I. What is asthma?

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflamed and narrowed airways,

causing symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Triggers,
such as allergens or irritants, can induce episodic attacks. Medications, including relievers and
controllers, help manage symptoms, enabling individuals to lead normal lives with proper care
and avoidance of triggers.

2. What signs and symptoms of an asthma exacerbation is the patient exhibiting?

Kimberly Dunning is exhibiting several signs and symptoms of an asthma exacerbation,
including:
Shortness of Breath: She presented with the chief complaint of shortness of breath.
Wheezing: She is experiencing wheezing, which is a high-pitched whistling sound during
breathing.
Use of Rescue Bronchodilators: Despite using rescue bronchodilators, her symptoms persist,
indicating worsening airway constriction.
Non-compliance with Maintenance Medication: Kimberly reports not taking her maintenance
asthma medication, which can contribute to exacerbations.
These signs collectively indicate a significant asthma exacerbation requiring immediate medical
attention and intervention.

3. What are the early signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation?

Early signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation in Kimberly Dunning's case include
shortness of breath and wheezing. These indicate that her respiratory system is struggling to
provide sufficient oxygen to her body. The use of rescue bronchodilators suggests an attempt to
alleviate these symptoms. However, her decision to discontinue maintenance medication due to
cost may have contributed to the exacerbation, further compromising oxygenation. It's essential
to address this promptly to improve her oxygen levels and overall condition.

4. What is peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)? Explain the relevance PEFR has to the
management of asthma and to the management of Kimberly Dunning specifically.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is a measurement that assesses how well a person can expel
air from their lungs during a forceful exhalation. It's a vital tool in asthma management. PEFR
values can indicate changes in airway constriction and help tailor asthma treatment plans. In
Kimberly Dunning's case, PEFR monitoring would offer real-time insight into the severity of her
asthma exacerbation, aiding healthcare providers in adjusting interventions and medications to
optimize her care and manage her condition effectively.

5. Interpret the patient's ABG result. What does it indicate?

The scenario does not provide the specific results of Kimberly Dunning's arterial blood gas
(ABG) test, which includes pH, oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Interpreting
ABG results is crucial for assessing her respiratory status and the severity of her asthma
exacerbation. Without these results, it is impossible to provide an interpretation or indicate what
they may reveal about her condition.

6. What priority nursing interventions should be implemented for the management of this
patient?
Priority nursing interventions for Kimberly's acute asthma exacerbation should include:
Assessment: Evaluate respiratory status, oxygen saturation, and mental state.
Oxygen: Administer high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask.
IV Access: Establish IV access for potential medication and fluid administration.
Medication: Administer bronchodilators and corticosteroids via nebulizer and IV.
Continuous Monitoring: Continuously monitor vital signs and respiratory distress.
Blood Collection: Collect blood for diagnostic tests.
Patient Education: Educate on asthma management and medication adherence.
Consultation: Consider consulting a pulmonologist.
Documentation: Thoroughly document all assessments and interventions.