| UNI . Exploring the Devices of Literature Specific Lesson Objectives: At the end of the unit you will be able to: Lesson 1 Apply the figures of speech into your own writ- ing Lesson 2 Write a short story emphasizing the elements of fiction Let’s talk Figure of Speech Known Filipino writer used this line in one of his stories. Roughly the line runs like this, “I was looking for a job. I roamed around Metro Manila but afternoon came without finding one.” The meaning of this line alone is already well understood but the writer was not satisfied as it was. He added a figure of speech so that the line looks like this now. “I was looking for a job. I roamed around Metro Manila but afternoon came with- out finding one. I was like a hunter that caught by the sitting sun without a hunt.” A figure of speech does not only give clear and beaut meaning. It touches the emotion to which literature is aim at. iful ned Knickerbocker (1965), figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simply metaphor because its ancestor metaphorein means to carry meaning beyond literal (meta = beyond + pherien to bring = that is, to bring beyond). 18UNDERST/ FANDING THE SHAPING DEVICES OF FICTION 419 Figure of speech in this se the literal to figurative nse means to carry meaning from level. Following are speech exactly take: Knickerbocker most commonly used kinds of figures of taken from the book Interpreting Literature by and Reninger 1965, Simile: astated e ated comparison introduced by like or as. For ex- ample, “my love is like ) s like a red red rose.” “ . frigate like a book.” _—_e Teen Metaphor: an implied comparison, with like or as omitted. For example, Life 's but a walking shadow” — instead of Saying “life is like a walking shadow.” Personification: Giving human characteristics to an object, animal, or an abstract idea. Personification is a meta- phor, of course, in the sense that there is an implied comparison between nonhuman thing and human being. For example, “There honor comes, a pilgrim gray.” “My little horse must think it queer / to stop without a farm house near.” Synecdoche: Using a part for the whole. For example, “Fifty winters [years] passed him by.” Or using the whole for the part: for example “the halcyon year” - mean- ing summer. Metonymy: Describing one thing by using the term for another thing closely associated with it. For example, “the crown” used for “the king” Hyperbole: An exaggeration used for special effect. For ex- ample, “Drink to me only with thine eyes.” “Go and catch the falling star.” A statement whose real meaning is completely op- s ing. For ex- d to its professed, or surface, meaning. ample “The czar is the voice of God and shall live Trony: forever.” Illusion: Areference to some well-known place, event, or per- a gon. Not a comparison in the exact sense, but a fig-er 20 ATRAVEL TO THE LITERATURES OF Typ Wom ure ina figure in the sense that it implies more than its narrow meaning. For example: “No lam not pring Hamlet, nor was meant to be.” “Miniver loved the medici.” “There 16 a stubborn torch that Names fury, Marathon to Concord.” Let’s do these A. Write your own line illustrating each figure of speech above. Example, Hyperbole: “1 can wait for a thousand years.” B. Using any of the above figures of speech, describe the thing that is very precious and important to you like; ball pen, book or anything else of importance. Write it in a short paragraph or in a form of a poem.Literature: An Introduction Literature Literature comes from the Latin word “LITERA" which literally means an acquaintance with letters, the root definition of literature. It is a body of literary productions, either oral, written or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thoughts, emotions, and experiences of the human condition. Literature is language in use that provides insights and intellectual stimulation to the reader. As one explores literature, he likewise discovers the beauty of language. Literature is a product of a particular culture that concretizes man's array of values, emotions, actions and ideas. It is therefore a creation of human experience that tells about people and their world. Literature is an art that reflects the works of imagination, aesthetics, and creative writing which are distinguished for the beauty of style or expression as in fiction, poetry, essay, or drama, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge. Literary Standards Literature, as compared to any other forms of writing, possesses distinct qualities that separate it from the rest. These include: 41. Universality Literature appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, sex, and time which are all considered significant. 2. Artistry Literature has an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of beauty. 3. Intellectual Value Literature stimulates critical thinking that enriches mental processes of abstract and reasoning, making man realize the fundamental truths of life and its nature.suggestiveness Literature unravels and conjures man's. emotional Power tg define symbolisms, nuances, implied meanings, images ap, messages, giving and evoking visions above and beyond the Plane of ordinary life and experience. Spiritual Value Literature elevates the spirit and the soul and thus has the powe, to motivate and inspire, drawn from the suggested morals or lessons of the different literary genres. Permanence Literature endures across time and draws out the time factor. timeliness, occurring at a particular time, and timelessness, remaining invariable throughout time. Style Literature presents peculiar way/s on how man sees life as evidenced by the formation of his ideas, forms, structures, and expressions which are marked by their memorable substance. Literary Models The study of Literature appeals in different aspects and importance. Some of the noted ones include: 1. Cultural Model Literature aims to understand and appreciate cultures and ideologies different from one's own in time and space. Language Model Literature aims to promote language development like vocabulary and structure. Personal Growth Model Literature aims to help one achieve lasting pleasure and deep satisfaction in reading. Classification of Literature Literature is classified differently according to its usage. Some classifications include: 4. Structure Fiction is a literary work of imaginative narration, either oral of written, fashioned to entertain and to make th ir ee @ readers think and,Literary Approaches can be approachet 1 Non-Fiction is a litera nal ; , based on his ry work of “real life" narration or exposition Serra tees teoto teak hose main thrust is intellectual appeal to topic. . '€S, generalizations, or concepts about a particular Form flow proses a literary work that is spoken or written within the common ielane poo bed in sentences and paragraphs which give information, that corres ie ieee ideas, or present opinions. Itis a literary medium provid Por IS losely to everyday speech pattems and is used to ide detailed descriptions of ideas, objects, or situations. sou ost is aliterary work expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, ind, and imaginative language and creates an emotional response to an experience, feeling, or fact. Genre Fiction is a narrative in prose that shows an imaginative recreation and reconstruction of life and presents human life in two levels: the world of objective reality made up of human actions and experiences, and the world of subjective reality dealing with human apprehension and comprehension categorized either as novel or short story. Poetry is a patterned form of verbal or written expression of ideas in concentrated, imaginative, and rhythmical terms that often contain the elements of sense, sound, and structure. Essay is a prose composition in moderate length that presents a tentative exploration or evaluation of a subject and thus explains a viewpoint or anything that can be said on a particular subject. Drama is a composition in prose form that presents story told entirely in dialogue and action, and written with the intention of its eventual performance before an audience. The teaching and learning of Literature according to Maramba (1993) d using any of the following: Formalistic or Literary Approach i is vi intrinsi i dent of the author, age, rature is viewed intrinsically, indepen n or ai extrinsic factor. The study of the selection is more or less based on the so-called “literary elements. Moral or Humanistic Approach is viewed to discuss m lly rational; that is, en . 7 an and its nature. It presents Literature dowed with intellect and free man as essential 3—— ; isinterpret the true nati 1 the piece does not misiny Ps ure of may wil: e roach Pose to the “morality” of literature, to questions a etnical goodness or badness. pistorical Approach Literature is seen both as a reflection and product of the times and circumstances in which it was written. It operates on the premise that the history of anation has telling effects on its literature and that piece can be better understood and appreciated if one knows the times surrounding its creation 4 Sociological Approach Literature is viewed as the expression of man within a given social situation which is reduced to discussions 0n economics, in which men are somewhat simplistically divided into haves and haves not, thus passing into the “proletarian approach” which tends to underscore the conflict between the two classes. The sociological approach stresses on social “relevance,” social “commitment,” contemporaneity, and it deems communication with the reader important 5. Cultural Approach Literature is seen as one of the manifestations and vehicles of anation’s or race’s culture and tradition. It includes the entire complex of what goes under “culture” — the technological, artistic, sociological, ideological aspects; and considers the literary piece in the total cultural milieu in which it was born. The thrust is to make full use of the reciprocal function between culture and literature. The approach is ‘one of the richest ways to arrive at the culture of people and one of the most pleasurable ways of appreciating the literature of people. 6. Psychological Approach Literature is viewed as the expression of “personality,” of “inner drives,” of “neurosis.” It includes the psychology of the author, of the characters, and even the psychology of creation. It has resulted in an almost exhausting and exhaustive “psychological analysis” of characters, of symbols and images, of recurrent themes, and others. 7. Impressionistic Approach Literature is viewed to elucidate “reaction-response” which is considered as something very personal, relative, and fruitful. Unconditioned by explanations and often taking the impact of the piece as a whole, it seeks to see how the piece has communicatedLiterary Genres Fiction Fiction i and ener in prose that shows an imaginative recreation of objective reality mad and presents human life in two levels - the world world of subjective le up of human actions and experiences, and the comprehension. Fi reality dealing with human apprehension and ion. Fiction is categorized either as novel or short story. Ficti es an ‘ : manipulated story which is not presented as objectively make-believ is therefore, unrealistic, thus readers are transported to a see real-life Se eae world for readers are assumed to ‘ iat play roles in situations imil to circumstances and environment. 's and places almost similar Elements of Fiction A. Setting is the time and place in which the events of a story occur. It consists of the use of evocative portrayal of a region's distinctive ways of thoughts and behavior or the so-called “local color” exemplified by the superficial elements of setting, dialect, and customs. B. Characters are the representations of a human being in a story. They are the complex combination of both inner and outer self. Characterization - is the method used by the writer to reveal the personality of the character/s. Ways of Revealing Literary Characters The characters are revealed according to: Actions of the characters 1. 2. Thoughts of the characters 3. Descriptions of the characters 4. Descriptions of other characters 5. Descriptions of the author Kinds of Character According fo Principality: 1 Protagonist is the character with whom the reader empathizes. 2 Antagonist is the character that goes against the main " ly the protagonist. character, usualie agit: i ALOE NN Leet 4 Dyeanite bc the Gharmoter (AL onitaite, ta Ne atites HOVeb p, BtARHE PR He trarmoter tin MNT hanges and overt My ANNU NY Raat 1 Rownd i the onaraote Dermonalition Hrmughout tl Flat i the character AIS CONVENtiON tenvaina the sane Aouphout the MOLY Ith charac Hot prow. Yo") Ney 1 Mat tin he tory {hat reve Playa MOON HAW, Nal trail 8, Who dterleatk KO Hoey Cc. Plot ia the EQUENOS Of @ Vents in the ‘alory, alranged and link me 04 by Kinds of Plot 1 Linear Plot moves With the natural HequENoE of events Whom actions are atranged sequentially. 2 Clroular Plot is @ kind of plot where linear development of the ‘story Menges with an Intermuption in the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past. 3 En Medias Res is a kind of Plot where the story commences in the middle part of the action. Collectively, the three types of plot are otherwise termed as closed Plots because they normally lollow the Pyramid pattern of development. The aforecited plots is form the skeletal pattem of closed plots: Parts of a Plot 1. Exposition is the part of the plot that sets the scene by introducing the situation and settings and likewise lays out theCharacters by introducing their environment, characteristics, Pursuit, purposes, limitations, potentials, and basic assumptions. 2. Complication is the start of the major conflict or problem in the plot. 3. Crisis is the part that establishes curiosity, uncertainty, and tension; it requires a decision. 4. Climax is the peak of the story which leads to an affirmation, a decision, an action, or even a realization. This is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, as well as suspense. 5. Denouement is the finishing of things right after the climax, and shows the resolution of the plot. 6. Ending is the part that brings the story back to its equilibrium. Literary Devices 1. Flashback is the writer's use of interruption of the chronological sequence of a story to go back to related incidents which occurred prior to the beginning of the story. 2. Foreshadowing is the writer's use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the story. The use of this technique both creates suspense and prepares the reader for what is to come. Conflict as Part of the Plot Conflict is the opposition of persons or forces in a story that give rise to the dramatic action in a literary work. Itis the basic tension, predicament, or challenge that propels a story's plot. Types of Conflict 1, Person vs. Person is a type of conflict where one character in the story has a problem with one or more of the other characters. Person vs. Society is a type of conflict where a character has a conflict or problem with some element of society — the school, the law, the accepted way of doing things, and so on. Person vs. Self is a type of conflict where a character has trouble deciding what to do in a particular situation. Person vs. Nature is a type of conflict where a character has a problem with some natural happening: a snowstorm, an avalanche, the bitter cold, or any elements common to nature.D. Point of View determines the narrator of the si it from different points of view. Person vs. Fate is a type of conflict where a character hag battle what seems to be an uncontrollable problem, Whene,” the problem seems to be a strange or unbelievable Coincidence fate can be considered the cause and effect. , tory, the one who tea, Types of Point of View 4. First-Person Point of View is a character-narrator who the story in the “I” voice, expressing his own views. He is either @ minor or main character that tells the story in his own words, Third-Person Omniscient Point of View is a narrator that telly the story from an all-knowing Point of view. He sees the mind all the characters Third-Person Limited Point of View has a narrator that tells only what he can see or hear “inside the world” of the story. This narrater is otherwise known as “camera technique narrator’ as he does Not reveal what the characters are thinking and feeling. Third-Person Central Point of View has a narrator that limits narration to what the central character thinks, feels, does, and what and whom the central character observes. Third-Person Editorial Point of View has a narrator that comments on the action by telling the readers its significance or evaluating the behavior of the characters. Theme is a significant truth about life and its nature which takes place in the illustrations of the actions, Preoccupations, and decisions of the characters. Principles in Stating the Theme of the Story 4. aa oN \t reports for all major details of the story. 't may be avowed in more than one way. itis stated in complete statements. itasserts a sweeping statement about life Itavoids statements that condense the theme to some familiar adage, aphorism, dictum, maxim, saying, or value.Poetry has implied Meaning/s which is/are evoked in the carefully selected words. It is often considered as the most difficult and most sophisticated of all literary genres. One ofits distinct characteristics is that Ms briefly written but it suggests Many connotations. As compared to er literary forms, it is more musical Elements of Poetry A. Sense of the Poem 1. Denotation vs. Connotation Denotation is the dictionary meaning of the word while Connotation is the suggested or implied meaning/s associated with the word beyond its dictionary definition. 2. Imagery is the use of sensory details. or descriptions that appeal to one or more of the five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. These are otherwise known as “senses of the mind.” 3. Figurative Language is a language used for descriptive effect in order to convey ideas or emotions which are not literally true but express some truth beyond the literal level. Figures of Speech are specific devices or a kind of figurative language that uses words, phrases, and sentences in a non-literal definition but, rather, gives meanings in abstractions. Types of Figures of Speech Allusion is a reference in a work of literature to a character, a place, or a situation from history, literature, the Bible, mythology, scientific event, character, or place. a. J imagine myself thus, my fearless navigator, as you Scribe: Antonio Pigafetta annotating the progress of our, ‘journey inside the Trinidad, the sturdy galleon of our newfangled love. — Ralph Semino Galan, “You Name” b. _ Antithesis is a disparity of words or ideas. It is virtually a sea but dry like a heart That has forgotten compassion. — Mike Maniquiz, “Lahar On My Mind” 9Apostrophe is an address to an inanimate Object. an ig or a person who is absenviong dead. For what were you before the birth of the daysta, Omy soul where were you in that deep and darkest nighty - Leonides Benesa, “Fragments: The Deserts of God” is an exaggeration used to express strong emotion, to make a point, or to evoke humor. “This heat,” | mutter, “melts the very bones.” — Merlie M. Alunan, “Young Man ina Jeepney” Irony is a contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality Neither is man aware of the unkind flight of time, for, though it gives him life, it is dragging him nearer his grave. - Juan de Atayde, ‘The Man” Litotes is a deliberate sarcasm used to affirm by negating its opposite Even in his plain dress, | find him not at all displeasing. ~ Anonymous Metaphor implies companson instead of a direct statement and that equates two seemingly unlike things or ideas. Forgive these words that love impart, And pleading, bare the poet's breast; And if a rose with thoms thou art, Yet on my breast that rose may rest. - Fernando Maramag, “Rural Maid” Metonymy is the use of one word to stand for a related term or replacement of word that relates to the thing of person to be named for the name itself. To say that the crown will have an heir /s to assume a new life, anew beginning 10(the crown substitutes for the word majesty, king, queen, and the like) - Anonymous Onomatopoela is the use of a wot that actual imitates or Sugg rd/phrase that a ly jests the sound of what it describes And early evening, like croaking Of the frogs, evoking memories lost. ~ Ralph Semino Galan, ‘Certanella” Oxymoron is Putting together two opposite ideas in one Statement. It is futile to ask for guidance or direction in this unmappable landscape, the history and scene of our unending sacrifice. ~ Francis M. Santos, “Strum and Drug” Paradox is a phrase or statement that seems to be impos- sible or contradictory but is nevertheless true, literally or figuratively. This shows The absolute necessity Of what has “no use.” ~ Chuang Tzu, “The Useless” Personification is giving human attributes/characteristics to inanimate objects, an animal, force of nature, or an idea. Sunflowers pushed Out of the shadows Betrayed into tracking The sun. — Ramon T. Torrevillas, “Assylum Flowers” Simile uses a word or phrase such as “as” or “like” to compare seemingly unlike things or ideas. His lips as soft as rose petals Softly dry my tear drenched face Melting the cold spell | cast upon myself. — Judi Anro Dizon, “The One ! Love” 14n. Synecdoche is the naming of parts to su ‘99est the Who Respect is due for Snowy hair Life they lived is beyond compare (snowy hair pertains to elder people) ~ Anonymous B. Sound of a Poem 1. Tone Color is achieved through repetition. a. Repetition of Single Sounds Alliteration is the repetition of similar and accenteg Sounds at the beginning of words. In a somer seson, whan soft was the ‘sonne, — Piers Plowman Assonance is the repetition of similar accented vowel sounds. Thou still unravished bride of quietness, Thou foster child of silence and slow time. ~ Ode on a Grecian Um Consonance is the repetition of similar consonant sound typically within or at the end of words, “Out of this house” — said rider to reader “Yours never will” — said farer to fearer “They're looking for you” — said hearer to horror, “As he left them there, as he left them there. — O Where Are You Going? Rhyme is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sounds and any Succeeding sounds in two or more words. | think that | shall never see A poem as lovely as a tree. — Trees Types of Rhyme intemal Rhyme — rhyme within the line Terminal Rhyme — rhyme found at the end of the line 12z Rhyme i oy Scheme is the Pattem of rhyme form that S @ stanza or a poem. The rhi . me scheme is frnnated by the assignment of a different letter of alphabet to each new thyme. Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore coe ce ~ To Helen b Repetition of Words My dreams are dreams of thee, fair maid ~ Rural Maid c Repetition of Sentences or Phrases (dream that one day our voices will be heard i dream that one day our hope becomes worth ~ Paraiso Rhythm is the pattern of beats created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables, which gives musical quality and adds emphasis to certain words and thus helps convey the meaning of the poem. The effect is derived from the sounds employed, the varying pitches, stresses, volumes, and durations, Meter is a regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables that give a line of poetry a more or less predictable rhythm. Its unit of measure is termed as “foot” which usually contains an accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables. Table of Metrical Feet Name of Foot Patter of Accent 13Foot is the basic unit of meter consisting of a or three syllables. een fg Scansionis the process of determining the Prevailing f inaline of poetry, identifying the types and Sequence of differs feet. It is also the process of measuring verse; that is, Marki : accented and unaccented syllables, dividing the lines into feet identifying the metrical pattern and noting significant Variations from the pattern. Table of Line Lengths [sete [te [ore [comer C. Structure of a Poem is the manner in which words are arranged and parts are organized to form a whole poem. 4. Word and its Order is the grouping and choosing of words in verses where more often, poets arrange them in the unnatural order to achieve an effect. 2. Syntax is an effect achieved where words are fractured to have a desired effect. 3. _ Ellipsis is the omission of words or several words that clearly identify the understanding of an expression. 4. Punctuation is the use of meaningful symbol/s that help/s provide meaning clues. Structure also refers to the way the poem is organized. This corresponds to the different types. ‘Types of Poetry a Na tive Poem is a poem thal tells a story. b — Lyrle Poem is descriptive or expository in nature where the poet Is CONCErnEd Mainly with presenting a scene in words, conveying sensory richness of his subject, or the revelation of ideas oF emotions « Dramatic Poem is a poem where a story is told through the verse dialogue of the characters and a narrator. Structure also talks about Poem Appreciation is achieved not only when one has comprehended the plain sense or information communicated by the poem, it Is also achieved if the attitude and feeling conveyed are captured, together with the larger meaning of the work, which is only possible when the tone and symbolic meanings are discerned. a. Tone is the writer's attitude toward his subject, mood, and moral view, It is the feeling that the poem has created in the reader. It is communicated by the writer's or speaker's attitude toward his subject, his imagined audience, or himself. Itis the emotional coloring of the work which is indicated by the inflection of the speaker's voice. b. Symbol is an image that becomes so suggestive that it takes ‘on much more meaning than its descriptive value. It urges the reader to look beyond literal significance of the poem's statement of action: the connotations of the words, repetition, placement, or other indications of emphasis. It is considered as the richest and at the same time the most difficult of all the poetical figures Esnay Essay comes from t test. It is a prose compositi from a limited point of view. he French word, ESSAI, which means trial or ion of moderate length devoted to a single topic It explains a provisional exploration or appraisal of a subject and likewise gives details, point of view, or anything that can be said on a particular subject. its purpose is to explain or elucidate a thought, a theory, an inkling, or a standpoint. ‘an ideal means for transforming human conditions a8 evoked in its content. Because of its flexibility and brevity, it brings an attempt for reformation as exemplified by the personal expression of thoughts and experiences of the writer. Essay serves as 15oa into its vital el assay con be explored WOK ‘eet a a (998) 0 = ow ie on ne od tay ate sa eves ooh) ribo We but arguable and ites eee graaiergued in hort composiion and wih 6S the reason for writing, which is suggested at the B moti ne essay and echoed throughout it establishes the reason wn ge hough othe fp at needed taking WP 2°2 WY reader should care f sub-topics sequence Oo! oereect et shape ofthe one untoided and developed or aan place through the complimentary actives of COnvneng the reader and exploring the topic / details, summarized OF quoted, that D. Evidences identify the facts or the main idea and sub connected to the idea. information, summary, context liar with the text being discussed. It includes essential plot information, precise locating of Scone or comment, setting up a quotation, telling who is speaking, n vinat context, and what the reader should be listening for in it F Coherence shapes the smooth flow of argument created by transition sentences that show how the next paragraph or section follows from the preceding one, thus sustaining momentum and echoing key words or resonant phrases quoted or stated earlier 6. Implication places speculation on the general significance of the particular analysis of @ particular text. One suggests issues of argumentation raised about the author's work or generally about works of its kind, or about the way fiction or criticism works. H. Presence points out the sensation of life in writing, of a mind invested in and focused on a subject, freety directing and developing the d essay. not surrendering control to easy ideas, sentiments, or stock Semne General Types of Essay \. Strict or Impersonal nl aa or a deals with serious topics that are authoritative hesiearl ay Sead Wea the writer's mastery of the subject objective aa isracaieceae @s something detached ws2. Casual or Familiar deals with light, ordinary, even common place erate ees that Is bubbling, casual, conversational, rons ‘uch uMOrous, and appeals more to the emotion than the the rertonelty of tre Sensitivity first then the mind. The main source, the subject © author, is revealed in the style and treatment of Basic Parts 1, Introduction hints or relates to the main thesis. 2. Main Body presents the di ideas raised. scussion and illustration of the main 3. Conclusion presents the Qeneralization or insight of the essay. Major Patterns 1. Inductive Pattern presents ideas from specific points leading to a general principle or thesis. 2. Deductive Pattern develops ideas from general hypothesis to particular or specific proofs that lead to a definite ending or conclusion. Drama is a composition in prose form that presents a story told entirely in dialogue and action. It is written with the intention of its eventual performance before an audience. Drama has a two-fold nature; that of literature and theater. Elements of Drama A. Setting identifies the time and place in which the events occur. It consists of the historical period, the moment, day and season when incidents take place. It also includes the scenery in the performance which is usually found in the preliminary descriptions. Character/s is/are the people in the play and thus considered as the principal material in a drama. Character Aspects 1 identifies peripheral facts such as age, sexual : ea ai race, and color. It deals with external attributes which may be envisaged from the description of the playwright or deduced from what the characters say or what other characters verbalize about his appearance. 17Social embraces all aspects that can be gleaned fron, character's world or environment as exemplified by th economic status, occupation or trade, creed: familial afliag: of the character/s. Psychological discloses the inner mechanism of the ming , bel if his habitual resPONSeS, attity, aracter as exemplified by his ably considered on longings, purposes, likes and dislil a most indopenestle level of character categorization becau routines and emotions, thoughts, attitude and Behavior enapj, the readers to know the character intrinsically. characters, either sociay Moral discloses the decisions of the cl marl acceptable or not, exposing their intentions, thus projecting wha, is upright or not. that form the entirety of the play, j Plot lays out the series of events serves as a structural framework which brings the events to a cohesive form and sense. Types of Plot 1. Natural Plotis a chronological sequence of events’ arrangement where actions continuously take place as an end-result of the previous action. Episodic Plot is made up of series of episodes where the story builds up and characters interrelate cohesively as the theme develops. Each episode independently comprises a setting, climax, and resolution; therefore, a full story in itself is formed. Plot as a Framework 1. Beginning identifies information about the place, such as geographical location, social, cultural, political background or period when the event took place. Exposition is the point where the playwright commences his story. It reveals the identity of the story's initial crisis. Expository Approaches: ; Unfolding Plot establishes the story at a point near the climax, conclusion, or end. The events leading to the climax ae to have taken place and thus revealed little by Accretive Plot begins the narration from the very first incident to its peak. An early point of attack is expected; however, the sequence of events moves chronologically. 418Middle is composed of a series of difficulties: a. Complications bring changes and alterations in the movement of the action which takes place when discovery of novel information, unexpected alteration of plan, choosing between two courses of action or preface of new ideas are revealed. Any of the aforementioned may likely create Problem/s that destabilize the situation, narrowing the likelihood for action leading to crisis. b. Crisis reveals the peak of anticipation in the series of incidents. ¢. Obligatory Scene identifies the open collision between two opposing characters or forces. d. Discovery discloses Points which are previously unknown, characterized as something mysterious, strange, unfamiliar and thus revealed through objects, persons, facts, values, or self-discovery. Ending is the final major component of the story which brings the condition back to its stability. This part brings satisfaction to the audience, which extends to the final curtain as peace is completely restored. Theme is considered as the unifying element that defines the dramatized idea of the play. It is the over-all sense or implication of the action. It defines the problem, emphasizes the ethical judgment and suggests attitude or course of action that eliminates the crisis in an acceptable way. Style refers to the mode of expression or presentation of the play which points out the playwright's position or viewpoint in life. Major Dramatic Attitude: 1. Realism is an accurate, detailed, and life-like description in a play where things are presented as real as can be set in actual life; with dialogue/s sounding like day-to-day conversation. 2. Non-realism is a method of presentation identified as something stylized or theatricalized whereby an artist uses his imagination in projecting his ideas. Types of Drama 1. Tragedy is a play in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers a great sorrow. This type raises vital points about man, his existence, his moral nature, and his social and psychological relationships. 192, Comedy is a pla leaps over all q y that brings laughter where the protag achieve: ifficulties placed in his way and utiman $ his goal notwithstanding awkwardness. The stro 7 t comedy is based on some divergence from customarings, 7 familiarity in the different elements of a story. Melodrama is drawn from tragedy and characterizeg Something overstated which concentrates on action, It de, with stem feat and Concludes in a happy resolution. It is Oni achieved when the power of the villain is neutralizeg or combated. Farce is a Play y that brings laughter for the sake Of laughter usually making use of grossly e mbellished events and character Unlikely plots and entertaining characterization are used for Stimulation.