(-)
rn F.S,,!1" .gto,r----., Jj Cr.; lS liy s Sl., Oll,.t' .J;r-.i.o .rrl l" . (q -
j pJ.r o.r[.ll ln-Tnt ,-l*i
rs aS
-.,1,
: (U:;i-t .-r..r t) jb - jHl:tr".gloo;;." ,J;e.io q -y - I

g-7.1 Characteristics versus Srip
1.,
GtiJl,slorgy Jsl.u..sbo-;*i ,jp'..i" il o;r; ,5, (q - lf ) JSl
,il,; *r-g ( r-r.t .*;) OL-ls, ,glf ,lg' .rlron-,.rT.l"aS-r.o".s" Ol.&;
;l J*t,*., lo.r;*-" C,xlr ."...1 o$ 1n..l.ij"J ,-l.po; 6y cr.{*i (-r, .* -)
-u-t'd Jl-L ,J"*l Jl* ;l i;.1"-, %\ " Jst-,.g;L b.;.-9 .,"*lJl* tr,s.rtt.r.St{.i*tiT
. (-r,los.oT '.:...L too:*-" crl .*9S.,, r*.5 n'-ll 1- lf JS.i; qr)
^.91a
,-l.S.rl* b .,"-l.rL -1,.; OL.glrc:15*u l.*l*t d .lll *i &13
"r,1.r
, r.>,1 +r rLli Jt**, ,cl9- *f .-1.p.; tg.-*, ^L--)L rLB .lr; (.f l.rlt)
esfrl .,s i w(,; ,5 .rl ,L ,s 1..i^.4.slo.ri y flcSc> ls+r& ,g*
"5",
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"t')
aS
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ftt jti - ,JliJl .9L.rtJo
.s
6
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90
80
II 70
o-
o 60
50
(J Rated
c, o
o- 40 :
o
q,
30
3
I Loaa' o
o_
20
NeLoad t0
Power
F actor
oi 1 z 3 4 5 6 7 I
No Load Percent Slip
cSta:Fy f s1y' c,-8,2.1 (F9p olf ' olF +.* , 6Lslrc.lrn;c. 1

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)b u GHI
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- &
.)B u ,iH(<slasFy s:
nS*
U Cl. fT.
"SJl '"51,0r1*!i
, (. /, o' lI,":l:,LT;::,::1i: " - I
( relf .rli .-.",r.r) ;li 0., Jtill ,glo;93o 6loa.a.i&r .Ji* Iq

-y - Y
9-7,2 Characteristics versus Power Output

.l$, ro jti - OTJSJ* | .Slo.lf-f. q L y.r.1.1.. a,aj-L.,.9to.r:t=" ;l
r$.1,r!
oL-L f $y a< cs.lr.lrlt ol,,r ,-l.poi la,r;^." 1..,1;l ,'.:*l o'$ f.l (1 - t A)
cr+-.j L (*.r. r (*.," .*.x) oli *.f ( -r" * r)
-r\.ilJ 'srct' ob.rarf ,-tlY o-
i.lli a- o!S!lato:rrr.6tooei& $il.rr o$ o;11 Ft- 19lo.rr".l.ill q -Y -f

9-7.3 Ettect ol the Wound Rotor on Characteristics
lsJ f s.lL.r o r.s Ga*" r* ty )l bs9 v a-9S'+l.sL.rr'., ilr";l rf r
-sr
No Load
Speed (Normal)
Speed (With Resistance in Rotor)
a .lt
t I O)
o,
c o
I I U'
.9 (With Resistance in Rotor)
UJ
o
;
o
o-
8
rB
CE
cr-lsr oL-t- e e*2- x rrr, ulrfr'fl; *r& ,-illy( ;l:l - | , Jg

<eet
, e>l6r;. p,,1 * cJLi eJl- L Lf: OS4 ,>Jl- {o6c'"

jli * ,jl3Jl rSloryr
ftr
."-; ;; l, -'6:;' .
- - l" u, ;F;;;il;;
syy ssfct'ol5.r^ ,or;sl ts jls;lolrgL;.;:5. r.9.l "lrrL-t'., Liryr,.-,.9t1" fl
,.gloo...;*i cSgsr. (syl;,i,aWf.r,::.91i.;.ut"r.rl-r" ,.:li*gr*r[ii.-l *srS ur
,bl, jb-cslo.rir".9lao..;*1.(f - f f) j* ,q*,lssi f-olr.r*,1 syy
.xf .l" $J.t' ob l, ,gtf ol9r nr rii *j.-r2*9gL-l.r*1..1*oi:oTrsaSsos,r.
"rs-SC rs- op)ll" tr I -L.* ,.sf l".lr-l il"r. lsE*f :*rbLS,JJL rr J.o JS
r qblor'i, o"ls Ob (JL;'=JL)
S7AR7TNG TECHNTqUES llti a- ,,!liJlrsto#r" ."5jl$lol.l *-ir.l i -A

. rJlssg-9 b.ryy a-rS*l ,.g;1.:,;lol, Ltlr.-ir.l :J
(o".i.i: e1;) ^5ol c.1 )yy F,J-" &r- t
(t ) .;ls;lolr;l o.rti:*l- t
. s sfcr J L" |
:yLl ,s LJ lr*; a.,
Lf lj lr-lr ( p-c,*" &l ) Jrl Jr; .r,
r'9-c,"..,
lol"r jb a- drgpS*l ,gtorg9. Ll
,,.l.r | " l, A cro*.-sjlr;lol, ah--J.rr
($fl.*t;;Ul *Jr rf .) ,r!, rTo jb et;' y.S+;sfl)li.r, .'dS.r{o" ;l b
aS-u,S$.r*Tloo LAo rr.r>61l.ul6lJaL--Jrs lsJ, ulLr*Tlo rf lot r*
(f"*" J-) Jy or In+ll , slLd f.olt o*.S: C+-. s tyy rslx o.)lSi r9;
,sl,1,js rrî Jt"l (.rl-ly'J f l* rt;.* .rI A lr) 5"f sll-s*1y al.,' olr..r L
. J9l':"o sVyjl .F . sf a-rLi:-lrcr,.-. 6[o;l.ulol, ;l ".,tt ,J,i tslss*1y
(Y)
ols ,t l;l - ly JS.l) ulr.r
. (1 ".^ l.:. o.;Lr-" .slo;l-l ob 1l ocli''*l
-
. J..r osLir-1 -u,tr..f ," li. es* VT :9;LlaS Gb,p;y slr ,:lyr_* lo;l.ul
(Y)"d^b.-o.rh " .rJSa-
Jd. (t- ry) JS,l .grlt lts.,u*l.sbe*r**l+*l
JLdl liJ, s;rlsrlr, (l) o2l-,1 c4',tr;" b.rJS.1;l.ul olaL-J .rs ...rjLcf
J,+-; %To J9r> ." J;tJ 9 e,i., llL.lif" c:re r* ol5,r.. -u,tt.f o.lL etyq ,9-Ll
lt . sr^,1*. o.t.;. c^b. L4lr.t\ lil-lJL . f"-.f T o.lk ,+.&t a- l, toilS
. .*t*.f Jl*lfi c-L: c,,sjlul ol., c,tf +i cr\ d p*."r,51 .r*j J)J.r;l
, L!-lC'+:+41.g;ls;lol, Ol*J+ ," l""o JLr:lr.t
I :-
u
'Pz
1)Starter 2) Y- , Starter
3) Y- , Switch
Ct" ftr
"Si6Jl,.9lo''+st
Itt: lfttr:$U'Z
Three Phase Powet

ABC
2 z
)ti - ,iHl agl.at9s9n t-t oJt o.tL 3lsl ols <sL:t i I - tV <JS:
, .:*l d'+i?+l.g;ltlolt crlf o.rb- JL*l.lr

tlYp_
v''
-
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'P z tflz
t f u,
rLy\-
- rp -
--
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;liJ
>r In _ uL/({32) _ l1 :-
Ir, {Tv,lz l.frt5 3
Iu. : lltt
..:^JL.rs!; ,l*.ra i)c oj! ,.-Jb.rt.gjl.t;lol, at .J rs!; olrr.a5 p***6
r J9r J-b ly; c; 1".
JeLu^s l.rJ c-*l c^!. ,J:JL jl j;5 u\rsr"J.r osL-JL-l t' ora
2t.fr
orl:*..JL tr tyl;lqglt.o*,. r tr;bJ9qg;l.ulolrat-*J)r, rr<
".lP -6 *
o, o.rb... ..JL .rs ;ls;l ol"r.rrtt5^S 1"*l*. .r" (t s^:L6
- f ) ^Llr;19 Vr/{!
?Yr jli - o3liJl rslo;frn
r.t'd gl.i otb- .jrJL L a5 qg;l.ul ol, ei *lrr Ar.;ijls , \tuf Jub cJ
6;lul ol, aL-J.rJ . (,#q ,sH") -u,l-.r (t-t1) JS.l ,_;lL TSL .ji'.:.
lxf .r" f,trLg (f ) ^Li" * t;.'1y orrt eert' 9 f+Sup gLts (f ) o.rk'^t".ii; jl
.i*fil.(r lrJ r gra".r ,lA ;;-;t c. b. c.;t-" A{ o.lL tl,,t.",l 05.;*laL^J
a"f sf
"r vl:; o., (f ) attu )l tyy, (f ^Li; .r*T,.r r,r\ .r:tuS .rs ,tl*St
.if .Sl .S criS +l* , f*r o#it rf I J'.rl.i *y., (f ) oLiua. or;-\! b .ro.r.rn
,6 oLL 9 Fgt.r C! ,J-JU .,.:-*l'.,.,r f*b:r,* c.Jb. cr*;, 6v orl:,* e:--n;l
c,5 nLi-;.;J r.-x., .lrcf o..+t.:l- S ,*.,.Lo , sg- .-lrt (O) ^L.; oLo *pL
fu y "te .rJ ,itJ ;l 5 aki ;r --iFl'lr.' ,-- ,I (f ) ^Lu.r.r eer )l;6 +lr
. -u,lr.s"
Characteristic for
./ A Connection
s-- { \\
\\
o
l
g
o
F \; \T<-'sa
t
CL
J
o
Torque
-Rated
40 60 80
Rated Slip Percent Slip
{\ lncreasingspeed
_<__
I
,
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.tlt arb-
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t."
SYMBOLS IN CHAPTER 9
''\TRODUCED
Dr,'finition Units: English and SI
Synrbol
s, (r) Synchronous speed in English syslr'nl rev/min

rad/s
tD3 (f Synchronous sPeed in Sl
) ampcrcs
In (r) Rotor currcnt
ampcrcs
rt (f) Linc cunent
lines or s'cbcrs
6 (a) Stutor licld llur
dcgrces
on (r) Rotor powcr flctor anglc
lb-ft or N-m
r (Y) Torque devcloPcd in rotor
lb-ft or N-nt
r' (A) Starting torquc
rms volts
u (1) Applied stator line voltage
rpm. rad/s. Pcrcent. or decilnal
s (to) Slip
s (rr) Speed of rotor in English systcm
rev/min
(') (tt) Spced of rotor in Sl
rad/s
percent
SR (rr) Spr,'r'd regulation
hertz
f (r 11
Frequency of applied stator voltage
hertz
f* (ro) Frequency of induced rotor current
henries
Ln (tr) Rotor inductance
ohms
xn (rv) Rotor reactance
ohms
Xr"(lA) Rotor reactance at standstill
ohms
Ra (r c') Rotor resistance
ohms
zn ir"i Rotor impedance
z (Yr )
Eft'ective stator impedance per phasc ohms
volts
En (ll) Induced rotor voltage at anY sPee{
volts
E"^(rr) Induced rotor voltage at standstill
decimal
s* (rr) Slip at pull-out
watts
W,, Wr (TA Wattnreter readings
watts
Pn (rt, Power transfened across air gap into
rotor
watts
Pc (rv) Stator coro. loss
watts
Pc"s ( yA) Stator copper loss
watts
Pc"r ( r 1) Rotor copper loss
watts
Pu (r") Mechanical (friction and windage)
loss of motor
r, (rr )
Resistancc bets'een any two stator lines
ohms
r. (rl) Effective stator resistance ohms
f-AJJ-i;s o.r.l 6s; :Q fJ)ls

ENG ** ;, orf; r:s2* - I
S f l'** ;' O.lf- .,:'s;' - Y
sy-t t t\t -Y
gt;+- f
.L;
)9;.Ll ol** rb - A
fT6 jli - ,Jtill .sta:ir"
.tyt sr uly *.ro *tl)- ?

tyl sr o.L'L ,9tu5- v
jl.rl .1., (t-f ) ,rb5- ,r
(J"t ;Ut) rtL-l o*o$ JL,I jb-ll - I

-etJ- I o
ENG f** f sit '-28r - I I
SI f** SJ IYS \>sf - I Y
t:,,t j.,
,"4, - t f
:yb*l ov-;; 6+;".,.-lSy-lf
tis ss o"r.! " [il] ,jt f .rJSi - I A
(;ti ro qLy:") .,yr,nlu5ts.;l- I t
(;b ,. *Ly:") $t"rrl5b - I y
(;li ro qLy:") orS- crJL sr s9t.rJl5! - lA
(;b r-o *Ly.r"') E: *rb. - I 1
(;ti.r. *Ly.r.) *t",*hr.l- yo
(;ti ," ".,t1..r") $dl .f" y.,-"1"r" l: y I
tyt ss s,;l 'tiJl j L;J, - T Y
o
oF .jrJL sr .tis r.r o-t& 'Ul jbJ, - Tf

pull-out '-JL rr JFI-Tf
lo;.:19 sl'ul- lO
, r.1J rg sy.t .rrl9 oS ,j lr. J.rb 1l o-Li;. ol;' 1?
-
:yLl ,J +'',.+ pti-b - yy
s;.Ll ,s ,r*. .:[i! - yA
lyS SJ,r*" .rtigb - Yl
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:fV l.Lt ,r ,Jiiy .lrli. - f t
:'Ll .f,> *rtii" - yy
(f
't;-grfttir
THE T H REE.PHASE SYTCHRO'YOUS ITOT OR
/ft
?tt .ili 4- OrJSi- rSto#f"
t'&i
iti - oqJsi- ulb.rir"'
.n li.
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,sloryl.rj oth. jti
,r,-xl w GrJl** al*:ti; aS c;L ,b ,tb +tt ^''-ll. (rt&) sL.f
rrf- ,slas.lyslosys. srls rr+l o:-fu g.* t
(I)
n *-r -S et;lLr;ti-
egti:. crt.fu.sla.rrl;: \ c5l$ c.,1.fu ,sl^syy srsr t.s[b6# f*t ory

(t ) r-. r b
. rr.5 ol*l- fu ,j ;
1O-1 CONSTR UC7ON oldirt I t o - I

: irrrSJ- ,.slo#r"
ogSLT.96syy lus.fu sl^syl.fi tr-b*lo"li. o.JSj- ,slr,iryLl
,sl.^& sls': atLL syLl .sltrlri sl-rs o5 .usr56 (f,*i fr/* ,st* r sl*.f
,-tb9l ,rrtS Ll.>ldrrSi- sltsr'.l.r) sysc.,Lu o#- ,sl.syy )y). r:l* tr-.r
r" Jl*:/l.rJ , (1-'t J$) s-f C sly .tt+!"*3 29i26D r tis G# f''.-
s;-lS \:rr f+btr-,-tî (rr"n.1" (l o-Y) .rl^{.1r . r.t',51 J-L s;' stgl.r.llr.
.-r5rf .rl;s ol li:- | s ,Jr. c;s.fu sl^s;sr.sjl$ I ol) ;Lb- l+bu.*,
^-91,;l J,
.
'gr
G# Fr- .,$f #r )yy d ,r,.s, .>l.5,t+1"*i ei )ll*T.sbtrs 6 b.r-1,r"
slst, y sys 6)l.rol . .rrls56 .1'l olrS:* )yy A.î.L..r r "rt'ct' iy sis.&t
, fo.itt ^.:'rllj;1,*.'.atb ..!f-. ot b srG. o-:;L pls.slt.rcr"T;l.S"f o#-
IO.2 THEORY OF OPERATION
Io - T
:y,r o.ssf or+*, FJ J,,,:J'.l :rfrr'r.'fff;

,l!o (drr;j*t; ;liJl slos;y d..*+..rr 6 ,J-[o r J.f.f .rl++
d',1 FniS
slssr y;s g*:;ao . (f .-L; lr 1- T.rf;{) It;;d olfu *8r L ossrS
1) Salient-pole 2)Damping-effect
.F"rJJ I .g le
",r
;'r t .l t* ?t.
. J;Suo
"L=l ,*b ,l * rti.,l!rsrS."a-.ri;DQe* L*9..rsytett.fu
..r-oJ,so rE l, ot.fu slss1; y g;k (l .
- I ) Jf,:
, t*5rt.o9 ^(q;l o. lt sytt-ldS Pl l.lrls ,l; ,F .r:JL.rs9;, ls;.rl
o.usf olr*. drl . $lo ,g ot.fu \ter l- n5ssfurrl++ :;-Llos;.rfgl'r*.
(t )..-L a{,sr
. &i;>d (CW ) w2s o5os.l orls oLx-; (t " -l ) JS*.,.r
6tr. s;i56 s*.t up r.l; ..-l'li. ,l :yLl ,1"* (.?r.) JL'l :J*i d*tSr.
(CVl) cr-cL a{Jrii W JJ JJls,rr-.rr-.rl! 9 so-l+n s[-;l9s ,T c* a{JL
cxf .l" 9 tt*l o-r*i;> A>Jr lAo .rr-lil ol-r* s.r+t sy: &l;lJ+ Ll . srat
ls sys *sftl .r": ,.r5,_r.rli (l o
- t ) JS .sto-lrr,9;b*l Jti +3 JL
.rs .156 t*sis ItJ .(r,.nS.r rly -&"!,Lti" 2s ,ot:oo e;t11Jd) $.r C"
(f ).:-'L a{Jr.' .i)b q,.?
.r" 6 r-9; d a-r+L; ..j9, Jlt ;l .$.Fr (CCVI,
.li.l $.f crtu.ll.l f,,J.!.2J , r;j6.1.5.1r.,5; yWl o.:.;-rf ..ll.ro. ^s#tSj.b
.1" f.r.rft ".11" .* &r.rrr to+-.lJ 9 (CW ) -bra* ,.:i.sL a"F c-.h? t" l.r
. {,riJ? jrlr;; ol57*o sy.t* sr . .ulsp ( ccw) ,:-sL aijr.9 -i)L q.?
(f );l.ulal, )91:^;;5 o.fusb.r.:-r. .rr aS .",, 1 ,tjr rrrf.fi
.rr . r.,l Lf) l.r*+
;J , J.,19T2r.trF ls syy rl s'ytr. d ,*rls 2lo; ;t5".S- q ,.-tii9l ,. l;l
.,"J,S r-ra-rr, .9j1.;l olz cSlrJ 9) erl * CalJ Jî C;i.n .lt ( t o - Y ) .rf:'.{
,.rrf .l" , Flo$L.l (.5Jl-?j l:- - *nr* a{ (JrA- a{ ll syl "S $ )lL
(f )rK.rrl-s.trl-ts "cy
)y.-r" ,*1.r" t r*6 J"i yL-l o.!.rrS.jl+* t, #t JV
o.ssf olro. s tys gu .-[s.r|,,,ry,S giS +L . r-t'1t' ,1"*+ jb a* g95L
o.r,;.r.r5 Ol+n" ,*ppL-y st,s F*W r r5.17ct' ot.fu.rer l*-lr .P )yLl
(f .-t^".rr t - T - I -,l:;') r*,** ("S'.:,) y\l o*.i; 6o;. .r" JL*i f

4LL of -r* 9J , .'Li'.;>1t' o9.5! e,-erl* ;b * 69f;-siy.llJ^(-*ol5:o
cSlrtLi )l sis.slt-ki orl*o-or -.nf.-f rly t-1, € Jr )J.6 .rr-.r 9 )*l,t-l )l
r.pdor#L (A)rrl.:;,s -rt; .,rfsbll .-.r.' g-l *sl).$l.r r-isre;b,-l
$ siy rL.r*lgl L ..:*lor,j; o.llr .:b (t " - I ) JS .rr a;rl, olr ( ar )
I ) Clockwise 2) Counterclockwi se
3) Starting torque 4 ) Operating torque
5) Torque-AngIe
jti
ftl - OUL gb.l;y
Rotating
l-z
N
Stator
\ Field
\ I-----
o $61ot
-
Slip
Rotor
Rings
dc Field
Excitation
jli- 6e ..*- :fy
:i.r,jg r.f Lf "l*; ( dr ) .19ttS a;91; "rof,r' Jt'l ss-. 69s r

L o.rl..-o
rrf dt.lr 1o J9r> cTib stl* a.l5lr.a-'Trb, ol ..^v;r.-6 o;F- !:ireia,
cJL 9s .,**5 ,r.:* lrrL t.o jL,fl .+T.r rr.1.r.Jl- JrbS ^L*J uxl.lr
ax)
.r"
(l),,'r.ij-J.r.t' Jt'l ,ssyLl .ut' f J*;l* cut f, ::rT
,s rjLcf bt ls tis r sgvLl ol.* r$s .-;t, oy . J-fc*.ll++ tiy
o;lv9"l 9
, s.f.r. J[.:;l ,s l;T ..5rr, JrJ
JL )l tfy, rdi Jt"l tt'y l* r llt' ttr; ,J*t ,t.. aibl-51 . v

L:-J;l l, s9; f.r:.fu sr' y ^5 **f *Jl^:rl J" , *-.,1u;" 5 oJ-l 6rtt Off-
(T) ..-lolls
J9rr. d7 a5 .rorcf.C,r dy.rr drr ,i:JL rJ a5'- ,l'ls a."9.: qq
. r./rt' d ,.*fL Jrt$S * Ly:.
(r)trt-.
r9L*Sa-9ljoT^r, -ut., a?2s {o
' r.l, Aolr sl l*"orJs!.r-l.o"lqrrlj B tt o' t*l.p..rll""Stf t+b ol.;r.r
F : arcr,n}, (lo-l)
1)Pole,SIipping
2) t,oss, of , Synchronism
3) Critical, Torque' Ang1e
*A:H1r-!-------------------
;!rr" o1.fu.-r''t5L ii, I s,-l*l ;b;o *rtii. rp.r*;l oJ.rl.rr.r
ii
. -ltrcf a?lst o s9s-- B liJ. g* l.fr> rp ;l .il.t* xp. oft r $l*g" :9-Ll
..i-f g.lb .715 el 6J-r :l ,iy &1., .-1,:l
llo-t Jg"
rsy sFy es* 1., 1J.î l" (A
-?) Jb" Ly.r" .J.J.i- dr".tL
",,
r*;rT s:*.r- r, (t )
f*f t rJL.i.s qLy.t JrLrs *sl) , f=prcr ,l; .g.rls x 6st..
. ( .f l,'-r ;9bS o*ll;)
&
l,-,rl.r f .},oi r" (A
-?) Jti. slr.cl ;l
:,
==.1):
l:;]: ;:
trJlr (to-l)oJ.tlr;t
marimum qr = 9: arctan
6ffi
= 85.43"
:yLl I ty., ol"*rrp .5Jlr.l'.l.i.rr d 1**t" lr r!r, vJll.;l

.1.^ t-
&ti" r.l .;,.-) ,i:.-l OtJSj- r>ti; ,,,-JL.o orl..i ,i1.fu syy ".ef f $-t'cf Jii
jl lU t L2sl .r,ot.r ;'- OorS-:r, Cl.o.,iy JJ rl,e F, f,$- siaJr liJ . (Jt, ,.l.rr*i
, J.*.sai 6ili:-l ,.*rl.l jb *r #t, o.l d.rplr.lr b.r.l,.l",.xl
jli 0.. drrr$- Lglolir".ls &-;eo .:l6i:.il t" -T - t

10-2.1 Eflect ol Field Excitation
.rl- , otJSJ- ,slasyr sSL-o ,s .5rr.* .-1.p"* .fl ,4 J+f^: ,slr
. (rt JLoi; c-"lo#* :1:l1) Jsl'" r15

, qrr.os6 ,lt,.h &rr l, (t o
-r) "5e(Y)orr;b ffl-=,.!a- d!+j-,\.i
1) Maximum' torque
'2 Phasor, diagram
)
?rr
jb - SUSJ- rsh;yr
(Applied Stator
Phase Volugel
)G u ot*- )fe )J )li.rb +Ly.r cJt6.r1* I o -f clgi
(-/t =ou"
o --J-
(c)
,J"6 s(u +Ly.r <Ss$6 trl.flrt. Io- f Jg

.to-l cJg
)b cn olf *r L &-.* 222 eJlo i 7
ro! ol* *r | <lt ;4.r-.; <zJb i A
j6,4 ob; *r L,Srre,': Oy <zJt> i c
,F;JJl6le'.0,:t" .,it*. frf
.stno"6ry.rjl oLt ,J**tL; olr*.o r '>*l ,5Jli; ul.fusyy olS.P
or":r J|^'l;UrIr oS.-7.l .t' #t (.En,) )dt:it:-l.rr lrJr15.," etil)rit!l

drl=rJ rl** c:olo;r igu jUr , J.lS.," .=iJl;. (o*$ P )lrJ:) ,Vo \ :yLl ,
tis t:..-Ll .sl1-1.r* f | . (Jrl .l+) s.rls DCcsto.rf y tr o5r,.. -\; cs:.p I'
A-"Jr I Ao fs L',V' 9 En, *sfrl .r" (.o. : 0o ) rl,rL ol to ,l; b* 1., '! 2.r
4.1. In-|"* ,ji*/ . r.:rl-,-f- -* dr )J9."" Ofr ,;9,.^:;ls .r:ralr; ;lS "-t)btl
gl;o.t) -u,lt.f a+rr I Ao .rl ;f tt 9 Ep crt.rt-i-i)L:tl liJ'*rrl-u .rl; [:*1,
L-y (;tt, ) ,J**t oJ.rJo-u,.*Ji;LJ9o5 ..*5 .*tt . (o.r. 'lAo jli!5 dTl
,,-)Jsl'. rl . (or,5- syl.fi **T,.f q:r \{ A J,-t rJ (rt -f ) ,-)J"b
"-L)
,b )l6r"b .f,, .;.r+r orf- *-b .-t- '>-; t;,y tSl ^S 1"'*l*.1" (A -f )
.,"rb (t " - r) J$ ri E, &s .rlt"' , J9r JAtr ( A ).:y: ol"* jl ^ LL
. -u,t,.r ('t
" - t ) JS'l 2s ( t, ) &* oL.r ;l
)l o;Lr"-l+*lr Jr.rr;lJe .r,'- Es )l:Je. (l o - Y) .,Ea; a' o?tl-
. rr,,: ,s: ,bL V; 9 E, cata.lg;ti e"-
os9., 9r:59-ul " )F Z liJ .," 'rp :l +ly,. Xp ,Jt? . l*+ Z,

"1.+l.-.< "F,gt
.(rb.r*) rr: 'alf -* a+.lr 1o gl;*^* 6^ )l le t
'>lr**;,: )l fl 9 e*l
o.r.l -i.SJi, Jr \-V tyy rl" (t ..slt S.rr
"-Y)
.,o r.r ( crr ) rrtts qtl) . # F.p.-JL o* ,*1.r" (t )c,*L ol.r" ,-b,l:
tory,-9ti:. €r- ..JL (Slp) J9: r.olrt ,Lt olL o-
a* g,,lrs Ll .
. rri ,s: ,-L,.L ofl--f ,s[. Eo liJ
lnst)l-i e"- A" a+i l* liJ r *l { d* €r., (t. -y a ) .j3 rs
Ea jf o+.r.r io gl;=-+ 7", ,l* . ss-Fcf jlu." V tt " l**rl, E^ ^5 f+tl*.1"
,ft> a*91; )19** 0,, sy.sly;..i= Ve jl o+r., 0 6l;*"r Iu. liJ .'"'.'l ',.b
jb..rry uly +r- f $tr.f f yy ,itry *r- a>.-Lj.lr. (oa.r" lo J9J>) *l
: r*,rlr (l o-ya ) Jgrr . 19' ..lp
PF : cos 80" : 0. 17
(
. .r9,* .,. A:is T ) .srr- x: dV '>-*, cr*l ot
1) Internal Losses 2) Underexc ited

fra ,13 - OIF* qSbtg.:;fo
J$ t\)ls Ep JUI- r r*osr;ql;l \ .5*.r-,,S1

"rlJ^,.r!l^.lr,"J
,JrLrf *b ol r (jb uk) -ul,r" y'- V )t En )d, r, (t _rb )
"
V, jti^h lu liJ.s*lt* c>rs io E* J Iu, or? , -u,tr,.t' a?lr io J9J->
i,*.r's (l o
-y b ) JSi ro ..r.rrS.ro .ulr oli *.f vrr.,-4lr.r . srrs,ro
(PF - cos 0o : l'.0)
.,1; *l*- E, dL; .,.,., r :il',;:li; i: ;: lt*' o'

cJL+|J", $l.r *'\L :l a?rr to ;l ,:,lo*
6l;., E11'Lc-r.:;rr j...*l
(t " -yc )Jf:,rJ.rsfc*&L;lir+ ,ily *.r- l! J _u.il,s * Vo )l Iu
I 1v;1"
(pF - cos 45o : 0.707)
,gg*.rtt ..r-; Olr-.f .!-r-; F:.t* t, d r*l*.lr.jf .-lSi di A+9: ti

' rrd .s2lssra-* JLi'€rr lr;bL,.* , jLiu;lq,st^*,L.r. c.rlfu
syy )l
Ee, (lo-r a ) ,lil ,s l.'',laJ p,'b.r" (lo-f t(r
) atr a{a?i L{
sr€,, (t.-r bJtg) +"f f ,J-- f^ 6r',.-4-lr,-r*, J9r Jl*; l-*,,;
o-
ofi.f rf$, crlo, a+t tro* -r-,..o . (l o
-l c ,tSb) "f .f Sr>lfp a1!9.r
.-:-l orr-'ry ,ls* a* ,-rl.r" l, E* .y
'[-i) ot" l*r,. i;:r" o[.r+ os.:lL.rs
. (.[j- f
10-2.2 Eftect of Load l;ti o-, orJSi- sla.rir. Lsil,,t:l+.f I I o _ y _ T
:clis cF+ olf (t " - rb ) Js, 6y 4?9; L
.r
' J-frt' rl*j ar rlt,,l*lit t, i.lt
, &i;?ct' Viv *Sr" En )ds sr l
rtr.*lil L I ,-
ol-n"t;* Io ol*.r+ .r-rJcf usrs\&lylil SVo .sp- Ep\r-rr; * | in
.r"
'$t?6 'cr glj#
.rlr oS,i:JL ..-rl.t. lsJ . s9', .rol9;.;
-lr Oli ._ro _&" ,_JL;-lro
o- L E;, \\ , ,*, -l-l ol9' *.pa- o2!9o r.=elr^rfl.sl*.*l,, l
* 'rJ"l*;ssr6
En
* ir :n'ri:i$ii:# iil:#
as
I ) Normal-excited 2) Over-excited
.s$.i{Jl!el$..!t CL- lf'
€re.. pJ.r,-e:s t'.',r5.fF.rt L ( I o - Yb ) JS c-;r;902t+rcJL
L-€ f Ep g or.! stj',cr rtLrLlilJlt tUL ' ('r:S;.',*','i Eo I sL..-*t:
l'iJ ' $J?tt.i.ilL dY'i.t
drl , a3Su. l+*r rl"lyl'I. ur;'; rs 9 s'lrScr rL;:Er'
.rrtr.aS1 .rlrrllyl .il ,s 6 irrt,;2$l (Jel
J-)DC csbsry J.A{ rJ lt.r.l
Field Current, I1
(b)
to-fiJ8,j.
&-F oL-* c&r:f lul oL-* c:,b#ii' atLyt" <JS!i' V ,r:o.l i a
&.* olr.re c* , ol1 qf el2a$: +Ly.r r-r*. rJs V ,r.:a-. I 5
?rv
jli OuS! .gtaliro -
sLs;l .:.-"LrLr.rl*lyl F o#- )yy.rr.-r*[.f &ltl tt) 1rr,
.+*.tTol,,r+
. .rsfct' louft-l ot*rr
l;b a- OJJSi- rSlo.prf ;s .[.] V .glo..;.lu" Io- T

-f
10-2.3 Synchronous Motor V Curyes
.,J',1,n oli.-r1., (lo-T-r) l(lo-T- l) J* cstd;- JIt.
(t " - f a) J.S.l, .r. b.,;,.:., crljl ;t . Jp o.rot*. ,Jrl"-" c;lo,r-.-r," 6lt r
$Jct' OL!€r* Otrf l, ,9lll Ol*.,. .-l.poi "5 ,"',1 o$ 1...r
r9-.l1S.$" Jrl*,.9Lo.,.-.... -.r. r.i.ilt.f V ^,g,i lo#Crl , ( If .--a Ia)
J$) $rct' ,b ( I1) &.r^, otr.r+ t-*> , 1., ul;- *.f .rlroo; o5 .urls
gtr.f .,,-f- V !.-.. lo,;^.." d,/l .. (t _ f b
"
rJ er., " - -(t T T) r (r o
- Y- I ) a[-u-JlLa<r-:-lri-iU
ot.r crF 6t* -b:1 i,;L . olls c>l (t "-f ).s[f*orJ-lr".f b.r":
(Y).Ui-
t.l,rf '-t rct' C.l .\-19 gl9 ?..fJJu.r;;:'. .*r-- lel*qS.lt.l .:.*.r,
.,:*l a.rj; osls Ol,t ( t . - f ) .SLoJlS, .l. rl
t o -T Jtt"
,t-l u"tru;; ,.:L;*:- t- ;b a- iJ.F- liy &
Motor
under
Test
210 V
)13 u 6.Jii sFy s.t (!S; V .,:c-." (fr-t +Ly.*,*L)I :li I o

-g aJL:;
1)Load,Torque 2) Line-Current
.r$iSJl .s
le'+,i b .i!* frA
(tt;ul) JL*;,r"-l;L:;Je- Tlo ,le

.r"-lglr.:= T th1.-l
.jL.*V:T t f*arct'.rli*l*LjT"r.r"o13-LrTrs (t .-O) JS !r'U. lstry,sl
f\*-o r d p k
I oT .sr, .r ( *lrYA . l*.r l;-t.r t4)
.f L it,-,-.', a.r [, u, Ll.i r t
Table I0-I No load
/r (A) / (A) lu1 (w) W, (W)
3 5 680 -250 0.2-l

6 3.5 500 - r00 0.3 r
7.5 2.6 400 0 0..1:

9 1.8 300 60 0.55
ll 1.05 190 190 0.995
t2 t.25 150 230 0.81
l3 1.55 100 300 0.71
l5 2.4 -20 430 0.47
l6 3 - r00 500 0.37
t7.5 4.4 -200 600 0.2-s
.( lo -f Jl*') t6 a- 61..*- sfy s) <Ssl*rs&41 +Ly.* I o

- I <Js+
Table l0-2 Half load
/r (A) 1(A) Wi (w) t4! (w)

6.5 4.95 830 r80 0.56
8.5 4.02 680 310 0.68
l0 3.48 590 4r0 o.79
t2 2.8 480\ 510 o.97
12.5 2.9 430 570 0.95
t4 3.-s 350 670 0.80
r6 4.tl 2.10 800 0.60
17.4 6.0 I _s0 930 0..19
.I ()L c-;d,,hL)I
Io -f clE.) O9** tfy )r <f a.L9.se I o
- I <JS+
Iolrr..\arcf ul*, l.rtri"tjTn,Ly.r" slssl(t"-f ) , (Io-I)J:l-r+

.9lo.r--,.-" f).+/L . tl [r.f IrJ. ..'1:i, /,l9Vl;2 L* tts. Jrl u-1rl r.r
l.rL -i-.; f .Stl",_s, .-JL ,J .lJ syy O,l J&, V
?Yt
,13 - orJSi. .g Lo.iy
X Line Current
A Power Factor
Half Load
-\lrl__l __ r-l--
rl ---a--
c
o,
l
q)
.c3
J
o
gt
.E
o
-T:
Unity Power Factor
Field Current (A)
.lo-l <JU+Ly.re,t(t"Jg,V 9Ll*., V 6lar;o,;o llo_, &

)yl;-lOL* i.* -<z- 69Jc..c )F .&.* OL* ' ,Jt, (29o.n
O(f +f le>lr,-n lc,rt^s )9'.a
:J-
f s 6f ,::JL gJ Jr .$.r* ot*.r r lt I L*9... ol*.r ,#
, .r-u*o .JS,:l V- u29-.., lo.r:^." drl (l o - ? ,P) 1+J.*
.1" f.l ,lly +.t-.1*1., . siy c.,*lat Ly., ..1,-f* J* V .glo.r.^^-. f )6l.rr JL
o.f o.rlii-'%, W, c;to.;-^:|, sl.u I )l )rL- c.,rlcslr, sr9T,.. " u -iI;*.-)JL
.f*tgT,g riry ! x:oLl, 1l *-ll''t .5q!L.r" l, uli *.fur? e
PF : cos o =*'--*
W
v3U.tr.
, 1.*2ls rr"Tf €,r-,, o[:+ s ss\rg.iJL ,s )li
.-*;Stt akli+.l,b .',L- 1!.
9o*-1toY =o.l'l
PF=\/3x2lovx5A
Jrf t*li +.r- t orstT '-kr-

f, .sl*JL Jr lJ ,JlU *)- JL
"+.r" "fL.f
n-Ly.r.o-f* JSV LSla$---. JL , ..:.llsst* (t " Vl (,|. - I )
'"J.f
.,!t.r" d f,n,l+ ,.'-l Jt-rl,,*' , rJ,.r rr (t o - t) Jg.,"l.roli +.f
r JjAJ6 1., I Wr sls;;19 '>"1 -r-lr Oli ..*f d
OlJ; s+. tGSl.,,- sl.r-el lt!
(l )Srr--
, .uJiso 'Vq. I -f y:Q ol*r* ,*.L; rs J$ V Lsl.ot,'-n
lr;t*'' r.tt oli *)P ,>lf C I
e"- ,sl1,. rl i;ljl . rr, #* syy olt (f )
efy ,&l otLrs &i cl*..6 (t . - t) .-in rs r rq.;L!r'o orli'', ,el;- *.t-
1
' f*\'bJ$' FY *
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR START'NG TECHNIQUES
'0.3 l;b
i,r:SL rSb:rrf";c 6;l,r:lo! -iti;.(.91.4Jt., I " -Y
o-,
. s9.i.r;.,Is*+ j|.l;I ol r9b;5 6ryyc&lr.roS tr$"1".9I*':-''iirs

. olle. I orJS! cslo.r-r..r" .sjl-l olr Gl; ,,r!-" SVy 1l ',,L l.rJ
"J
,,3),tt "l-:*; esr *
lr.!;^:ury 9 ls syy Vy o.l tt
frr-Lt.f
,-*lt tr x) sr L ..r.;Ld uf t L.r' \.py f*2fu ,>29n41 ,s 1+J.f Jt"l
. f*sJ$. l, .5;l.ul al, .-i'l''',.
fi
: jSJ os:ils;S.f;r..o ocli:i-l : ! o

10-3.1 Auxiliary Drive .1l -f - I
oT.g;l,slo12 r.91.,, ,s . 1-^5 lg sry jl lJ Jlt f*lr* fl
ol.:d. es*l
(t)r*
6tt.t<^sl"f sa1y €;l Jl^llrs , "f osti.:*l ;lr., crl;l
siy
L*9- SUSJ- s1 yolS.p , r-t'rt' ortillqg;l.uloJ, g^r.- s.-l a"r,ii r.u dr#;
. s.rfct' J t" I oe.fu syy sf sq4.r- ol*.r+ r*.r..rr.fu wr *;!5.rr: y el
.ir"b t syyq,a.*, -L.t' .rfl- t;,-lf- .*JL rr sry rlsb .xl.r"

"5S
u.,l.r:l o!., cL; r" d dLrT jl , t--SLt' ,-bl ttlfutyyotl.r.rl*ol3T . t*3L.r
u fy, r.f .fJ ;ir" G-., I o li sJ sr9 T, s.i;2a* lr, lt.rt ,ts-fu t . a* lt ,F :i y
I
,5r ,J!'5 sr y.-!.1S;. .r.;Lno ov slL.lb a- 59J,-r- s; y o"*l gl9; "r"- tlj
I FieId, Current
)
2 ) Power, Fac tor, Correction 3) Shaft
www.microgridprojects.ir O$S.i- .Slo.li.l"
?tr .rb -
.srE .-l I" o:J- )yy 4.9;l-glolr.9lr. s.llcr,tlr rJJ..S; t.rhr .--l
, s.oS ,l,i o.1li'' l lr y'J l . l*
".rr .f
. s;.f cf
'bcl ,; 2lrljl ;S.Sutb.ry" )J9,"'"
( grrib l) $e liJ I slos1y I ,-itt
(Jrl *l+) DC,rtL.,t y i

=
2J, Jg; l',,.,t.S:*,-Jt^t o#- )yf , J.t' as[i;* IDC .gl.o2;yt | "S*tS-
\ DC syy oli.r t .s)*,t (J9l rl-) 6*t+, ri iy 1l orli';'l L .-.1".o:*l
(Jll J+ .1r A - I I !rlA{) "r., cfL r.i-l"b
: l*29a jti - r'rJSL Alo.ltl" ,.g;l.ril ! I o -f

orJSi- o
- T
10-3.2 lnducllon Slart-Synchronous Run

,*.2[a ot . .l.r5cf )lf ,3.t+! -J"".i sf t Gls.r,t )y)G;1
f# ,-il.l ,;l.lr
iio.!.rs rl- I r-1.l JLrljU-: Itl[-ln., olS.,a . srls r'^.1rsl*Jr.r].r.rr.&.
.i!r sr*,g.sjlrrl ol, 1;hJl) .,;.Jg*l,s1'y ev4 tiy, s;l-o.r-:l;rl".i,
4-r- rla" oL-J ,rl.r" . r*;,5o %t " Jl 5 s9.r+ &J {aroFjL b scr56 .rL.i
,il.S Lsr \:ist s.rlTr.t' ."*r.' l.r ,p f.t*t.f* tly I fJ.f ,1..i, l,
.rl..o.r" r !i'2+d O9JL" &-sr \ :i:.S rPL:" . JAJ,ro o.lsl .lp.F,7 a,
,.rf iS,r; -fl #y "rfl.c 6ss r l*lr (Sl.f) ..\"Trf r;a.y ot.r+
-Lu*o-li
amortisseur \5.s" t+lb.Jjlslolrr*i; L^^ ,yr.r.6 ufr# 1c* a<
,gVLy 6rtr .rlr*ri rltA , s; 9. (.5jlrjl olt r o.l)L , r-,.l (5" Alis Windinq
5oooo o;
/o o\
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
\o ol
3-oo ooo)
&.>2t .-bS Fy )l ,rh- o.ii s1s I o -y cl9:
ffY
'*rJJl5l8'r";t cl-
lr.:;Ll;*y'Ul ,ssf F!. +r> ev-a;tJJ:dr,o*rljb $r..t' C) O*;:L.rs
(os.:S.SJ.d;*") -itl- C* r"*tiJ Gry F# ctlo. .,1"2 gxr+ . rjL,J",5.t":--
o;&losL.sl-- ('l o - y) Jg. ss-Scr u)Ll;*, Damper-winding t.
. $r.t' ,b l, bsys
.;Li o-, o.JSi., gtolrrr..lJ.Dbi5-l oL.t:L , olE

ll'-f
6rar J*JsJ
10-4 NUMERICAL ANAIYSIS: POWER, EFFICIENCY, AND IORQUE
fs ;b o* us.fu sl^t; y.sl,r, .riJt* Gl.J .9td;- wltL.ar A?9; tt

",r"-( f
L-lA- .-l*1r.. tr -losls ,.L;t ,r.t -.1s JJ*r olrnr +.i-ill . ,".-5.f
,"-5 &V uf *p t. .j-rb otS")Jl.;i-,
oL-ul, r oli t. -f - I
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. t*T q::*rv x) &1, ;t
syy Lfgf oll. = )yy 'srt)9 oll- - syy crgtJ ''-[i'l: JS
('t " - A) JS.t, ,-9"lL .t'l.sLs.rb o* or;! syy 99.rJ,:rb,J; ar-sxal.r
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. ( -P,,." ) }*.yoJ..L6l9l,r .r4rJ..g.r ysuly tl ( Pcu, )
"r5.frl++.rir"
Pcu : 3rrl] (t 0-2)
Pd.r:P,-Pcu ( l0-3)
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D-P,t.u-Pv,
,u - P,ku - Py, (lO-+)
, t. -f) ^L1.,.r" (l o - r) I (l o -r) .stb^t-|., g'-s,L I'
1r.21", (
Pu = P, - Pcu - P,uc (10-5)
6l; u2e-42" (% =0) "lL.r\,s ryy ol5.,.o 6 ,ol* rr (t. -f ) ^Ll.,.rt

-i; L;T ;l PMC6S .j kT jl . ** | ,1, ;fu tS" .:l.il: 9 {,r."*r! ,- l; b tft l, "1,. U
)l l;-T l;Jo. osl.iil-,". .rl.,ttJ*L;Tr. oT jl L , +T.r ss ! s'.y .s.rlrrs,
. 1*,n5..r .F:t "-t, (l )rl6rt, b.s.rl*cs:
Conversion to
Mechanical
Power
Mechanical Mechanical
Power Power
Developed Out
tDdev D _D
'o =D'dev 'ilc
Mechanical and
Stator Core Losses
Copper Loss D
tMc
Pa,
)G * Oei** <Sta;,gy )J ol9: ,f;-- f |FQ" t o _ A <JSi
Jl*,Jl.bc{4+t tr9 ssrSsll9 6Ls;1, ,rl*-t-" JJ .r;ti -r sys.r*.,-b!

..>* I dFj?+l ,--b.! drl (l . _ A)
4: vlr - Rli (10-6)

, t*T.r. r:bJ- O+.A+l;[i a* Ot.fu )yy OLs;IJ l.l.J
rtgo)-Pi-Pc"
' -Puc-Pr*loo (lo-7)
n lro-rJb.
..:,*l ,fl* ;i c-G;;- l*;bo* Og.fu :yy &
(b:L,l) J|4.;.,-.,1;b.Je- yl. ,te
(.,t- ottr+) .r"*l .,l*J'- = A fT
I ) Ful 1-Load
..F-;Stt .5lQ',r'r l" CL* ???
----- ------------F--
tyLl e* rr* JL.rl ,* = ( v ) orL

( tp,)
#Vl ;ti .ro *etii. - o / ? f^l
(xp ) siV-l ;li ,o (J-,tf lJ = ? /y p I
€r- ey = ( undcrexcrrcd ) &.r* ,:

(t,i1 &:--,rl*r= !o ,.7
( R; ) *!.r^' .rlr. .-rLiL = I /A fol
.-Li l, L,r; ol*r-: FinJ,-f rly r*L;T r.r-r" (l o - A) Jsi dru. lt tly url
. r->l &" .i lL (..!5.rlr),j...,1 Jlr r .s.rl*.* .stt+=,L;T 6*LJ f*Jlro.(Sr
No-load test: V- = 210 V. It= 1.6 A (avr-'ragc')
H1 = 300 tV' w.: -30 w

Full-load test: Vr. = 210 V. Ir.: 8 A (averagr.')
W : 1400 \\'. lli : n00 w
t t-*'9Jla.o
JL tr sYY ol;: *y:dJl

,.s.rL,,r
( .-t 5 .rt') ,s..., I .rl* c-lL f syy ,ilr- *.r- i
=
(J'lS Jl-) rs.." Jtt tt .rL"'|., I c
1
:J-
I prz l.l a.rl* ts,, .* LjT : | . .-i-t t
P, : Wr * H1 = 300W - 30W = 270W

.,.r.rls (q - ff) "l-t! ;t
PF:coso= V3x2l0Vxl.6A
='27ow
no-load PF : 0.46 lagging (since it is underexcited)
f., c"nlt .sr- r: dL l" lr,l t>l ;tir^,'.if oli qya aS u:,lls a.-; J* tt
. l-rlosls.rl; '- : rs,.
frJlr ,J"*l Jl* .r1rUjT jl

f,:1400W+ 1200W:2600W
??6 .rU - dr!S! rslo#r
PF=#
= 0.89 lagging (since it is underercited)
,l,p .**L;Trrl. l.root 4r* xidL.r. lx) ':-l ;b ,- .9t oli *2o
, ,.-losls
i tl o
- f &l.r) .;*l 6..;,r;.1#Ll .,*. ';:lil'' alLts. 'i-lL Jr 'C
Pcu = 3 x 0.6O x 1.6 Az = 4.6W
,f*rlr (t.-r) aLlrrt
P*':270W--4.6W:265.4W
..:*t rlr ,*$ ol9;, a:n.o .:;ti! eF lt "l-L olr-.sll*,.f .-JL;s
:ru
Puc = 265.4 W
. r-, I x) ll* ,r-.,1 Jl* f lib- I .,,-. ,;:li l''
Pcu =3x 0.6 O x 8 A: : 115.2 W
, (l o
- 2 aJ.ll-) ':*l ,; rllt .!.r^,.11"" .rlilc
PT: &lj: l.5Ox l0A:: l50W
(t. -V &l:) +Tcf .b ! dri?.-,lgLs;tr.r-)llr r
2600 \\' - 115.2 w - 265.4 W - 150 W

fl= x 100
2600 w
= 79.6%
10-4.2 Torque (rJ,.,f) rrliiSlo-f -T

.- r{ ( ) rrbdS o*rlj al.r ,-'p"l*lr{.r9b.l5ut y;e*Ql-. ,.r
"i
.2'.lutp .slo.rrjb er.* Ex ^S tr#.,|*.r" (t " - f ) J5- nt +i lt .f*slT,A
, p.rl.vti.+rb l* liJ.r-:-l .Jt>41* rp jl xp g,t" t.l9t "ral9; Iuxp'
Ex : Iox, (t0-8)
. ,"."'l dr" oS t*'rl*-.1..-rJL:A.rJ (t . -f ),sL"f*'c., {?' It
o.rl+itrl Entdti
vertical component : En sin (90 - 0) (10-9)
d.'#a+l (t " - q)al"'lJliJ. *lrlr-?-.p t'cos 0 ob sin (90 - d)) ct*

. r.f (t
._F-tSJl sre +it Ctp llj
vertical component : En x PF ( l0- t0)
, rc''llJ ('t . -r) .strj$ ;s .:t-lJL rL "r5r& l"
. 07:Tvertical
Sltl
component of En
_ERXPF (r0-l t)
EP
Qr
. Ex x PF
: afCsln ( r0- l2)
E,
)yy:b,r"Jr6r,i.*Ji jbJr.,.-:-l Vq. Ll.rr*rtr&1., e (t._ly) at-l

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E,:
(10-13)
(+ fot leading F, - for lagging PD,
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i .-ldrl*r+.tJls o\.-o o.1 (I
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JU"
i*,'",,. r*f.s. h;" l, (t
"- r) Jb. .;t *:;f
. cs,rl-r,,' J L sr sskS q: lj : .iJ I
( ,-L tS , L,) cf | .r L, .=J L r re t:,l,S *el; '. .-

"
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o.rb :yL*l Jkl ora . r.'.rrTr.f '-:- \.{ (t " - tf ) at-|., ;l L Ep l"*rl ].-i-lt
:tiJ.-u,L,.r(y )
4:2lov
'v3 = lll v
Iu: It
.fY.rlr (t"-f ) Jb.r" .iJl +jl
PF=cos0:0.46
0 = 62.6"
sin 0 : 0.89
Iti-t
En: (l2l x 0.46 - x 0.6)2 + : lll.9 V
1.6 tr@
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.F.rls(t"-l) "J"'lrrt
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0'46\
0r = StCSltl /,0., *
\ ln.g/
2.38"
I tf,J . r-*d oclo; | ( I o - y) Jlr. .;J 0&T," *.\ cf ltstlL jl.-Jl-;*l .r.r ..-
PF:cos0=0.89
0 = 27.13"
sin 0 = 0.-16
Eo= (l2l x0.89-8x0.6)2+(8 x6.3 lX x0.+6)
103 v
. l.rJlr ( t . oJ"tl, ;t
-rt)
En:8Ax6.3O=50.11 !
t*rrlr (t"-ly) aLbjl
rr7:.rcSi"(rnr"ffi)
:25.82'
"J.) O &l ,s (O-f )Lly rl oslq:.*ll* "LL reh,s t a?ef ).rbs
l) 6J-L,st<-li t afsr.sl*l-r. (l o
-Y) Jb. .r. Ll;:) .tor.,. .-+ (Jrl
' foJ'ff T'" .' !
. -u,tt.f OJJS:- c>s,s:e OLo b.l:- y gl .rs ,.:s; .S ..r-5 a--9 k;; Ll
i1 ENG F*.,*) t"-AJtl"

i.p ?o l.T (s-.,1 '6i, r*.r5rr &.r" (t . - r) Jl-:. ,.;lL ssyy
. +r,rL*+, ,,"*lJlr.l" l.l syy rs o.LL JrbS t 6?tf )91c.;5 f*JlJd ,fu
:J-
,-,s.fu.:r.p gLo S t**|"..t' r n,-S.r oslis^.lJ9l !-.r" (A-f a ) .J"rtr rt
.(t-t a&l.r) .:*l
5 = s" = l2o - : l8oo,r*'/min
ffi ,d,"otl*.r" ('t Jb.;l
"-f)
f{:91::---- ----- -__Lrl
Pu." : - 115.2 \\' = 248-1.8 W
2600 W
. Jr.l tfs (t aJsL a{ drr ol*1., a--l^" :* * r#t+..t r$ bT,sl
" -r)
orr{" r ( o r a ) or^'r' jl
-
r.., = 7 04 x;il'r 1800 rev/min
f;
, (lo-rt Jli) *T.r. .;sqaLL ,>ly s lhc F:l ,gs-*,tly
Po = 2484.8 W - 265.t W = 2219.4 W
i(Jrt "l+) , p.11. (o-r a) oLl.r jl

2ll9'4 w
T) = 7.04 x
1800 rev/min
: 8.68 ft-lb
'(st )to-tJtr"
O. ftT,r"-1.,*6;r q*.rJ6 b"r" (t.-f ) JV ryy r;lt 6tiy
.Lf lr!rs ,s+s;-Jrti$.S t6J-LJrbSa*L^..4*,|b, f*rl".t ,fu;*
J-
ur oLo r*|..t', f*s.f 65lu..lJrl lL ,r (O-f b ) o!l.r jl
. 50Hz
, (t
- t b ^L1.,) ,.:-l drsjL
r: &)" :4Tr * 314 rad/s
2 p"lar:
lp";lt (t o -f ) JU.;t
Pd." = 2600 W - 1t5.2 W : 2484.8 W = 2.48 kW
,Jr.l tlzs (t.-f) al"rbar.t"&lrc*t:* G{J-.IHo$ l;.eTslx
(Jel J+) Frl, (o-rb ) "LL;l
x 2'48 kw
Ta., = looo
314 rad/s
= 7.9 N-m
. (t
" -A J$) +T.r .- -L at-L oli r Prc s6 )l utrtr uli
P" - 2484.8W - 265.4 W : 22lg.4W = 2.22 kW
i(Jrl "!) Frl, (o-r) .J..,lrrt

?? = looo * 331 tw : 7'l N-m
lro ,uou
l;li o- orJSi- .9li.rito..sb Jrki" 6loa.aiio .slr.l,l ! o -A

10.5 TYP'CAL CHARACTER'Sr'CS
jli - iuJS! rSto.#-lo
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9Bo
t
ll.
Power Factor
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lO-G POWER FACTOR CORRECTTON iol,, Ytjocr'd I o -P

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-
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fl- P r>lf OlgJ ?-f ^S l++dfrior$ rs
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10-6.1 Causes of a Low Power Factor loll', e*f ,.i.olsJt t o-f -t

oly *.,- r$ f ,6 -rls sl+e .rr-fLf rilt ,3l"o;- '.:l**-b r.r
l;l .u:.;l-,' ejly' crt s;ljr"
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10-6.2 Disadvantages ol a Low Power Factor'
6:lsroo 6fJ Jr .,*rt* r*Jo.rlsr-os,tn.rL.,r-b;l f ,;,li ?-.p\ fl
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1) Distribution Transformer
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t0-6.3 Wilys to lmprove the power Factor
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I) Breakdown 2) Magnetic, field

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One-Way Flow of
Real Power
Cyclic Flow (Back

and Forth) of
Reactive Power
(a)
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Cyclic Flow ol
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ojt; .5' r.;51., ,li ,!11 or* J\, r.r , t-*5 y6r ,$E tf yslfrsf I JL
Ol9. d gl*f jl e;laiJr" & sr ys a*,rc C.:*. r,# r rf ct' tlf, tyy I
"f*.- JU. ('t . - l. b ) JS .ss.fcr .rlf, sL.rct' s1 y ^., (-ltsl)
.y,l.r.jr
..:,.f oJ*.1 s--19 a+ o;.lL r9*<,., ,il9- ;T.r.i2sJS.r*l.l"drll. sjLcf
-'- ^t
.r-: t.o i\ *y..al .rs -r.ll, o V".1- "-ll a $U J, $l*og .l*, gli*f fl
)l ;*S 4l-n nr.rL cxlJr srL. a.lsl.95l., oli os J*rr rss1 yt arri e+-r"
(to
- I o a Jft,) .-.i|.-u sf9 ojb )Ll ^S .ii-. .,:JL
I
l) E1ectric, field
jli
far - oUSt- ,.SLo.l:"-ln
10-6.4 Capacitor Ratings 'ojb ,ro" l ycti" I " - ? -f

.gloo.-;;. .glrls J;rd 0..1r ;Q ,llr- *.* Jr+{- Slr "S d l*.lLi
. Jr.l*-6 ., I ,fl
, r.f6 ,lt arl r)., 6r,t- ",1.1.

,.-rT L:.-'i ojlt "5 ,fl .f y;bJ, . uJt
,', y'5 .-* , ,fl ole; l.-
tf l,-ry5i iC
.fj**ei:r
.jb&ir-t
jblr-f
" )h. . J-r:S.,o o.llqJ*lo.rb &;l
-fu )l oli -.rbq*a; slr )19..-
C)Ll q.? cj[;.,lrrJ-S1 o- jl.,o- tl;( rsj;g ?o , r/t Tf o ** 4.2.r,51
. J':5.,. aslir-l xs rtE r. )l ssdl .rs , f--dlr o;;ll ,>li +*
6U.p?".,-s!r.Tf o , ssltrl5o oj[;- I

.6i.P?o ' u;Je Tf o 'rr'ry'Jl Ojb-f
Su*Si It jlr-J:r" V.rV )l .-b9l .rotS
6.1l;' *l
"rt ,yl xlLL u*- c;t
a-
( .f I r le y'J) ca. | ..,1y :l .6 15.," u# L oj [; a56r lrtJ*J l^+ 1.,-r . rJ,r"
, J9- J.olf O; l;
,:ly +f e *Ly:. Jl*" b s:5.," o-rti:*t)Jr*" x)GVs..t;l

. r+L ui-r, l,
rated var
(10-14)
2rrf,(V).
: rf
) C (V'\2
actual kvar (l0-ls)
1000
rated kvar : actual kvar (#)' (10-16)
rated kvar : actual kvar L (10-r7)

f
I -r'r Jf !t.l.r .,"
.(F) .r*rrt ,C
"ltb r - x tstb
, ,.p * r o)E .,"- I u;Sy i f,
, ," l9 + , LDb ,.f | ,y )lu. g'; V'
,>*l ,tS Jtt- oT,--t Ujlt ^S ,r*6f '. f
;f*;Slt6lQ''liL ;L ?0?
(dl r\ ,,r-l*i*Lg tklJr''i" oT..--' o;b oS sivjlt!, 'v

-..,,.-
.-- lt* l.* :l * &lp ,;:,* o-ib il oLL rlreJJ . Actual-

KVAR
'
t o -V JlJ"
. ci- | ,f l*f ) tf | ,- l,o;i. tt Or lt .5t
,r"*lrtt= r,^n*lJlrrls- lo Jlrgl5

,fl .)yjUr= Tfo ,.:J,
cflrrlSi= lo ,*
:c4rlL
:.-ijl
;.P ?o e*-;Si, Jr I lo iylbJe .:-; ojt; jl ol''L JlrrJ5
ir^ Ao .r*lStr dr f Yo iyjLJr .::-; ir;b il a-I,'L JlriJJ : '-
irA Ao,.r,-St s dlTYo .ir. 1b-19 .r-; ojb.il tl-L Jlru:C
J-
I ;*rl, (t " - l.f ) al'*lr il
10000 var :160
C_ pF
2, i 6p Hz x (240 V)?
I -.,1" (t. - la)&ty )l

.
lQ-o y
120: . .*tt
kvar:2nx60x460x
-
: 2.5 kvar
. 2402
kvar=2l,rx50x460x lo-o x _r000
= 8.32 kvar
'c
kvar: 2n x 50 x 460 x l0 -". X 230:
-::
: 7.64 kvar
. t".-s",r. ,1.,,, tg)u r.r-:. l.l r.:aVb. ol9- *t'7)i^-lo9t"-o$.F:.l.sl.r JL
I o -A Jh"
L-;,9 t'-l ,.g,* jb,-,- "11, ,>lr ?.t' L.s.rTJl rlJ I o .rL &
. ( ,.f ?. .rilSi) .f ,.t' a.,'ri ;tifu .5Jl I T'
,1., olt- +.f i.-"lr^'fl eo;
?00
,li rrqJSL 1.5ts.riro -
. o;L stly.rl* L r*l- .-rjL rl"tu aa r.*L- .r-19 a- l,
J-
o*rj.f ..S.5 gl,- gll jlJti. ,tl,,sr-tr slr
. (V .-Lê.rr y I *,::.;')
-
o /A ,sly *-* lr) $L.r (t -- I I ) Jg .e'tt ,li .' l"* JU" crl,.sl-
"
. e.:- I ;b,-
Pn = 1O kVA X 0.8 = 80O0 W
P,= 10 kVA X 0.6

= 6000 var Lagging Leading var
Needed
to Make
0=0deg
(PF = 1l
i e.tls oJge-f o - L JU <slr ol9:' c ha I t o - | | <Jg'
cos 0 : 0.g
0=37o
sin 0 : 0.6
.'r+T.r !-.,al
-f f ) I (Y -'l " ) t-le; il ar,:Slt r (.,+ii-) $l rtt
(V
P.. : 10,000 x 0'8 : 8000 W
P. : 10.000 x 0.6 : 6000 var

q-? jlo. ..rr. VARrls. (t " - I I ) JSi 2r o.rJ osls ol.'l.-; cxab
u* :l r*l-r d.\arLsr ,hl, .r--19 d;li ?2a 6-..rJ*.1 tslr , r>l* *:- C)Ll
. rr,5 Cr.U Ojt;
r'l' liJ , .rrf &L # f J"t €li +t, r,.,lt jl aS .,:LJT)|
rl.,
. sro5rl2c Arlsx osrr- Jsy x) .,"-1.:l,.J.i. L.f;l;
oJr lTo .f l;LJe I
.r* ? o cf l";6; I
,lr !5 ? L;*l ole: i
(t. - I t) "t'lr jl li.J . -ul;L ;J, f f o .11.11- ;J J9>9* ojb L1--
"o5 ,-i.f JL
16,
.F"rJJl€l+l:+-lrt cl*
. q-otl;. l.l ,.rjb s*r+ cf l ol9; ,1.*o r oJf o.rl;',-.1
r'1'
ted kvar = 6 kvar /z+o v/
\ rzo
: 24 kvar
, f*;S.r orlis-l ssly os* ..51lr rJ.S f r To ..-.,,r8 rr jl c:Jl^+lrs lsJ
!o- I Jti.
oly, *-; l, .*T dl #fo.f .rl'.
jl-i-.f p.-l**b lr- ,A
-f
.
";1r.t' .rb - ,-J9 YYo cL;.15 c,-ri *
)Uf -l .r:5.," -i,.a.o (;b.-*) o/YA
lra;L;2tSr5 r>li +'- b f*5 r--..o;brK.-rl,r, s*lr;L; A ujb ,l"Loa
, -)* v .rs .rrti. or C)Lljl..,-
jb.-,-;./1 :.iJl
..-lr iy
:
,li _.,- o 71 e
J-
C)Ll ;l ,L-, l, o;b2l5 9..51r r 9'isl ;,li (v -r t ) -: (y - " ) l-lts )l
,t
Frsin r"rr \i ,>1, +.r-

P". : :
60 kVA x 0.75 45 kW
"
P, = 60 kVA x sin 4l .4o = 39.7 kvar
, t*.ll.r :.1 sl..'',lrs o5 .rr5 a-9;

.PF:cos0:0.75
0 : 41.4"
. FJtr c;l.r +lr Jt;o ,- ', Jr

PF= I 0:0"
ar* L ";'; l.r *lt JL- or I C a .jJl al^.' - .rJ
PF : 0.9 lagging or lcading
cos 0 = 0.9
0 : 25.t1"
,blr.tb.;,*l.,ue.rJl.slo+csl, l, ol1 ol*:l'. (t"-.1f ) alArf*,

?AY jl3 * O..fi* ,.Sto.lfrf"
(cl
I o - 1 JU <sb: o(; rglo,,

ta I o 17 aJ9:
-
.F;Stt c't '*..1L s/t+"
f6A
J.:.bJ.5.
o.r o /1\db;tS.,i5 oly *y f*lr.r (f . - t Y f,i) 'lS'l u n+; L' l.i'lt

.-J*{.*t ] o.;brlSat Jl, ,l-S Q;lo ."1- n*,rl e+-. ,ir.-+l ,s . &.r jb
"t+
' f"Jlr
Q : 45 kW x tan 25.8o : 21.75 kvar
(b'\{ ;.j++l.1l'iu"! o/1 b ,ilr- *r- rt*r-,sl;jb-ojbjlaLL;lrr$ liJ
' +Tcr
R = 39.7 kvar - p
:}9.7 kvar - 21.75 kvar
: 17.95 kvar
.sl.r jb A- oj[r. jl ol-L Jlry'5 lit ,>,-l ,i.. a.:l*. Q .,rJLirl2o 99; i,.-
. (t sl',-r" )lrrl5rt/Y oLo ol9; *)P c)Ll
" - t T bJS*)
4{ a+9; L . J-:5 (.9rlJtj *l-.11r o- al'*rb *Jl^+lrs '6
"*Ji Yl/Y ;lul*'r
. .r*Tcf ss!g;;:*lo;L;,r5a{ e+*. :l &:i Q. (l o - I T C ) JS
Q : 45 kW x tan 25.8'
= 21.75 kvar (as beforc)
,T.5o .r*+ q;*ln+rl.:Jl-+lr.l;li a- Ojb;l aJ..L Jlrr$ liJ

R : 39.7 kvar * Q
: 39.7 kvar * 21.75 kvar
= 61.45 kvar
I or.rSl Jr*il-uS I o t
t0-6.5 The SYnchronous Condenser - -A
;b.* olf +:-6!lr d o;tt or? rgf^l+ : 6 1*r+r .-t*; ,a;' r.r
(t o - T -r) .p-,s. s.f2Foslqi-l'rr"oli'*:-g)l-lcn- $lid'u'tt,.r
*,o.9lrl.r slir.r ir 4J-;.i5p *JL rt t t.fu siy 6 t**"srp ur.5.rr
,>lf w*s-C)l-|,-sl.r o-ib .uL u"ai; slr-r.t' liJ . s.llr ,JfS br -.i.ltirl.+" glrr
lr-Tn' J.f osti:-loll' *.f c)Ll.sl.rrrlt,rro#- slasry)lol5g '.5 lirl
slr r o, Sj- ,lr2l, slss9' y jl ,JptS .:.eJl . ssrJ.ro ,.i)lrl o, .S- .r.-;1.u5
. r.t'rt' o.lli"*1.$,-, .ir, ,*JL;. r>li *;n C*a..a.:
Io- I' Jh"

jli *
?at irrJS:-,.Slo.lfrf
tt)-. (;b.-1,o) o/AA ,ll9- *.r-':.'.- ! .irl, y'J TA ,r.r:.' -b.16 .5,
oli *-tn) orf-.rr-l$"!;l oubrtf crl ol9; *.f 6)Ll ,sl. , 15.,o
AS -r*.5,.-L- ,s:* 12 ,l;ls.So"l ,;.T..=J, t$
' ,*;S.f o3li''*l (rr., l*J$
..bsa.-1.: ! o.;br6 Ol9. *-*
&
, f*.tlT6 cb \y
,>li *f e-.*.a; jl.-l$lro.;b.r6;l*,.tr5.gSlgt9; tu-l
totalkvA=#:29.4lkVA
0 = = 31.8o
arccos 0.85
kvar: 29.41 kVA x sin 31.80 = 15.5 kvar
*.f t rF Crr.b OttS.l* ,:*lr;St-:-.r*l-o.r.oTr:.-r< )lttJ$ €b o-ra

orf* Jr-la5 cxltsl.r.,;k "sy .t+T,iJry'JliJ, .r;\.,gp.*., tt*tlSr;l oli
r J1r lnl* *T.=J, lJ I A/A
lo-tt Jll"
j LJr .:.*- ( o#- l) ;L u .,t liJ I tf y .5r l.rr:; ,;,..i.o a.; brlS.S- , s
a.cr..'i. cr"l ol5, *r.ftl . ri,l.S.," g .u56r5,-J5 Tl
^S*,l :l .r*T,-1, t{jy "
,>li *2o 6=,,^-cal.; (t. - Y) JtL orF* siy )1 ,.*al9e.a9$t o /\6ss9 l.
: .:*t/L FJ a.rtg- |
,
ot * siy -tT.* Ll* , sr..tlT (.!rr{ ! o;b.rtSo"u e'..-.o: olp *p' .iJl
, J.!L o"r.l ,*L; .r.T tA OT 4f. Olr.r+.1 osgv 2l+q9<
.55t-1,
.Jr.l Uzs (t"-t) JSr.t.-[S-l V 6b,r.:-.-a{ atrt.Jb".r*lJ-.9lJt
Jr
f'.Jlr .r.T t rt 6.r* otr g;l J$ v rslo,r-^," ;l
/e=5A PF=0.2
. ,xrl.r -Jt.fu trr g;l1
P": fi vtlt = fi x2lov x s A = lElg.6 kvA
,,*;sttal+i*lu .rlb l?.
ll-rJ .-*.1 o/Y orf- tyy uly *tn u*
Sincc PF : 0.2 : cos 0,
0 = 78.46"
p. = 1818.6 kVA x sin 78.46"
= 1781.86 kvar (leading)
P*.=|818.6kVAXo.2=364w(thisgocsforlosses)
, f*J l. 1 orf;* t) ; til I .5 lo;;e" al.x
PF=cos0=0'80
g = 36'87o
sin 0 = 0.60
P,:3 kVA x sin 0: l'8 kvar: 1800 var
:
P* = 3 kVA x cos 0 :2'4 kW 2400 W
(:w-\- g+:++lCb apSt, ol' ,,:*lo$ 1*.r (-t " - lf ) Jg Jr oli ':l^''
.*T.f
e: 1.8 kvar (lagging) - 1.78 kvar (leading) = 0.02 kvar : 20 var
New0=0"
O = 0.02 kvar
t.78 kvar (Leading -

dtre to SYnchronous
"-E MotorI
f o- ll J(Lrs(x6r$;rc'JL. lo- yY <JS:
. r;rl dr+ja+l (r,r51) .j"t- y'b ,li

P,, : 2.4 kW + 364 W : 2.764 kW
. f*rlJ (V - t T) ol".'lr il
p,,: @6$7fr - Z't64\tA
.ttJlJ (V-f) oJ"lr,lt
PF=
' 2764 W
2164 V A
jli
?rt - o#!,Slo:fr
SYA,8OLS CHAPTER IO
''VTRODUCED 'N
Units:
Symbol Definition English and Sl
Qr (t) Torque angle degrees

P
tP
(r)
(r)
Synchronous impedance angle
Reactance per phase of stator u'inding
degrees
ohms
rP (Y) Resistance per phase of stator winding ohms
z, (a) Impedance per phasc ohms

Ep (?l Generated stator Phase voltage nns volts
V (Y) Applied stator phase voltage rms volts
\ (^) Field cunent ampcres
Io (r) Stator phase current anrpcres

Ee (t.) Internal volta-ee drop across Z (this is similar to the rnrs volts
armature voltage drop in a dc rnachine)
0 (rr) Angle. between Vo and I, dcgrees
cos o (tt) Pouer factor of motor
tt( and W. (tr) Wattmeter readin-gs watts
t;' (t t) Total stator copper loss watts
Sum of mechanical and core losses watts
f'llil Voltage applied to field winding dc volts
& (rY) Field winding resistance ohms

C ( r,r) Capacitor used for power factor correction farads
f, (rq) Rated frequencl of C hertz
v (T.) Rated voltage of C nns volts
f (rt) Actual frequencl' C is used at hertz
v (rr) Actual voltage C is used at rms volts
(rr)
O (tr) Reactive power delivered by supply lines var
R Reactive For*'er supplied by capacitor bank var
poc ,l-i 1.! o$ 6r' .rq C!"

J,LsS a"rlj - t
ttlS*.r*lrr"l o*rl; _f
tyLl ,o ;li e crl:.Sb _ f
:yLl ,s ;l-i.ra ,*.:ljL _ f
:;!l.rr jb Js u- l"r"
- O |
:i6l ;b ,o JJ 6J.,! +-Jr, )dS - f

o*.lt JL*;;li.p jLJr-y
4r- o[;+ - A
)iU | .ili .,r oL.r _ I
.*jSJ I .9 le'.+ il t ,,., 1,,, l)l

..ra,+..rf r.tr;bJ9 ,*l t+^ jUs ,sr.l z, r tr.tr *iL &ls;b-19 .::il- I o
. rl,l'.t(Jll J+)pC ot*'*r-L
I. ') V tt*t o*rlj - I I

jli * orf- )Zf ,lly vr.rn- I T
Lo,;;|, .ll.r.cl- t f
$h-l ;.r o-. .-[i-b JS_ f f
, jfuK. , o" 'f c,ti,J:
e9,,+*- I A
.Sar, ,l- jL:.|, t I
-
4f, Crl? f.;- c-f b - I Y
*lli *)- elr* |::^{^? ojb_ lA
o;b .f lgr"K.lr _ l l
ojtt,5.-l;Ur- f .
c.rJrf ,lt .sr1".6.,(rr JJrr oT.r-" C O;lt JS ,f lr.r"JtSi T I
-
\5u. ,5 ,T ,:r-i; C dJj b eS o.r tl ; U.tl T y
-
oq;.r.i Cf. ;l ,"tr^. rpSL Olg - Ty
ojb L-; o$ o,+rb ,rrtrlJ oli - Vf

aa
),
f,:V t7.z
ot t' ' i
du(gr.l/t) () u, 6ttltt,
fHE'NDUCI',ON GETERATOR
-/fi
jli gtr.rrlrj
lr6 - ..JtiJl
1 1
'tal
jli * (orr5:-T; ,"stiltuto:ir..rj
coriL
oi -.;,'..o y t 6tvlr) ,,ssp It vl:S Jrl sl-* rs

. 1.*-r.J:, l-uT DC .9Lo.r9:
- J,rr rrL JL . r"*r-9.; c:-e or;* cslotylrj I btyy orL.rs ,-t:5 grl;s
l*T, -.r5,g:lt cs2ls,,,o'* r.rr. jb o* (ir95;*T1 ;till .sb.lr-r. d ,l*b
(t )
9o; t, l.r*5 ,lf o.rls.*l
"r.r.
-r;.'lf rt' F )ba* (r9I;T) ,jLiJl.s 6#li)
,F:+ w1*;lllato.r-r-lr5 a;$+l ;.) olt 9 .,bl g; Jl9:* c.,*l q.,, vlr
(t)rrp*Tablr- l.r')
ott* Vlaq , $ \,6r- rlr us-fu ur L. 29"2 29*
btyl.fi a-eS*la, r.s.r\: *y,,tt:SJl.9lo +*t .-5 -iSl .r" o;tit:. . s.f r.t'
,f "*+ ,1a.- .tr cS).rl Ol.r-- 05,.5s!"' 'l tY" er.rs oS ..r*5 +l* Ll . r-f rf
-"**'"
J'; :t; tf:I3;;:,;:
g;L
.?# ::' ",
jti * ,,3eJl.stor9;l1;j cfJ"s qby.r a:ds t t - I

11.1 THEORY OF OPERATION
,"l J--i .r.r (t - f ) '.rii- *-l ;!.t 6sylr) c;S;rl srSLc .5rs sl.r
of*r oLl. jl .:. lrl;r- J[-.r" .jliJl tyy .,.sl f..-SL;Tlr . ,t*L ,tr l,
o*;sf ,r,,no yo.,L *.rr*, * ,..;ritfJ;';il,t;:l'ris.'"

' JrrTr.t s,o'y ls
Cr*.rt r.r9.rJ,'b,.L I (,glf Olr-) j{*lS. ,JS."- oli6p9.rcil'5r .v
1) Induction- Generator
2) Asynchronous-Generator
3) Wind-Energy-system
.*iStl ,.9|Q'+lL;L t?,
. a5€. g,*"b 1.,
esfrrf.r, rll ls-ltia- ( olf-T) Gfl ry y sts )l s\oS,iJL.r"

4i::
A, ufuK" glg ^Li; rrl.r" tl JL . "rt ail'9'o

"ol9 ;aL )l+*t ftJlO9s ;9s
, r9.l * grj- us* )l t., t u;+ r.rf .rrL oS s9-JL,la.rrto*'lL rr*
. JnJ,Jo t: x) &b.l ,,>)ta.r)J
.rrfr.r .-# rd ,[-; ,.r (r - ?) : (1 - A) t'lr, ,t ..LL .l";*J - t
.p .,l.:. r sqi. atr-F Glr 7rr- Jî LlrJ .tk 6

srq.r sys 6\"""t" aS adu ol o:.l,ls J.;2.r I ( l-t ) JlJ \+v l" - f
o.r,;.lf 2b e, l:r".; lr, s 6t**"to *52- esf ,.xl .t, I $i.;;.rr os;sf ,il+"' .ll
,!S-l .r"t q;T \ s1; ;(.9q*sb otf .ji(..> aari';;J . rrt ".bltt *-l.r a{ tr^" jl
q'!ls Ob (1- 1)
Off..t' ls tfy 6l g*,,i.*..o . J9r J-bla; .:,'rl;"..--.>l o'r'&
, Jp.52s ;i^. (q - lf ) .l""lJ lr .;ly' .-*\1, F+'t ^ 1*l
dSr-. ,xb Lgr#,-,1.t oS ssfo. .:-lr sis ,,.r1* r.16> g$ ,-e;n -Y

:1;!l 6orpp jl ,,!' ;SJI ol9; l! +[o; ,r.i F:9;b*lr.r o-r;.r+J9-,rti;SJl
. .r.rfr.r .rltr+ ssyl.ficJL ;osL *.lLo, a< ' Jr.lct' .",l1
(t )*-Jll5.r-. L*9- dr.,it &1. .-b& cssyl.fi JL;r-f
Jr*. !S
j; :; lll^t
tt tis
qiirr.,r o.rr-.,n dr'#r ,,st..t.rj,i,JL rJ r
,-rlorr., J.,.l, .rl**'" :y!'l o'u.lf ,,;l'r*' b S.r l) .!.n' ol*r (e)
(or r-T) .j tiJlgb.r.:.1;; l-r.J r e4ri sFL" a-- r.rt5 ottS;-T.r;lr) 621;4f-
(l).g.9-
t.,l.fid t*9,l .tfi:. l-+l.rr ..Li.lt',r* 4.r^, It d#t..t jb -
Jb ob.;J ro$r.5ol+*. o,r.b w^(** 1l pStrolioit.l'rgp2s;tiJl
. J-sJ,rr d* &f, (;.t-) 5,.iSl crlt
jf*tos;sf Ol.r*. tttro'. s1.-b,*l .lr o$ *.Jr ;bJr r'-lSy-2
. Jg; r.blf r|.1- (&) n*ii jttJr,-r-51 I' a-*;JL9 l2lo
,l-b .$rcf irtl; lr;tia-,riUt..,r-l;;4o.rL.sb (r I - I ) JS.
ri5t, oli or.:5 g,*.1, C*4 * l.1,T \l' orfr-T *lr).!r., csl; F;rS dS
t+r jl ,iSlr ,il' .rylij .r.llr;b a- qj;:,5. 6*. g,.?1.51 . FJ &, (VAR )
I ) Prine-mover 2) Self-excited
jli .jlill ljj
t?t - rslo.rf
s..t' &* t..

(-'iSl) .ji+i- o'Y JLrb Jr , 6.rf .:ril*rs
Reactive Power into

Generator (kvar)
(HP or kW) Mechanical

lnput Power (P,)
lnduction
Generator
lntern:l Losses (kWl

Supplied by P;
.%1ilil
lPol Three-Phase Power
Source (SuPPlies
OnlY Riactive
Power to Excite
Field - kvarl
Ol* h; rttfl) 9 y_;Sl6Ql9: <><roi,6 o- GBJI:f lrj& <SL: t t - I dg

. s/o,u al /.1
Rotor
Electrical Mechanical
Power Power lnput Power
Out to Stator ln
Po Pi
*.- +-_
Stator
Core
Loss Stator Rotor Core
Pc Copper Loss
Loss (Nesligible)
Rotor
Pqrs Copper Friction *
Loss
Windage
P-, Loss
P,,
)G- GEJ( ,yDj 4 sJ otg r;4 slts; II -f ,Jg
jti c- ( orf,i-T) .,lliJl.Slo.iltj obsl.r t t f

-
1.2 EFFIflENCY
.rqtsJl gk++lt .r,t* l?l
-.fcrrl ,s oL";l.r
s.f cf .rr.r*" ,*ilSJl,.5l*',..i L ,L.r;;Ll-r.-#1L
' rSrs .-2to, n,
gLs.;1., = att.P olY

6Jt.tt ustf
tt
cAsll, Olf- = ,.?gi Olf + Cr,*t Or.lJ c.tj,'L:;t"t
:.Jv
gL.ul.r =
C*;S.f .s.r.lT.l ls x).-15.; L:,1.r.l
s-*.r J,.L (r ).r.rt,-rlL;T;t (T ).*..-b,r,, (t );i-|s.,-ti&
- 1
,-b'! "S f*os,.f rly"lL;TJ.lr".lltur t Lryl. ,:rJL ,.1 l) o*.1L9

'.r*ls.r.
, .\-r*.L.f gsyy.Jt'
oL! st;:l.fi s ,r JJ jfutS. .:,[iJ'' .9 ^".".e
ri;er- .,... F.l" (t -f l ) "l^., lt )l syull ,s (f ).r* ,.:LiL- 1
,
"*T.t'
Lf ..r9,l 6,bL (f - Ty) &1, sys sr ,,... .-tiJ:-;
1l o.rti:*l t.',
11.*;1, ;tiJl.-slo.rr-l.r) sr (t f T) JS J,+t aS r.:tls 4?5' +L

-
Px-P,+Pc*Pc,"s , \ (ll-l)
. +T*. r- --'-\, o#r+;l ;ti a* jt".llalorr- r;:
(o)-r-
ol,; - f
Po = Wr * Wz (r l-2)
( f- J3) rr.! t *.orsr:.ll.r.;.1 lo;.:lr.ll.r-c l.1S;trl,i W, t'Vir'.2*;ltvlr.l .r,
1y
g d.s .-liJ:,jlill .gbr9;r. $rL^ ;.-;li a-,jUl rsls.rrl.rj .rr- A
PC (tr l) &1.,.,.r l.r,J :r"JL..r o-tS..!l., (o'-tp-.StSt.t; ;fulS",gti&
-
' f*.rl$.f j-l:
. sf *-L- .s.t, ,y-.h olf ,S lr;till,s[..,rr-l.t ') arlr ol9- ?
- -
P,, : lf3Vyll cos 0 (l l-3)
' r't'Ld orf*T sfl.fi ol,- *r cos 0 .p;l dlr
'ry
,
"rT.t
... *.r' d,*+l syl.fi ) tSrtsg;I-tS. oli -
1) Mechanical losses
2) Core losses
3)No Load test
4 ) Copper losses
5 ) output power
jli *
?tt oStiJl ,.Sta.rilij
E = P, * Pcus *.Pc* + Pu (l l-4)

(6:;y.uL " Li*o1 -u,L._f .r tylrlci.,+ c-b.L eLti Pu Fl ^L-lr rs
(ENG Fr+1.,) ll-t JU"

yl.i et* l, n-,'[.^l rr ( f - f y) JL. r;tt. rb a-,r:flr5;r" .5*
,1, , os.l ,l.aL..srLrr .-r-L:T;l a:*o, ,JtlS .rlil lw.rrTrf .1r jti - ,,9lliJl
syl-fi c;lrzl' 4t* qLy-n 6looslr . (.95""y.:*b l;T1 *L.f c-19 Yl i
, .r I x) ll* orJSi-T
Load run: Wt = 2.I kW, .W: = l.+ fW
V1 :208V, /r: llA
S : 1860 rev/min
. r*.rrT sr.L l; .r.:SL* | tr-lr) ul9; *.r- 99Lsl,
:J-
: frrls (t I -r) ol*rlr;t
fl, : ll00 W + 1.100 W - 3-500 W
r*rtlo (tt -f ) ol^rl.rrt

PF=cos0:#
= 0.88 (or 88% )
oL-\)l lJ . *L.r 1o1.5, )yLlJsl"" ." 091;- 6,*.rlr rtb- (q - Yr) Jb.;t
l-r's (l-rt)
R.,,s = j 1t OXI I A)r : 181.5 W
I prls (q - ? a) ^Lel) )l
s : (1800 revhin - 1860 rcv/min) x-----r00

1800 rcv/nrin
: -3.33cic
.t.ttr c.* r- l,r pn L (l ).rl* *Lti jl ^$;. ol; Jltur. (t r t ) oLlr rt

-
Pn : 3500 W + 0 + 181.5 W : 3681.5 W
I ) Airgap
,"$j{J | .SlQ ,*., 'l b d lr. fY.
t*JlJ (q-TY) dl'-,1) jl

Pc,,n = 0.0333 x 3681.5 W : 122.7 W
, +Tcr rk-L g rtstrli ( It - f ) &1, ;t
t rsr s w + 1227 w + 216w
: ffi lJ
rr!-L oL.r;l, (1 - Tl ) Ll, )
"*T.r
: x roo :87vc
#*
(SI lt-YJU"
'u..4-)
lrT , ,-*l oro (r Tr ) Jb .l'tL ;ls a- ( orSi*T) ;till tvv &
-
r:r.L .stLtsr, *L;T jl .,!-tS. o:,*"o ,.:li L . f*tlTrsps" ,JrFi-T tylri *t*
qLy.r.,"gloosl" . ( ,*J.r ,r.p +b l;T1 $l'uf *lr I 1A/A ,1, : +T.t'
. c*,1 .r) tl*;l!l sylr) cs2ls;|, Lrl.i
Load run: Wt : 1.7 kW W: = l.l kW
V.:230Y /r:8A
u: 163 rad/s
. rr;rT 'J! r- l) otF*T ylr) ,aly *2- r oL.r;l.l
:J,
Frrlr (r r - r) ab.'|., ,t
P,, = 1700 W + ll00 W = 2800 W
+T.r ...* \: oly -*.ro (r I -r) oLlr jl
pF : cos o : : 0.88 (or 8g7c)
#
ol*l.,rl liJ.c.-l fol t t\y sylr*lJ.rb.:..o91i""Sq*rl"*b-(t-Tf ) Jb";l
"rT.f
.;e!:,;b*l .r-l ,r*.sbJ:(t-f t)
pc,s: i(t.t3 OX8 A)t = 108.5 w
"rT.r... ! -iy' (r- ?b) &l.r.,l
s : (157 radis - 163 rad/s) '" --100
157 radis
= -3.82%
fvr
jli - JliJl .sla#lt;
.rT.r ci*r- ,jlr^ "Lb;l ^ l'i;l c.,li l* p,, olf (f r _ t ) cLl.r rt
Pn = 2800W + 0 + 108.5 W = 2908.5 W
r*rl" (1 - YY) 4l"lr jl

Pc.,n = 0.0382 x 2908.5 W = lll.l W
"t'.r &L (t r - f ) ^t-l.r jl ,-s"r., t ,tly
4 = 2800w + 108.5 W + lll.l W + 195.5W

: 3215.1 W
rr.Sd &L oL$|.,( t - Tt ) al*rlr jl

2n00 w
? =
JJlfTw X l0o = 87.'tc/c
11-3 TYPICAL CHARACTEB'ST'CS

jb o- dtU!,Sb.ll"tf:.slx Jsl{i..5looa;;i" ,Jie.i. I ! _f
.-fUl isb.r-:- l-r) tbsyyslrlsJtt u.6laa,.;u.,Ji^;. (r r -r) .Jll

;tiJl syy ! ", Lyr.:*1, s,- " .5.l-6ul-ir*i. r rlJ,rc Ob ;ti c- (Of.r!-T)
t>-t;,1;ji.irJl- JJ dJ+,: L ,Lo q Lyr r-r.- ,- r! r. qgb'-^.. f ( *:- ,.L
-*;rJ) .-:- |
-,*l )
j j,J r; tiJ,' *-'rJrtrirf r:::fi: :(.f
.t j'J ?, - ,_,r.$ r ,.s L.rr- l;'; ) I
bryy ,il.- +.*.rl.6ni , ,-
iFl ; bJ I alo.r-r- lr) t bsr y ;!.-lt olr: ,::,1 ,,,oi . 6
c..'.: rr;liJl -:<
sylr), t,,,-.l .rLrs..:- lr#(l f _f ) JSl, jl aSJra.rL.o
. J5.,. SS Syl. dq \:r*i (.9t S-iy'
,l*) $L Fs;bJl sfl.r).rLrfl ^s rq*lo..rJ (t r _r) J1:; a- 4-; I,
,snAL .:rl;lc-.;;.pJ. J9-".lrc",s[.J-- uli*.r- esf ..-*l.rr (t ) 1J.-
.sto;rfr; ;l ;9, os[i:;len"- lirJ. ... ..1.r r.olp*r*i Fiu*{JSol-r- *.p 6r.t .r
oly *.ro 1'l-..o: L s9r1- w ,g)lr);l ,.r;*L.t' , s,$ rsl1..**- rs ,r:till
sf os li',* |
I) Light load
,F.rdl t .s lQ
',ri t g t*. ?vt
Generatov Action <,- +- Motor Action
100 I
90
80
co- 70
o
F
260
(l)
(, )o
i50 t
o
40 o
Rated
a
q
c
30
o
3
20 I toao o
o-
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I
Percent Slip
r
,)ti- GAIcst syys bsy(rjo(rrJs(sz6&b4.a.a;" .,:o;. It t -f .Jg
jr.i - .,3liJl.tyl.fi.(* Jr Clf" .+,rf e*e..a; I I -f

11.4 POWER FACTOR.CORRECT'ON OF THE INDIJCTION GENERAIOR
r,a,r tA b go Jer> jb - (r:.5-t;;liJt ab.rr,l.fi ul;;- +.rn" \19,.*
$L.r rrJr AA rrb or l.r,ly *folf.f (f^rJ.^t) OjL;llo.rli; .l L .'"*l
. .tlr.r Jj)+r-? uir .JL.SJ .lr b.l.l-lr'; a:$+l jl ca.rlru6rr,-r ar.*;.2J 9
lr, .,:*lrltrf, glofu el+.-bl.1l ol9 *.f rt*t-.rJ .tjb ;l osLiu-l
,V (rlr) 9no;51, ,-:li 1,
"r- *-klll.ri ,ri5 orl.ul c- l) ojt; ol.r-.f
"rr
a-.r-i; C+. jl lstylr) ol9-.r esf .rrl.r"."jL k-lro.r-;s.f ,b,-b.-1"-
-!,r- .F;l CJ.;":L, 'qr.iiF.r.l ..rSa;-r.i 1., rr-JL'" 1.1"ts:ilr) l -lr^r C"5
. ." *iL (t ).g.g-'-tr. l* rrrJSJ-T sil.fiyosL *.lLo. a+ 9 os,l liS"r
"*T,-f
*tr- L dltJl.slolr-l.r) tr o-u, .*Ji oli..r-l5.1r 6 d.r:TrL L;l.rr
'*5.r ur
\rsrJiS f--^# .,rf, ci*.-6la- t*+1.1" '$L,.f lr,.lr) EI"S"F
1) Self excited
vr
jli ,.jliJl ,St!1ilii
.f -
(nUC tJ"^#") I t -f JU.

.:-l; F 5; u-t;'.;t* [., ;bo* ,j9lill:r-r" €
,r.*lgl9; - T 2[-.-*l
(.Lr ; U-r) J W; ,r"- I ; bJr -T oA ,a:.j,
l#"s cl.r': = f
6; 'r-f
6-., I rts =7 o
O'l&t qg[oa,.;":. .,1a*:. , f*slT'los.r ugJLT *l1 ) est4,r..,,lOlrJ.:-,J |,;T

.,!;.-; et* tyl.fi f."lf.. ft ..>l o"r.i osl.r ol *; (l f ) Js, Jr -f
ud,i:. b o- .rJi iur,.r-5i r o"rrrT *-! L ;l*. rs* oib rS.-t gi.r9,.>
."J
:J,
f*s1T6,..... .\{ rf l1."l.i ," ls x).r|.^r.cl (f f -f ) J$ ;t
s = -2.8Vc
PF = 63Vc (0.63)
q : 957c
"*Taf
rbL ,ttr olv (t-Yt)aL-lrrt
P" = 0.95 x = 1.9 hp
2 hp
746w=
= 1.9 nO x -hp l4l7.4w
FJ IJ (v-ll)al*'lr jl
l4l7..l w
H.-
- :22.t9.84VA
0.63
cos 0 = 0.63 l;'r.,ls6

0 = 50.95"
sin 0 = 0.7U
F,rlJ (V-l') abqlr;l
P, = 2249.84 x 0.78 = 1747.2 var
r;5 o...L b rletJ I /yf y +L rr;L; l!
al++t ;b. fvf
"$;Slt
uS.9 L2.er fo-|" U,, , F.rlTrf cb!tr a"*L *-;- .iP O:lls It
.,"r21" (q - f a ) tt-l..r.rl (Sl.ra) s-laliis tr st r tloo
-2.8=%.Ixroo
S = 1800 + 50.4 = 18i0.,1 ro'/ntin
Frlr(,t-Ta)&b.il
f: t8so.4
"* = 6t.7 Hz.
. rrr.f \k.r- o;b dlr rl"iL ,'"r5rl.1r (t o - tY) &lr.r"ro;6; c;,,l.5l
1SI ,s".+-) I I -f JU"

. .i- t Gt;s. x) *L.;;. L .rti a- (19 5;-T) ; bJl ,ry 4
JL*; .r'* I ;bJe = 1Y o '*J,

.,.. I ,19; = 6.-15 9JJ
t**hi sl.rr: =
,
.r...,1r;6;= Ao ,*
St&y.t 6loo,-;*l- ,J.d. . f*)tT,g lr .jUl;il;; ,-rr'o", rJ-""lJt* '.r-; l;T
.5r9> *!r- ast*.,,*:;t olT.n- )V ssy ojb..!lo$ r.l (r r -f ) Jg

. J#t. -o l, o.rl r;J; jUl,r-6; . r;5 JL.e
"*.trT '.i-&lJ
:J,
FrlJ ..f lL*l.p r" (t t -r) JL ;t
s : -2.8%
PF = 637c (0.63)
1= 95c/c
+T.f \3,r.- 6tr oli(1-Tt)&1.,;t

R : 0.95 x 5 kW = 4.75kW = 4750W
F;l.r (Y-ll)al"'lrjl
'
Z: w
po- 4750 -, VA
7540
.^ r, a
0.63
F.rl" dt1*-
i::_______ ___-_ .--'i-:g:---

jli - .5|$.riltj ,,3lilll
cos 0 = 0.63
0 = 50.95o
sin 0 = 0.78
F:l.r (V-'1o) aL{l.; jl

P,: 7540 x 0.78 = 58tll var
c*ll.r I (1- tb ) ol*1., 1l o.rb; I l- r;S oo.lr )lry'-S A/AA\ qL g.,1l;
lsJ
orn,b.r ,-lt*.11, I /Y og-fu !:.e iw to-1".t'. tr.trTct'ti-a- lt6r:lL.."*r- -rF

"f
(f lra) $L.r
1O1.7 - u
2.8: ,*, x 100
: 104'7 + 2'93 = 107'63 rad"s

rqrrrJ (rr - T b) .r*b;l
f :107.6.1 " +
4r =
5l.4Hz.
s*Tq:* \, oj[; rlogs *J* b foo.r6.rlr, (! o - lY) aLl.r .r" l, qr*S;ls c),1
SY,1'8OIS IN CHAPTER 11
'ATRODUCED
Units:
Symbol Dclinitir:n English and SI
Pn (f ) Pos'er transferred from rotor to stator watts

across alr gap
n Electrical output power of gcnerator watts
Pu ir i)
(T
lr'techanical loss of gcnerator watts
R',^ (f) RotorcoPPcrloss watts
Pc"s (O ) Stator coPp^*r loss watts
Pc (r) Stator core loss watts
n (v ) Mechanical power into generator $'atts
W, W (A) Wattmeter readings watls
UL (t) Generatedlinevoltagc nns volts
It (t") Generatedlinccurrcnt ampercs
0 (ll) Angle bets'een Vl and ll degrees
cos 0 ( t r) Porrer factor of generator
s (tr) Slip percent. decimal.
rev/nrin. or
rad/s
f (t r) Frequency of generated voltage hertz
;$;Stt r.9lQ'+
*.L
,sit{" lv,
1 1 ,l"ai.1o os.l os.;, tQ pU"
syLl q ,yr.rl o b',',. olg - t
syl.r) tgtf oli - r
:yli);I*6. g;li l'' - y
syt tr rf eLiJ: - y
s,-Llrs .,*. *bJ:-5
:yL*l ,J ^''..,rt ,;tilb - 2
6stp;i*lS" c.,li - y
to;;1, sl.rsl-tr
. (l+ jUr) o-u, .*J9; jU-l 1
-
(b ol.,.r+) ou "*J9; olr;+- ,l o
os +.J9; )dl I OL..f r;r c*9lr- I I
sYl:t) ''>li *;t- I T
6r.i, #'rtr*:d- l;
1r'ttf
,' ? 2o
,bJ,6ltI/
srfvctE PH4SE ilOTORS
-/ t.
tvt
ihf:,slory
t r J,al
iliSs .5lo.l5.;r
a.odir
,fr, ostg*l ".rr. AC;tiS- rl:r e;.rL, ,ftl 9 *l;lsl . J;L.. Fl .r" elr?
Jb. olr.ic t . rd o.r[i;*lAC ;tiS: csls:r-r. ;l +L ,t'tl ..-tl .t'
liJ ' s.f6
t,c 9,rpr- g;.,*'os i;.l'!t tJt"a* ot" Lf)ll ;l oli.f
",,*L 'clx.sr.rL ' 5 st
'
F*.i.: dr-r a{ a' )E ACebC 6btrr.
,s.,l.r ;!.- .l,K.r rvo'.
"fu .srlf''l;
(t );rrs,
;LiJt.slor95r - I
(t )
,bs orf- rsta.ryr. - Y
(r ) ..1 Lr*x u t...,ir. y
-
jKrilillalallylY-l
12.1 S'NGIE.PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
VI :s* ul.rrr \2cr I st'.f a".ri AC jtig ^!l !-5; b.t; ya.9ful
(f )rt", lol,
".Ji ,lb.oS lory;g. e;&lrs . -u,tt.r ,is.fu \rer jl .,':J.s.l$
. JF o.rls -16;l.ulo12 tsl.n tfV gslri,9t;l r*tt ) r*rg
ey )l uT ,yrl $Jr.t okrl, jli$ 'iUl.rir..t.st* (t r - I ) JS

. u tl*.f .f taJ- .J.rr.i
rrL9. ,f*tLn ol.* ..! r/ JLrll.r,blO*nt,#ovjtr5l AC;LJ9 olS.1.o
usV oq , .r-5,ro F,li.: " LJlc ,f"tlinJr-.JrL.l"ol*""cr1.,",.r\' .*T,t.bt,

Al*J .5" .r. t ry r...29i2 :J*.i I )ll";cJ|.,l +iali.'J5,rJsyo.rL
".olp d,#! 2J
f Single phase Induction lvlotor

)
2) Single phase Synchronous motor
3) Universal motor 4 ) Starting Torque
.'{1rSlt .9l.A'.i+.! t ,i|.. tA.
,ly )llr.,s ,-9,1- r!: "#t.lr JLI r}J ,r*, , J.*.f .n g*r.e9 p.!
"J"
.slr-.b.r" l-rJ . s;S.f; C* 1., syt 6l*"1^ 9 rlls ,F:t ol.* dr,l . .;Jcf
. s"r.rS.r; rl++ )?),l;t,-r>c9;9bS JL,l; r s* l,.r;.1 *yu\*$Vl tit
..*L c-r.^L; .rs 9 .r5,r"-
'5;- syt | $,r+, t5
t9;Ll Ol"*. 6L; b cS .:*l6.o15
. .r*T.rJ rLt,+ ol.,* Gr+ -itiS, ,jtill .gLor9; y el,;l 6b ,o
ci-rrlsS, s;T;s 'F:* 6* jtisr ,jUl.rr,r. olS.,o o5 ,,-:,-;1.l **1.,
.st"-l-..roqgr9.!; ^V'-y olyuf l.r-Jt. g,f .r9*d .pb tyy.lr .it.rto.lsl
, Jrai etq
(t ) rr*
ef
Bottom
)ts & GEJI*y 4 os osL s6; tf -l Jg
jl &L sb sys.sL"l* t., Lr"'"b liJ . Ji:;v ,s? *:is

foS.f .r.l,
rrTc r. y :;;il ,K .* fn L,t- )tr, drl . r:.5,r. Cd t O t EWI
.sjL{t \"*rt" ,-r,l t"syb-lrb Lytyt l.-r"t"drr,l ehiaît.rs. (l T - I JS)
JLdl l#!l9s rs syt6li^l*. l* Q;"ls.5*?t-dT jl ..rs.fr.f 'Ul.r,;Llrb jt*^n
;ti;l A'Jr !o glj#{ sit o\r l"J .--l rL;to;T oil **.-l; , -uto-u,-obrS
0, Jrtr. cssb sfsolr:+il.rJ . (;b,*) J9r JAlr.; --i. systr os-l 'ti.Jl
drl as n.'[.r;J .ir, Jtt. u 9y t' .'--l-iLi ro )y) oL;., l*6.t'.r *Ji
giJ tiT^, J*J" ,,o.1-, 9 "u.rls ;b .i)l$l c+.rr to fr l-, ( d, I 0,) rh.:r
,;:lli-J rs 1., ol+.9J u/l ero,;t (r I y) J1l ..ssfr.t' J)lrl ebli! st+l.r*.
-
1) Cross field TheorY

rAt
www.microgridprojects.ir jti& rSta:frn
Botor Turning Clockwire
Point X
0r'O \
0r-O
(bl
Qr-O
Point X
\\ Point
srs4tr-;6*)9r&'$l ,s)6* GH(,yy 4rJ L-(+':'qaD lf -f cJg

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1800 rev/min
: 4 poles
(:-r- o*+
. r+Tcr I ailrs csrgsg s.-;1ly
P" = 2hp x 746 Whp = 1492W
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248.4 W
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r = 7.04 " 1725 revlmin
i1t'1
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SY['BO[S CHAPTER 12
'A'TRODUCED 'N
Units:
o, (l) Stator field flux due to stator current lines or webers
ru (f)
l,ri
Rotor flux due to rotor current
Resultant flux: vector sum of 0, and
Applied single-phase voltage
6,
lines or webers
lines or webers
volts
Iu (a) Main stator winding cunent amperes
It (r) Auxiliary stator winding current amperes
& (v) Angle between V and Iu degrees
0z (A) Angle between V and It degrees
Il (1) Component of /e in phase with V(= I^ cos 0z) amperes
rh (r.) Component of /u in quadrature with y1= /rr sin 0r) amperes
r, (rr) Starting torgue of single-phase motor ft-lb or N-m
I, (t r) Total motor current: vector sum of Ia and Iu amFrcres
0, (tr) Angle betwecn /e and Iu in a capacitor--start motor degrees
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No-loadtest: W:200W, W-'120W

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No-load tcst: lVr : 450 W, W, = -150 \\'
Vt:23OY, /r:5A
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Vt=23OY, It: 16A
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L(A) Average /e (A) w (w) w, (w)
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4 t.7 310 -62
5 1.4 248 0
6 0.95 190 48
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2.4 7 r000 210

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5.7 4.8 710 490
7 4.2 660 550
8.6 3.4 600 610
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10.5 4.2 290 920
t2 5.E 170 1050
13.4 6.9 65 I140
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Wr = 500 W, lVz = -210 W
Full-load test: Ve = 230 V, It = 12 A (average)

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.-)lL jl ,5* p .rJ . J.t'd 63li--.,1 Ol9- edf e g1rx,\ F.r"ojb c.r,l ;l
, .15 .r.oly;.lria O)b J*r? 215|*5 2,s;
, Uf f o ,*Ki , .-Jr I Yo jbJ, :.j.Jl
,.P ,o ,',;Ky' , olr T I o jbJg I ,,',
iJr Ao Lri6i , dr t Ao jb.J5 lg
.:-lglri. ,[i .-l-;.4. It O;tt 4 - f
u-lolt= To ,lr15
g,,l jUl = fAo *1,
g-.,lui6i = ?o ,.p
ttj,r:.JL r"o tr , Jt'rf osti::-lol5; *.p er* slt, x).r)lL.rsOjbc.,rl;l
*'o
y.r ?o .r-, ou',:ii; il15,*
. rt^ f o,r,;6; ,.-J1 Tf r jblr lV
, i.rb ao ,.,*; 6; , ds f ro jLde l6
o-r,l .j,.u. ,sip Ao ,.r!, tf o ;tiS:.S*.5" d+ tt).--l-;.L lt;h$;tr4- t o

. ..1- |
,lt oli = A .rT,-lr /5

,lt Oli yd.f= o/yA jb,-tr
f.S.f tr.d'i' Ojb CtT f rr a{ rlr Oli '..7d.f 6*^-u Al.;
'o .y'L
. rr21 jb..rr o/l *fdrT.Sl.r jb str. .5,jblllrlJ l.ilt
o< csly
, rr,5 .-lr ol9; ?d.f ^S;T.sh jb .r..p {rjliJlrrls :.-
p Jr.;,1 ;ti rl.*, o/l e olrp wr aSiT.s!r, jl,r s.rr. .g,jli rlty'J i C
,,r1l, Tf o gteojl'r ld: oS-rTJ'r,-ii *ir irl J, \sJlF L t. elL- II
..lJ:r. V.PS 2s g,f2s f o
6?t
Pr J-i.el3L-, i:,)tlrL
,r-5.;:,lJl l.rfo"rt"ol ,s (to-lf) 6L.l.r-ly
..J,.-t*l ll p".-l.oi rs.( t. - lA) .l+lrlf
ov r:g | ;ri,-, .rf;il'i:fl;lI,;Jf ;'];'if; : I:

2o , ,y'tTf o sp.9l.sl*;tt ,.nlJt.a:' ci.f 2o r.riJl5 1to r;ti(: "Sd'5"
. pr:b ..ll b Olr', frrr f""lf,.lf 9 $i-a 6rf
:.>*('lL
.""lrT*ral L;t* rt ,.ilVrlrr$ :.ijl
(slrti.,-.-- t1 J+.5,-,1*- l.r:k J.tf. r.tjb =slp .,.t
jb.,r "1Y i;lf *.f .-.'i, l.r.ro.ToJr9J"S 1oo J"to ,gl; cbrlS4-tf
ff . $.lolL.r. $y.rh go , ,;J5If o jb a- d*.o ;l b oli crr'lr l.Su. r-i,.ar
jli - a't,.- 4.il d b;t- o.rr. ojb rlly'J . rrf *lr olr. ?r)p r**"lr-'
:o$T; Ll*, .r;;9Te*a+. Jsfc,. &tr Ojb
, aj.ilr.f .r+r sif g" , a{t Tf o tsti;btii lu'tt
ri:no cr.Ps 2s 6]; 2t lo , ,;Jl ?oo 61..,;b!ij : .-
.
. rr.;r jb.rr o/i 6v ttly *.* f.olP.f cri.r gpl . aJrlF l, I t oJl-.- ly
(.r*Tolr rJJ 1.o) $t', cit, dS;lo$ .r;l tsrllb olr, fl t f aJ 1".-.rJ - lA
. s9.l6 ub;6srl9 ;i*i- ol9; .rlri o+ .rj4l.f ,t
. -ulrjb u+r o7Y e br6ol9. wtr tl :.iJl

r.* .:if F .r. .-lr .br6 crl9- wr.rn f I I v
,
;brT ol?Y ttti w*.r *r'i, olrr$Ooo Jsb ,Jr-.,Jlrl" oubr64- t q

:.r*rA r r{.-lJ-:. Si.f 5" ,r,5Jf fg" )b a- rS*o oe aJbr5 Crrl ..llt
(rrT.=J, /J 1.*.- rl -br6 n' ,!r* sptb oli , .iJl
oh *r- a-* c4> jb slr. o;ti rlrrl5 :.-
, .ls;S r-lf Crlf *.r,. f*olf*t ^(*':,r.a ;J
^,(*" jl.rtb Olt .l"ia c;Li26 ssrss-rlr Ol5; .t-d.f .S ," lG

"!L , r5.,. c.iL;.1
jb ^(ri if ;lir.o, o/YA c.rlr, *re.rJ l, *1, lJf6o u:*i, rubr5 4- f o
'osltr$ fOo;li u rtjb 4tt,s...5; , srll.f *;Uf ,6i.* ?o , slr f f .
c;b;6rdr+ Crl* *.f , sts,g r& Oli ?r.p e.* 6lx6if2o , ,y'9llo
.*JvL-b
.r$;llt rsl0',rn t .r,t " 0ff
?" ,,y'e fAo ,g2ltt)S T6" jb- ojb f" aJL-YI
c.s5*r.15l -#rltr b
. s9^t ccr5 .F f LsU.p
, r#5,.-l*- .llb ,.-.*- , It V.,b;l 4 .p 4* 1" aJL .rr- yT
jb.rc%YA olf ye.pcr'g l.r.rlrrJJfA JsLr.o"l; L;e .-l*,r-b .5r- yf
yr)p t, .r ostillorSi- ,r*1r54;l oly*f6.rr,a;6l,r.Sl.l..5.,. ui,.ar
^(t;T , ef , a*5 l* l.r r.,*;l.r5 6l ,r...,1 a.o,A.l. s)ta4)J r ss.,S.ul.l Oli
. ("/T srs) .-l f JU*' oTol9- *.r-, ls.5. J." .rl*.rr ot.fu.rrl.r5
;l ;ti,-r.v %AA ,,:tl9; vt.*.r-" 1., *1, y'J f J.rb oli L;.i- c;br5 4 - f f
.;tt" Ot.fu )yr )l oli *.f 6*--rrSl.r . 15.," oltr;" ,sJrf 1";bc-aS;
r-L;v,g.r9q- lr rli +.ro aS;TC; sr tiy g,1l .FoJ ,|.o;rs (t r - Y) Jb"
rJf .s-19 cb26 Oli *.f r*."|r*t.51 . $.f dv.':: l,r rp u.-l ,l*;l .t*
. * *r9Jt,o
otfu ..!r' otr+ :'!l

,t1-v
. orrs! tir oL$|, I .t
YA
*rry'J.,r,,. d.> e;b,' c,"r J', ,:";l':;:*lJ i:,,J-

. r*S$" cfu' jl J.-T
:l (:*T,::J-./J) .sJlu ,;li rlri" aaub.r6 ucl siy v' 'iLry ly
..r;L.rr;t -fu./1A otl., oli +.f.rlr ol . +J.rlFlr r;fi-T

. .at9J!* s;tt .rT I 1,j9.Sj- siy 4r,..rl*.r+, Tf &JL .r" fl- fV
-b.15 "-tr JJF+.(.? uly *.r- :dJl
b.r5 - ,s!t- (.r*T,rl, y's) ,s.r.b olr- glj#' .,,
(ENG) p;.*
,>l uotrl..,,,,,,, .-L;u lt -iL, - o:tr- siy 4 - f rt
(lr;Ul) JLt*;.f ljU.r= ToA c*J,

L.t" sl-r-c,; - l?
crl.r*6;P= ?o i.p
. .*-,t* ll lif tisf
.rrl"-*.: i.*.do a+qr*Si:J9TYo q+
C+- ju-:fl fA ^Jt- siy tr-Yq
6?6 f-or !,ll,ai # t* J gJ lrj-
t cb.:..'' JiJ? Uf
.> | et* 2*; *l-o.*. lr.,,l" o- glf*:yg" € - I o

.
(J*t;Ul) Jt*;.,"*ljUl= yfo ,.rJe

,r"-l irlg: = f ;L!^r ,*l
l.1..J"r .r l-l*;
= ?
.rl"r5i = fo i*
i.-*,*lL , -vi2>L5" Lf lrL '.:-; lif ,_rl
)YY ,gtf ..!lrgtr^1:5 :
, J*?t*. ll sg.]1y c;s p r rrL.ibSZVozt Jl i.-
a".ri: fl
"f ,J"- I
Jl.,, ,-ita; ,g:9a +*5 .r,r .lL ol J, ."5 .,lF lrr. "JL - Y 1
. J5.,.
. J,-rl,- l, yo
^JL ,yy u2* FA- J.rrJ - f y
(Sr)F +t-
\yr ..:*l et* g;!.p Ao , .,Jd YF , .,;Ja yyo , jl, - ,-l#! ;. y&- f f
. +"tl=- l.l,T
r*.\? L:ss , r9'.l ar.r.i ;.r^ ?o I drf f o jbJg Irff "JLryy fl_f f
"r..;lSi
. el;; 6rT
rJcs;;aAo .,5AiA..,ilr/JY/6, dtYto ,.ptio- ot.fu ,,. r&-yA

:.-t.-lL , r;';>Lt' rf lrl* .r-;
)Yf ,fltP JJb'i'S : ..iJt
, cb.,i" sfy rgr+ u2*, r-t'
f V"fo gll*. Jl* fl :,,
15.s. a;.ri lt ,fl ,L 'i,-u lt tf y ar.ia g;l . # ,l* lrf A aJt.- _ f f
, .rJ l.*1, f A o.JL *f .;J r.rir *y FA- r-^Jr_ f y
www.microgridprojects.ir 0?t
.-*iSlf ,.Sll r,f b ,,jl*
Ps:tr "1.*i ,-\llf-

tl - I
ss.fcr .t)bl orrSi-T-hiJ ;tiJl .slo.rr,l;) ulr - I
t*T,,.-IC6 gsil.ficrtL.sl.r.r "l*j \t3r tr f
"iUlrryrgxg'r';brq[T-
. Frlr )V :il;3 'r.51's w :n s.&" .,['1"'
o+ ,S^t* ,rr:" ;/ - f
't.rl" ,r$r-t s?s #r ov
u:tiJlcsb:y|.fi 2J a&! jUr,r-6; [T- f
"-J;
I lf - I o
t Jl."$ .,l5L"l
(ENG) Fi.*
,>l tgrru 2,1i,.& t,;li o' uilUJl :fY ..tr- t
o...,1 oli =
y .r[* .*l
Jt*;rfljhJl= Ylo cJ,
(b o1,1.,*) .f I oLr." = , /.7
$-,,lu.J6i = ?o ,p
I*l"i slsl;= A
. rb.! yl.fiorl.l2L ,lJL )l x) ert! 9.os29T2J :yl;) e2y.-tlrT
",'1.s.
Load test results: lVr = 750 W, Wz = 670 Y'
Vt=2lOY, /r:5.8A
S : 925 rev/min
l.---Jt , -"1,1r.t' ,-lf I oo a.t-i, Fli .-li-b, tall /Y:il*lJ.rL,. ..-9b

,jHl ,-l;) oly *.r:.iJl
ge SLT tyl.fi oL.r;l, I v
, r.>l ,fl* 2*i *LA lr ;li a- .;55;*l sif 4

- f
6-.,lUli= lf .r[*.-*l
JL*;,5-.,13bJ,= Yfo ,:J,
otv www.microgridprojects.ir
J.ai ,-ltL- 9 e\119fu
eocil*
(t;,;lr2-) ,.floltr.= fA )-T

cfl.i5i= ?o ,.p
l* ,ki sl.rr:
Iy
=
.rrLt' J-L g.rlr.rtr .:JL tr x)erbr 9 osrgT2s ot.fuT *|.fi ..-2.,o+ l;1
Load tc-st rcsults: Wr : 5.2 kW. W: = 4.5 kW
Vt = 240 Y, It - 33.5 A
S = 620 rcv/min
:(:*}lL . -u,tt.f
'.ls ?oo ,rIlK.9 o:*o .-bJ:g fol o /y:yb*tJslr..*.9tiL
dtiJl syl.fi ,tli *.r..-itt
u#!T syl.fi oLsl, lv
..>l ,Ct*.;,;;.-L;*U L;li a- o:Wl s9p 4_f
.f|oli= fA Jlir,.*,,1
Jl+*; rg*,1 3b{= yfo cJ,
(L .-'l*rt) .rl gl'.P = AA )'T
.,"*lLr"^;5i= ?o ,*
q.J* .r l.r.': = l,
,'J;:l.,:": *2'n< t;T
,"t'&L ,'* *,'ri;;-; '.-;Yi.i;''
Vt=240Y. /r.=83A
S : 470 revintin
.
':*-/L . t:,tt.-f .-lf I ?"" ,f;tS.9cl*o*.:ti!, f.l" /Y t9-L-lJs[r. .-.9b
dUl s9;lr) ,tly *r-:.Jl
ot.fuT sylr) oL.l; 1., i
=
Gg* 6;-* ?o , 6+L;\:.j:n , Cl Yf o ,rlt., ...l 5 ..itia-,jUl.rif" 4
- f
gr.- t .1. I c.o;,1. .,.l.-io . f*rlT AlrrJ s9-l.s"'; ,t2r-.,, r,"..,l Ol9: q.-.: trr l;T g .-
".1
...**rlt. .plo$ p-., for;l*,-f,oi;s (f f
-f ) JS. 2s
f.r.rf=r J.rr" o2b r5 & 1.5Jp &f- es* ' .iJl
s9;l.fi f*"lr-. JSI
r:n'!
15.5. ,t-s .-s.re; 4r, es* s,tl.r)as ,r:Jt ,"i:t
L,;;f ul )l ol;* a-> .\i' \ sl.p f " s c{sr^" "TO;I;'t?'*U'

*f:Yl::---- --------;- .--- . r.r s&
O?A
"rlt
l>
(sr ) d*#
,.al ,fl* x) et.i& lt -ib a* gg'S;l tiy & O
,r.-lgl;= A *ll*S
Jbt;.fljUl= YYo cJ,
(bol.r.) .fl g[.;7= If fT
u.-1r;6;= go ,.P
l( {l ,t s l.rr:
= ?
l;T
&L tl.firsll"r:ltl'rlr! )l x)slsrl r 1..rrL:s ,iUl :r-l;) *2ec't
sdr.t'
Load test results: Wt = 2.2 kW, Wz: 1.4 kW
V:230Y, It= 12A
r'r - 108 rad/s
.>rJL . s.ll*,irl, YA" .r$rK.9 o:*l .ilil'', F.l 4.r5;blJsL,.-9li" r5l

g'*L olY *.rt:'Jl
;litl syl.fi oL-lrlv
, $*L3 ,--jr.q ,6,2onT f o , ,iJl TYo .,j1, tJJ t A . jti o- olf.;-T siy 4- f
L*li sr r) e"l:l; 9 os;9TrJ .r: lit l :r.-l;) ett* l..;T ,.:r* l ;.rL , LsU.rb go
. ss.Fcr &l- c.rls.rl*
Load test results: W = 6 kW, Wz : 4 kW

Vt = 230Y, /e : 35 A
ar : 8l rad/s
;tiJl sil.fi ,>li *.r- : .iJl

g*"t oL-! I v
, .> | vel* )e) eLaii. l* ;ti o- ,j Ul #y &
-Y
,r".,,1 ,t" - yA *1, y'J
Jt*.; g*,1 )U:= l?" ..J,
(b o[r*) ,f l otr* = ff trT
lrrb sls.*:= l?
aft fao;L J-i .JjL- r e)llrL
.,"-,lu".;6i= Ao ;.*
' +T.f '- '\ ),t) 31.L;g;.rls2ttJvl.;i ," 9 osr9T2.r syl.fi r-2e< l;T
Load GI rerulb: Wr - 9.t kW, lll
- 6.j kW
Ve-460V, lr,-30A
co - 4l rad/s
.,,JL $l'.-19 I f oo a.:-.o, jfutS..-l.bl pll o /t ,1-L-lJsL...-9ti.ft

,.JS*T *l;) ,ily *.r:-iJl
cJ'rt oLrb :v
l:* I .prrr" ;.1 .-L;& l.' ;li a- j.|U'Jl syy 4 rf
-
6.-,lol,:- lo .rlrrJJ
Jtr;,r.-l;Ul= y?o eJ,
l(+LJ slL;= lT
.r1.r6i= Ao i.p
(tt
-f )JL,saL9rt"o.o;"'t- C*f f*nTttsr2;l43*ryo;.f |OI;,--;I;T
:c:*.,.5JL .c:*lo.u! osls OLL f.$J.it,t;,.1
f.r;\* r,r:" ojlt r:5 Jt.o lsJp .!f- e)t4 o#!t
F-"ltr., fl :*iJl
r{
..; jUr.r-6i. ,* .lg"r,- 4r^, ey )l :ili)os ,rrJL .r" ,:"'-
",n!i
. (.::..a#.>
jf,r- ..rf" Ojb '--r* slL LS1;,o f" S ,iJl fAo sf-1. Alr-.;lt tl :C
. r*5 l^" b
^-*
F.;Sll 6t+i-..,b dl., 46.
Farjlro .loi s\JlF lf - I I

f*i lr ;t* aC jb(; .s 6ryr o.
l.ra
- 'l .
.r*.r f t,itiJljliS: tyy erd-- Y
r.:1"':.? 6Iijii Ol'r*,t ,fU -f
,*5.* * fr:l xf r"JS^!^Sd'.rbl*tsbsrv rr l2q-A

c!.+" a:--*, jt, tr syr f ,fJ 6a ,..,r. -E-" lb - t
.:*+? 5l+ 6q 1-r- - Y
nJ.f o s [i:- | ,rb it CSM clss1- y ,.r l;* - A

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. o*r [i. ,st'|"
"J
\+.br ef I, PSCM ,slasyy - 'l o
!-6r er lt TcM slatly - 'l I

r4.bJ er ls JL:*y slstyr - 'l T
Slra r r.1.l d osti:*l t9y ey flrS jl l+3L.rJ- ll
..>l ur FA- U.fu.sl.rl.t;b5;.sbt9y jl St"ltS- t f
-u,tr.* c,o- l.rtrzr gL.rl, g*;i-, .sl;l.r x) )& slnsf y jl .S*lJS- I A
)Ls9;;.r;9" ..-rlt
ot[" st.Y =
"
lT&iJl5t-tr-lI
(nxc ) r'*"+-
**l ,;9r*x) jti l* .t'Hl tir 6-
etai.::l" It a:*S.l I
r ,[- *l
,r.*l ,l9.: =
J t*; L,'. I j b.Je -'l o
Y cJ,
AAI
foo:lro &L" 9 oJljJ- "1..i
6"..,lLrilSi= lo ,*
.J.- I Jt.1 .1" ,-rL -u,1, =25g
l" Oli -.p =AA% jb,-rr
I
.J"- Jl*
J5.,. ^(t " jl ,f lrra * sy9," Ocl .,.-l.rlt .r.
sr tiy .>*l ,gtrt ,sU.p fio, gg2L;..,.-l 6 , GJI Tf o , CSM sif 4 - f
oL.r.:l;,.:*l .r,ors ? o .fl.llt .r" OT oli *.t, -uSG.aSr" llr".TyA .,.-l .,L
,.:L;*i. gl-.r ,tt., *l+ oT,r.-l ott , r>el rrtu,..' ,S.;ljfi t7::
, g-f x) tl* tyy .&"
J t-""; U-..,1 3
U: = 'l I A ,rrJ,
o.r5 Ol*Jp = Y / 6
^(.r '' 1l 0s,.3 ,-I
,trll l- 2.1 .:.s- = t I f o ci'ji.r .lJ .trJ
pA%
$-..,l.rlr.l" uL$b =
: ." ,/t
.5-.lJl- f t?f ,>ly *2-:.iJl
sYf g'*l i ..-
'9t:'LS
,>l ,;t*;.1 .-t-;*" tCSttl tiy 4 - f
G-.,1 oli - T Jti{ ..* I
J[*; rf ljb-le =1yo .=J,
.rl.r5i = ?o ;.P
.j...,1.1l-.1, .rL.r-;l: = yA%
,J"-,1 Jl., ,s &;; 1l o.r.J; or5 .ll*l+ = I T fT
:.:*tl-lL
l .rl* JJ O*-!L or rSrr.l, Ol9- . -iJl
.f
rrf llt tr sytp ,rly *2n | =
,>l ,;tr*;; .-t-o;a" t pSCttl tir 4 * O
I
,r..., glg; = " / d .,,h.l,* I
J L*; 6-,,1 5Ur =

,l
IA .r:.J,
af l.ll't.,J r;'s.,- =l'l I o ali*is.lJ.lrJ

--T
,,S;;stt .9
tQ
"*
'''1.
; t+" oor
---------------
, tf
I ,1., ,.r opL e.,L-lr : -iJl
siY G'-l J'l*.S : ..n
t>-l ,;rru 2ti ,,>|,"o;t- L TCM syy 4 - f
.,-.,1 ol9; - o /yA ,[t, .-l
JL*;.,-.,ljUt= llA ,*J,
.f l.lltl. u2* = IYYA rii*"is JJ .lrJ

*.,1 Jl" ,s oSp 1l o $ o.r5 ol*.r+ = Y / L )-T
I
.,-., Jl* .1. .rL "rl1 = 1 o %
\{
t" l.l lyy uly *.r- .,"-l Jl*
"r.t:T '.re
t>l ,;tO 2'r; ,-L;*u L CSM s;y .1- V
.,*.,1 Oli - T .rL* .-l
Jt**; rf ljUl= llA .*J,
.fl._r-K.,3= ?o i.P
6,.',1 tze - =Yf A o
ali*lis tJ .lgJ
$"- l Jl" ,.1 o5.; 1l o$ ol..l5 o!l+ = | ? y.T

g*,bU.l, ol-1, fisra= ?"%
:.-tJL
'
sr Y (J-"1 '"L;j^S .-iJl
$...,1JI* JJ ..5bryy oL.r.;l, lv
, .r* | et*.;;; .:.Lt;*1" t-, a:*S, jti l* sf y4 - rt
JL-irfliUr= llA dt
,rf I.ur =llfo ci*i.llJ.lrJ
lu-,6i= ?o ,*
..f!...rt;+= f ,'T
u-.,1 Ol9; -.ra = AA% jb.-,r
.,-.,1 JrlsS = o /yy ur- - s,f
.rt*t *l* .r )?y,r.-l ott ta,*A

.f l .rtt tr tyy ,JL r 1., |
=
(SI) f**
60r
o J.ai JL- g o\119.3- r.o.rlf
----- ---=---------
, ** | ,f S* 2*\ *&, ai-*, .iti tt syy 4 - t
.J,lrrl5
,r...,1 r19; = " /6
J b*; .5"- I 3 U, = TY o cJ,
.,.-lur6i= fo i.p
-.,1 Jl- tJ,..rL-L = ? %
"
f l,t".r"oli +)p= Ao% jb..1-;
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3) Rated Speed oo-rl ui.s.p
4) Rated Current o-,,lOt+.f

Resistivity o!9 ciogtio
5)
5)
ciot6"
Reluctance .JrJtf,y'J - $-$Ui"
7) Resistance c'.r6.
I) Regulation Fbt
9) Rotational-Losses ,i;:a e[i-li
S.rT
1) Speed Regulation eer FAt
2) Series lvlachine \u,f 6tt**-t
3) Seperately-Excited ai6l.rr Q.Ja,
4) Shunt Machines c..i! ..gjlf 6lfrit
5) Stall C'f
6) Starter .1l.ul o 1.1
7) Starting-Current 6.1lril ol: oL-*

I ) - STRAY-Power-Losses olsf.r ol9i srtiJ:
9) Torqg'e .19h"l5
1) Winding VrW .+!,

s,-?
/llr.
I -
2l Wave Gv
3) VelocitY trcttt
oSr.j;SJl ..5Lpili'rt Ct. AVT
A
ActivePower ( ,sirst ) r*Sl ti o
Apparent Power .sPtg oli

Auto Transformer ,gbsl;F yt
Air gap dlr. 'aJ."b
Alternating Current ( AC ) -r. gt::", OL..:+
Asynchronous motor or.fLT svv

Asynchronous generator or.Fi-T :pl11;
B
Blocked Rotor o.,ri aS9! l+ o*i Jri ltl
rt
\-
Capac itor oiB
A': u$
Core
Core Losses ai{.o eiti&
Copper Losses ,r-" citiJ:i

Cylindrical Rotor .gla:l.o:i-l U .iLe JiJ
Connection J td'l
Circuit .ll*
Clock wise .:rc L cr;is g{'t
Counter Clock wise ci'c L a{F \i.{,; .i \lt
D
Delta Connection i]1"'{ JLdil
Damper Winding o.uiS .fl{i 'o l*1Ll* e*p*

Dec ima I s$2Li'c I
E
Eddy Current ..;lc-F ol*:+
Energy Conversion ..siil 'b+
Efficiency ob-ub t'r oX*
Electromctive Force .,!;;Stt cS;a. e2;;
F
F ie-"I di i,t,i nding (crlo* )*.r*,e*if#
www.microgridprojects.ir aob oj 19
6VV
Field Current (ol"* )4*, o-b..*

FieId olq"
FIux rLs
Full Load ,J.6.ll+

Full Load SIip &K.rl, .lr --i:*l
Full Load Current .J.6.ll+ .rc OL...F
Frequency ,.J"J6,
G
Generator rlr" rilij
Generated Voltage or.i rrJS;; jU:
H
Hysteresis Losses L,+tjt'++' citi!
Hysteresis motor u+fjJi'+t'A SiY
I
Induced Voltage o$'[LltjhJ.l
Induction motor sStij I
syy
Inductance ,Pl59ril
Indus try iiri.c
Industrial load i'lrti.e JL

Induction generator siliJt *tii
JKL
Leading ;lieS .;tiri;a
0
Lagging jli.*.tb ,;liu",

Leading power factor jli.i+i .rli *',,"-
Lagging power factor jlr,J"{ olr" *-F
...1,
Leakage ,,#
..&. la
Leakage flux .- )-
Laminated oJ,.
Laminated Core d19. ai.e.5
.:le Voltage !; jUr

" .'i€ Current !t oL...r+
,s$.r{ll.gt+*.1;t ;t. 671
Locked o$ Jiii
Locked rotor o$; $i 29.1
llotor MN syy
No Load €.ll+gp
No Load tes t &b:T
,.5.1|+rsl
No Load s 1ip 15.ll+s/ ciJb.ls.,i.#

No Load test L9.l[.,.r/ ufobT
o
Open Circuit jl+.llln
Open Circuit test g.ll+C l* :t, ;l.r" risL3T
Open delta .ll+."t-Bo
PO
Power factor ol.l,.*r
Power faclor correction Olt r*r-e .!r*{t' tr q{--J
Primary winding qJrle+t**
Power triangle Otri €,-L"
Power factor Angle Ol5; .*r_F o+,.f fj
Pole \.hi
Pole slip rLi;'i,
Phase Voltage :b jur
Phase Current jli oL.r
Phase Angle jli Arrlj
R
Rotor sys
Rated current oo,ldrL..J+
Rated power ,-s*l glE
Rated speed gl,l ';'..r,.
Rated Voltage ol.,l 5lrl9
Reactive power r55b oty
Rotating field Olo.5 Ol*o
AYO
www.microgridprojects.ir orb ojlg
Rotating flux drlrr5.rLi

Regulation F-bt
Resistance ,;.orb
Resistive .,;"rE"
Reactance li5L
'J'J
s
Stator #b'l
Synchronous generator o.q.lS:." s9il:')
Synchronous motor OJ.Si- syy
Synchronous Condenser ,.lf$ ,r.".ilAiS
Secondary winding A.r-9jb

G+{F-"
S ingle pliase jl {g
Single phase transformer .,L-iS: ;9:i l".rfc$
Single phase motor ;l iSl sgp
Singl-e phase induction motor jr Eg \s5lU I s,i;y
Single phase Asynchronous motor .;t-i$ o*S:-T 2i:9"
Squirrel cage rotor .".l l+i- U*ri lf.r
Short Circuit ob.f JLd,l
Short Circuit test o b.f J Li,l
.,fotiT
Starting Torque ,loil o! 13tiîS
Starting Current ..grlriloL oU...r*
Slip t-iitJ
Speed Regulation ust F$t
Synchronous speed ortSi" \rcr.,
S tar ter ;loil o 1.1
Stall o'f-
Salient pole Ci-at a ,-rti
T
Trans former ytrf..itl;
Three phase jb o-
Three phase trans'former jl3 - 2gl"SL;l;
o*;Stt 6le'.*'rt 1,.

6v?
"f
Three phase generator jli o* :yl;)
Three phase potor jti - s9p
Three phase Induction motor .rti o- ,sSliJl yy
Three phase Asynchronous motor jti u otrS:.T .iJ.
Three phase Synchronous motor jti o- OgJSt- :yy
Three phase Induction generator jti o- $3tiJ I :yl;1)
Three phase Load
.lti a., .,l+
Three phase power
.tl3 0." oli
Universal motor
uvw
J L.r'r,rr syy
Voltage regulation jtJ-l F-ht
winding trlrajs
19..1. | -
wounded rotor o$ ,5;+1frP;fr.l
Y-Connection
xYZ
o.rb JLdrl
y- [ srirch .''.l'10 o.,h- ,rrl5

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www.microgridprojects.

Pericles Emanuel (t,brtty'/'

FritSJl 6lyiriL.,.;L* glr-is

Pericles Emanuel d-Li-+t,j

r.9s+l-s .!l'l r.t t-;Ss fi:rr'"

t(:itr *r:l.!*t qj rrll;lit :.y-,lc^fl-r rjjLjq ,Jl.lfr;r .l;51

rS.tCllifCf .^* l),lJf

{*l ittte .'dtGils l|* crlrt$il

6t9fl .sLJ JJ -u;L o.;;l.l r:r-;'a.-rla- 4-l.tes*"'L)ll '''L'----r--t-" 'f L

a^->t jt;o " L;l"l cS 2*5,.o. l,r-r-s ot9;l'l ,ratS-;ls sla.-- 1

.5J.ts olc 'e.;.i

t tfi R o Dttcf ,o N T o fltcrvE7rsr

\r+$Un cb.rls L dtdT

io:;ry.;$lru+$Ui" ir+{ qli: I - |

.rf sd *;'L ,b, hV o9!, .".r1.

1) Electricity 2) Devices 3 ) Electrornagnetic

I weber : lOt lines (or l0r nuxwells) (r-r)

.,,YjdF .$1"". ( B ) ,b JtS- ,6-LL; rshrl*...rr t1.. c;Lo.-J jl ,F

, = *# [or testa ff)] (t-ru .t

1) Current 2, Lines of Flux 3) Ferromagnol: j c--

4 ) Conductor 5) L{-ne 6) llaxwe I 1 7 ) I{ebe r

o*LL; g;brls.L $tLi,T

ErunrplcI-I(Enstish) l1 ENG ;*'^+.,) f -lJU"

BL = g0,000 linevin2 x 3 in2 . a.-..! Jr

EwnphP$I) :( (SI),f*,..'p) 1-TJU"

a=X ir*rts(r-rb )&lr;t

1) Fl uX-DensitY 2') Tesla

( f.f I c.-,.sb.r-tJ .rl.r.'r: ,-i)-L J.b rl;rr, .F il UMf ( U )

U=NI amperc-turns (l-3a)l f'rlr ( ENG ) irp ,'r

U=NI amperes (1-3b1 ' pzlr ( Sr ) rt-,'- ,'

,.-bl,j.1;'l ;ly u,a ,21

i p.rl.t ( ENG ) t-** ,.

i,,{s{F-Drops 2l Loop ) Magnetic-Field-

. -r^:l [-." .;LI- 2*- J5Jr a..:*-sr!r+, 6LL eI,-05,i]"luTxrrfL':'l.lr

Eranplc I -4 (SI) :1 SI f:.-F) I -f Jti"

lr .J'.*b tn .sblt*. ! rt-L-T

l-13 Bdus"lrlrcr (el ('A) : g-LSy'.r l-l-l

l,' -tt .) . , 1h=L t(l-v-)

1) Reluctance 2) Resistatrce 3) Copl.rer l'/i re

: r*rt" ( nnc ) r-",

l,,o= 3.19 x ,o-tkilolincs/in2

c*l |tb d+Lt x *-i l.

1) Permability 2)Non Ferromagnetic ;;)€

..et>,lp) r-Ll:;,,lf .# tty<glx H pt B olr** l1-f Jg

"L1., ) .al p= lro lroal- t*lr*.: (f -t) "ttlrrt

Eramplc I4 (SI) :( SI F^'^+.,) t -P Jtr"

. obi^. url'.lr Il rr-[-. ... .}lL , .r:t t'

Ematfu r.t (St, :1 sr 1.:.'*. )r-r Jti"

J*fu ;Li q--L ^- .il B-H # 5 C'.-1.* t. (l - A) Jg.r br. L

1) Saturation 2) Core 3) Magnetiz ing-Curve

,#LLi. tf a.r[ 4 ,];uF,-tL+ 6io.:. l1 - 6 Jg

. .:,11, roolp B :l r!*l.;-il . H .rLltl l* o*-L o-l ,c

I ) Knee 2) Cast-Iron 3) Cast-Steel

---F-i- JJ oJ? t rgfa:;r) r Af csl, cf sy" c,*tCi. ,r:o.." I 1 - 2 <Jg

Fieldlntensity, H(kA/ml g4Ut O/.;'oo co*i;

SI '":"t" )r O:* t 5iflo:;rs tASs cSl.r, ag!.sg; u*Lbn (# II

I = 3in. * 1.5 in. + 3 in. + 1.5 in. :Jt-

H =Y! . ,.*2lr (t - ra ) "L'lr,t

Exanph t.I0 (SI) :1 sI f*.,#) t - lo Jl3"

I - t " ,Jb +Ly.* d:.-a i 1

l) B . H tpls L e osJ o"tu-l (1 - v) JS- .rr B-H ,s:*" jl JL

1.2,1 lfitfrorlllrtt lr"*1rt-+a I

.5!i5Jl ,"el( '* i t Cb TT

t(:itr r:l.!t qj rrll;lit :.y-,lc^fl-r rjjLjq ,Jl.lfr;r .l;51

{l ittte .'dtGils l| crlrt$il

. -r^:l [-." .;LI- 2- J5Jr a..:-sr!r+, 6LL eI,-05,i]"luTxrrfL':'l.lr

lr .J'.b tn .sblt. ! rt-L-T

cl |tb d+Lt x -i l.

"L1., ) .al p= lro lroal- tlr.: (f -t) "ttlrrt

Jfu ;Li q--L ^- .il B-H # 5 C'.-1. t. (l - A) Jg.r br. L

. .:,11, roolp B :l r!l.;-il . H .rLltl l o*-L o-l ,c

,f"1" ( H MIIF .ilil l. 5 s r:V* OTjlr.ut'o.r.l; or.{ uft

, .rT rl-.lt ,J, LJI rb ,T.lr l+.alr^t f | ' ..>l r:+y"trtl-:inrl'u'("

..-:lo.ul ,, -ySa J:- (rl rl.rsloS fn-.t Jl-

,,2-l ,1, HL al!l ge.o" l;b ".r5" IUMF JS : f .iltl

.;tL,Jr;;rJt...rrlJ-.slr,'>l ,jlr^ "l"rb uU." 2Qo !:.*3 tory

.,.rrl.l B rsl; . s-;lo.r.oT.>'-1. a-957 Jl"? ol rl'rsl f.'-t JL

i,2ls B Cl,r . -ulo"r.oT..rr- r- a;95- Jrr-,..rl sl.u'l fr,,.."i JL

Srfo )ll,r- 1,,; leocL U $-t L;-rFJ t.r b$:::I*-rry

: fJlr !bl dlrr 6.Lti rr.-L[.:; cS ^''".t sf :" '.i.i JJ

Eramplc t-IE (sI) :1 SI p,,) I - lA JlJ.

( aefb ) c* l, .". " ri y

' fil+'"" .rl.rt +i tsy lt.&"! , a;;SJl ,.fJLi. fr- o-V

s9t +r (f -l ) Jl,-.rr C.r& sLTa{ +U;o;1c:}lsb;16=.--orli'Llr,Sl.rt

0 JL r1.r. lr, J9r JAlt;,.rs- f ss (o-r';: +'.J9-) o$'tlljt:J9 lsJ,

f* J^SrTl, Jf a?5; +l' . FJ* osti:-l ( r - t b ) ^l+tr rt