The Newest NPC

Chapter One
INTER GROUP RELATIONS IN NIGERIA BEFORE THE BRITISH CONQUEST.
Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation with diverse sub nationalities.
About 250 ethnic groups make up the nation Nigeria
Substantial and robust network relations had existed amongst the people of Nigeria before the
proclamation of the country by the British.
Ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is a consequence of the complex character of her inter-ethnic relations.
The various people that composed what is now known as Nigeria existed as independent nations on
their own in the past.
Benin is reputed to have established a common historic network of cultural and political relations with
the Yoruba in the distant past especially with the ife group.
The benin people migrated from a faraway land in the direction of the east. They initially settled at Ife
before moving to the present day benin land.
Benin traditions note that sometime when the ogiso dynasty abruptly came to an end, the Ooni of Ife
sent his son Oraminyan to render leadership services to the people of benin.
It is also noted that the Ooni of Ife on the request of Oba Oguola of Benin sent a brass smith named
Iguegha to replicate the ife brass work of art at the benin royal court. Hence the resemblance between
the ife and benin art works.
Around the 16th and the 17th centuries Benin was a powerful nation and conquered Yoruba groups like
Owo, Ekiti and Akoko.
The king in both Yoruba and Benin culture is referred to as the Oba.
The oba of benin and his Uzama (council of chiefs) share similarities with Alaafin of Oyo and his Oyomesi
(council of chiefs and kingmakers)
Benin war expansion between 1500 and 1600 AD saw most neighbours subdued and brought under her
hegemony.
Ughelli and Agbor settled their succession disputes by going to the oba of benin to obtain a symbol of
authority.
Urhobo, ijaw, itsekiri, isoko and many communities in the east like agbor, aboh, isele ukwu, ogwashi
ukwu, asaba and Onitsha attributed their ancestry to benin.
The traditional system of Obi common among igbo communities is said to have been a corrupted version
of the Oba title.
Another important intergroup relations around the niger benue confluence before the 19th century was
between the Igala and their neighbours.
A popular igala tradition states that Achadu a foreigner from the igbo country established the igala mella
(traditional council of king makers) after he married the female attah. This suggests that relationships
earlier existed between the igala and the igbo.
The water ways of the niger benue confluence provided for market centers around Panda, Igbegbe, Ikiri,
Raba, and Utonkon. The Igala and Igbo traded in those markets.
Arab goods through hausa, kanuri and jukun land were brought into igbo land in exchange for igbo
manufactures like metal works, akwete clothes, baskets, palm oil, by igala and idoma traders through
northern igbo border countries of Ibagwa-Ani, Okpuje, and Opi in Nsukka axis.
Around the 17th century an Igala warrior Onoja Oboni raided some communities in the Igbo country of
nsukka.
The igala kingdom once established her political authority at Amagedde in the Idoma territory. They
were later reduced to a tribute paying state as jukun imposed its rule on her. However a successful war
of independence against the jukun saw the igala establish the center of their kingdom at idah.
The igala conquered the igbira people of panda, becoming one of the reasons why igbira traditions claim
origin to the son of Attah of idah.
Amongst Nupe people is the belief that Tsoede the reputable founder of the Nupe kingdom was an Igala
prince.
Pre-colonial relations between a Igala Kingdom and Benin Kingdom was characterized by instances of
confrontation and conflict this is because Igala became strong enough to have threaten the existence of
Benin.
Between the Igbo and the Ibibio and the Efik, an important network of cultural contacts existed.
The Ekpe masquerade society in Efik diffused into the Igbo country as Ekpo (Mmanwu culture) and in
some places okonko.
Nsịbịdị an indigenous prehistoric form of writing that the Igbo were reputed for was said to have earlier
defused into the Igbo country from Ibibio land.
The oracular influence of Ibini Ukpabi, the long juju of arochukwu and it's potentates were very much
revered in Ibibio land and across the Cross River Valley.
Culture borrowing is a huge feature in the pre-colonial Igbo relations with the Ibibio and Efik.
In the coastal states of niger Delta, the Kulkarni, Idoma, Okirika, and Ndoni peoples were simple fishing
communities who by pudding traditional canoes along the sea as a means of movement made significant
intergroup relations.
They traded amongst themselves and with their neighbours in the hinterland which included the ogoni,
ikwerre, Ngwa and some other neighbor communities in the Igbo country.
The boom in the business of transatlantic slave trade around the 17th and 18th century intensified
commercial activities amongst the coastal peoples of the niger Delta.
Competing rivalries in slave trade and European merchandise gave rise to emergence of city-state
structures in the niger Delta and the powerful leaders that commanded the States.
The Amanyanabo (paramount ruler) And his court held sway in the organisations and control of trade in
his territory. Hence the trust system of trade relations evolved between the niger Delta paramount
rulers and the European merchants.
During this period of boom in slave trade, the Ohambele port in the Igbo country was used by
arochukwu slave traders to move their slaves to opobo and Bonny Islands.
Jaja of opobo the founder of the opobo kingdom was an Igbo ex-slave.
The Yoruba and the aja acted as a middleman between the North and the South until the visits by
clapperton and Lander Brothers around 1825 and 1832.
Western Yoruba land traded with hausaland and North Africa through oyo.
Some Yoruba elements were said to have migrated and settled amongst Nupe at raba and Igbira .
It was argued that the Nupe Kingdom emerged after it was able to defeat oyo Kingdom and held her
ransom during the reign of four different Kings.
The Idoma, Berom and Tiv in particular attributed the immigration story to Jukun land or Kwararafe.
The military rise of Kwararafe around the 17th century led to successful wars against the hausa States.
The Jukun had political influence and authority over Tiv, Idoma, Birom, and Igala. Tributes were paid to
her at Wukari.
The Tor chiefs of Tiv and Idoma were sent to Jukun courts at Wukari to obtain symbol of authority.
The Tiv and Berom around the Nok Valley had an iron making culture which diffused amongst their
southern neighbours and people of hausa and kanuri land in the savanna region.
Before the amalgamation of Nigeria the middle belt was the linked into the political orbit of the North.
The rise of hausa states and kanuri Kingdom is better explained with early connections to trans-saharan
migration and trade.
The Bayajidda myth connected the hausa with Jukun , the Gbaggi, the Nupe and the Igbomina Yoruba
the same way the Oduduwa legend connected the Yoruba with Bini.
Around the 15th century, Queen Amina of zaria conquered Kano and katsina . She ruled Bauchi,
Kwararafe and Nupe at the time.
The hausa land had developed important network of intergroup relations with the middle belt years
before the jihad of Uthman danfodio.
The 19th century Nigeria was characterized by events such as uthman Dan fodio jihad, European
commercial activities in the niger area, Christian missionary activities on Western education, the Yoruba
wars, suppression of slavery and the British conquest of territories in Nigeria.
Western education produced new set Elites of the South.
The suppression of Atlantic slave trade hugely impacted on the character of intergroup relations in the
Southern part of what today is called Nigeria.
Benin fell to British forces in 1897 and Oba Ovoranwem was tried and exiled to Calabar.
The courts of equity at Bonny was used by the British consul John beecroft to force different rulers and
kingdoms in the Delta to sign treaties of protection.
Nana of Itsekiri and King jaja of opobo tested the raw brutality of the British naval squadron.
The Asaba tried in putting up a strong resistance against the British forces in 1899 through the Ekumeku.
British traders, missionaries and consuls combined to stop the trade on slaves and the practice of human
sacrifice and also killing of twins by the blood men and members of Ekpe secret society.
The British traders succeeded in taking control of the Calabar trade to the rise of large trading firms such
as the west African company, Miller Brothers and the united Africa company.
Britain annexed Calabar in 1885 and proclaimed a protectorate over the oil rivers.
In Yoruba land the fall of old oyo empire and the new struggle for supremacy raised series of wars
amongst the Yoruba groups. Relations between ijebu, Ibadan, Egba, Ekiti, Ijaye, and Ife was characterized
by tension.
During this period interrelations amongst Yoruba groups was characterized largely by tribal wars.
The arochukwu and their various settlements across the Igbo and ibibio land developed some sort of
slave oligarchy that was incarnated with the supernatural influence of their gods – Ibini Ukpabi.
Towards the Cross River Valley border Arochukwu instigated the ịkwọ, Ezza and Izzi to resist the British
penetration of 1899.
The final conquest of Arọ by the British was in 1901. The British erroneously thought that the whole
igboland will fall into their hands at the conquest of Arochukwu.
The sokoto jihad lead to the conquest of hausa states by the fulani contingent. Hausa Kings were swept
away from politics and we are replaced by the fulani Emirs. Hence the traditional state system in hausa
Land was replaced with the Emirates system.
These Emirates paid unquestionable allegiance to the Caliph or sultan at the seat of the caliphate in
sokoto.
Conduct of relations in Hausa land was based on Islam and its teaching but Hausa remained the lingua
Franca. Hence the difference between Muslims and non-Muslims had lasting impact on intergroup
relations in Hausa.
Many people in the area down to the Benue Valley strongly resisted the penetration of the sokoto
jihadists and clung to their independence but this resulted in constant Hausa – Fulani attacks in attempt
to Islamize them.
In the Yoruba country the jihadist moved into Ilorin a territorial part of the old oyo empire on invitation
of Afonja who was the Ore Ona kakanfo ( military commander) of Oyo at the time.
Ilorin Emirate tried on a number of occasions to conquer other parts of Yoruba country but was defeated
by ibadan in 1840 at the Battle of Oshogbo.
Intergroup relations in pre-colonial and colonial Nigeria was determined by factors such as geographical
closeness, common tradition of origin, migration pattern, linguistic connection, cultural similarities,
common history and shared economic interest.
These relations involved cultural borrowings, modelling of traditional political institutions, trade and
economic exchanges, intermarriages, migrations as well as warfare and expansion.
Questions
1. ____ in Nigeria is a consequence of the complex character of her inter-ethnic relations

a) Bad governance
b) Acculturation
c) Inter relations
d) Ethnic conflict
2. __ is reputed to have established a common historic network of cultural and political relations
with the Yoruba in the distant past
a) Benin
b) Nupe
c) Igala
d) Arochukwu
3. Benin traditions note that sometime when the _____ dynasty abruptly came to an end, the Ooni
of Ife sent his son to render leadership services to the people of benin.
a) Ogboni
b) Ogiso
c) Oraminyan
d) Esigie
4. What is the name of the Ooni’s son that was sent to Benin
a) Tsoede
b) Nana
c) Oraminyan
d) Osogau
5. Ooni of Ife on the request of Oba Oguola of Benin sent a brass smith named ___ to replicate the
ife brass work of art at the benin royal court
a) Ovoranwem
b) Iguegha
c) Ogiso
d) Esogie
6. The king in both Yoruba and Benin tradition is referred to as___
a) Ooni
b) Alaafin
c) Oba
d) Esigie
7. The council of Chiefs in Benin is called
a) Uzama
b) Oyomesi
c) Aare ona kakanfo
d) Ogboni
8. Which of these is a corrupted version of the tittle “Oba”
a) Obu
b) Obi
c) Obaze
d) Ooni
9. Ughelli and Agbor settled their succession disputes by going to the oba of benin to obtain a____
a) Peace contract
b) Symbol of peace
c) Symbol of authority
d) Kingly consent
10. A popular igala tradition states that ____ a foreigner from the igbo country established the igala
mella
a) Oraminyan
b) Tsoede
c) Achadu
d) Onoja oboni
11. Around the 17th century an Igala warrior named ___ raided some communities in the Igbo
country of nsukka.
a) Oraminyan
b) Tsoede
c) Achadu
d) Onoja oboni
12. The Igala mella means ___
a) The people of Igala
b) The royal court of Igala
c) The ancestry of Igala
d) The council of Chiefs in Igala
13. The igala kingdom once established her political authority at __ in the Idoma territory.
a) Ameggede
b) Igbira
c) Okpuje
d) Ibagwa-ani
14. The Igbira people trace their origin to the son of ___
a) Ooni of Ife
b) Alaafin of Oyo
c) Attah of Idah
d) Oba of Benin
15. The Igala was later reduced to a tribute paying state by __
a) Benin
b) Fulani
c) Jukun
d) Arochukwu
16. the reputable founder of the Nupe kingdom was an Igala prince named __
a) Oraminyan
b) Tsoede
c) Achadu
d) Onoja oboni
17. __ became strong enough to have threaten the existence of Benin
a) Jukun
b) Arochukwu
c) Oyo
d) Igala
18. Pre-colonial relations between the Igala and Benin was characterized by
a) Benin control
b) Confrontation
c) Trades
d) Culture borrowing
19. The Ekpe masquerade society in Efik diffused into the Igbo country as ___
a) Ekpo
b) Ekpe nze
c) Mmanwu
d) Mmanwu ikpo
20. ___ was an indigenous prehistoric form of writing that the Igbo were reputed for
a) Edemede
b) Nsịbịdị
c) Ikwere
d) Une
21. __ is a huge feature in the pre-colonial Igbo relations with the Ibibio and Efik
a) Igbo control
b) Confrontation
c) Trades
22. The long juju of arochukwu is called
a) Amadioha
b) Ibini Ukpabi
c) Nwa Agbala
d) Okonko
23. The boom in the business of __ around the 17th and 18th century intensified commercial
activities amongst the coastal peoples of the niger Delta
a) Palm oil
b) Fishing
c) Crude oil
d) Slave trade
24. city-state structures in the niger Delta had their paramount rulers as ___
a) Ekpe society
b) Amanyanabo
c) Jaja
d) Olu
25. ____ evolved between the niger Delta paramount rulers and the European merchants
a) Protectorate
b) Trade routes
c) Trust system
d) Niger Coast
26. ___ in the Igbo country was used by arochukwu slave traders to move their slaves to opobo and
Bonny Islands
a) Ibini Ukpabi
b) Ohambele port
c) Ogwuta routes
d) Omambala canoes
27. the founder of the opobo kingdom was
a) Jaja
b) Tsoede
c) Achadu
d) Onoja oboni
28. Western Yoruba land traded with hausaland and North Africa through ___
a) Oyo
b) Nupe
c) Jukun
d) Tiv
29. the Nupe Kingdom emerged after it was able to defeat
a) Oyo kingdom
b) Benin Empire
c) Igala Kingdom
d) Jukun land
30. Which of these had an iron making culture
a) Jukun
b) Nok Valley
c) Idoma
d) Birom
31. Jukun land is also known as
a) Kanuri
b) Idoma
c) Kwararafe
d) Wukari
32. The Tor chiefs of Tiv and Idoma were sent to ____ to obtain symbol of authority
a) Benin
b) Oyo
c) Jukun
d) Nupe
33. The rise of hausa states and kanuri Kingdom is better explained with early connections to
a) Trans Atlantic slave trade
b) Trans Saharan trade
c) Niger Benue confluence
d) Oyo migration
34. ___ myth connected the hausa with Jukun , the Gbaggi, the Nupe and the Igbomina
a) Yanrinya myth
b) Kwararafe myth
c) Shinkana myth
d) Bayajidda myth
35. Around the 15th century, ____ conquered Kano and katsina
a) Uthman danfodiyo
b) Queen Amina of zaria
c) Oba Ovoranwem
d) Nana of Itsekiri
36. Which of these was not an event of the 19th century in Nigeria
a) Christian missionary
b) Fulani Jihad
c) Slave trade
d) Yoruba wars
37. Benin fell to British forces in 1897 and Oba ___ was tried and exiled
a) Osogau
b) Ovoranwem
c) Ovonranmi
d) Esogie
38. The British consul named ___ forced different rulers and kingdoms in the Delta to sign treaties of
protection
a) John Beecroft
b) Arthur Richard
c) John MacPherson
d) Granville Sharp
39. Jaja of opobo and Nana of Itsekiri were rulers who tested the raw brutality of the___
a) Portuguese adventurers
b) French sea forces
c) British Army
d) British naval squadron
40. ___ tried in putting up a strong resistance against the British forces in 1899 through the
Ekumeku
a) Calabar
b) Bonny Island
c) Asaba
d) Ibadan
41. Which of these is not a British trading firm
a) West African company
b) Miller Brothers
c) United Africa company
d) Clapperton corporations
42. Which of these was one of the reasons for Yoruba wars
a) The fall of Benin
b) The fall of old oyo empire
c) The fall of Calabar trade
d) The deposing of king kosoko
43. The traditional state system in hausa Land was replaced with the ___ system after the Jihad.
a) Village democracy
b) Trust system
c) Representative government
d) Emirates system
44. interrelations amongst Yoruba groups in the 19th century was characterized largely by
a) Tension
b) Confrontation
c) Trades
45. After the fulani Jihad, Hausa Kings were replaced by__
a) Emperors
b) Imams
c) Emirs
d) Caliphs
46. The British erroneously thought that the whole igboland will fall into their hands at the conquest
of ___
a) Calabar
b) Ogwuta
c) Arochukwu
d) Omambala
47. who was the Ore Ona kakanfo of Oyo at the time of Fulani Jihad
a) Afonja
b) Kosoko
c) Ovonranwem
d) Onoja
48. ___ Emirate tried on a number of occasions to conquer other parts of Yoruba country
a) Kanuri
b) Ilorin
c) Ife
d) Gwara
49. The Emirs payed unquestionable allegiance to the ___
a) Imam
b) Emperor
c) Sultan
d) British consul
Answers: 1d, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7a, 8b, 9c, 10c, 11d, 12d, 13a, 14c, 15c, 16b, 17d, 18b, 19a, 20b, 21d,
22b, 23d, 24b, 25c, 26b, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30b, 31c, 32c, 33b, 34d. 35b, 36c, 37b, 38a, 39d, 40c, 41d, 42b,
43d, 44a, 45c, 46c, 47a, 48b, 49c.
Chapter 2; the influence of Western culture on Nigeria's cultural heritage in the 21st century.
The origins of Western influence in Nigeria must be traced to the age of European overseas expansion
from the 15th to 17th centuries, alongside Discovery and settlement of the new world (America).
European slavery activities went on for 3 centuries until the industrial revolution changed the Dynamics
from labour to Capital intensiveness.
The Westerners never believed Africa had a culture.

The culture of a given society is geared towards accomplishing the needs of both the physical and social
environment.
The two important aspects of culture are virtues and values.
The Nigerian culture is still undergoing contacts and conflict with other cultures resulting to changes in
social system.
The Nigerian culture act as the watchdog of her social system.
Culture is the totality of how people live and behave.
When culture is shared and transmitted from generation to generation it becomes a heritage to the
people.
Culture can also be seen as a sum total of human creations.
The two broad types of culture are material and non-material culture.
Material culture is the aspect that relates to the tangible products of a given society. It generally consists
of implements and artifacts used by people in most Nigerian communities.
Non-material culture refers to the intangible aspects of the human society. These include the
psychological state of the mind, mannerism and beliefs.
These non-material cultures are acquired by members of the society through socialization.
The characteristics of culture makes it a mark of identity.
Language is the most important index of culture and the most symbolic element with which people are
identified.
The native language of a given people shows clearly their identity and nativity.
Another characteristic of culture is that it is dynamic and changes over time. These changes happen in
different epochs .
Acculturation is the emulation of the objects of one cultural trait by another culture. It occurs when a
group of persons or a person begins to adopt another culture.
Culture is also viewed as shared ideals, values and standards of behaviour.
The only denominator that is constant globally is change. Change is an inherent aspect of culture.
There has been intense Western efforts to change the status of women all over the world most
especially in Africa where women are placed lowly when compared to their male counterparts.
Diverse factors that lead to cultural change include invention in technology, discoveries of new ideas in
science, definition of different systems arising from political and economic activities, environmental
issues and change is a natural space overtime and acculturation.
Cultural influences can lead to what Huntington described as The clash of civilizations.
In Nigerian ontology and cosmology, political authority and power belongs to the entire community.
In Igbo traditional political system, village democracy was practiced whereby power to govern was
invested on a group of persons and at times a worthy leader to act on behalf of the community.
Due to cultural change African politicians no longer see themselves as leaders who have mandate of
their people to serve.
Political parties is a pattern introduced by the Western countries which has come to influence and
change the way leaders are selected.
Influences in religious worship and belief systems has been characterized by a few scenarios. For
example the traditional drums that make the music of the people more significant and meaningful has
been greatly replaced by the band set and English drums. Also the acrobatic dances of the Nigerian
people accompanied by drums during traditional worship has been replaced by western part and of
worship. Again images of African gods such as in Ikéngà, Ọgwụgwụ, Igwekala, Agbala, etc has been
replaced with images of Jesus in Nigerian homes.
In the pro-western Igbo marriage culture, it was the full right of parents to match they are children with
whosoever they which in marriage. They also decided where and when the marriage will take place.
Investigation was also conducted on the girl's family to ascertain facts like, do they give birth without
difficulties?, Traces of rampant adultery, stealing and premature death.
Sexual behavior is an unwanted conduct of a sexual nature based on sex and affecting the dignity of
women and men.
Cultural changes lead women to dress indecently negatively leading to sexual harassment, raping and
STDs.
Western technology has tremendously influence the lifestyle of Nigerians in ways such as medicine,
communication, transport, agriculture, sports, education, clothing and so on.
Nigerian indigenous cultural heritage should be used as a means of checking, adopting and transmitting
such cultural changes.
In order for Nigeria to starve off cultural extension of their indigenous heritage there is an urgent need
for cultural restoration.
Questions
1. The origins of Western influence in Nigeria must be traced to the age of __

a) Transatlantic slave trade
c) European overseas expansion
d) Industrial revolution
2. European slavery activities went on for 3 centuries until the __ changed the Dynamics
a) Transatlantic slave trade
c) European overseas expansion
d) Industrial revolution
3. ___ is geared towards accomplishing the needs of both the physical and social environment.
a) Culture
b) Religion
c) Philosophy
d) History
4. The two important aspects of culture are _&_
a) People and Institutions
b) Society and Morality
c) Virtues and values
d) Environment and relations
5. The Nigerian culture is still undergoing contacts and conflict with other cultures resulting to
changes in ____
a) Education system
b) Belief system
c) Moral system
d) Social system
6. The two broad types of culture are _&_
a) Institutional and reformative culture
b) Base and Borrowed culture
c) Western and African culture
d) Material and non-material culture
7. ___ can also be seen as a sum total of human creations.
a) Language
b) Culture
c) Art
d) Acculturation
8. When culture is shared and transmitted from generation to generation it becomes __ to the
people.
a) Art
b) Heritage
c) Religion
d) Law
9. __ refers to the intangible aspects of the human society
a) Material culture
b) Borrowed culture
c) Institutional culture
d) Non material culture
10. ___ is the aspect of culture that relates to the tangible products of a given society
a) Material culture
b) Borrowed culture
c) Institutional culture
d) Non material culture
11. The Nigerian culture acts as the __ of her social system.
a) Watch dog
b) Law giver
c) Moral reformer
d) Heritage keeper
12. ___ occurs when a group of persons or a person begins to adopt another culture.
a) Language
b) Socialization
c) Art
d) Acculturation
13. Which of these is a characteristic of culture
a) Culture is inherent and not acquired
b) Culture is dynamic and changes
c) Culture is not owned by only one people
d) Culture is static and remains the same for generations
14. The characteristics of culture makes it a mark of __
a) Morality
b) Society
c) Identity
d) Heritage
15. __ is an inherent aspect of culture.
a) Language
b) Change
c) Art
d) Heritage
16. ___ is the most important index of culture and the most symbolic element with which people
are identified.
a) Language
b) Change
c) Art
d) Heritage
17. Non material aspects of culture include these except
a) Language
b) Psychological state of mind
c) Mannerism
d) Belief
18. Diverse factors that lead to cultural change include these except
a) Technological invention
b) Environment issues
c) Change in natural space
d) Growing civilizations
19. Cultural influences can lead to what Huntington described as __
a) Acculturation
b) Clash of civilizations
c) Industrial revolution
d) Rise of new ages
20. In Nigerian ontology and cosmology, political authority and power belongs to the__
a) Community
b) Representatives
c) Elders
d) Traditional rulers
21. In Igbo traditional political system, __ was practiced
a) Constitutional monarchy
b) Village democracy
c) Communal Oligarchy
d) Representative parliamentarism
22. African politicians no longer see themselves as leaders who have mandate of their people to
serve, this is due to__
a) Political change
b) Colonialism
c) Global reformation
d) Cultural changes
23. __ is a pattern introduced by the Western countries which has come to influence and change
the way leaders are selected
a) Representative democracy
b) General elections
c) Political parties
d) Government institutions
24. Which of these is not an example of an African god
a) Igwekala
b) Opiagu
c) Ikéngà
d) Ọgwụgwụ
25. Whose right was it to choose a marriage partner In the pro-western Igbo marriage culture
a) Man
b) Family Elders
c) Parents
d) Wife
26. __ is an unwanted conduct of a sexual nature based on sex and affecting the dignity of women
and men.
a) Sexual behavior
b) Genderism
c) Sexual identity
d) Sexuality
27. __ should be used as a means of checking, adopting and transmitting cultural changes
a) General laws of conduct
b) Philosophical systems
c) Cultural artifacts
d) Indigenous cultural heritage
28. In order for Nigeria to starve off cultural extension of their indigenous heritage there is an
urgent need for ___
a) Political change
b) Cultural restoration
c) Global reformation
d) Intellectual revolution
Answers: 1c, 2d, 3a, 4c, 5d, 6d, 7b, 8b, 9d, 10a, 11a, 12d, 23b, 14c, 15b, 16a, 17a, 18d, 19b, 20a, 22b,
22d, 23c, 24b, 25c, 26a, 27d, 28b
Chapter 3; effect of electoral malpractice is on the quality of Nigerian leadership.

The colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British empire from the mid 19th century until October 1 1960
when Nigeria got her independence.
At the event of Nigerian independence the British Union Jack was lowered and Nigeria’s green white
green flag was hoisted for the first time.
Captain David Ejoor commanded the army guards at the midnight flag-raising ceremony on Nigeria's
independence day.
The democracy that Nigeria received was the one of master-servant relationship. This it's because the
British government still determines what happens in Nigeria.
Democracy is a form of government in which the people govern themselves or elect representatives to
govern them.
The major pillars of democracy are; sovereignty of the people, government based on consent of the
governed, maturity in leadership role, minority rights, guarantee of basic human rights, free and fair
elections, equality before the law, due process of the law, constitutional limits on the government, social
economic and political pluralism, value of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation and compromise and
good of the people being governed.
The essence of democracy is to give good life and development to the people.
Democracy generally aims at giving every citizen opportunity to enjoy freedom and their rights as
guaranteed in the Nigerian constitution.
Nigeria as a nation was highly fragmented along regional and ethnic lines.
Nigeria was created artificially without the consent of the Nigerian citizens. Hence it was infamously
referred to as the mistake of 1914 that only existed on paper.
After the Independence Nigeria tried to emulate system of government of her colonial master by
adopting the Westminster parliamentary system.
Inability to maintain this system resulted in the first military coup in January 1966.
The military held power until democracy returned during the rule of president shehu shagari between
1979 and 1983.
Democratic rule in Nigeria commenced with the attainment of Independence in 1960.
The head of state under the Constitution of 1960 was the queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II.
She was then represented by a governor general who was Dr Nnamdi azikiwe the first governor general
of Nigeria. Lagos was the federal Capital Territory then.
Dr Nnamdi azikiwe became ceremonial president in 1963 when Nigeria became a republic.
Census figures caused mutual bitterness between the northern region and the Southern region with
each region accusing the other of manipulating census figures.
Conflict also erupted at this time between the action group leader Awolowo and his deputy chief Samuel
akintola.
The federal government move to curb the situation by declaring a state of emergency on the western
region and appointing Dr Moses majekodunmi as the administrator of the western region.
The Igbo people regarded themselves as the chosen race, bringing about another aggression from other
regions.
Dr Nnamdi azikiwe addressing the Igbo state Union in 1949 and declared that the god of Africa has
specially created the Igbo nation to lead the children of Africa from bondage of the ages. This also raised
further eyebrows. Hence the igbos we are labelled as coup plotters of 1966.
The military dictatorship in Nigeria kicked off with the coup de tat of 1966 organised by a group of
revolutionary Nigeria offices who never assumed power. Major general Aguiyi-ironsi was made the head
of the federal military government of Nigeria. He serve for 6 months after which he was overthrown and
assassinated in a counter-coup that enthroned general yakubu gowon.
Lieutenant colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu the governor of Eastern region refused to support the new
administration. This led to the seccession of Eastern region by declaring itself of the independent state of
biafra.
It was in a bid to bring back the Eastern region that the civil war was fought.
Yakubu gowon was overthrown in a bloodless coup by murtala Mohammed.
General Obasanjo’s transitional government handed over to the civilian leadership in the person of alhaji
shehu shagari. Thereby ending the military regime on establishing the second Republic of Nigeria.
The second Republic ended with a coup that made general muhammadu buhari the head of state. He
ruled for two years before being overthrown by general Ibrahim badamose babangida.
General babangida established the armed forces ruling council and had the longest lasting military
regime in Nigeria holding power for a period of eight years.
In fulfillment of his promise to return Nigeria to democracy he temporary handed power to the interim
head of state Ernest shonekan after annulling June 12 election of 1992.
The interim government lasted for three months and was overthrown by general Sani abacha. He
attempted to transform from military leader to civilian leader with five political parties registered at that
time. The movement for democracy and justice adopted him as their presidential candidate but he died .
Major general abdulsalami Abubakar took over the reins of government and nullified all the elections
conducted in the era of Abacha’s regime.
President olusegun Obasanjo was the first person to democratically rule Nigeria for a period of eight
years.
President buhari became the second military head of state to become a civilian president after Obasanjo.
One of the pillars of democratic system of government is it’s election process.

Nigeria practices a multi-party system.
The first electoral body in Nigeria was the electoral commission of Nigeria (ECN) established in 1959 to
coordinate the election that ushered in post-independence democracy.It was chaired by Mr E. Eyo
In 1976 another electoral committee was setup by general olusegun Obasanjo’s military regime. It was
known as FEDECO - Federal electoral commission.
Later on the national electoral commission of Nigeria was established. Humphrey Nwosu was appointed
by general babangida as chairman of this commission. He then conducted the June 12 presidential
election of 1993.
Humphrey Nwosu introduced the option A4 voting system and open ballot system of voting in Nigeria
elections.
General abdulsalami dissolved the national electoral commission of Nigeria and established independent
national electoral commission (INEC).
The first chairman of inec was Ephraim Apata.
Professor attahiru muhammadu Jega conducted the 2011 and 2015 general elections and the later
election that produced the buhari as president.
The current chairman of the commission is Mahmood yakubu.
The functions of the commission includes political party registration, voter registration, political
education, screening of political candidates, conducting of elections, counting of votes and distribution
of PVC.
These functions of the commission are not always met due to factors like interference of the politicians
on the commission and interference of the executive arm of government. Some other factors include
insecurities, underage voting, election malpractices and vote-buying.
In a bid to conduct free and fair elections the inec introduced laws seen in the new electoral act of 2022.
The act was signed into law by president muhammadu buhari.
Provisions in the new electoral act include the following; legislation of the smart card reader,
introduction of electronic transmission of results, dis-qualification of political appointees from electoral
process, review of electoral results declared under duress, early commencement of campaign season,
substitution of candidates in the event of death, Merger of political parties, provision for voters with
physical disabilities, inec fund, over-voting redefined, early conduct of parties primaries and INEC's
additional power.
The commission also introduced a special device called bimodal voter accreditation system (BVAS) and
established the Inec result viewing portal (IREV) were the results of different polling unit will be
uploaded in real time.
Causes of electoral malpractice include; inordinate quest for power, wealth acquisition, unpopular
candidate, minority syndrome, recognition in society, fear of being prosecuted for previous crimes
committed, issue of godfathers, vote-buying, malfunctioning of commission’s equipment.
The consequences of electoral malpractice are; national insecurity, emergence of mediocre candidates,
bribery and corruption, voter apathy, adverse effect on national development, violence, anarchy and
unrest.
Vote-buying is a new incidence that is eating deep into the Nigerian electoral system.
Questions
1. The colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British empire from the __ to __
a) Mid 19th century to 1960 independence
b) 1914 to 1960 independence
c) Early 20th century to 1914 Amalgamation
d) 1800 to 1963 first republic
2. __ commanded the army guards at the midnight flag-raising ceremony on Nigeria’s
independence day.
a) Humphrey Nwosu
b) Captain David Ejoor
c) Taiwo Akinwunmi
d) General abdulsalami
3. At the event of Nigerian independence the British __ was lowered and Nigeria’s green white
green flag was hoisted for the first time.
a) Flag
b) Coat of arms
c) Coastal banner
d) Union jack
4. The democracy that Nigeria received was the one of __
a) British system
b) Master-servant relationship
c) Parliamentary government
d) Republicanism
5. To give good life and development to the people is the__ of democracy
a) Role
b) Pillar
c) Essence
d) Aim
6. Nigeria as a nation was highly fragmented along __ lines
a) Democratic
b) Traditional
c) Representative
d) Regional
7. Nigeria after it’s creation was infamously referred to as the
a) Mistake of 1914
b) The servants of the Queen
c) The second British
d) Giant of Africa
8. After the Independence Nigeria tried to emulate system of government of her colonial master by
adopting___
a) Westminster parliamentary system
b) Representative government
c) Constitution monarchy
d) Democratic Oligarchy
9. The Inability to maintain British system of government resulted in the__
a) Regional conflict
b) Civil war
c) Second Republic
d) First military coup
10. The military held power from 1966 until democracy returned during the rule of president
a) Ernest Shonekan
b) Shehu shagari
c) Olusegun Obasanjo
d) Moses Majekodunmi
11. Democratic rule in Nigeria commenced with the __
a) Attainment of Independence in 1960
b) First republic in 1963
c) Second Republic in 1979
d) The establishment of civilian rule 1999
12. The head of state under the Constitution of 1960 was the __
a) Alhaji Tafawa Belewa
b) Nnamdi Azikiwe
c) Queen Elizabeth II
d) Lord lugard
13. the first governor general of Nigeria was
a) Aguiyi-ironsi
b) Awolowo
c) Odumegwu Ojukwu
d) Nnamdi Azikiwe
14. __ caused mutual bitterness between the northern region and the Southern region
a) Sharing of resources
b) Census figures
c) Religious differences
d) Secession plans
15. The federal Capital Territory of Nigeria in 1960 was
a) Lagos
b) Abuja
c) Calabar
d) Kaduna
16. In order to curb the Action Group conflict, the federal government declared__
a) Peace talks
b) Mass shooting
c) State of Emergency
d) Rerun of elections
17. Who was installed by the federal government as the administrator of the western region during
the action group conflict
a) Ernest Shonekan
b) Shehu shagari
18. Why were the Igbos labelled as coup plotters of 1966
a) Nnamdi Azikiwe’s speech
b) British favouritism
c) Domination in palm oil market
d) The revolution of Biafra
19. __ was made the head of the federal military government of Nigeria after the first coup de tat
a) Lieutenant colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu
b) Major general Aguiyi-ironsi
c) General Yakubu gowon
d) General Abdulsalami Abubakar
20. The counter-coup of 1966 enthroned who as the new head of Nigeria military government
d) General Murtala Mohammed
21. Who took over the reins of government and nullified all the elections conducted in the era of
Abacha’s regime
d) General Abdulsalami Abubakar
22. Who was the governor of Eastern region who refused to support the Government of Gen Yakubu
gowon
c) General Buka Suka Dimka
23. The civil war was fought to
a) Keep the oil rivers state resources
b) Silence colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu
c) Restore the Eastern region to Nigeria
d) Destroy the Ego of the Igbos
24. Which of these guys considered themselves as the chosen race
a) Bini people
b) Igbos
c) Fulani Jihadists
d) The people of Ile ife
25. Yakubu gowon was overthrown in a bloodless coup by
a) Major general Aguiyi-ironsi
b) General Murtala Mohammed
c) General Abdulsalami Abubakar
d) General Buka Suka Dimka
26. Who’s transitional government handed over to the civilian leadership in the person of alhaji
shehu shagari
a) General abdulsalami Abubakar
b) General Muhammadu buhari
c) General Olusegun Obasanjo
27. Obasanjo’s government established the__
a) Electoral system
b) The constitution of 1999
c) The President system
d) Second Republic
28. __ had the longest lasting military regime in Nigeria holding power for a period of eight years.
d) General Ibrahim badamose babangida
29. Who ended the second Republic with a coup
d) General Sani abacha
30. General Ibrahim Babangida In fulfillment of his promise to return Nigeria to democracy he
temporary handed power to the interim head of state named
a) Ernest Shonekan
b) Shehu shagari
31. The interim government was overthrown by which general
32. Who nullified June 12 election of 1992
d) General Ibrahim badamose babangida
33. Who tried to change from military leader to civilian president
34. Who was the first person to democratically rule Nigeria for a period of eight years
a) Nnamdi Azikiwe
b) Olusegun Obasanjo
c) Ernest Shonekan
d) Shehu shagari
35. The second military head to rule Nigeria as a civilian is
36. The first electoral body in Nigeria was
a) INEC
b) ECN
c) FEDECO
d) NECN
37. Who was appointed by general babangida as chairman of National Electoral commission of
Nigeria
a) Humphrey Nwosu
c) Taiwo Akinwunmi
d) Mr Eyo E.
38. The first chairman of the Electoral commission of Nigeria was
a) Humphrey Nwosu
c) Taiwo Akinwunmi
d) Mr Eyo E.
39. __ introduced the option A4 voting system and open ballot system of voting in Nigeria elections
a) Attahiru jega
b) Ephraim Apata
c) Mr. Eyo E.
d) Humphrey Nwosu
40. Which electoral commission was established by Olusegun Obasanjo’s military regime in 1976
a) INEC
b) ECN
c) FEDECO
d) NECN
41. Who dissolved the national electoral commission of Nigeria and established independent
national electoral commission (INEC)
42. Which chairman conducted the election that made Buhari the president of Nigeria
a) Attahiru jega
b) Ephraim Apata
c) Mr. Eyo E.
d) Humphrey Nwosu
43. Who was the first chairman of INEC
a) Attahiru jega
b) Ephraim Apata
c) Mr. Eyo E.
d) Humphrey Nwosu
44. The current chairman of INEC is
a) Attahiru jega
b) Mahmood yakubu
c) Mohammed Abubakar
d) Bolaji Idowu
45. The functions of electoral commission are not always met due to factors like these except
a) Political apathy
b) Vote buying
c) Under age voting
d) Interference of government
46. INEC introduced a special device called
a) Bimodal voter accreditation system
b) Britainian voting accumulation space
c) Bimodal voter accountability system
d) Brimstone vote accreditation science
47. __ is a new incidence that is eating deep into the Nigerian electoral system
a) Political apathy
b) Vote buying
c) Under age voting
d) Interference of government
Answers; 1a, 2b, 3d, 4b, 5c, 6d, 7a, 8a, 9d, 10b, 11a, 12c, 13d, 14b, 15a, 16c, 17d, 18a, 19b, 20c, 21d,
22a, 23c, 24b, 25b, 26c, 27d, 28d, 29b, 30a, 32d, 32d, 33d, 34b, 35b, 36b, 37a, 38d, 39d, 40c, 41a, 42a,
43b, 44b, 45a, 46a, 47b
Chapter 4; indecent dressing among youth and culture conflict in Nigeria.
Indecent dressing simply means exposure ones body to the public.
Dress to kill is a slogan commonly used among students in tertiary institutions especially the females.
The practice is contrary to the acceptable norms and values of African society.
Dressing is an act of putting on clothes. The importance of wearing clothes on the body is in order to
protect, beautify or adorn it.
The clothes someone decides to wear influences impression people have on such individual.
The dressing pattern of an individual is kind of a sign language that communicates a complete
information.
A dress is therefore said to be indecent when it does provocative influence on almost all those that
happen to view it on the user.
Dresses are part of people’s culture and the means of cultural identity. They also used for ornamental or
aesthetic purposes, and protection of the body against harsh weather conditions.
Types of indecent dressing for females are; off shoulders, weaker straps, mini skirts, sleeveless tops, tight
trousers, transparent clothes, short knickers, spaghetti tops and clothes that carry immoral messages as
its inscription.
Types of indecent dressing for males; short knickers, dreadlocks, earrings, hair ties, braiding, plaited
hairs, kaftans without trousers, long bushy hairs and beards, t-shirt and jeans with opening.
Causes of indecent dressing include: influence from peer pressure, poor parental guidance, to feel
noticed, not keeping to cultural views, social media influence, influence by entertainment and media.
Female teenagers dress indecently to be considered a happening babe while male teenagers do so to
avoid being called a Jew man.
The internet particularly social media is now a hub of indecent dressing.

Disadvantages of indecent dressing include; loss of value in the eyes of the society, loss of employment
opportunity, creates victims of sexual abuse, leads to societal ills such as robbery and prostitution, leads
to poor performance in school for students, exposing skin to environmental hazards and some end up
being used for ritual.
Culture conflict is defined as a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and benefits
clash resulting and contradictory aspirations and behaviours.
Nowadays the youths have abandoned local attire such as Adire and Ankara for alien attires because of
the influence Western celebrities have on them.
Strategies for curbing indecent dressing include; parents are to serve as role models, adoption of dress
code, domesticating African or Nigerian films, the mass media, regular summons by religious institutions,
formation of campus club.
Questions
1. __Simply means exposure of ones body to the public

a) Immorality
b) Sin
c) Dress abuse
d) Indecent dressing
2. __ is a slogan commonly used among students in tertiary institutions especially the females to
describe indecent dressing
a) Glow up
b) Dress to kill
c) Pepper Dem
d) Hot and spicy
3. One of these is not an importance of wearing clothes on the body
a) To beautify it
b) To protect it
c) To showcase it
d) To adorn it
4. The clothes someone decides to wear influences the___ people have on such individual
a) Admiration
b) Impression
c) Respect
d) Love
5. A dress is therefore said to be indecent when it does ___ influence on almost all those that
happen to view it on the user
a) Provocative
b) Misleading
c) Tempting
d) Attractive
6. Uses of dress are these except
a) Aesthetic purposes
b) Protection purposes
c) Ornamental purposes
d) Instrumental purposes
7. ___ is defined as a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and benefits clash
resulting and contradictory aspirations and behaviors
a) Social conflict
b) Cultural conflict
c) Value struggle
d) Moral anomaly
8. Which of these is now a hub of indecent dressing
a) Radio
b) Television show
c) Social media
d) Search engines
9. All these are disadvantages of indecent dressing except
a) Loss of value in the eyes of the society
b) loss of employment opportunity
c) creates victims of sexual abuse
d) Relationship problems
10. Female teenagers dress indecently to be considered a ___
a) Slay queen
b) Happening babe
c) Hot chic
d) Baddie
11. Male teenagers dress indecently to avoid being called a __
a) Jew man
b) Dumb nigga
c) Broke guy
d) Gen z
12. Nowadays the youths have abandoned local attire such as
a) Adire
b) Jigida
c) Wrapper
d) Lace
13. Strategies for curbing indecent dressing include these except
a) parents are to serve as role models
b) adoption of dress code
c) domesticating African or Nigerian films,
d) Employment opportunities for youths
Answers; 1d, 2b, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6d, 7b, 8c, 9d, 10b, 11a, 12a, 13d
Chapter 5; traditional and political institutions among the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria.
Colonial anthropologist in early European observers who studied history and culture created the notion
that the Igbo were stagnant.
The two reasons these early scholars held this position is that they viewed Igbo history through the lens
of European history and the Igbo political system differed from the centralized political trends found in
other places in West Africa.
But the absence of centralised system of government did not hinder the political, social economic
growth and development of the Igbo.
There existed and still exist monarchical institutions in Onitsha, Arochukwu, Ogwuta, Abo, Nri and the
West niger Igbo communities before the British invasion.
One of the reasons for Igbo monarchy was that leaders of Western Igbo communities sought to gain
prestige by linking themselves to the Benin monarchy.
At the time of British invasion Igbo monarchy was an exception to the general pattern of non
monarchical system organised in villages.
The village is consisted of smaller units called Umunna, Ogbe, idumu, Ezi. This unit was headed by an
Ọkpara who usually was the oldest member of the lineage. He settled disputes between members of his
lineage also represented them in external dealings. Lacking mechanisms to enforce his decisions, he
relied on curses or threats of them to extract obedience.
His curses we are greatly feared because he was seen as an earthly represented of the lineage ancestors.
As the oldest man in his lineage and therefore a reservoir of knowledge to do without his services meant
to grop about in the dark.
Issues that defied resolution at the lineage level was usually taken to the village level for settlement.
Village was the next level of political organisation. Attendance to the village council was open to all male
members of The village. The meetings were held in the obi or compound of the oldest lineage in the
village or in the village square.
The village council was presided over by the oldest man in the village who held the village ọfọ. But
decisions were taken by consensus.
In some places, a number of villages agglomerated into a village group or town. At this level of political
arrangement participation shifted from being direct to being representative. The village group council we
are seeing more as delegates than as representatives.
Among the Igbo of Adazi-Ani the council comprised of nine individuals drawn from 9 villages and usually
members of the Nzeselummanya title society.
The village group council met to settle enter village quarrels, warfare, epidemics, to arrange duties of
religious ceremonies and to share communal expenses or revenues.
In the absence of a standing army or police the Igbo relied on a number of institutions to enforce their
decisions. These institutions were the age grade, title society and secret societies.
Persons within a certain age bracket usually 3 or 4 years made-up the age grade. The age grades are
usually between 18 and 45 years of age.
The title association constituted one of the most important political and administrative bodies in Igbo
land. While Ọzọ title was common in anambra and parts of Imo and enugu state, the west niger Igbo
communities had a number of ranks titles of which the highest was Eze title with its holders referred to
as Obi.
The Ekpe society which was prevalent in Abia States, play the vital role in maintenance of law and order
in the society.
The Mmanwu or masquerade societies where are occasionally invoked to carry out certain political or
social functions. They were believed to be representatives of the spirits of the ancestors and have some
link between the living and the Dead. Membership of the society was open to all male of free birth.
Masquerades like mmụọ abani was invoked at night to visit individuals who had flouted the laws or will
of the gods and inflict punishment like death, enslavement of ostracism.
Archaeological finds from the Igboukwu excavations revealed the antiquity of the iron industry in Igbo
land. This knowledge of metallurgy helped igbos overcome the difficulties of their Forest environment.
The iron industry of the Igbo country declined as a result of the imposition of British colonial rule.
Pottery was another gainful industry that engaged the Igbo. This was found in archaeological evidence
from igbo-ukwu, Afikpo and Nsuka. This industry was dominated by women. The Ishiagu people refer to
the industry as omechara ụmụ ogbenye ( Redeemer of the poor and the destitute) because of its
lucrativeness.
Carving and weaving we are two other important occupations in igboland. Igbo woodcarvers made
wooden figures representing household deities, doors, wooden stool, musical instruments, and so many
other wooden materials. While carving was dominated by men weaving was an exclusively women
business.
notable places of textile manufacture in Igbo land included; Akwaete, Anioma, Nsuka, Udi and Abakaliki.
There were two types of mats made in Igbo land; the thick one made from fronds of raffia palm and the
soft one made from rushes. Ordinary fans were produced by mat makers from rushes.
Agriculture was the most widespread economic pursuits among the Igbo. Archaeology and oral tradition
provide advanced knowledge of the origins of agriculture in Igbo land.
Nri and Amaigbo axis constitute the primary areas of Igbo dispersion.
Scholars trace high population density in Igbo land to the yam cultivation culture.
Livestock constituted one of the major sources of protein in the Igbo diet as animal husbandry another
major aspect of the agricultural practices. A colonial anthropologist noted of animal husbandry among
the Agu-Inyi igbo of Anambra State.
The Igbo operated a four market day cycle namely; eke, órìè, afọ, ǹkwọ.
Questions
1. ___ scholars created the notion that the Igbo were stagnant
a) Arabic thinkers
b) Christian theologians
c) Colonial anthropologist
d) Idealistic philosophers
2. There was absence of___ system of government in pre-colonial Igbo land unlike other African
societies
a) Centralized
b) Decentralized
c) Democratic
d) Parliamentary
3. before the British invasion, monarchical institutions existed in these places except
a) Onitsha
b) Arochukwu
c) Ogwuta
d) Omambala
4. One of the reasons for Igbo monarchy was
a) There was lack of total control
b) Succession disputes
c) Attempt to imitate Benin Kingdom
d) Corruption of Elders
5. The village is consisted of smaller units called these except
a) Ndinna
b) Ogbe
c) Idumu
d) Ezi
6. The village unit was headed by
a) Umunna
b) Ọkpara
c) Dinta
d) Eze
7. Lacking mechanisms to enforce his decisions, the Ọkpara relied on __ to extract obedience
a) Curses
b) Age grade
c) Masquerades
d) Family meetings
8. Which of these play the vital role in maintenance of law and order in the society
a) Village group
b) Umunna
c) Ndị ichie
d) Ekpe society
9. The village council was presided over by the oldest man in the village who held the village ___
a) Ọfọ
b) Ikéngà
c) Ọgwụgwụ
d) Juju
10. In Igbo land, the oldest man in his lineage was therefore a ___
a) Close ancestor
b) Powerful force
c) Reservoir of knowledge
d) Personality of reverence
11. Village meetings in Igbo land were held in these places except
a) House of the oldest man
b) Obi
c) Palace
d) Village square
12. In pre-colonial Igbo land, Issues that defied resolution at the lineage level was usually taken to
the ___ level for settlement.
a) Elders
b) Village
c) Palace
d) Spirit
13. In places where villages merged together to become a town, political participation shifted from
being direct to being
a) Indirect
b) Representative
c) Monarchical
d) Parliamentary
14. The age grades are usually between __ and __ years of age.
a) 18 and 45
b) 16 and 30
c) 15 and 64
d) 20 and 50
15. ___ masquerade was invoked at night to visit individuals who had flouted the laws or will of the
gods and inflict punishment
a) Ijele
b) Mmụọ abani
c) Izaga uchichi
d) Igwekala
16. Among the Igbo of Adazi-Ani the village council comprised of nine individuals drawn from 9
villages and usually members of the __ title society
a) Igwekala
b) Agbala
c) Nzeselummanya
d) Ihejioku
17. the west niger Igbo communities had a number of ranks titles of which the highest was
a) Odogwu
b) Ọkpara
c) Dinta
d) Eze
18. ___ were believed to be representatives of the spirits of the ancestors and have some link
between the living and the Dead
a) Dibia
b) Masquerades
c) Umunna
d) Oldest men
19. __ industry of the Igbo country declined as a result of the imposition of British colonial rule
a) Pottery
b) Weaving
c) Agricultural
d) Iron
20. People in Igboland with Eze title are called__
a) Ichie
b) Dike
c) Obi
d) Mmanwu
21. __ was the most widespread economic pursuits among the Igbo
a) Pottery
b) Weaving
c) Agricultural
d) Iron
22. Archaeological finds from ___ excavations revealed the antiquity of the iron industry in Igbo
land
a) Arochukwu
b) Aguata
c) Igbo-ukwu
d) Idumu
23. The knowledge of ___ helped igbos overcome the difficulties of their Forest environment
a) Pottery
b) Weaving
c) Agriculture
d) Metallurgy
24. The Ishiagu people refer to the ___ industry as omechara ụmụ ogbenye( Redeemer of the poor)
a) Pottery
b) Weaving
c) Agricultural
d) Carving
25. Which of these industries were dominated by women
a) Pottery
b) Weaving
c) Agricultural
d) Carving
26. Ordinary fans were produced by mat makers in pre-colonial Igbo land from
a) Rushes
b) Fonds
c) Palm
d) Raffia
27. Scholars trace high population density in Igbo land to the __ cultivation culture
a) Cassava
b) Palm tree
c) Yam
d) Vegetable.
28. Livestock constituted one of the major sources of ___ in the Igbo diet
a) Carbohydrate
b) Protein
c) Vitamins
d) Minerals
29. A colonial anthropologist noted of animal husbandry among the Igbo people of__
a) Agu-Inyi
b) Abakaliki
c) Anioma
d) Ụdị
30. Notable places of textile manufacture in Igbo land included these except
a) Agu-Inyi
b) Abakaliki
c) Anioma
d) Ụdị
31. __&__ axis constitute the primary areas of Igbo dispersion
a) Omambala and Aro
b) Akwaete and Ụdị
c) Nri and Amaigbo
d) Abakaliki and Uduma
Answers: 1c, 2a, 3d, 4c, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8d, 9a, 10c, 11c, 12b, 12b, 14a, 15b, 16c, 17d, 18b, 19d, 20c, 21c,
22c, 23d, 24a, 25b, 26a, 27c, 28b, 29a, 30a, 31c
Chapter 6; drug abuse: an evolving culture among Nigerian youths.
The world drug report of the United Nations office on drugs and crime (UNODC) estimated that 271
million of the global population aged between 15 and 64 years how do you use the drug in 2019.
The burden of drug abuse has also been related to the four areas of international concern; organised
crime, illicit financial flows, corruption and terrorism or insurgency.
In Nigeria the burden of drug abuse is on The rise and becoming a public health concern.
Nigeria has developed a reputation as a centre for drug trafficking and usage among the youth
population.
The commonly abused drugs in Nigeria include, cannabis, codeine, amphetamine, diazepam, cocaine,
cough syrup and tramadol. The most commonly abused of them are tramadol and codeine.
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate or severe pain and is the most abused
medicine among addicts.
Overdose causes arrhythmias, cramps, coma and death. Tramadol use disorder is associated with
physical withdrawal symptoms and compulsive behaviour.
Codeine can be obtained as an over-the-counter painkiller and cough medicines in Nigeria. The common
sources of drugs include; pharmacies, open markets, drug hawkers, fellow drug abusers, underground
agents, family members, friends, teachers, physicians and other health practitioners.
Heroin and cocaine was reported as a least consumed substance in both urban and rural areas in 2017.
Substance abuse also known as drug abuse is the use of drugs in amount or by methods which are
harmful to the individual or others.
Causes of drug abuse include curiosity and desire to find out the effectiveness of a particular drug,
influence of peer group, environmental conditions, promotion and availability, enjoyment,
self-medication and lack of parental supervision.
The first experience and drug abuse produces a state of arousal such as happiness and pleasure which in
turn motivate addiction. Advertising of tobacco products is now banned.
Effects of drug abuse include; academic difficulties, health related problems, poor peer relationship,
involvement with the juvenile delinquency justice system, and family issues.
Marijuana use which is prevalent among youth has been shown to interfere with short term memory,
learning and psychomotor skills. Mental health problems caused by drug abuse include depression,
developmental lags, apathy, withdrawal and others. There is an undeniable link between substance
abuse and delinquency.
Risk factors that can affect the likelihood of drug addiction are; family history of addiction, genetics,
mental health disorder, peer pressure, lack of family involvement, early use, highly addictive drug,
adverse childhood experiences, behaviour or impulse control problems, history of trauma,
environmental risk factors and anxiety.
Drug choices for people suffering from anxiety are commonly depressants such as alcohol and heroine or
a prescription analgesic or tranquilizer.
Laws regulating the use of drugs in Nigeria include; national drug law enforcement agency act number
48 of 1989, national agency for food and drug administration and control act number 15 of 1993, money
laundering prohibition act 2011 , dangerous drugs act 1935, Indian hemp decree 1966, foods and drugs
act 1976.
The British broadcasting corporation’s documentary titled sweet sweet codeine in 2018 brought to the
Nigerian social political lights the scourge of substance abuse in the country.
In Nigerian households, the highest weight of substance use is in the age group of 25 to 39 years.
The use of substance does not address the life events of the abusers rather it overides their emotional
impact with a sense of well-being and of self-efficacy by altering the brain activities in certain ways.
In 2015 the Federal government of Nigeria piloted and tested a prevention strategy called unplugged
social influence substance abuse prevention among 2685 secondary school pupils. It was funded by the
European Union. It was effective in reducing the prevalence rate of recent alcohol but not those of
cigarettes and marijuana use.
Some universities in Nigeria practice no drug use policy based prevention strategy which consists of
information giving, counselling, routine urine drug screening and suspension to obtain treatment or
outright rustication for those who screen positive.
They are only 11 model treatment centres for an estimated 3 million people living with substance abuse
in the country. ITS is a working partnership of professionals that form a combined response to substance
abuse problems in a defined region or country.
Ways of reducing addiction risk factors for teens include; parental monitoring, strong child parenthood,
anti drug use policies and regulations, strong neighborhood attachment, safe and supportive community,
safe and supportive relationships, self-care and taking care of one's mental health, teaching positive
coping skills, family and community interventions to promote positive behaviours, open and caring
conversations with caregivers.
Treatment for drug abusers may involve medication, behavioral counseling, group therapy and additional
support.
Approaches that the government, health agencies and institutions must take to address public health
issues are; collaboration among agencies, heightened regulatory alertness and control of importation,
national prescription policies, enforcement of the prescription policy by federal ministry of health, public
awareness, issuance of permits and registration of medicines, extraterritorial enforcement, provision of
rehabilitation centres, provision of employment opportunities to the youth, greater involvement of
parents in guidance of their children, greater involvement of educational institutions through curriculum
about dangers of drug abuse.
The prevalence of drug abuse is higher among the younger population, males, undergraduate and
secondary school students and also commercial drivers.
Questions
1. The burden of drug abuse has also been related to the four areas of international concern which
are these except
a) organized crime
b) illicit financial flows
c) Depression
d) Terrorism
2. In Nigeria the burden of drug abuse is becoming a
a) Public health concern
b) New normal
c) Trend among youths
d) Social lifestyle
3. The most commonly abused drugs in Nigeria are __&__
a) Crystal meth and heroin
b) Tramadol and codeine
c) Cannabis and cocaine
d) LSD and cough syrup
4. ___ is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate or severe pain
a) LSD
b) Codeine
c) Tramadol
d) Nitrate oxide
5. ___ is associated with physical withdrawal symptoms and compulsive behaviour.
a) Crystal meth intake
b) Heroin overdose
c) Tramadol use disorder
d) Cocaine addiction
6. Marijuana use which is prevalent among youth has been shown to interfere with these except
a) Body weight
b) Short term memory
c) Learning skills
d) psychomotor skills
7. Mental health problems caused by drug abuse include these except
a) Depression
b) Too much strength
c) developmental lags
d) Apathy
8. Drug choices for people suffering from anxiety are commonly
a) Narcotics
b) Depressants
c) Stimulants
d) Hallucinogens
9. Risk factors that can affect the likelihood of drug addiction are these except
a) Impulse control problems
b) history of trauma
c) environmental risk factors
d) Love of drugs
10. There is an undeniable link between substance abuse and __
a) Death
b) Violence
c) Immorality
d) Delinquency
11. _&_ was reported as a least consumed substance in both urban and rural areas in 2017
a) Cocaine and heroin
b) Tramadol and codeine
c) Cannabis and Crystal meth
d) LSD and cough syrup
12. The first experience and drug abuse produces a state of __
a) Shock
b) Depression
c) Enlightenment
d) Arousal
13. Advertising of ___ products is now banned
a) Codeine
b) Heroin
c) Tobacco
d) Ibuprofen
14. Which is not among the Laws regulating the use of drugs in Nigeria
a) money laundering prohibition act 2011
b) dangerous drugs act 1935
c) Indian hemp decree 1966
d) Drug War act 1976.
15. The British broadcasting corporation’s documentary that brought to the Nigerian social political
lights the scourge of substance abuse in the country
a) Sweet sweet codeine
b) Tramadol season
c) The Street and the Meth
d) Rise of cocaine in Nigeria
16. In 2015 the Federal government of Nigeria piloted and tested a prevention strategy called ___
substance abuse prevention among 2685 secondary school pupils
a) War against drug abuse
b) Anti narcotic movement
c) Ndlea act
d) unplugged social influence
17. no drug use policy based prevention strategy is used by Nigerian universities and it consists of
these except
a) information giving
b) Counselling
c) Routine liver drug screening
d) outright rustication for those who screen positive
18. The prevalence of drug abuse is higher among these group except
a) Males
b) Females
c) Commercial drivers
d) Secondary school students
19. How many model treatment centres are in Nigeria
a) 10
b) 32
c) 11
d) 21
20. ___ is a working partnership of professionals that form a combined response to substance abuse
problems in a defined region or country
a) ITS
b) CBPR
c) ECE
d) NGO
21. In Nigerian households, the highest weight of substance use is in the age group of _&_
a) 25 & 50
b) 19 & 30
c) 25 & 39
d) 16 & 40
22. Treatment for drug abusers may involve these except
a) Medication
b) Severe punishment
c) behavioral counseling
d) group therapy
23. Who sponsored the unplugged social influence substance abuse prevention in 2015
a) European Union
b) United Nations office on drugs and crime
c) ECOWAS Drug community
d) Us Interpol
Answers: 1c, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5c, 6a, 7b, 8b, 9d, 10d, 11a, 12d, 13c, 14d, 15a, 16d, 17c, 18b, 19c, 20a, 21c, 22b,
23a
Chapter 7; cultural engagement in Nigerian communities through drama.
The Major preoccupation of every society is the need to better the living standards of its citizens.
Augusto Boal's theatre for the oppressed, draws its trajectory from the revolutionary stance of the
masses against the oppressive system orchestrated by the Elites or bourgeoisies in the society. It is an
example of presenting cultural engagement on societal issues through drama.
Community-based participatory research ( CBPR) advocates the critical importance of proper and
widespread knowledge acquisition of development process of societies. Knowledge here is viewed as an
instrument of power and control.
CBPR also provides for a broader approach to the appreciation and integration of social learning systems
as well as the structural inclusion of communal practices in achieving set goals. It is a social knowing
system.
A social knowing system is typified by the expression of shared experiences general to get her knowledge
about a social phenomenon while observing historical, cultural and social factors that aid the learning
process.
Knowing therefore is a matter of displaying competences defined in social communities. Socially defined,
competence is always in interplay with our experiences.
CBPR is a “community of practice” concept and a process of active social engagement which enables
new participants to understand the underlying meanings behind actions of members of the society. Full
participation in it is achieved by learning crucial skills, believes and social cultural practices prevalent
within the given society.
By observance of the culture of practice within a community, adequate knowledge is acquired and
participation is greatly enhanced. Engagement in activity through practice immerses the facilitator or
observer into the development process.
Participatory performance involves working with the people and using their own modes of
communication to enable small communities look at their own problems with the aim of arousing desire
towards improvement of their well-being. Participatory performance is mostly achieved through drama.
The 300 level students (2016/2017) of the department of theatre and film studies, Nnamdi azikiwe
University, Awka, carried out two Theatre for Development ( TFD ) projects in partial fulfillment of the
course; community theatre for department TFS 341.
They are grouped into two groups with group A named Amudo village, Amaenyi Awka and group B
named awka South local government, Amawbia Awka.
The students/ facilitators made preliminary visits to these communities. They adopted various methods
of information-gathering such as interviews. These contact periods lasted for 8 weeks. Finally group A
produced a play titled “ Nke onye metara oburu” and group B produced a play titled “ Ugwo oru”.
The play of group a students created a story which seem to throw some light on the various issues
affecting the people of Amudo village. In scene 1 a man comes out early in the morning to put fetish on a
village footpath. He's caught by some members of the community chased off stage.
In scene 2, the young men visit their gang leader to plan unrest and how to sell community lands to
realise the money to travel to Malaysia.
In scene 3, a man comes back home from his farm and find his brother and wife having sex. He shouts
and attract neighbours.
In scene 4, elders gather at Otochalu Amudo to discuss land grabbing incidents and as they discuss the
youths barge in to protest over the same land issues. These angry youths accused the elders of greed
about to make life unbearable for the community.
In scene 5, three middle-aged women on their way to market beat up and accused two girls for
lesbianism as they are found in a compromising situation.
In scene 6, A boy comes home to his mother lamenting of being raped by fellow boy.
In scene 7, the whole community gather at Igwe’s Palace to register complaints about recent plagues.
The Igwe institute new rules and the priestess of the communal deity performs cleansing ritual.
The group b students developed a story from their interactions with the officials at the Awka South local
government area office.
In scene 1, two secretaries to the office of the chairman named Uloma and Nkechinyere unapologetically
come late to work. They are revealed as habitual late-comers who constantly berate their more dutiful
colleague Ada for being too zealous. The scene reveals gossiping, makeup rubbing, and other
non-professional acts from the two secretaries. They abandoned their posts to go fix hair and nail once
the boss stepped out. They also allow a corrupt community leader, Mr Josiah to jump the line to see the
chairman because he gave them money thereby showing disregard for due process and exhibiting
corruption.
In scene 2, the youths in the community storm the residence of the community leader. They are insulted
by his wife for coming uninvited but they sieze two of her daughters and leave.
In scene 3, well meaning elders gather to discuss community issues. Central to the discussion is Mr
Josiah who has been embezzling funds for community development. As they discuss, Josiah’s wife runs in
to plead for her daughters. The youths storm in and demand incarceration of Mr Josiah but the elders
calm the situation with a promise to look into it.
In scene 4, the state government decides to reward hard-working local government staff and punish
erring ones. Uloma and Nkechinyere are served suspension letter as while Ada receives double
promotion letter and cash reward for her good conduct. Elders drag in half beaten Josiah to the scene.
The local government chairman scolds him before handing him over to the police. He advises the
members of the community against jungle Justice.
Theatre for development (TFD) is defined as a theatre approach that seeks to make possible
development education and action from the perspective of the people.
The production of “ Nke onye metara oburu” highlighted the issues of fetish practices, adultery,
lesbianism, homosexuality and juvenile delinquency.
Indigenous knowledge systems are easily handled by the people. Their own gender discussion, decisions
and solutions arrived at in the process of their own development.
The group B production “ugwo oru” was set in a more formal locale. It highlighted issues of poor attitude
to work, absenteeism, sharp practices and truancy.
The twin phenomenon of “ tips for favor” and poor public relations are identified as key components of
alleged sharp practices in the local government systems in Nigeria.
The drama students injected theme songs through orchestra as scene changing mechanisms and also to
continually remind members of audience of the need for shared responsibility in actualization of an ideal
society.
Theatre for development projects should be geared towards bringing social change to the community
concerned. They should engage methods and the approach is that are people centred and development
driven so that the process provides a learning experience that is balanced with the perspective of the
communities.
The observers or facilitators or dramatists should however endeavor not to sacrifice content at the altar
of theatrical entertainment.
Questions
1. The Major preoccupation of every society is the need to ____

a) Promote morality
b) Foster development process
c) Better the standard of living
d) Enforce law and order
2. ___ is an example of presenting cultural engagement on societal issues through drama
a) Othello
b) Native Son
c) Theatre for the oppressed
d) Blood of vengeance
3. __ advocates the critical importance of proper and widespread knowledge acquisition of
development process of societies
a) Commercial revolution research
b) Community based propositional research
c) Cultural belief presentation research
d) Community based preparatory research
4. The oppressive system in “ the theatre for the oppressed” was created by the
a) British
b) Bourgeoisie
c) Government
d) Politicians
5. Who wrote the theatre for the oppressed
a) Augusto Boal
b) Charles Dickens
c) William Wordsworth
d) Blake Shelton
6. Knowledge in Community based preparatory research is viewed as an instrument of
a) Understanding and Acquaintance
b) Power and control
c) Change and acculturation
d) Growth and development
7. Community based preparatory research is a ___ system
a) Cultural
b) Belief
c) Project crafting
d) Social knowing
8. In Community based preparatory research __ is achieved by learning crucial skills, believes, and
cultural practices prevalent within the given society
a) Fervent research
b) Full participation
c) Cultural engagement
d) Social learning
9. ___ is typified by the expression of shared experiences general to get her knowledge about a
social phenomenon while observing historical, cultural and social factors that aid the learning
process
a) Social belief system
b) Social knowing system
c) Cultural engagement process
d) Acculturation system
10. ___ involves working with the people and using their own modes of communication to enable
small communities look at their own problems with the aim of arousing desire towards
improvement of their well-being
a) Literary documentation
b) Social awareness
c) Participatory performance
d) Democratic engagement
11. A person who engages in community based preparatory research is called a __
a) Facilitator
b) Writer
c) Researcher
d) Socialist
12. Participatory performance is mostly achieved through
a) Full participation
b) Writing
c) Social activism
d) Drama
13. TFD stands for
a) Theatre and film department
b) Theatre for Development
c) Theatrical Federation
d) Theatre for documentation
14. The name of Group A in the TFD project done by Unizik 300 level students is
a) Amudo village, Amaenyi Awka
b) Awka South local government, Amawbia Awka
c) Ifite Awka community
d) Holy family, Amansea, Awka
15. The name of Group B in the TFD project done by Unizik 300 level students is
a) Amudo village, Amaenyi Awka
b) Awka South local government, Amawbia Awka
c) Ifite Awka community
d) Holy family, Amansea, Awka
16. Group A in the TFD project done by Unizik 300 level students came up with a drama named __
a) Onye kpara nku ahụhụ
b) Nke onye metara oburu
c) Ụgwọ ọrụ
d) Oke soro ngwere ma mmiri
17. Group B in the TFD project done by Unizik 300 level students came up with a drama named __
a) Onye kpara nku ahụhụ
b) Nke onye metara oburu
c) Ụgwọ ọrụ
d) Oke soro ngwere ma mmiri
18. In scene 4 of nke onye metara, elders gathered at Otochalu Amudo to discuss __
a) Political issues
b) Moral anomaly issues
c) Violence among the youth
d) Land grabbing incidents
19. The man who bribed his way to see the chairman in the drama “ Ugwo oru “ is __
a) Chief Stephen
b) Mr Josiah
c) Ichie Dike
d) Elder Ike
20. What is the name of the more dutiful colleague in the drama” ugwo oru “
a) Uloma
b) Ada
c) Nkechinyere
d) Amaka
21. The production of “ Nke onye metara oburu” highlighted these issues except
a) Lesbianism
b) Fetish practices
c) Murder
d) Adultery
22. The production of “ ụgwọ ọrụ “ highlighted these issues except
a) Laziness
b) Absenteeism
c) Sharp practices
d) Truancy
23. ___ is defined as a theatre approach that seeks to make possible development education and
action from the perspective of the people
a) Dramaturgy
b) Community based preparatory research
c) Theatre for Development
d) Participatory performance
24. The twin phenomenon of “ tips for favor” and poor public relations are identified as key
components of alleged ___ in the local government systems in Nigeria
a) Laziness
b) Bribery
c) Sharp practices
d) Truancy
25. TFD should engage methods and approaches that are
a) Socio-political
b) Phenomenological
c) Culture grounded
d) People centered
26. The facilitators of a theatre for development project are also called
a) Observers
b) Orchestra
c) Theme players
d) Social constructors
Answers: 1c, 2c, 3d, 4b, 5a, 6b, 7d, 8d, 9b, 10c, 11a, 12a, 13b, 14a, 15b, 16b, 17c, 18d, 19b, 20b, 21c,
22a, 23c, 24c, 25d, 26a

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Chapter One

INTER GROUP RELATIONS IN NIGERIA BEFORE THE BRITISH CONQUEST.

Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation with diverse sub nationalities.

About 250 ethnic groups make up the nation Nigeria

Western education produced new set Elites of the South.

1. ____ in Nigeria is a consequence of the complex character of her inter-ethnic relations

The Westerners never believed Africa had a culture.

The two important aspects of culture are virtues and values.

The Nigerian culture act as the watchdog of her social system.

Culture is the totality of how people live and behave.

Culture can also be seen as a sum total of human creations.

The characteristics of culture makes it a mark of identity.

Culture is also viewed as shared ideals, values and standards of behaviour.

1. The origins of Western influence in Nigeria must be traced to the age of __

Chapter 3; effect of electoral malpractice is on the quality of Nigerian leadership.

Democratic rule in Nigeria commenced with the attainment of Independence in 1960.

Yakubu gowon was overthrown in a bloodless coup by murtala Mohammed.

One of the pillars of democratic system of government is it’s election process.

The first chairman of inec was Ephraim Apata.

The current chairman of the commission is Mahmood yakubu.

Indecent dressing simply means exposure ones body to the public.

The internet particularly social media is now a hub of indecent dressing.

1. __Simply means exposure of ones body to the public

1. The Major preoccupation of every society is the need to ____

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