Strength of Materials

MAITHYA EVANS MUSYOKI F16/53739/2012
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
COURSE TITLE: FCE 332

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
LAB REPORT
EXP 1: ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS
NAME: MAITHYA EVANS MUSYOKI

REG NO: FI6/53739/2012
1|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objective................................................................................................................................- 1 -
Theory....................................................................................................................................- 1 -
nb:..........................................................................................................................................- 3 -
PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................- 3 -
Materials................................................................................................................................- 3 -
Reinforcement.......................................................................................................................- 4 -
Casting...................................................................................................................................- 4 -
Workability tests....................................................................................................................- 5 -
(i) Slump Test.....................................................................................................................- 5 -
(ii) Compaction Factor Test............................................................................................- 6 -
TESTING..............................................................................................................................- 7 -
CURED CONCRETE...........................................................................................................- 7 -
i. Concrete Cubes..............................................................................................................- 7 -
ii. Concrete Cylinders........................................................................................................- 8 -
The Concrete Beam Specimen..............................................................................................- 8 -
RESULTS............................................................................................................................- 10 -
Position................................................................................................................................- 10 -
Load (kN)............................................................................................................................- 10 -
Deflections...........................................................................................................................- 10 -
Strains at A..........................................................................................................................- 10 -
Strains at B..........................................................................................................................- 10 -
ANALYSIS.........................................................................................................................- 11 -
(i) Strains..........................................................................................................................- 11 -
(ii) Deflections..................................................................................................................- 13 -
Load (KN)...........................................................................................................................- 13 -
Deflection (divisions)..........................................................................................................- 13 -
i|Page
Deflection (inches)..............................................................................................................- 13 -
Deflection (mm)..................................................................................................................- 13 -
Load against deflection........................................................................................................- 13 -
A graph of strain distribution at 0 KN.................................................................................- 14 -
A graph of strain distribution at 5 KN.................................................................................- 15 -
A graph of strain distribution at 10 KN...............................................................................- 15 -
Load (kN)............................................................................................................................- 19 -
Neutral Axis Position, x(mm)..............................................................................................- 19 -
A graph of neutral axis against load....................................................................................- 20 -
CALCULATION.................................................................................................................- 20 -
Theoretical Determination of Ultimate Moment Capacity..................................................- 20 -
Assuming yield stress in reinforcement: (under-reinforced section)..................................- 21 -
yield strain...........................................................................................................................- 21 -
checking strains...................................................................................................................- 21 -
Determining Ultimate Moment of Resistance:....................................................................- 21 -
Experimental calculation of the Ultimate Moment Capacity..............................................- 22 -
DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................- 23 -
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................- 25 -
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................- 25 -
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ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Objective
To cast, test and study the failure mechanism of a reinforced concrete beam.
Theory
The code of practice for design and construction of concrete, BS8110 - 1:1997, gives
recommendations for analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures. In the analysis
and design of beams, the following assumptions are made for the ultimate limit state of
collapse:
Strain distributions in concrete in compression and strains in reinforcement (whether in

compression or tension) are derived from the assumptions that plane sections remain plane
after bending and are proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
Stresses in concrete in compression may be derived from the stress-strain curve shown in
figure 1, with γm= 1.5 for bending. Alternatively, the simplified stress block illustrated in
figure 2 may be used.
a) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

b) The stresses in reinforcement are derived from the stress-strain curve shown in figure
3, with γm=1.05
c) Where a section is designed to resist bending only, the lever arm should not be
assumed greater than 0.95 times the effective depth.
1|Page
Figure 1: Short-term design stress-strain curve for normal weight concrete
Figure 2: Simplified stress block for concrete at ultimate limit state.
2|Page
Figure 3: Short term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement.
nb:
(i) fcu is the characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm2(cube crushing strength at 28
days)
(ii) γm is a partial factor of safety for material strength to account for variations.
(iii) fy is the characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2(250 and 460N/mm2for
round mild steel and deformed bars, respectively)
(iv) 0.67 is a coefficient to account for the relationship between the cube strength and the
bending strength in a flexural member.
PROCEDURE
Materials
Quantities of materials for making a batch of one cubic metre of concrete were provided. The
quantities required to make a batch enough for the following specimens; one beam of
dimensions 100 x 180 x 2000mm; three standard cubes 150 x 150 x 150mm; and two
cylinders of 150mm diameter by 300mm height.
The total volume of concrete computed that was required for this experiment including
wastages was found to be 0.065m3. The mass of concrete components required were as
shown in the table:
3|Page
Concrete Component Mass (kg)
Coarse aggregate (20mm) 58.5
Fine Aggregate (10mm) 26
Sand 31.2
Cement 24.7
Water 13
Table 1: Mass of the required Concrete Components
Reinforcement
The following reinforcement were tied up together with steel binding wire to form a cage:
o 2R12 at the bottom as the tensile reinforcement;

o 2R6 at the top as stirrup hangers; and
o 14R6 @ 150mm spacing as stirrups.
R denotes mild steel round bars, fy= 250N/mm2
Casting
When the concrete mix was ready, the workability tests were carried out as follows on the
fresh concrete:-
4|Page
Workability tests
(i) Slump Test

The batch of concrete was put into a mould in the form of a hollow frustum of a cone whose
base and top were open and parallel to each other and at right angles to the axis of the cone
having the following internal dimensions:
 diameter of base: 200 mm

 diameter of top: 100 mm
 height 300 mm
The concrete was placed in three layers, each layer being tamped 25 times through a free fall
with a tamping rod.
Figure 4: Measurement of slump
Original height of sample = 300mm
Final height of sample = 293mm
Slump = (300-293) = 7mm
5|Page
(ii) Compaction Factor Test
Figure 5: The Compaction Factor Test apparatus
The top cone was filled with a batch of concrete and opened down to the bottom cylinder.
Weight of cylinder and uncompacted concrete = 27.0kg
Weight of cylinder and fully compacted concrete = 29.0kg
Weight of cylinder = 7.3kg
mass of uncompacted concrete

Compaction factor =
mass of fully compacted concrete
(27.0−7.3)kg 19.7
= = = 0.9078
(29.0−7.3)kg 21.7
After the testing was done, the test specimens were cast in moulds mounted on a vibrating
table to ensure complete compaction.
Specimen Number Dimensions (mm)
6|Page
Cubes 2 150 x 150 x 150
Cylinders 2 150 dia. x 300 depth
Beam 1 100 x 180 x 2000
Table 2: Specification of Specimen
A cover of 20mm was maintained for the reinforcement cage in the beam by use of 20mm
spacers. The specimen was then cured in a water bath for 21 days before testing.
TESTING
CURED CONCRETE
i. Concrete Cubes
The Cube Crushing strength was determined as follows:
Specimen Crushing Strength (kN)
Cube 1 450
Cube 2 380
Table 3: Cube Crushing Strengths for Compression
Determining the average crushing strength:
450+380 830
¿ = =415 kN
2 2
Determining the average crushing stress:
3
Force 415 x 10 N 2
¿ = 2
=18.44 N /mm
Area ( 150 x 150 ) mm
7|Page
ii. Concrete Cylinders

The tensile strength of the concrete was determined as follows by the cylinder splitting test:
Specimen Crushing Strength (kN)
Cylinder 1 70
Cylinder 2 90
Table 4: Cylinder Splitting Crush Strengths
Figure 6: Splitting Tensile Strength
Determining the average splitting strength:
70+90 160
¿ = =80 kN
2 2
The average tensile stress of concrete was determined using the indirect method by
compressing the cylinder when placed horizontally and applying the formula below:
3
2F 2 x 80 x 10 N 2
f= = =1.13 N /mm
πdl 3.142 x 150 x 300
The Concrete Beam Specimen

The total volume of concrete was determined as 0.065m3. The concrete beam specimen was
tested at the age of 21 days. The applied load was increased in regular increments of 5kN and
the deflection at the free end and demec points strain reading for each load increment
recorded.
8|Page
The yield stress of the reinforcement bars was given as 250N/mm2. The concrete specimens
were tested at the age of 21 days after wet curing.
Position of load during testing: 435mm

m
1500 mm
25mm
Demec points
200mm
Before testing, the exterior dimensions, span and loading arrangement of the beam were
recorded. The load on the beam was applied gradually in regular increments of 5 kN,
recording the deflection at the free end and the strain readings at the Demec points for each
load increment.
Figure 7: A photograph showing the demec points mounted on the beam
9|Page
The cracks were measured using the demec gadget for measuring strains as shown below.
Figure 8: Taking strain readings at the demec points.
The load value at which the distinct cracks occurred was recorded at 20kN.
Finally, the failure load was recorded at 40kN and the crack pattern was sketched at failure.
The deflections were measured using the deflection gauge. The gauge factor for the gauge
was 25.4 x 10-3 mm (indicated as 0.001 inches on the gauge).
The strains were measured using the demec gauge. The gauge factor for the demec gauge was
0.82 x 10-5 mm (as indicated on the gauge).The beam was tested until failure occurred.
RESULTS
Position Load (kN) Deflections Strains at A Strains at B

Top 0 0 168 1454
Middle 170 173
Bottom 0 10
Top 5 42 189 1676
Middle 170 865
10 | P a g e
Bottom 1390 573
Top 10 75 2095 1843
Middle 170 1216
Bottom 1593 620
Top 15 92 2043 1443
Middle 170 271
Bottom 1552 271
Top 20 122 265 1496
Middle 955 555
Bottom 0 699
Top 25 184 318 1483
Middle 1012 850
Bottom 0 970
Top 30 246 2443 1678
Middle 170 1187
Bottom 1685 736
Top 35 319 2471 1502
Middle 168 1100
Bottom 1642 1251
40 FAILURE
Table 5: Values obtained while loading the beam.
ANALYSIS
(i) Strains
side A+ side B
Average=
2
11 | P a g e
average x gauge factor

Average strain=
length
−5
Gauge Factor=0.82×10
The analysis was performed for each set of data and tabulated as follows:
Position Load (kN) Strains at A Strains at B Average Average strain×10-5

Top 168 1454 811.0 3.33
Middle 0 170 173 171.5 0.70
Bottom 0 10 5.0 0.02
Top 189 1676 932.5 3.82
Middle 5 170 865 517.5 2.12
Bottom 1390 573 981.5 4.02
Top 2095 1843 1969.0 8.07
Middle 10 170 1216 693.0 2.84
Bottom 1593 620 1106.5 4.54
Top 2043 1443 1743.0 7.15
Middle 15 170 271 220.5 0.90
Bottom 1552 271 911.5 3.74
Top 265 1496 880.5 3.61
Middle 20 955 555 755.0 3.10
Bottom 0 699 349.5 1.43
Top 318 1483 900.5 3.69
Middle 25 1012 850 931.0 3.82
Bottom 0 970 485.0 1.99
Top 2443 1678 2060.5 8.45
Middle 30 170 1187 678.5 2.78
Bottom 1685 736 1210.5 4.96
Top 2471 1502 1986.5 8.14
Middle 35 168 1100 634.0 2.60
Bottom 1642 1251 1446.5 5.93
Table 6: Analysis of the strains
12 | P a g e
(ii) Deflections
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Load (KN)
0 42 73 92 122 184 246 319

Deflection (divisions)
0.00 0.042 0.073 0.092 0.122 0.184 0.246 0.319

Deflection (inches)
0.00 1.07 1.85 2.34 3.10 4.67 6.25 8.10

Deflection (mm)
Table 7: Relationship between the load and the deflections
A graph of the load against deflection was plotted from the table above
Load against deflection

40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
LOAD (kN)
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
DEFLECTION(mm)
13 | P a g e
The strain distributions for all load increments is then plotted and, assuming a linear strain
variation, the neutral axis depth for each value of the load.
A graph of strain distribution at 0 KN
90.00
Height of section(mm)
70.00
f(x) = 39.1566265060241 x − 64.2168674698795
50.00
30.00
10.00
-0.50 -10.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)

90.00
70.00
f(x) = 16.5816326530612 x + 1.65816326530612

50.00
30.00
10.00
-5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)
14 | P a g e
90.00
70.00
f(x) = 10.3092783505155 x − 18.1958762886598

50.00
30.00
10.00
-6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)

90.00
70.00
f(x) = 11.9375573921028 x − 20.3535353535354

50.00
30.00
10.00
-6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00

-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)
15 | P a g e

90.00
70.00
f(x) = 25.7936507936508 x − 28.1150793650794
50.00
30.00
10.00
-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00

-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)
90.00
70.00
f(x) = 22.887323943662 x − 19.4542253521127

50.00
30.00
10.00
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)
16 | P a g e

90.00
70.00
f(x) = 9.69425801640567 x − 16.9164802386279

50.00
30.00
10.00
-6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)

90.00
70.00
f(x) = 9.23951670220327 x − 10.2096659559346

50.00
30.00
10.00
-8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
-10.00
-30.00
-50.00
-70.00
-90.00
Strain (x 10-5)
17 | P a g e
Figure 10: A diagram showing the neutral axis position.
From the graphs plotted of the strain distribution, the neutral axis position was obtained and
tabulated as follows
Load (kN) Neutral Axis Position, x(mm)

0 154.22
5 88.34
10 108.20
15 110.35
20 118.20
25 109.45
30 106.92
35 100.21
Table 8: Variation of the neutral axis position to different loads.
18 | P a g e
A graph of neutral axis against load
180
160
neutral axis position(mm)
140
120 f(x) = − 0.651357142857143 x + 123.385
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
load (kn)
CALCULATION
Theoretical Determination of Ultimate Moment Capacity

If the section is doubly reinforced
2
πd 2
A s= =226.2 mm
4
2
πd 2
A ' s= =56.5 mm
4
19 | P a g e
Determination of Neutral Axis Position:
By Equilibrium: F c + F ' s=F s
0.67 f cu '
b ( 0.9 x ) +f ' s A s=f s A s
1.5
Where f cu=18.44kN/m
Assuming yield stress in reinforcement: (under-reinforced section)

f s=0.95 f y
{0.67
1.5
x 18.4 ×100 ×0.9 x }+ {0.95 ×250 ×56.5 }=0.95 x 250 x 226.2
Solving for x=54.37 mm
yield strain
f s /γ ms 250 /1.05 N /mm 2 −3
∈ y= = 3 2
=1.19 x 10
Es 200 ×10 N /mm
checking strains
∈s= ( d−xx ) ∈ = 155−54.37

cu
54.37
x 3.5 x 10 −3
=6.478 x 10−3
∈' s= ( x−dx ' ) ∈ = 54.37−25

cu
54.37
x 3.5 x 10 −3
=1.891 x 10−3
From the calculations, ∈s >∈ y and ∈' s >∈ y proving that the reinforcement had reached the
yield stress at failure and the section failed through compression. This proves that the
assumption above (under-reinforced section) was correct.
Determining Ultimate Moment of Resistance:

Taking moments about line of action of F s:
0.67 f cu '
M u= b ( 0.9 x ) ×(d−k 2 x)+(0.95 f ¿ ¿ y A s ) x( d−d ')¿
1.5
20 | P a g e
0.67 x 18.44
¿ x 100 ( 0.9 x 54.37 ) x ¿
1.5
¿7.005kN/mm
Experimental calculation of the Ultimate Moment Capacity

20 KN 20 KN
532.5 mm 435 mm 532.5 mm
10.650 kN/mm
Figure 11: Loading on the beam
From the experimental analysis the ultimate bending moment was found to be 7.005KNmm
while the theoretical value was found to be 10.650KNmm.The slight difference in the values
is mainly due to the variations that take place when conducting the actual experiment. Such
errors are experimental errors like incomplete compaction of the concrete, poor reading and
measurement of the materials necessary in preparing the batch concrete and hence the proper
mix was not achieved. Also these tests were carried out after 21 days of curing and it is
possible the concrete had not achieved sufficient strength at this stage.
21 | P a g e
DISCUSSION
a) Describe carefully how a reinforced concrete beam may fail by concrete crushing or
reinforcement yielding in tension and suggest the reinforcement arrangement which
will improve the flexural capacity of the beam for of these two failure mechanisms.
A reinforced concrete beam may fail by concrete crushing which occurs on over-reinforced
sections whereby the failure strain in concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel.
If such a beam is loaded to full capacity then the steel in the tension zone will not yield much
before the concrete reaches its ultimate strain of 0.0035. Due to little yielding of the steel, the
deflection and cracking of beam does not occur and does not give enough warning prior to
failure. Thus the failure is sudden. This situation can be avoided by providing just the right
amount of reinforcement required on the compression side of the beam (above the neutral
axis). The concrete beam may also fail by reinforcement yielding which occurs in under-
reinforced sections whereby the steel reaches yield strain at loads lower than the load at
which concrete reaches failure strain. When the steel yields, excessive deflections and
cracking in the beam will occur before failure and thus gives sufficient warning. Linear shear
reinforcement is also preferable laid at the tension side of the beam.
b) What is meant by the terms “under-reinforced” and “over-reinforced” in beams?

Which type is preferred in practice and why?
Under-reinforced refers to sections in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement
is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel
(if available). In such sections the tension steel yields ( f s=0.95 f y ) and the strain is greater
than yield strain (∈s >∈ y ). On the other hand, the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure
condition.
Over-reinforced refers to sections in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater
than the combined compression capacity of the concrete. In such sections failure strain of
concrete is reached first (∈c =∈cu ¿ before the failure strain in steel (∈s <∈ y ¿. In this, sudden
failure occurs and no warnings are seen. This sections fail by crushing of the compression
concrete.
In design, an under-reinforced beam is more preferable due to the fact that it yields in a
ductile manner exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. Such
22 | P a g e
beams fail through primary tension failure. The under-reinforced beam is also more
economical.
c) Describe the failure mechanism for the beam tested and estimate the failure load from
theoretical calculations. Does the theoretical failure load agree with the observed
value?
From the experiment we conducted we were able to notice that there were excessive
deflections and widening of the cracks before failure occurred at 40 KN. It is evident then
that the failure that occurred in the beam tested was due to reinforcement yielding and that
the beam was under-reinforced.
The theoretical failure load that was calculated from the moment (7.005kN/mm 2) was found
to be 45.36kN compared to the experimental one which was 40kN. The small difference can
be attributed to experimental errors. The theoretical load is higher than the experimental
value because it is set to be obtained in perfect conditions such as proper mixing of concrete,
correct water cement ratio and complete compaction of the concrete.
d) Describe and explain clearly the theoretical variation of the neutral axis depth with
increasing bending moment for an under-reinforce beam. Do the theoretical values of
neutral axis depth agree with the observed values?
The depth of the neutral axis decreases gradually with increasing load moment till the failure
of the beam. A slight increase in the load moment causes the steel to elongate significantly,
without any significant increase in stress. The marked increase in tensile strain causes the
neutral axis to shift upwards, thus tending to reduce the area of concrete under compression.
As the total tension in reinforcement remains essentially constant since the area of
reinforcement stays constant, the compressive stresses (and hence, the strains) have to
increase in order to maintain equilibrium (C=T). This process is accompanied by wider and
deeper tensile cracks, increased beam curvatures and deflections, due to relatively rapid
increase in tensile strain. The process continues until the maximum tensile strain in concrete
reaches the ultimate compressive strain in concrete resulting in the crushing of concrete in the
limited compression zone.
23 | P a g e
From the graph of neutral axis against load, it was noted that the depth of the neutral axis
decreased with increase in the load moment applied. This agrees with the theoretical variation
of neutral axis depth with increasing bending moment.
CONCLUSION
The aim of the experiment which was to cast, test and study the failure mechanism of a
reinforced concrete beam, was achieved and all the data collected was tabulated and
analysed.
However there is a slight variation between the experimental values and the theoretical
calculations. This variations can be attributed to difference in quality control. The solution is
to repeat the experiment several times then the average of the values obtained. This would
ensure the experimental values are equal to the theoretical values.
Also the quality control while performing the experiment has to be improved to ensure
standard conditions to those recommended in the BS 8110.
The failure mechanism as observed on the beam is the same as what is expected from the
theoretical calculations (under reinforced section). The tension reinforcement yielded before
the concrete.
REFERENCES
1) BS8110 – 1:1997, Structural Use of Concrete – Part 1: Code of Practice for Design
and Construction.
2) Kong F.K., Evans R. H., Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete – 3rd Edition, 1987
(reprinted 1998)
3) McGinley T.J., Choo B.S. Reinforced Concrete: Design Theory and Examples – 3rd
Edition 2006.
4) Neville A. M. Properties of Concrete – 4th Edition. 1995 (reprinted 2007)
24 | P a g e

Strength of Materials

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MAITHYA EVANS MUSYOKI F16/53739/2012

COURSE TITLE: FCE 332

EXP 1: ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

NAME: MAITHYA EVANS MUSYOKI

(i) Slump Test.....................................................................................................................- 5 -

(ii) Compaction Factor Test............................................................................................- 6 -

ii. Concrete Cylinders........................................................................................................- 8 -

The Concrete Beam Specimen..............................................................................................- 8 -

Load against deflection........................................................................................................- 13 -

A graph of strain distribution at 0 KN.................................................................................- 14 -

A graph of strain distribution at 5 KN.................................................................................- 15 -

A graph of strain distribution at 10 KN...............................................................................- 15 -

A graph of strain distribution at 15 KN...............................................................................- 16 -

A graph of strain distribution at 20 KN...............................................................................- 16 -

A graph of strain distribution at 25 KN...............................................................................- 17 -

A graph of strain distribution at 30 KN...............................................................................- 18 -

A graph of strain distribution at 35 KN...............................................................................- 18 -

Neutral Axis Position, x(mm)..............................................................................................- 19 -

A graph of neutral axis against load....................................................................................- 20 -

Theoretical Determination of Ultimate Moment Capacity..................................................- 20 -

Assuming yield stress in reinforcement: (under-reinforced section)..................................- 21 -

Determining Ultimate Moment of Resistance:....................................................................- 21 -

Experimental calculation of the Ultimate Moment Capacity..............................................- 22 -

ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Strain distributions in concrete in compression and strains in reinforcement (whether in

a) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

Figure 1: Short-term design stress-strain curve for normal weight concrete

Figure 2: Simplified stress block for concrete at ultimate limit state.

Figure 3: Short term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement.

Concrete Component Mass (kg)

Coarse aggregate (20mm) 58.5

Fine Aggregate (10mm) 26

Table 1: Mass of the required Concrete Components

o 2R12 at the bottom as the tensile reinforcement;

R denotes mild steel round bars, fy= 250N/mm2

(i) Slump Test

 diameter of base: 200 mm

Figure 4: Measurement of slump

Original height of sample = 300mm

Final height of sample = 293mm

Slump = (300-293) = 7mm

(ii) Compaction Factor Test

Figure 5: The Compaction Factor Test apparatus

Weight of cylinder and uncompacted concrete = 27.0kg

Weight of cylinder and fully compacted concrete = 29.0kg

Weight of cylinder = 7.3kg

mass of uncompacted concrete

Specimen Number Dimensions (mm)

Cubes 2 150 x 150 x 150

Cylinders 2 150 dia. x 300 depth

Beam 1 100 x 180 x 2000

Table 2: Specification of Specimen

Specimen Crushing Strength (kN)

Table 3: Cube Crushing Strengths for Compression

Determining the average crushing strength:

Determining the average crushing stress:

ii. Concrete Cylinders

Specimen Crushing Strength (kN)

Table 4: Cylinder Splitting Crush Strengths

Figure 6: Splitting Tensile Strength

Determining the average splitting strength:

The Concrete Beam Specimen