†jKPvi-2

Dc¯’vcbvq:
wPb¥q Kzgvi gwjøK
cÖfvlK
evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Iqvì© BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k, XvKv
AvR‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ welq : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hyM (1801-eZ©gvb)
 evsjv M‡`¨i m~Pbv:
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hy‡Mi hvÎv ïiæ nq 1800 mv‡j KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg
K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g| AvaywbK hy‡Mi •ewkó¨ n‡jv, ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ aviv Z¨vM
K‡i mvwn‡Z¨ gvbeZv‡eva, hyw³‡eva, mgvR‡PZbv, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg, e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨‡eva,
†ivgvw›UKZv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR †_‡K evsjv fvlv PP©v e„w×i
j‡ÿ¨ GLv‡b 1801 mv‡j evsjv wefvM Pvjy Kiv nq| Avi DBwjqvg †Kix (1761-
1834) †K evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖavb wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv nq| Dbvi mn‡hvMx K‡qKRb
wkÿK/cwÛZI wQ‡jb|
 evsjv M`¨MÖš’ iPbv:
DBwjqvg †Kix- K_‡cvK_b (1801)
BwZnvmgvjv (1812)

ivgivg emy- ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (1801)

wjwcgvjv (1802)
g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi- ewÎk wmsnvmb (1802)
cÖ‡evaPw›`ªKv (1833)
PÛxPiY gybkx- †ZvZv BwZnvm (1805)
†MvjKbv_ kg©v- wn‡Zvc‡`k (1802)
jW© I‡q‡jmwj KZ©„K †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jRwU 1800 mv‡ji 4 †g cÖwZôv †c‡jI 24 b‡f¤^i
†_‡K g~j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 evsjv M‡`¨ AvaywbKZv:
Gici evsjv M‡`¨ AvaywbKZv Av‡bb Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891)| wZwb M`¨ weKv‡k
AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| evsjv M`¨‡K mvejxj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wZwb hwZ wP‡ýi e¨envi
K‡ib| GQvov ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i evsjvq Abyev` mn †gŠwjK evsjv MÖš’I iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi
mgvR ms¯‹vi I G RvZxq MÖš’ †mmg‡q †ek mvov RvwM‡qwQj| †mme MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨:
kKzšÍjv, mxZvi ebevm, åvwšÍwejvm, †eZvj cÂweskwZ|
mgvR ms¯‹vig~jK MÖš’ iPbvq ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivqI A‡bK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ
MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨: †e`všÍ MÖš’, †e`všÍ mvi, †Mv¯^vgxi mvwnZ¨ wePvi c_¨ cÖ`vb|
 AvaywbK KweZv:
evsjv mvwnZ¨ Z_v evsjv KweZvq AvaywbKZv Av‡bb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873)|
gvB‡Kj‡K ejv nq evsjv AvaywbK KweZvi RbK| Z‡e, gvB‡Kj Gi c~‡e© evsjv KweZvq
AvaywbKZv Avbvi †Póv K‡ib fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi Zuvi ÔAbœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨Õ ga¨ w`‡q| cieZ©x‡Z
gvB‡KjB iveb‡K bvqK K‡i mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g we‡`ªvn Avb‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ Ô‡gNbv`eaKve¨Õ gnvKve¨
n‡q DV‡jv cÖPwjZ avivi evB‡ii Kve¨| wZwb bvix‡K cÖwZev`x K‡i Zzj‡jb-
Òiveb k¦ïi gg †gNbv` ¯^vgx
Avwg WivB mwL wfLvix ivN‡e?Ó
gvB‡Kj ïay evsjv KweZv‡ZB bq| gvÎ 7 eQ‡ii evsjv mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Rxe‡b wZwb evsjv bvU‡K
AvaywbKZv Av‡bb| GQvov mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ aviv Zuvi gva¨‡g AvaywbKZvi †Quvqv cvq| gvB‡Kj
cieZ©xKv‡j iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi G‡m evsjv mvwnZ¨fvÛvi‡K wek¦`iev‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`b| wZwb mvwn‡Z¨i
be be m„wó‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx nb Ges evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Gici bRiæj G‡m evsjv
KweZvq we‡`ªv‡ni m~ÎcvZ NUvb| †mmg‡q iex›`ª ejq †_‡K †ewi‡q w·kvËi Kweiv evsjv Kv‡e¨
AviI AvaywbKZv Av‡bb| d‡j, Avgv‡`i evsjv KweZv ax‡i ax‡i mg„× n‡Z _v‡K|
 Dcb¨vm mvwnZ¨:
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K evsjv M`¨ cÖPj‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †jLK‡`i †fZi M`¨ †jLvi cÖeYZv
†`Lv hvq| †m‡PóviB GKwU Ab¨Zg w`K n‡jv evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbv| hw`I evsjv Dcb¨vm m„wói
c~‡e© bvbv †kÖwYi iƒcK_v-DcK_vi cÖPjb wQj| fevbxPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm
iPbvi cÖ‡Póv K‡ib 1823 mv‡ji w`‡K Ôbeevey wejvmÕ I Ôbewewe wejvmÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g| Z‡e
Zv mv_©KZv jvf K‡iwb| cieZ©xKv‡j cÖ_g evsjv fvlvq Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib GK AevOvwj
n¨vbv K¨v_vwib gy¨‡jÝ ÔdzjgwbÕ I ÔKiæYvi weeiYÕ (1852) iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q| Aciw`‡K,
evOvwj KZ©„K iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm n‡jv, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ KZ„©K iwPZ ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii
`yjvjÕ (1858)| hw`I G Dcb¨vmwUI mv_©K Dcb¨v‡mi gh©v`v cvqwb| Gici evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
mv_©K Dcb¨vm iPbv Ki‡jb ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865) iPbvi gva¨‡g|
evsjv Dcb¨vm Av‡jvi gyL †`L‡jv| ZrcieZ©x Dcb¨vm iPwqZviv n‡jb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi,
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq, AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv`, kIKZ Imgvb, •mq`
IqvjxDjøvn&, †mwjbv †nv‡mb cÖgyL e¨w³eM© evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvq K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb|
 bvUK I cÖnmb:
bvU¨mvwnZ¨ A‡bK cÖvPxb n‡jI evsjv bvU¨avivq AvaywbKZv Av‡bb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g †gŠwjK bvUK iwPZ nq ZvivPiY wmK`v‡ii iwPZ Ôf`ªvRy©bÕ (1852)| wKš‘
gvB‡Kj 1859 mv‡j Ôkg©xôvÕ bvUK iPbvi gva¨‡g evsjvfvlvq cÖ_g mv_©K I AvaywbK
bvU‡Ki m~ÎcvZ NUv‡jb| evsjv bvU‡K Uªv‡RwWi cÖ_g cÖ‡Póv †hv‡M›`ªP›`ª ¸ß Zuvi
ÔKxwZ©wejv‡miÕ gva¨‡g Ki‡Z PvB‡jI gvB‡Kj ÔK…òKzgvixÕ (1861) iPbvi gva¨‡g mv_©K
Uªv‡RwWi gva¨‡g m~ÎcvZ NUv‡jb| GQvov gvB‡Kj HwZnvwmK, †ivgvw›UK I Uªv‡RwW bvU‡Ki
c_cÖ`k©K| cÖ_g gymwjg bvU¨Kviiv n‡jb gxi gkviid †nv‡mb ÔRgx`vi `c©bÕ (1873)|
cieZ©x avivi evsjv bvU¨Kvi n‡jb ivgbvivqb ZK©iZœ, w؇R›`ªjvj ivq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, gb¥_
ivq,KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, •mq` IqvjxDjøvn, gybxi †PŠayix, Drcj `Ë, †mwjg Avj `xb cÖgyL
e¨w³eM©| evsjv cÖnmb iPbviI m~ÎcvZ gvB‡K‡ji nvZ a‡i|
 †QvUMí:
evsjv M`¨m„wói ci †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi cvkvcvwk bvbv ai‡bi Mí iwPZ n‡jI evsjv †QvUMí mvwn‡Z¨i
KwbôZg mšÍvb| ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔhyMjv½yixqÕ (1874) I ÔivavivbxÕ (1875) MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ †QvUM‡íi cÖqvm
†`Lv †M‡jI Zv c~Y©Zv cvqwb| AvK…wZ‡Z †QvU n‡jI †mUv wQj Dcb¨vmag©x| iex›`ªbv‡_i nv‡ZB evsjv
†QvUM‡íi mv_©KZv iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q| g~jZ Ô‡`bvcvIbvÕ MíwUB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí|
hw`I Zuvi cÖ_g iwPZ Mí wQj ÔwfLvwibxÕ (1874)| cieZ©xKv‡j G avivi †QvUMí †jL‡Kiv n‡jb
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, PviæP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq ivR‡kLi emy, †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ, ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, •mq`
gynZev Avjx, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK cÖgyL|
 cÖeÜmvwnZ¨:
†Kvb wel‡qi Dci eyw× I hyw³wfwËK Av‡jvPbv n‡jv cÖeÜ| Dwbk kZ‡Ki
ØxwZqv‡a© evsjv cÖeÜ avivi m~ÎcvZ| evsjv cÖe‡Üi cÖeZ©K ivRv ivg‡gvnb
ivq| mgvR ms¯‹vi wel‡q cÖ_g †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| GQvov cieZ©xKv‡j cÖeÜ
†jLKiv n‡jb, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, AÿqKzgvi `Ë,
eix›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nvmb, cÖg_
†PŠayix, Avn‡g` kixd cÖgyL|
ab¨ev`