CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researchers made a review of related literature in order to conceptualize thoroughly

the research investigation about plyboard making.

I. Description of Shredded Wood Mulch

Shredded wood mulch is usually created as byproducts in

the processing of wood products such as lumber and

paper. As we mentioned earlier, wood chips are obtained

when the interior of trees is shredded.

https://www.evergreenseeds.com/wood-chips-vs-mulch/

II: Description of Rice Starch

Rice starch is the main component of rice and a natural source of

carbohydrates. An insoluble white powder consisting of both amylose and amylopectin, it

differs from rice flour in its absence of the protein fraction.

https://www.ebroingredients.com/ingredients/rice/oryzamyl-rice-starches/

III: Description of Plyboard

Plywood is wood veneers bonded together to produce a flat sheet. An extremely versatile

product, plywood is used for a wide range of structural, interior and exterior applications - from

formwork through to internal paneling.

https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/wood-species/wood-products/plywood#:~:text=Plywood

%20is%20wood%20veneers%20bonded,formwork%20through%20to%20internal

%20paneling.&text=Plywood%20is%20an%20assemblage%20of,to%20produce%20a%20flat

%20sheet.

IV: Properties of shredded wood mulch

Adhesive Property

-adhesives are used in many different applications with wood, a wide

variety of types are
used (Vick 1999). Given the focus of this book on composites, the
emphasis will be more on
adhesives used in composite manufacturing than on those used in product
assembly. Factors that
influence the selection of the adhesive include cost, assembly process,
strength of bonded assembly,
and durability.
https://www.google.com.br/search?
q=adhesive+Property+of+shredded+wood+mulch&safe=active&sca_esv=564093209&ei=wE_9ZOCKMN
TVseMPsZS6wAo&ved=0ahUKEwjg6r3Ro5-
BAxXUamwGHTGKDqgQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=adhesive+Property+of+shredded+wood+mulch&gs_lp=
Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAaAhgCIihhZGhlc2l2ZSBQcm9wZXJ0eSBvZiBzaHJlZGRlZCB3b29kIG11bGNoMg
UQIRigATIFECEYoAFIk8IBUJ0FWJqqAXACeACQAQOYAfAEoAGeU6oBDTAuMjkuMTkuMi4wLjG4AQP
IAQD4AQGoAhTCAgoQABhHGNYEGLADwgINEAAYRxjWBBjJAxiwA8ICCxAAGIoFGJIDGLADwgIKEAA
YigUYsAMYQ8ICCBAAGAgYHhgNwgIHEAAYigUYQ8ICDRAuGIoFGMcBGNEDGEPCAgkQABiKBRgKG
EPCAh0QABiKBRjlAhjlAhjqAhi0AhiKAxi3AxjUA9gBAcICFhAAGAMYjwEY5QIY6gIYtAIYjAPYAQLCAggQ
ABiKBRiRAsICExAuGIoFGLEDGIMBGMcBGNEDGEPCAgsQLhiKBRixAxiDAcICDhAuGIAEGLEDGMcB
GNEDwgIFEAAYgATCAgsQABiABBixAxiDAcICBRAuGIAEwgIREC4YgAQYsQMYgwEYxwEY0QPCAgg
QABiABBixA8ICCxAAGIoFGLEDGJECwgIKEAAYigUYsQMYQ8ICBxAuGIoFGEPCAg0QABiKBRixAxiDA
RhDwgIOEAAYigUYsQMYgwEYkQLCAgcQABiABBgKwgIGEAAYFhgewgIIEAAYFhgeGArCAggQABgW
GB4YD8ICCBAAGIoFGIYDwgIHECEYoAEYCsICChAhGKABGAoYiwPCAgQQIRgVwgIFEAAYogTiAwQ
YACBB4gMFEgExIECIBgGQBgq6BgQIARgHugYGCAIQARgK&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

-Cold and hot pressing

Hot pressing of wood board:

The advantages are high production efficiency and good product gluing quality.
The hot pressing method is mainly used in the manufacture of wood panels at
home and abroad.
For example, in the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde resin bakelite board, the
unit pressure is 0.6-1.2 MPa, the hot-pressing temperature is 100-120 degrees
Celsius, and the hot-pressing time depends on the thickness and structure of the
slab. For the cladding material part of the veneer in the slab, the hot pressing
time is calculated as 50-60 seconds per 1 mm plate thickness. For the core plate,
it needs to be hot pressed for 1 minute per 6 mm plate thickness. Generally, the
thickness of the plate is 19 mm. About 7-11 minutes.

Cold pressing method of wood board:

The advantage is that the internal stress of the finished product is small, the
deformation is small, and the compression loss of the wood is small, and the
disadvantage is that the production cycle is long.

When cold-pressed and glued, the plasticity of wood and the fluidity of the
adhesive are poor, and a slightly higher unit pressure is required. When using
urea-formaldehyde resin for cold-pressing, the unit pressure is 1.2 MPa, and the
bonding time is 6-8 hours. The slabs are cold-pressed in stacks, and a backing
plate needs to be placed at certain heights, so that the slabs are evenly stressed
and the slab surface is flat.

https://www.internetwoodglue.com/hot-pressing-and-cold-pressing-of-wood-board/

V: Properties of Rice Starch

-Adhesive Property

Cultivated rice is a major world food crop. Rice varieties are distinguished by their amylose
content. There are two basic types: common and waxy. Harvested rice grain is composed of the
outer hull, the bran layer and the inner white starchy endosperm. Rice starch, rice proteins, rice
syrups, rice dextrins, and rice hydrolyzates are finding increased use. All these ingredients are
uniquely different from their corn-derived counterparts. Products based entirely on rice starch-
based ingredients are stable commodities in the marketplace. Rice starch from white rice or
brown rice exhibits unique properties as functional ingredients in many food categories. Rice
starch is preferably prepared from broken rice for economic reasons. There are currently two
commercial methods of rice starch isolation: traditional and mechanical. The traditional method
involves alkali solubilization of rice protein, while the mechanical method releases starch via a
wet-milling process. Traditionally, there have been basic properties associated with rice starch
that have given it advantages over other starches. These characteristics include
hypoallergenicity, digestibility, consumer acceptance, bland flavor, small granules, white color,
greater freeze–thaw stability of pastes, greater acid resistance and a wide range of
amylase:amylopectin ratios.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780127462752000136#:~:text=General
%20Properties%20Unique%20to%20Rice%20Starch&text=over%20other%20starches.-,These
%20characteristics%20include%20hypoallergenicity%2C%20digestibility%2C%20consumer
%20acceptance%2C%20bland%20flavor,range%20of%20amylase%3Aamylopectin%20ratios.
-Cold and Hot pressing

In the present study, modifications were done by varying concentration of citric and lactic acid (20 g and 40 g) to

produce starch citrates (SC20, SC40) and lactates (LA20, LA40), followed by alcoholic alkaline treatment to produce cold

water swelling modified starches (CWS). These modified starches were then compared to their native hot water

swelling (HWS) counterparts in terms of functional properties. The CWS starches demonstrated instant viscosity even

at room temperature and thus eliminate the need of heating assembly. The CWS (SC 40) showed the highest swelling

power and water binding capacity among all samples. Morphological characteristics revealed enlargement and

roughening of granules after alcoholic alkaline treatment. Absence of 1047 cm -1 peak in FTIR spectra of CWS

samples verified the loss of crystalline structure. The least percent retrogradation of 31.33% was exhibited by HWS

SC40. Percent increase in hardness of gels after 7 days' storage showed remarkable decline in retrogradation

tendency of CWS samples. Absence of gelatinization peak and high initial viscosity of CWS samples confirmed

gelatinization due to alcoholic alkaline treatment.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30625355/

VI: Factors affecting plyboard

1. Adhesive quality
It is characterized by several square mites, such as the performance of synthetic resin adhesives for
rubber, the mixing of various components, and the mixing process. In recent years, many domestic
researches have been done on the components of plywood glue and the mixing process. This not
only saves many chemical raw materials, reduces product costs, but also improves product
performance. This is a sign of technological progress. Only the synthetic resin used in the production
has good performance, sufficient adhesive strength, reasonable distribution ratio of each group of
adhesives, stable performance of the prepared adhesives, suitable resin content and viscosity, and a
sufficiently long active period to ensure normal operation and products. The indicators meet the
requirements.

2. Veneer quality
The veneer quality, especially its surface state, has a great influence on the bonding strength. The
quality of the veneer should be paid enough attention in the preparation of the wood blocks and the
various steps of the Vener Rotary Cutting Machine. The softening of the wood should be well
performed. The conditions of the veneer should be controlled to make the indicators of the veneer at
a better value. At the same time, the veneer must be water rate and flatness.

3. Plywood
Attention should be paid to the two aspects of sizing amount and slab aging before glue pressing. If
the amount of glue is too large, the cost is high; and if the glue layer is too thick, the internal stress
increases and the glue is easy to penetrate at the same time. The aging time should be appropriate
and change reasonably with climate change. It is necessary to realize the core board unification and
reduce the core board lamination and separation. Attention should be paid to mastering the speed
and pressure reduction of the rubber bead, especially the more moisture in the slab.
In addition, new technologies and new equipment are used, such as the use of high-efficiency air-jet
veneer dryers, core board stitching machines, and core board levelers to achieve continuous
operations of sizing, blank assembly, pre-pressing, and hot pressing. Quickly closing the Plywood
Hot Press Machine, etc., can accurately control the process conditions and make the product
quality more guaranteed.

http://www.qhplywoodmachine.com/news/1031.html

VII: frequency of using the Independent and Dependent Variable

independent variable is the variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher.

The dependent variable is the response that is measured. One way to think about it is
that the dependent variable depends on the change in the independent variable. In
theory, a change in the independent variable will lead to a change in the dependent
variable.
https://library.rangercollege.edu/scientificmethod/variables#:~:text=In%20a%20study%20of%20how,the

%20frequency%2Fintensity%20of%20symptoms.

VIII: Advantages of the raw materials

Raw materials are the foundation for any product or manufacturing process. They provide the
necessary building blocks that you can use to create something new. Raw materials can be
available in natural or synthetic,or you can find them in solid or liquid forms.
There are many advantages of using raw materials. They are less expensive than finished
products and can be customised to meet specific needs. Raw materials can also be sourced
from sustainable sources, which is important for companies looking to reduce their
environmental impact.
Another advantage of raw materials is that they can be recycled or reused in other
applications. This helps to conserve resources and reduce waste.
Overall, raw materials offer several advantages and benefits that make them an essential part of
any manufacturing process.
Raw materials are vital to the manufacturing process. Without raw materials, factories would
have nothing to produce. Raw materials provide the necessary ingredients for products that
consumers use every day.
There are many advantages of using raw materials. Raw materials can be sourced from
anywhere in the world, which gives manufacturers a lot of flexibility. They are also relatively
inexpensive, which helps them to keep production costs down. Additionally, raw materials are
easy to store and transport, which makes them very convenient for manufacturers.
Despite these advantages, there are some disadvantages of using raw materials. One of the
biggest disadvantages is that raw materials can be very unpredictable. For example, a
manufacturer may order a certain raw material, but the supplier could send a different material
which is incompatible with the manufacturing process. This can cause delays and production
problems. Additionally, raw materials can be hazardous to workers if not handled properly.
Overall, raw materials are an essential part of the manufacturing process. While there are
some disadvantages to using raw materials, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages

https://tax2win.in/tax-glossary/raw-materials#:~:text=There%20are%20several%20advantages%20to,can

%20replenish%20them%20over%20time.