2023-04 Matherials

Phase-field
fracture:
past successes,
current issues
Blaise Bourdin
https://www.math.mcmaster.ca/bourdin
bourdin@mcmaster.ca
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
UGA—Matherials McMaster University
Apr. 25, 2023 Hamilton, ON Canada
mcmaster.ca |
Fracture Mechanics
FIU pedestrian bridge, 2018 Glass “cutting”
Beaufort sea, 2013 (NASA earth observer) Oil Painting (Danish Royal Academy)
mcmaster.ca 2
Francfort and Marigo’s Variational Approach to Fracture
Modern view of Griffith’s theory:
Displacement eld u and crack set Γ given as unilateral
minimizers of a free-discontinuity energy:
∫Ω∖Γ
ℰ(u, Γ) := W(e(u)) dx + Gcℋn−1(Γ)
amongst all admissible displacements elds u(t) and all crack sets Γ(t) ↗ t.
e(u): linearized strain,

W (e(u)) := 2 Ae(u) ⋅ e(u): strain energy density,
1 Γ?
Γ?
Gc: fracture toughness,
ℋn−1: n − 1—dimensional Hausdorff measure. Γ?
Γ?
mcmaster.ca December 2, 2021 | 3

fi
fi
Variational phase-field approximation
Francfort and Marigo’s variational view of Griffith’s criterion:
∫Ω∖Γ
n−1 1
ℰ(u, Γ) := W(e(u)) dx + Gcℋ (Γ), W(e(u)) := 2
Ae(u) ⋅ e(u)
Phase-field approximation: ℓ > 0, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1:

Gc w(α)
∫Ω 4cw ∫Ω ℓ
2
ℰℓ(u, α) := a(α)W(e(u)) dx + + ℓ | ∇α | dx|
1
∫0
a(0) = 1, a(1) = 0, w(0) = 0, w(1) = 1, cw = w(s) ds
Unilateral global minimization:

(ui, αi) = arg min ℰℓ(v, β)
v,αi−1≤β≤1
Γ-convergence of ℰℓ to ℰ + compactness of ℰℓ ⟹ convergence of minimizers.

3Gc α
∫Ω 8 ∫Ω ℓ
AT1: ℰℓ(u, α) := 2
(1 − α) W(e(u)) dx + + ℓ | ∇α |2 dx

Numerical implementation: mef90/vDef
Fortran90-2008, unstructured 2D/3D parallel nite elements.
• PETSC solvers, mesh management, I/O.
• Many variants of AT models, unilateral contact models.
• Perfect plasticity coupled with damage / fracture.
• Steady state / transient heat transfer coupled (one way) to fracture.
Main solver: time discrete alternate minimization (block Gauss-Seidel).
• Globally stable, monotonically decreasing energy, convergence to a critical
point.
Other solvers: semi implicit gradient ows, quasi-Newton solvers, backtracking
algorithm (optimality conditions in trajectory space).
Open source (BSD license) since 2014:
DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4290835
https://github.com/bourdin/mef90 ℓ = 0.15
dockerhub: bourdin/mef90ubuntumpicho
ℓ = 0.0075

fl
fi
Experimental validation of a phase-field model for fracture
Variational Phase-FieldFig.fracture
16 Geometry for a
modified compact tension
specimen with crack under
mixed-mode I + II loading
(left), and the final crack
path for specimen CT_31
(right)
Pham Ravi-Chandar IJF, 2016

CT_31 CT_32 CT_33
(a) 5
direction with periodic boun
in this direction. The region t
path of the crack was meshed
size of h = l0 /4, where l0 =
y, mm
0
and unstructured mesh geom
on with periodic boundary conditions imposed to evaluate potential mesh effe
initial natural crack which w
direction. The region that contains the -5 expected
0 5 10 15 20 25
blade impact in the experimen
x, mm
f the crack was meshed with very small element ing the phase-field nodal va
(b) 50 the central line element withi
h = l0 /4, where l0 = 100 µm; both45 structured
CT_31
CT_32 The simulation was performe
t thickness P, N/mm
Step 1
structured mesh geometries were used 40 inCT_33
order placements at the nodes corr
uate potential mesh effects on the crack35
path. The pins in the experiment (iden
30 in Fig. 18). This simulation w
natural crack which was generated by
mcmaster.ca 25
the razor December 2, 2021 and
| it 6took about 2 h to comp
mpact in the experiment is modeled by prescrib- ation took about 500 iteration
Variational Phase-Field fracture
Brodnik etAl JAM ’20
B Chukwudozie Yoshioka SPE ATCE ’12

B-Maurini-Marigo-Sicsic, PRL, ‘14

Nucleation and
Scale effects
mcmaster.ca 8
Strength vs. toughness in Griffith theory
Crack nucleation is governed by strength,
propagation is governed by toughness.
Griffith’s formalism cannot account for both.
Singularity near a re-entrant corner in mode-I:

∞ ( )
λ(ω)
• u(r, θ) = σ r
• σθθ(r, θ = 0) = σ∞ (r )
λ(ω)−1
∞ ( )
2 2λ(ω)
ℰ(ρ) = σ ρ
��
• ��
Stability of a infinitesimal crack increment: ��
• Nucleation only possible if λ(ω) = 1/2 (ω = 0).
λ(ω)
��
Strength-based nucleation criterion: ��
• Nucleation for any load σ∞ > 0 unless ω < π/2. ��

� π /� π /�
• No localization if ω = π/2 (no corner). ω
mcmaster.ca 9
𝒪
𝒪
𝒪
Nucleation in AT1 (Tanné et al JMPS, 2018)
Nucleation at a V-notch PVC H80 FPB (Grenestedt)
�� 3.0
PVC H100 FPB (Grenestedt)
�� PVC H130 FPB (Grenestedt)
[M P a.m1°∏ ]
2.5
PVC H200 FPB (Grenestedt)
��
2.0 AT1 -U H80 AT1 -D H80
λ(ω)
�� AT1 -U H100 AT1 -D H100
1.5
AT1 -U H130 AT1 -D H130
��
AT1 -U H200 AT1 -D H200
1.0
kc
��
� π /� π /�
ω
0.5
σθθ(r,0) 0.0
k := lim 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
r→0 (2π r)λ−1

±
Notch angle 2¯
! []
700 16
Duraluminium DENT (Seweryn) Al2 O3 ° 7%ZrO2 FPB (Yoshibash)
600 AT1 -U 14 Al2 O3 ° 7%ZrO2 TPB (Yoshibash)
]
[M P a.m1°∏ ]
1°∏
500
AT1 -D AT1 -U
12
[M P a.m
AT2 -U AT1 -D
400 10
AT2 -D
300
8
kc
kc
200
6
100
4
0 20 40 60 80 100 20 30 40 50 60
± ±
Notch angle !
¯ [] Notch angle !
¯ []
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Nucleation in AT 1 (Tanné et al JMPS, 2018)
13.3
Nucleation at a V-notch
17.8
5 2.5
90°
40 76.2
55
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Nucleation in AT1 (1D)
AT1 energy in 1D:
L L
1 3Gc α
2 ∫0 8 ∫0 ℓ
2 2 2
ℰℓ(u, α) := (1 − α) E(u′) dx + + ℓ(α′) | dx
First order necessary conditions for optimality:

With respect to u:
[(1 − α) Eu′] = 0.
2 ′
With respect to α:
≥ 0 if α = αi−1
8 (ℓ
− 2ℓα′′)
2 3Gc 1
−(1 − α)E(u′) + = 0 if αi−1 < α < 1
≤ 0 if α = 1

mcmaster.ca 12

Solutions of the NCO (cf. Pham et al JMPS 2011, Meccanica 2016, …):
3Gc
Elastic branch: ut(x) = tx, αt(t, x) = 0, only if t ≤ te := .
8Eℓ
3Gc
Homogeneous damage: ut(x) = tx, αt(x) = 1 − , only if t ≥ te.
8ℓEt 2
Partially localized: αt(x) smooth, non-constant, max αt(x) > 0.

x
Fully localized: ut(x) piecewise constant, αt(x) optimal profile for AT1:
( − 1)
| x − x0 | 2
αt(x) = 2ℓ
if | x − x0 | ≤ 2ℓ,
0 otherwise.
1
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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Stability analysis: (cf. Pham et al JMPS 2011, Meccanica 2016, …):
3Gc 3Gc E
Elastic branch is stable if t ≤ tc = te := , σc = σe = .
8Eℓ 8ℓ
Homogeneous damage, partially localized branch are unstable.
Fully localized branch is stable.
2
3 Gc E 3 KI,c
Link internal length and tensile strength: ℓ = =
8 σc2 8 σc2
Elastic phase: Softening: Full localization
α=0 ↵ cst, ↵˙ > 0
1c
AT
st êsM
U êUe
0 1tc 2
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Nucleation in AT1 (Tanné et al JMPS, 2018)
Stress or energy criterion?
First order necessary conditions for optimality:
− ∇ ⋅ [(1 − α)2Ae(u)] = 0 + BC.
≥ 0 if α = αi−1
8 (ℓ
− 2ℓΔα)
3Gc 1
−(1 − α)W(e(u)) + = 0 if αi−1 < α < 1
≤ 0 if α = 1
3Gc
Elastic state possible if W(e(u)) ≤ , homogeneous states are unstable.
8ℓ
No construction of localized solutions (other than 1D).
Analysis of general case is lacking.
Loss of link with fracture, theoretical framework for evolution, uniqueness.
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Fracture of
Heterogeneous
Materials
mcmaster.ca 16
g
Fracture in heterogeneous materials

llimeter
Yang Gupta ‘11

10 μm
Salinas Kisalius, ’13.
Fig. 4. (a) Four possible mechanisms for energy release for tablets in shear (in increasing energy required): (i) Fracture of aragonitic tablets, (ii)
crometer i severing of mineral bridges, (iii) tablet sliding over surface asperities, and (iv) shearing of the organic matrix.24 (b) Resulting tablet pull out from
Goals: nacre specimen under tension.24 (c) Role of dovetailing to delocalize strain and produce progressive hardening.16 (d) Schematic of vertical
displacement due to shearing.16
2
Understand toughening
at their mechanisms:
interfaces. The 30
3rd-order lamellae have 2nd-order lamella.32 The orientation and arrange-
been shown to consist of a finely twinned structure. ment of the 1st-order lamella and the macroscopic
30
Younis et al. showed that the 3rd-order lamellae are layering within the shell are responsible for the
1 formed from 200 nm4th-order nanoplatelets. Unlike the enhancement of the work of fracture.32
organic material found within nacre tablets, there Multiple energy dissipation mechanisms within
has been no evidence for presence of organic within crossed-lamellar shells contribute to the observed
j the 3rd-order lamellae. superior work of fracture. Kamat et al.32 modeled
The mechanical properties in a variety of crossed- the role of multiple ‘‘tunnel’’ cracks formed in the
lamellar gastropod species have been investi- weak inner layers of the Strombus gigas shell and
11,31,32,35–41
gated. During loading (e.g., from an identified that they are formed with relatively low
3 nm
impacting predator), the primary mode of energy total loads, and they could only account for a frac-
Deflection dissipation
and meandering Shielding
is in the redirection/generation / microtion
of cracks cracks
of the total energy Pinning
required toand bridging
fracture the Ritchie, ’99
within the shell. As a growing crack approaches an shell. The tunnel cracks form at the 1st-order
k 1 l 2
aragonitic plank, it can either (I) travel along the lamellae interfaces within the weak layer and
nometer Compute “effective” fracture properties of heterogeneous materials.
length of the planks, causing them to delaminate
(i.e., weak/easy direction of propagation) or (II)
propagate until they reach the interface of the tough
middle layer (Fig. 6a), after which new tunnel
50 nm propagate200 nm
through the lamella causing brittle frac- cracks are generated within the weak layer.32 The
Design materials with “extreme” fracture properties.
ture. As cracks propagate through lamellae, work of fracture and the crack density at failure are
the material is able to maintain its structural correlated to the ratio of the toughness of the
integrity via crack bridging.31,32 The toughness of ‘‘tough’’ layer to the weak layer.42 To produce
right). Human cortical bone consists of cylindrical Haversian
the macroscopic layers alternates from weak to multiple tunnel cracks within the weak inner layer,
d by multilayers of bone lamellae (b). Each
tough andlamella
back to (∼10weak.
µm The resulting laminated the ratio of toughness between the layers must be
the mineralized collagen fibrilsstructure,
(∼100 nm incomposeddiameter) rotate
of alternating directions of greater than 2. The toughness ratio for the crossed-
al direction across five sublayersplanks, can
(c). Inside eachcause crack redirection at the interfaces
mineralized lamellar structure within S. gigas has been experi-
mcmaster.ca
because
ineral platelets that grow from the eachbetween
hole zone of the triple-
shell layers is perpendicular to mentally determined to be between 2.5 and 3.0.17 31,32
nerals and noncollagenous proteinsthe cement

adjacent the layer, when a crack propagates down
fibrils together The formation of multiple tunneling cracks in the
the easy direction of one layer, it is redirected at the weak layer is responsible for an order of magnitude
Mathematical view
Giacomini-Ponsiglione ’06, Friedrich-Perugini-Solombrino ’22, Γ-convergence of
Griffith’s fracture energy (static, then quasi-static evolution).
Elastic and fracture properties homogenize separately, toughening is
impossible 0.200
G(l)/Gc,1
0.175 G(l)/Gc,2
G(l)/Ḡc
G(l)/Gc
·
0.150
l=0
G(l)/Gc(l) 0.125
0.100
Toughness layering, M.I.L.: ·
l≥0
0.075
G(t, l) = t 2G(1,l)
0.050
Griffith criticality:
1 0.025
G(1, l)/Gc(l) = 2
t 0.000
5 10 15 20 25 30
l
mcmaster.ca Forbidden! 18
Weak to tough transition
Evolution is unambiguous
0.05
G(l)/Gc,1
G(l)/Gc,2
G(l)/Ḡc
0.04 G(l)/Gc
G(l)/Gc(l)
0.03 Gc = 1.0 Gc = 3.0
0.02
0.01
1 0.00
G(1, l)/Gc(l) = 2 5 6 7 8 9 10
t l
mcmaster.ca 19
Tough to weak transition
0.200
G(l)/Gc,1
0.175 Gc = 3.0 Gc = 1.0 G(l)/Gc,2
G(l)/Ḡc
G(l)/Gc
0.150
0.125
G(l)/Gc(l)
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
1
G(1, l)/Gc(l) = 2
t 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l
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Global minimality breaks causality
0.200
G(l)/Gc,1
0.175 Gc = 3.0 Gc = 1.0 G(l)/Gc,2
G(l)/Ḡc
G(l)/Gc
0.150
0.125
G(l)/Gc(l)
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
1
G(1, l)/Gc(l) = 2
t 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l
mcmaster.ca 21
Stability + energy balance
0.200
G(l)/Gc,1
0.175 Gc = 3.0 Gc = 1.0 G(l)/Gc,2
G(l)/Ḡc
G(l)/Gc
0.150 Stab.
0.125
G(l)/Gc(l)
0.100
0.075
0.050
Griffith criticality: ?
0.025
1
G(1, l)/Gc(l) = 2
t 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l
mcmaster.ca 22
An empirical concept of effective toughness
Problem: Micro-geometry defined by Aε, Gcε, define Gce such that Gcε → Gce
while accounting for causality, energy barriers, etc.
“homogenization in trajectory space”.
At the “microscopic” scale, evolution by stable critical points, discontinuous

evolution, no energy balance: energy barriers.
At the macroscopic scale, periodic elastic energy release rate.
Proposed concept of effective toughness:
3.5
3 MAX = Macroscopic toughness
Gce = lim sup G(l)

J-integral/Gc
2.5
ε→0 kε ≤ l ≤ (k+1)ε 1.5
1
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mcmaster.ca 0.4 23
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Toughness heterogeneities
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3 /4 2 /4
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7 /8 1 /8
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Jc (✓)/Gnum
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0 0
✓ = ⇡/4
9 /8 15 /8
2Gc
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Gc
<latexit sha1_base64="WUHKHUJgFZ/kh0aiekwnZUdJusA=">AAAB8XicbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSJ4KkkV9FjwoMcK9gPbUDbbSbt0swm7E7GE/gsvHhTx6r/x5r9x2+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSKQw6Lrfzsrq2vrGZmGruL2zu7dfOjhsmjjVHBo8lrFuB8yAFAoaKFBCO9HAokBCKxhdT/3WI2gjYnWP4wT8iA2UCAVnaKWHm14X4QkzPumVym7FnYEuEy8nZZKj3it9dfsxTyNQyCUzpuO5CfoZ0yi4hEmxmxpIGB+xAXQsVSwC42eziyf01Cp9GsbalkI6U39PZCwyZhwFtjNiODSL3lT8z+ukGF75mVBJiqD4fFGYSooxnb5P+0IDRzm2hHEt7K2UD5lmHG1IRRuCt/jyMmlWK955xb27KNeqeRwFckxOyBnxyCWpkVtSJw3CiSLP5JW8OcZ5cd6dj3nripPPHJE/cD5/AM2xkPI=</latexit>
5 /4 7 /4
✓ = ⇡/8
11 /8 13 /8
3 /2
2Gc
<latexit sha1_base64="+3Dys5dC7WH77tzTS87Ahmp4/wY=">AAAB8nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0mqoMeCBz1WsB/QhrLZbtqlm03YnYgl9Gd48aCIV3+NN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5QSKFQdf9dgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCoZeJUM95ksYx1J6CGS6F4EwVK3kk0p1EgeTsY38z89iPXRsTqAScJ9yM6VCIUjKKVurXbfg/5E2Zs2i9X3Ko7B1klXk4qkKPRL3/1BjFLI66QSWpM13MT9DOqUTDJp6VeanhC2ZgOeddSRSNu/Gx+8pScWWVAwljbUkjm6u+JjEbGTKLAdkYUR2bZm4n/ed0Uw2s/EypJkSu2WBSmkmBMZv+TgdCcoZxYQpkW9lbCRlRThjalkg3BW355lbRqVe+i6t5fVuq1PI4inMApnIMHV1CHO2hAExjE8Ayv8Oag8+K8Ox+L1oKTzxzDHzifP0BykS4=</latexit>
Gc
<latexit sha1_base64="WUHKHUJgFZ/kh0aiekwnZUdJusA=">AAAB8XicbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSJ4KkkV9FjwoMcK9gPbUDbbSbt0swm7E7GE/gsvHhTx6r/x5r9x2+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSKQw6Lrfzsrq2vrGZmGruL2zu7dfOjhsmjjVHBo8lrFuB8yAFAoaKFBCO9HAokBCKxhdT/3WI2gjYnWP4wT8iA2UCAVnaKWHm14X4QkzPumVym7FnYEuEy8nZZKj3it9dfsxTyNQyCUzpuO5CfoZ0yi4hEmxmxpIGB+xAXQsVSwC42eziyf01Cp9GsbalkI6U39PZCwyZhwFtjNiODSL3lT8z+ukGF75mVBJiqD4fFGYSooxnb5P+0IDRzm2hHEt7K2UD5lmHG1IRRuCt/jyMmlWK955xb27KNeqeRwFckxOyBnxyCWpkVtSJw3CiSLP5JW8OcZ5cd6dj3nripPPHJE/cD5/AM2xkPI=</latexit>
Brach, Hossain, B, Bhattacharya JMPS ‘19
mcmaster.ca 24
Elastic heterogeneities
2.4 400 2.4 400
2.2 2.2
A
<latexit
350 350
2 2
300 300
1.8 1.8
J-integral/Gnum
J-integral/Gnum
Surface Energy
250
Surface Energy
250
1.6 1.6
c
c
1.4 200 1.4 A <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit
200
1.2 1.2
150 150
1 1 B
B
<latexit
<latexit
100 100
0.8 0.8
C
50
<latexit
50
0.6 0.6
C
<latexit
0.4 0 0.4 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Time t
Time t
A A
C
<latexit sha1_base64="bOHAO0hDtz7THs9rBA32CaKVOBI=">AAAB8XicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclUQFXRa6cVnBPrANZTKdtEMnkzBzI5TQv3DjQhG3/o07/8ZJm4W2Hhg4nHMvc+4JEikMuu63s7a+sbm1Xdop7+7tHxxWjo7bJk414y0Wy1h3A2q4FIq3UKDk3URzGgWSd4JJI/c7T1wbEasHnCbcj+hIiVAwilZ67EcUx0GQNWaDStWtuXOQVeIVpAoFmoPKV38YszTiCpmkxvQ8N0E/oxoFk3xW7qeGJ5RN6Ij3LFU04sbP5oln5NwqQxLG2j6FZK7+3shoZMw0CuxkntAse7n4n9dLMbz1M6GSFLlii4/CVBKMSX4+GQrNGcqpJZRpYbMSNqaaMrQllW0J3vLJq6R9WfOuau79dbXuFnWU4BTO4AI8uIE63EETWsBAwTO8wptjnBfn3flYjK45xc4J/IHz+QOh1JDT</latexit>
2C
<latexit sha1_base64="re/5xon4V8p2GXcc38x7ebVSEWw=">AAAB8nicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclaQKuix047KCfUAbymQ6aYdOMmHmRiihn+HGhSJu/Rp3/o2TNgttPTBwOOde5twTJFIYdN1vZ2Nza3tnt7RX3j84PDqunJx2jEo1422mpNK9gBouRczbKFDyXqI5jQLJu8G0mfvdJ66NUPEjzhLuR3Qci1Awilbq1wcRxUkQZM35sFJ1a+4CZJ14BalCgdaw8jUYKZZGPEYmqTF9z03Qz6hGwSSflwep4QllUzrmfUtjGnHjZ4vIc3JplREJlbYvRrJQf29kNDJmFgV2Mk9oVr1c/M/rpxje+ZmIkxR5zJYfhakkqEh+PxkJzRnKmSWUaWGzEjahmjK0LZVtCd7qyeukU6951zX34abacIs6SnAOF3AFHtxCA+6hBW1goOAZXuHNQefFeXc+lqMbTrFzBn/gfP4AFJWRDw==</latexit>
C
2C
B B
C <latexit sha1_base64="bOHAO0hDtz7THs9rBA32CaKVOBI=">AAAB8XicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclUQFXRa6cVnBPrANZTKdtEMnkzBzI5TQv3DjQhG3/o07/8ZJm4W2Hhg4nHMvc+4JEikMuu63s7a+sbm1Xdop7+7tHxxWjo7bJk414y0Wy1h3A2q4FIq3UKDk3URzGgWSd4JJI/c7T1wbEasHnCbcj+hIiVAwilZ67EcUx0GQNWaDStWtuXOQVeIVpAoFmoPKV38YszTiCpmkxvQ8N0E/oxoFk3xW7qeGJ5RN6Ij3LFU04sbP5oln5NwqQxLG2j6FZK7+3shoZMw0CuxkntAse7n4n9dLMbz1M6GSFLlii4/CVBKMSX4+GQrNGcqpJZRpYbMSNqaaMrQllW0J3vLJq6R9WfOuau79dbXuFnWU4BTO4AI8uIE63EETWsBAwTO8wptjnBfn3flYjK45xc4J/IHz+QOh1JDT</latexit>
2C <latexit sha1_base64="re/5xon4V8p2GXcc38x7ebVSEWw=">AAAB8nicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclaQKuix047KCfUAbymQ6aYdOMmHmRiihn+HGhSJu/Rp3/o2TNgttPTBwOOde5twTJFIYdN1vZ2Nza3tnt7RX3j84PDqunJx2jEo1422mpNK9gBouRczbKFDyXqI5jQLJu8G0mfvdJ66NUPEjzhLuR3Qci1Awilbq1wcRxUkQZM35sFJ1a+4CZJ14BalCgdaw8jUYKZZGPEYmqTF9z03Qz6hGwSSflwep4QllUzrmfUtjGnHjZ4vIc3JplREJlbYvRrJQf29kNDJmFgV2Mk9oVr1c/M/rpxje+ZmIkxR5zJYfhakkqEh+PxkJzRnKmSWUaWGzEjahmjK0LZVtCd7qyeukU6951zX34abacIs6SnAOF3AFHtxCA+6hBW1goOAZXuHNQefFeXc+lqMbTrFzBn/gfP4AFJWRDw==</latexit>
C
2C
C C
C <latexit sha1_base64="bOHAO0hDtz7THs9rBA32CaKVOBI=">AAAB8XicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclUQFXRa6cVnBPrANZTKdtEMnkzBzI5TQv3DjQhG3/o07/8ZJm4W2Hhg4nHMvc+4JEikMuu63s7a+sbm1Xdop7+7tHxxWjo7bJk414y0Wy1h3A2q4FIq3UKDk3URzGgWSd4JJI/c7T1wbEasHnCbcj+hIiVAwilZ67EcUx0GQNWaDStWtuXOQVeIVpAoFmoPKV38YszTiCpmkxvQ8N0E/oxoFk3xW7qeGJ5RN6Ij3LFU04sbP5oln5NwqQxLG2j6FZK7+3shoZMw0CuxkntAse7n4n9dLMbz1M6GSFLlii4/CVBKMSX4+GQrNGcqpJZRpYbMSNqaaMrQllW0J3vLJq6R9WfOuau79dbXuFnWU4BTO4AI8uIE63EETWsBAwTO8wptjnBfn3flYjK45xc4J/IHz+QOh1JDT</latexit>
2C <latexit sha1_base64="re/5xon4V8p2GXcc38x7ebVSEWw=">AAAB8nicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclaQKuix047KCfUAbymQ6aYdOMmHmRiihn+HGhSJu/Rp3/o2TNgttPTBwOOde5twTJFIYdN1vZ2Nza3tnt7RX3j84PDqunJx2jEo1422mpNK9gBouRczbKFDyXqI5jQLJu8G0mfvdJ66NUPEjzhLuR3Qci1Awilbq1wcRxUkQZM35sFJ1a+4CZJ14BalCgdaw8jUYKZZGPEYmqTF9z03Qz6hGwSSflwep4QllUzrmfUtjGnHjZ4vIc3JplREJlbYvRrJQf29kNDJmFgV2Mk9oVr1c/M/rpxje+ZmIkxR5zJYfhakkqEh+PxkJzRnKmSWUaWGzEjahmjK0LZVtCd7qyeukU6951zX34abacIs6SnAOF3AFHtxCA+6hBW1goOAZXuHNQefFeXc+lqMbTrFzBn/gfP4AFJWRDw==</latexit>
C
2C
mcmaster.ca 25
Elastic heterogeneities
✓ = ⇡/2
/2
5 /8 3 /8
C
2C
3 /4 2 /4
✓ = 5⇡/24
1
7 /8 /8
C 2C
Jc (✓)/Gnum
c
<latexit sha1_base64="bOHAO0hDtz7THs9rBA32CaKVOBI=">AAAB8XicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclUQFXRa6cVnBPrANZTKdtEMnkzBzI5TQv3DjQhG3/o07/8ZJm4W2Hhg4nHMvc+4JEikMuu63s7a+sbm1Xdop7+7tHxxWjo7bJk414y0Wy1h3A2q4FIq3UKDk3URzGgWSd4JJI/c7T1wbEasHnCbcj+hIiVAwilZ67EcUx0GQNWaDStWtuXOQVeIVpAoFmoPKV38YszTiCpmkxvQ8N0E/oxoFk3xW7qeGJ5RN6Ij3LFU04sbP5oln5NwqQxLG2j6FZK7+3shoZMw0CuxkntAse7n4n9dLMbz1M6GSFLlii4/CVBKMSX4+GQrNGcqpJZRpYbMSNqaaMrQllW0J3vLJq6R9WfOuau79dbXuFnWU4BTO4AI8uIE63EETWsBAwTO8wptjnBfn3flYjK45xc4J/IHz+QOh1JDT</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="re/5xon4V8p2GXcc38x7ebVSEWw=">AAAB8nicbVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tLNYBFclaQKuix047KCfUAbymQ6aYdOMmHmRiihn+HGhSJu/Rp3/o2TNgttPTBwOOde5twTJFIYdN1vZ2Nza3tnt7RX3j84PDqunJx2jEo1422mpNK9gBouRczbKFDyXqI5jQLJu8G0mfvdJ66NUPEjzhLuR3Qci1Awilbq1wcRxUkQZM35sFJ1a+4CZJ14BalCgdaw8jUYKZZGPEYmqTF9z03Qz6hGwSSflwep4QllUzrmfUtjGnHjZ4vIc3JplREJlbYvRrJQf29kNDJmFgV2Mk9oVr1c/M/rpxje+ZmIkxR5zJYfhakkqEh+PxkJzRnKmSWUaWGzEjahmjK0LZVtCd7qyeukU6951zX34abacIs6SnAOF3AFHtxCA+6hBW1goOAZXuHNQefFeXc+lqMbTrFzBn/gfP4AFJWRDw==</latexit>
0 0
✓ = ⇡/6
9 /8 15 /8
C
2C
5 /4 7 /4
✓ = ⇡/8
11 /8 13 /8
3 /2
C
2C
mcmaster.ca 26
Toughening without pining or meandering
2E E
Fig. 2. Crack propagation through the layered material. (a) Crack-tip position and J−integr
C-J. Hsueh et al. / Journal of the Mechanics and toughness vs. layer
Physics of Solids 120thickness for two separate elastic contrasts. E s = 171for all calculations.
(2018) 68–78
Layers Channels
Hsueh,toughness
Avellar, B, Ravichandran, Bhattacharya, JMPS ‘18
c
Fig. 2. Crack propagation through the layered material. (a) Crack-tip position andFig. 3. Crackvs.
J−integral propagation
time with through
E = 0.5 the
andlayered material 4.
layer thickness with
(b) aEffective
channel. (a) Crack-tip positi
s
vs. layer thickness for two separate elastic contrasts. E = 1 for all calculations.
4. (b) Effective toughness (G ) vs. layer thickness (t) for two elastic contrasts. The dashed l
c
calculations.
mcmaster.ca 27
force on the crack decreases to zero as it approaches the compliant to st
in a metamaterial consisting of a two-dimensional array
of voids shown in Figure 1. Even though the specimen
Fracture diodes: directionally anisotropic toughness
4
Effective toughness Gceff
Backward
FIG. 1: Snapshots of the crack Forward
evolution in a metamaterial
3
consisting of a two-dimensional array of voids exhibiting di-
rectional
2
asymmetry of its e↵ective toughness.
Forward
1
Baseline
h1 h2
0 Backward
0 1 2 3 4
Relative spacing h2/h1 Brodnik et al, PRL ‘21
FIG. 2: Asymmetry in toughness in a metamaterial consisting
mcmaster.ca 28
of a two-dimensional array of voids computed using the surfing
Conclusions
Phase-field models have demonstrated their ability to handle crack propagation
in a broad range of materials, loading (including complex multi-physics settings).
Numerical evidence that mode-I nucleation in compressible materials can be
accounted for.
Open problems:
• Stress (not elastic energy density) nucleation criterion.
• Can nucleation be fully accounted for in a variational setting?
• Can nucleation and Griffith-like energies be reconciled?
• Cohesive fracture? Ductile fracture? Dynamic fracture?
• Mathematical framework for evolution of meta-stable states. Alternative to Γ
-convergence to connect phase-field models and fracture.
• Rigorous concept of effective toughness.
mcmaster.ca 29
Collaborators:
• G.A. Francfort, J.-J. Marigo
• E. Tanné, T. Li, C. Maurini
• A. Kumar, O. Lopez-Pamies
• K. Yoshioka
• F. Dunkel, N.V. Tran, A. Mesgarnejad
Acknowledgements
Support:
• U.S. NSF, LA Board of regents
• AGC, Corning, Chevron
• Louisiana State University
• McMaster University
mcmaster.ca 30

2023-04 Matherials

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Phase-field

FIU pedestrian bridge, 2018 Glass “cutting”

e(u): linearized strain,

mcmaster.ca December 2, 2021 | 3

Phase-field approximation: ℓ > 0, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1:

Unilateral global minimization:

Γ-convergence of ℰℓ to ℰ + compactness of ℰℓ ⟹ convergence of minimizers.

mcmaster.ca December 2, 2021 | 4

mcmaster.ca December 2, 2021 | 5

Pham Ravi-Chandar IJF, 2016

Brodnik etAl JAM ’20

B Chukwudozie Yoshioka SPE ATCE ’12

mcmaster.ca December 2, 2021 | 7

Singularity near a re-entrant corner in mode-I:

Stability of a infinitesimal crack increment: ���

• Nucleation only possible if λ(ω) = 1/2 (ω = 0).

Strength-based nucleation criterion: ���

• Nucleation for any load σ∞ > 0 unless ω < π/2. ���

• No localization if ω = π/2 (no corner). ω

r→0 (2π r)λ−1

First order necessary conditions for optimality:

Partially localized: αt(x) smooth, non-constant, max αt(x) > 0.

Fracture in heterogeneous materials

Yang Gupta ‘11

nerals and noncollagenous proteinsthe cement

At the “microscopic” scale, evolution by stable critical points, discontinuous

3 MAX = Macroscopic toughness

Gce = lim sup G(l)

ε→0 kε ≤ l ≤ (k+1)ε 1.5

Brach, Hossain, B, Bhattacharya JMPS ‘19

1.4 200 1.4 A <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

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Stability of a infinitesimal crack increment: ��

Strength-based nucleation criterion: ��

• Nucleation for any load σ∞ > 0 unless ω < π/2. ��