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STODDARD ENGINE

 Stoddard Invented and patented two versions of the

Stoddard Engine.

 The Stoddard engine is an External Combustion Engine

with valves and single phase gaseous working fluid
(i.e, hot air engine)

 The internal working fluid was originally air, although

in modern versions, other gases such as helium or
hydrogen may be used.

COMPONENTS IN STODDARD ENGINE

Heater

Hot air

Cooler Power Cylinder

Cooling Jacket
Fuel Injector
Scotch Yoke Mechanism
Flexible Diaphragm
Set Screw

Flywheel
Compression cylinder

Valve Mechanism

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WORKING OF STODDARD ENGINE

Cold air enters the

compression cylinder.

It is compressed isentropically
to high pressure.

Compression cylinder

Air Compressed
inlet air

WORKING OF
STODDARD ENGINE

Coil containing air

Fuel injector

Compressed air is then passed

through a coil inside a heater
chamber. It is heated by the
combustion of the fuel injected
inside the chamber.
Air Compressed
inlet air The compressed air is heated at
constant pressure inside the
heater.

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Expansion cylinder with piston

Then the valve in the expansion

cylinder opens.

The high pressure and high

temperature air is suddenly
expands inside the cylinder and
pushes the piston downwards
producing power stroke
(Isentropic Expansion)

The two pistons are reciprocating

such that their reciprocating
motion is converted to rotary
motion using Scotch Yoke
Air Compressed Mechanism and then the energy is
inlet air stored in the flywheel

WORKING OF
STODDARD ENGINE

Scotch yoke Mechanism

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WORKING OF
STODDARD ENGINE

After expansion, the exhaust

valve opens in the expansion
cylinder.
Cooler
The air now enters into the
cooler where it is cooled at
constant pressure to lower
temperatures

Then the cycle continues.

Air Compressed
inlet air

Heat regulation mechanism in Stoddard Engine

The engine is smoothly operated at

various loading conditions using a heat
regulation mechanism
Cooling Jacket
Fuel Injector A cooling jacket with the medium
Diaphragm having high coefficient of thermal
Set Screw
expansion is enclosed over the
expansion cylinder.

When the engine is operated at low load, the temperature at the expansion
cylinder is high, the medium in the cooling jacket get expanded due to high
temperature. It pushes the diaphragm and the fuel supply is reduced.

When the Load suddenly increases, the temperature of the air in the
expansion cylinder falls. Thus the medium in the cooling jacket get
contracted. This pull the diaphragm downwards causes increased fuel flow
rate inside the cylinder producing more heat.

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The generalized Thermodynamic processes of the Stoddard

cycle are:

1-2 : Adiabatic compression

2-3: Isobaric heat addition
3-4: Adiabatic expansion
4-1: Isobaric heat removal

Advantages of Stoddard Engine

 One potential thermodynamic advantage of using valves is to

minimize the adverse effects of unswept volume in the heat
exchangers (sometimes called dead volume), which is known to
reduce engine efficiency and power output in the valveless Stirling
Engine.

 The engine is compact and powerful compare to the stirling

engine. It can be more effectively used in the automobile
applications compare to the Stirling Engine.

 It has a effective control mechanism that can operate the engine

smoothly under various load conditions.

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Modifications of Stoddard Engine

Cooler

Heater

Modifications of Stoddard Engine

Cooler

Heater