SLL Code For Lighting NEW 2012 1 342 300 342

Table 18.
7 Continued
Reflectances ceiling/walls/floor Time / years 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Environment Room surface maintenance factor

0.70/0.30/0.20 Very clean 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
Clean 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
Normal 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
Dirty 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.50/0.70/0.20 Very clean 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
Clean 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Normal 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
Dirty 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74
0.50/0.50/0.20 Very clean 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
Clean 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
Normal 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
Dirty 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
0.50/0.30/0.20 Very clean 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
Clean 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
Normal 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Dirty 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
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Chapter Eighteen: Predicting maintenance factor
Ho Ching Tang, thc.kevin@gmail.com, 7:26am 15/10/2012, 3, 40781
290
Table 18.8 Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) for indirect flux distribution

0.80/0.70/0.20 Very clean 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
Clean 0.86 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
Normal 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
Dirty 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
0.80/0.50/0.20 Very clean 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Clean 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
Normal 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
Dirty 0.59 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.80/0.30/0.20 Very clean 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
Clean 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
Normal 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Dirty 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.70/0.70/0.20 Very clean 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Clean 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
Normal 0.73 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
Dirty 0.55 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
0.70/0.50/0.20 Very clean 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
Clean 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
Normal 0.77 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
Dirty 0.60 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.70/0.30/0.20 Very clean 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
Clean 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
Normal 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Dirty 0.65 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Table 18.8 Continued

0.50/0.70/0.20 Very clean 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Clean 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
Normal 0.75 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
Dirty 0.57 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52
0.50/0.50/0.20 Very clean 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
Clean 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Normal 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
Dirty 0.61 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
0.50/0.30/0.20 Very clean 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
Clean 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
Normal 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77
Dirty 0.66 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
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18.6 Ingress protection (IP) classes

The Ingress Protection (IP) system, see BS EN 60529 (BSI, 1992), classifies luminaires according
to the degree of protection provided against the ingress of foreign bodies, dust and moisture.
The degree of protection is indicated by the letters IP followed by two numbers. The first
number indicates the degree of protection against the ingress of foreign bodies and dust. The
second indicates the protection against the ingress of moisture. Table 18.9 shows the degree of
protection indicated by each number. Using this table, it can be seen that a luminaire classified as
IP55 is dust protected and able to withstand water jets.
Table 18.9 IP Classification of luminaires
First Degree of protection Second Degree of protection

number number
0 Not protected 0 Not protected
1 Protected against solid objects 1 Protected against dripping water

greater than 50 mm
2 Protected against solid objects 2 Protected against dripping water

greater than 12 mm when tilted up to 15 degrees
3 Protected against solid objects 3 Protected against spraying water

greater than 2.5 mm
4 Protected against solid objects 4 Protected against splashing

greater than 1.0 mm
5 Dust-protected 5 Protected against water jets
6 Dust-tight 6 Protected against heavy seas
7 Protected against the effects of

immersion
8 Protected against submersion to a

specified depth
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Chapter Nineteen: Glossary
Chapter 19: Glossary
The following definitions for lighting terms are taken from BS EN 12665: 2011 (BSI, 2011b).
The list includes some definitions that are not used within the SLL Code, however, some
specialised terms, mainly relating to tunnel lighting, are not given in this glossary. Note that for
some terms, an additional or alternative definition is given.
Absence factor (FA)

Factor indicating the proportion of time that a space is unoccupied
Absorptance
Ratio of the luminous flux absorbed in a body to the luminous flux incident on it
Accommodation
Adjustment of the dioptric power of the crystalline lens by which the image of an object, at a
given distance, is focused on the retina
or
Adjustment of the power of the lens of the eye for focusing an image of an object on the retina
Acuity
See visual acuity
Annual operating time (to)

Number of hours per annum for which the lamps are operating (unit: h)
Atmospheric luminance (Latm)

Light veil as a result of the scatter in the atmosphere expressed as a luminance (unit: cd·m–2)
Average illuminance (Ē)

Illuminance averaged over the specified surface (unit: lx)
Average luminance ( L )
Luminance averaged over the specified surface or solid angle (unit: cd·m–2)
Background area
Area in the workplace adjacent to the immediate surrounding area
Ballast
Device connected between the supply and one or more discharge lamps which serves mainly to
limit the current of the lamp(s) to the required value
Note: A ballast may also include means for transforming the supply voltage, correcting the power factor and,
either alone or in combination with a starting device, provide the necessary conditions for starting the lamp(s)
Ballast lumen factor (FBallast)

Ratio of the luminous flux emitted by a reference lamp when operated with a particular
production ballast to the luminous flux emitted by the same lamp when operated with its
reference ballast
Note: Ballast lumen factor is sometimes signified by the abbreviation BLF
293
Brightness
Attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more or less light
Note: obsolete term – luminosity
Brightness contrast
Subjective assessment of the difference in brightness between two or more surfaces seen
simultaneously or successively
Built-in luminaire
Fixed luminaire installed into structure or equipment to provide illumination
Carriageway
Part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic
Chromaticity
Property of a colour stimulus defined by its chromaticity coordinates, or by its dominant or
complementary wavelength and purity taken together
See also CIE 15: 2004 (CIE, 2004b)
Chromaticity coordinates
Ratio of each of a set of three tristimulus values to their sum
Note 1: As the sum of the three chromaticity coordinates equals 1, two of them are sufficient to define a
chromaticity
Note 2: In the CIE standard colorimetric systems, the chromaticity coordinates are presented by the symbols x,
y, z and x10, y10, z10
CIE 1974 general colour rendering index (Ra)

Mean of the CIE 1974 special colour rendering indices for a specified set of eight test colour
samples
or
Value intended to specify the degree to which objects illuminated by a light source have an
expected colour relative to their colour under a reference light source
Note: Ra is derived from the colour rendering indices for a specified set of 8 test colour samples. Ra has a
maximum of 100, which generally occurs when the spectral distributions of the light source and the reference
light source are substantially identical
Circuit luminous efficacy of a source (c)

Quotient of the luminous flux emitted by the power absorbed by the source and associated
circuits (unit: lm·W–1)
Cold spot
Coldest point on lamp surface
Colorimeter
Instrument for measuring colorimetric quantities, such as the tristimulus values of a colour
stimulus
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Colour contrast

Subjective assessment of the difference in colour between two or more surfaces seen
simultaneously or successively
Colour rendering
Effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious
comparison with their colour appearance under a reference illuminant
For design purposes, colour rendering requirements shall be specified using the general colour
rendering index and shall take one of the following values of Ra: 20; 40; 60; 80; 90
Colour rendering index

See CIE 1974 general colour rendering index
Colour stimulus
Visible radiation entering the eye and producing a sensation of colour, either chromatic or
achromatic
Colour temperature (Tc)

Temperature of a Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same chromaticity as that of a given
stimulus (unit: K)
Note: The reciprocal colour temperature is also used, unit: K–1
Constant illuminance factor (FC)

Ratio of the average input power over a given time to the initial installed power to the luminaire
Contrast
1. In the perceptual sense: assessment of the difference in appearance of two or more parts of a
field seen simultaneously or successively (hence: brightness contrast, lightness contrast, colour
contrast, simultaneous contrast, successive contrast, etc)
2. In the physical sense: quantity intended to correlate with the perceived brightness contrast,
usually defined by one of a number of formulae which involve the luminances of the stimuli
considered, for example: ∆L/L near the luminance threshold, or L1/L2 for much higher
luminances
Contrast revealing coefficient (qc)

Quotient between the luminance (L) of the road surface, and the vertical illuminance (Ev) at that
point (unit: cd·m–2·lx–1)
L
qc =
Ev
where:
qc is the contrast revealing coefficient;
L is the luminance of the road surface at the point;
Ev is the vertical illuminance at the point
Control gear
Components required to control the electrical operation of the lamp(s)
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Note: Control gear may also include means for transforming the supply voltage, correcting the power factor
and, either alone or in combination with a starting device, provide the necessary conditions for starting the
lamp(s)
Correction factor
Factor to modify the luminaire data as presented on a particular photometric data sheet to those
of similar luminaires
Note: Examples are ballast lumen factor, length, lumen corrections
Correlated colour temperature (Tcp)

Temperature of the Planckian radiator whose perceived colour most closely resembles that of a
given stimulus at the same brightness and under specified viewing conditions (unit: K)
Note 1: The recommended method of calculating the correlated colour temperature of a stimulus is to de-
termine on a chromaticity diagram the temperature corresponding to the point on the Planckian locus that is
intersected by the agreed isotemperature line containing the point representing the stimulus (see CIE Publication
No 15; CIE, 2004b)
Note 2: Reciprocal correlated colour temperature is used rather than reciprocal colour temperature whenever
correlated colour temperature is appropriate
Cosine correction
Correction of a detector for the influence of the incident direction of the light
Note: For the ideal detector, the measured illuminance is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of
the light. The angle of incidence is the angle between the direction of the light and the normal to the surface of
the detector
Critical flicker frequency

See fusion frequency
Curfew
Time period during which stricter requirements (for the control of obtrusive light) will apply
Note: It is often a condition of use of lighting applied by a government controlling authority, usually the local
government
Cut-off
Technique used for concealing lamps and surfaces of high luminance from direct view in order to
reduce glare
Note: In public lighting, distinction is made between full-cut-off luminaires, semi-cut-off luminaires and
non-cut-off luminaires
Cut-off angle (of a luminaire)

Angle, measured up from nadir, between the vertical axis and the first line of sight at which the
lamps and the surfaces of high luminance are not visible (unit: degree)
Cylindrical illuminance (at a point, for a direction) (Ez)

Total luminous flux falling on the curved surface of a very small cylinder located at the specified
point divided by the curved surface area of the cylinder (unit: lx)
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Daylight

Visible part of global solar radiation
Daylight dependency factor (FD)

Level of efficiency that a control system or control strategy achieves in exploiting the saving
potential of daylight in a space
Daylight factor (D or DF)

Ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly or indirectly
from a sky of assumed or known luminance distribution, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane
due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this sky, excluding the contribution of direct sunlight to
both illuminances
Note 1: Glazing, dirt effects, etc are included
Note 2: When calculating the lighting of interiors, the contribution of direct sunlight needs to be considered
separately
Daylight time usage (tD)

Annual operating hours during the daylight time, measured in hours (unit: h)
Daylight screens/daylight louvres

Devices that transmit (part of) the ambient daylight
Design speed
Speed adopted for a particular stated purpose in designing a road (unit: km·h–1)
Diffuse sky radiation

That part of solar radiation which reaches the earth as a result of being scattered by the air
molecules, aerosol particles, cloud particles or other particles
Diffused lighting
Lighting in which the light on the working plane or on an object is not incident predominantly
from a particular direction
Direct lighting
Lighting by means of luminaires having a distribution of luminous intensity such that the
fraction of the emitted luminous flux directly reaching the working plane, assumed to be
unbounded, is 90 to 100 per cent
Direct solar radiation

That part of the extraterrestrial solar radiation which, as a collimated beam, reaches the earth’s
surface after selective attenuation by the atmosphere
Directional lighting
Lighting in which the light on the working plane or on an object is incident predominantly from
a particular direction
Disability glare
Glare that impairs the vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort. Disability glare
can be produced directly or by reflection
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Discomfort glare
Glare that causes discomfort without necessarily impairing the vision of objects. Discomfort glare
can be produced directly or by reflection
Display screen equipment

Alphanumeric or graphic display screen, regardless of the display process employed
Note: Display screen equipment is sometimes signified by the abbreviation DSE
Diversity (luminance, illuminance) (Ud) (Extreme uniformity)

Ratio of minimum illuminance (luminance) to maximum illuminance (luminance) on (of) a
surface
See also uniformity
Downward light output ratio (of a luminaire) (RDLO)

Ratio of the downward flux of the luminaire, measured under specified practical conditions with
its own lamps and equipment, to the sum of the individual luminous fluxes of the same lamps
when operated outside the luminaire with the same equipment, under specified conditions
Note 1: The luminaire attitude should be declared so that appropriate corrections to the DLOR can be made
if, in application, the installed attitude is different
Note 2: Downward light output ratio is sometimes signified by the abbreviation DLOR
Efficacy
See luminous efficacy of a source
Emergency ballast lumen factor (FEBallast)

Ratio of the luminous flux of the lamp, operated with ballast under test, at the lowest voltage
which can occur during emergency mode, after failure of the normal supply (for the appropri-
ate start time for the application requirement) and continuously to the end of rated duration of
operation, to the luminous flux of the same lamp operated with the appropriate reference ballast
supplied at its rated voltage and frequency
FEBallast = FBallast × Fmin
where:
FEBallast is the emergency ballast lumen factor;
FBallast is the ballast lumen factor;
Fmin is the worst case of the emergency time-dependent factors
Emergency escape lighting

Part of emergency lighting that provides illumination for visibility for people leaving a location or
attempting to terminate a potentially dangerous process before doing so
Emergency exit
Way out that is intended to be used during an emergency
Emergency lamp flux

See practical emergency lamp flux
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Emergency lane (hard shoulder)

Lane parallel to the traffic lane(s) provided for emergency and/or broken-down vehicles only
Emergency lighting
Lighting provided for use when the supply to the normal lighting fails
Emergency lighting charge time (tem)

Operating hours during which the emergency lighting batteries are being charged (unit: h)
Emergency lighting charging power (Pei)

Input power to the charging circuit of emergency luminaires when the lamps are not operating
(unit: W)
Emergency lighting, total installed charging power

See total installed charging power of the emergency lighting luminaires in the room or zone
Energy consumption used for illumination (WL,t)

Energy consumed in period t, by the luminaires when the lamps are operating, to fulfil the
illumination function and purpose in the building (unit: kW·h)
Equivalent veiling luminance (for disability glare or veiling reflections) (Lve)

Luminance that, when added by superposition to the luminance of both the adapting background
and the object, makes the luminance threshold or the luminance difference threshold the same
under the two following conditions: (1) glare present, but no additional luminance; (2) additional
luminance present, but no glare (unit: cd·m–2)
Escape route
Route designated for escape in the event of an emergency
Escape route lighting

Part of emergency escape lighting provided to ensure that the means of escape can be effectively
identified and safely used when the location is occupied
Essential data
Lamp and luminaire data required for the verification of conformity to requirements
Externally illuminated safety sign

Safety sign that is illuminated, when it is required, by an external source
Extreme uniformity
See diversity
Flicker
Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or
spectral distribution fluctuates with time
Flicker frequency
See fusion frequency
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Floodlighting
Lighting of a scene or object, usually by projectors, in order to increase considerably its

illuminance relative to its surroundings
Flux
See luminous flux, rated lamp luminous flux
Fmin
See minimum value emergency factor
Fusion frequency
Critical flicker frequency (for a given set of conditions)
Frequency of alternation of stimuli above which flicker is not perceptible (unit: Hz)
General colour rendering index

See CIE 1974 general colour rendering index
General lighting
Substantially uniform lighting of an area without provision for special local requirements
Glare
Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see details or
objects, caused by an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance, or extreme contrasts
See also disability glare and discomfort glare
Glare rating limit (RGL)

Upper limit of glare by the CIE Glare Rating system
Global solar radiation

Combined direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation
Grid points for measurement and calculation

Arrangement of calculation and measurement points and their number in each dimension of the
reference surface or plane
Hemispherical illuminance (at a point) (Ehs)

Total luminous flux falling on the curved surface of a very small hemisphere located at the
specified point divided by the curved surface area of the hemisphere (unit: lx)
High risk task area lighting

Part of emergency escape lighting that provides illumination for visibility for people involved in a
potentially dangerous process or situation and facilitates safe termination of activities
Note: In sports lighting, it is referred to as ‘Safety lighting for participants’
Illuminance (at a point of a surface) (E)

Quotient of the luminous flux dW incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by
the area dA of that element (unit: lx = lm·m–2)
300
Note 1: Equivalent definition: Integral, taken over the hemisphere visible from the given point, of the

expression L⋅ cosh ⋅ dV , where L is the luminance at the given point in the various directions of the incident
elementary beams of solid angle dΩ, and θ is the angle between any of these beams and the normal to the surface
at the given point
dV
dA 2p∫sr
E= = L coshdV
where
E is the illuminance at a point on a surface;
L is the luminance at the given point in the various directions of the incident elementary beams of
solid angle dΩ;
θ is the angle between an incident beam and the normal to the surface at the given point;
dΩ is the solid angle
Note 2: The orientation of the surface may be defined, e.g. horizontal, vertical, hence horizontal illuminance,
vertical illuminance
See also average illuminance, cylindrical illuminance, hemispherical illuminance, initial illumi-
nance, maintained illuminance, maximum illuminance, minimum illuminance, semi-cylindrical
illuminance and spherical illuminance
Illuminance meter
Instrument for measuring illuminance
Immediate surrounding area

See surrounding area
Indirect lighting
Initial average luminance ( Li )

Average luminance when the installation is new (unit: cd·m–2)
Initial illuminance (Ēi)

Average illuminance on the specified surface when the installation is new (unit: lx)
Initial luminous flux

See rated luminous flux
Installed loading
Installed power of the lighting installation per unit area (for interior and exterior areas) or per
unit length (for road lighting) (unit: W·m–2 (for areas) or kW·km–1 (for road lighting))
Integral lighting system (of a machine)

Lighting system consisting of lamp(s), luminaire(s) and associated mechanical and electrical
control devices which forms a permanent part of the machine, designed to provide illumination
in and/or at the machine
301
Intensity
See luminous intensity
Intensity distribution
See luminous intensity distribution
Internally illuminated safety sign

Safety sign that is illuminated, when it is required, by an internal source
Lamp
Source made in order to produce an optical radiation, usually visible
Note: This term is also sometimes used for certain types of luminaires
Lamp code
Any combination of letters and numbers by which the lamp type is identified
Lamp dimensions
All dimensions of the lamp that are relevant for the luminaire
Lamp lumen maintenance factor (FLLM)

Ratio of the luminous flux of a lamp at a given time in its life to the initial luminous flux
Note: Lamp lumen maintenance factor is sometimes signified by the abbreviation LLMF
Lamp luminous flux

See rated luminous flux
Lamp survival factor (FLS)

Fraction of the total number of lamps which continue to operate at a given time under defined
conditions and switching frequency
Note: Lamp survival factor is sometimes signified by the abbreviation LSF
Lamp wattage
See nominal lamp wattage
LENI
See Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator
Life of lighting installation

Period after which the installation cannot be restored to satisfy the required performance because
of non-recoverable deteriorations
Light centre
Point used as origin for photometric measurements and calculations
Light loss factor

See maintenance factor
302
Light output ratio (of a luminaire) (RLO)

Ratio of the total flux of the luminaire, measured under specified practical conditions with its
own lamps and equipment, to the sum of the individual luminous fluxes of the same lamps when
operated outside the luminaire with the same equipment, under specified conditions
Note 1: For luminaires using incandescent lamps only, the optical light output ratio and the light output ratio
are the same in practice
Note 2: Light output ratio is sometimes signified by the abbreviation LOR
See also downward light output ratio and upward light output ratio
Light output ratio working (of a luminaire) (RLOW)

Ratio of the total flux of the luminaire, measured under specified practical conditions with its
operating outside the luminaire with a reference ballast, under reference conditions
Light source
See source
Light source colour

The colour of a light source can be expressed by its correlated colour temperature
Loading
See installed loading
Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI)

A numerical indicator that expresses the total amount of energy used by a lighting system per
square metre per year
Local lighting
Lighting for a specific visual task, additional to and controlled separately from the general lighting
Localised lighting
Lighting designed to illuminate an area with a higher illuminance at certain specified positions,
for instance, those at which work is carried out
Longitudinal uniformity (of road surface luminance of a carriageway) (Ul)

Ratio of the minimum to the maximum road surface luminance found in a line in the centre
along a driving lane
Note: The longitudinal uniformity is considered for each driving lane
Louvres
See daylight screens
Luminaire
Apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps
and which includes, except the lamps themselves, all of the parts necessary for fixing and protect-
ing the lamps and, where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting
them to the electric supply
303
Luminaire code
Any combination of letters and numbers by which the luminaire type is identified
Luminaire maintenance factor (FLM)

Ratio of the light output ratio of a luminaire at a given time to the initial light output ratio
Note: Luminaire maintenance factor is sometimes signified by the abbreviation LMF
Luminaire luminous efficacy (l)

Quotient of the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire by the power absorbed by the lamp and
associated circuits of the luminaire (unit: lm·W–1)
Luminaire parasitic energy consumption (WP,t)

Parasitic energy consumed in period t, by the luminaire emergency lighting charging circuit
plus the standby control system controlling the luminaires when the lamps are not operating
(unit: kW·h)
Luminaire parasitic power (Ppi)

Input power consumed by the charging circuit of emergency lighting luminaires and the standby
power for automatic controls in the luminaire when lamps are not operating (unit: W)
Ppi = Pci + Pei
where
Ppi is the luminaire parasitic power consumed by the luminaire with the lamps off,
expressed in watts;
Pci is the parasitic power of the controls only during the time with the lamps off,
expressed in watts;
Pei is the emergency lighting charging power, expressed in watts
Luminaire power (Pi)

Input power consumed by the lamp(s), control gear and control circuit in or associated with the
luminaire, which includes any parasitic power when the luminaire is turned on (unit: W)
Note: The rated luminaire power (Pi) for a specific luminaire may be obtained from the luminaire
manufacturer
Luminance (in a given direction, at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (L)
Quantity defined by the equation (unit: cd·m–2 = lm·m–2·sr–1)
dW
L=
dA cos hdV
where
L is the luminance in a given direction or at a given point of a surface;
dW is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given
point and propagating in the solid angle dV containing the given direction;
dA is the area of a section of that beam containing the given point;
dV is the solid angle;
h is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of the beam
Luminance shall be specified as maintained luminance and shall take one of the following values:
1 × 10N cd·m–2; 1.5 × 10N cd·m–2; 2.0 × 10N cd·m–2; 3.0 × 10N cd·m–2; 5.0 × 10N cd·m–2;
7.5 × 10N cd·m–2 (where N is an integer)
304
The area over which the luminance is to be calculated or measured shall be specified

See also atmospheric luminance, average luminance, equivalent luminance, initial luminance,
interior luminance, maintained luminance, maximum luminance and minimum luminance
Luminance contrast
Photometric quantity intended to correlate with brightness contrast, usually defined by one of a
number of equations which involve the luminances of the stimuli considered
Note: Luminance contrast can be defined as luminance ratio
L2 (usually for successive stimuli)

C1 =
L1
or by the following equation:
L2 − L1 (usually for surfaces viewed simultaneously)

C2 =
L1
When the areas of different luminance are comparable in size and it is desired to take an average,
the following equation can be used instead:
L2 − L1
C2 =
0.5 × ( L2 + L1 )
where
L1 is the luminance of the background, or largest part of the visual field;
L2 is the luminance of the object
Luminance meter
Instrument for measuring luminance
Luminosity
See brightness
Luminous efficacy of a source (g)

Quotient of the luminous flux emitted by the power absorbed by the source (unit: lm·W–1)
Luminous environment
Lighting considered in relation to its physiological and psychological effects
Luminous flux (W)

Quantity derived from radiant flux We by evaluating the radiation according to its action upon the
CIE standard photometric observer (unit: lm)
Note 1: For photopic vision

 dW ( l ) 
∞
W = Km ∫  e × v (l )
0
dl 
where
W is the luminous flux;
dWe ( l )
is the spectral distribution of the radiant flux;
dl
V(l) is the spectral luminous efficiency function
305
Note 2: For the values of Km (photopic vision) and K′m (scotopic vision), see BS ISO 23539 (ISO, 2005)
or
Quantity derived from radiant flux (radiant power) by evaluating the radiation according to the
spectral sensitivity of the human eye (as defined by the CIE standard photometric observer). It is
the light power emitted by a source or received by a surface (unit: lumen, lm)
See also initial luminous flux and rated luminous flux
Luminous intensity (of a source, in a given direction) (I)

Quotient of the luminous flux dW leaving the source and propagated in the element of solid
angle dV containing the given direction, by the element of solid angle (unit: cd = lm sr –1)
dW
I=
dV
where
I is the luminous intensity of a source in a given direction;
dW is the luminous flux leaving the source;
dV is the solid angle
or
Luminous flux per unit solid angle in the direction in question, i.e. the luminous flux on a small
surface, divided by the solid angle that the surface subtends at the source
(Spatial) Distribution of luminous intensity (of a source)

Display, by means of curves or tables, of the value of the luminous intensity of the source as a
function of direction in space
or
Luminous intensity of a source (lamp or luminaire) as a function of direction in space
Machinery, Machine
Assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
machine actuators, control and power circuits, etc joined together for a specific application, in
particular, for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material
Note: The term ‘machinery’ also covers an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are
arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole
Maintained illuminance (Ēm)

Minimum average illuminance (unit: lx)
Note 1: Value below which the average illuminance on the specified area should not fall
Note 2: It is the average illuminance at the time maintenance should be carried out
306
Maintained luminance ( L m)
Minimum average luminance (unit: cd⋅m–2)
Note 1: Value below which the average luminance on the specified area should not fall
Note 2: It is the average luminance at the time maintenance should be carried out
Maintenance cycle
Repetition of lamp replacement, lamp/luminaire cleaning and room surface cleaning intervals
Maintenance factor
(Light loss factor) (obsolete)
Ratio of the average illuminance on the working plane after a certain period of use of a lighting
installation to the initial average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for the
installation
Note 1: The term depreciation factor has been formerly used to designate the reciprocal of the above ratio
Note 2: The light losses take into account dirt accumulation on luminaire and room surfaces and lamp
depreciation
or
Ratio of maintained illuminance to initial illuminance
Note: Maintenance factor of an installation depends on lamp lumen maintenance factor, lamp survival factor,
luminaire maintenance factor and (for an interior lighting installation) room surface maintenance factor
See also lamp lumen maintenance factor, luminaire maintenance factor and room surface
maintenance factor
Maintenance schedule
Set of instructions specifying maintenance cycle and servicing procedures
Maximum illuminance (Emax)

Highest illuminance at any relevant point on the specified surface (unit: lx)
Maximum luminance (Lmax)

Highest luminance of any relevant point on the specified surface (unit: cd·m–2)
Measurement field (of a photometer)

Area including all points in object space, radiating towards the acceptance area of the detector
Minimum illuminance (Emin)

Lowest illuminance at any relevant point on the specified surface (unit: lx)
Minimum luminance (Lmin)

Lowest luminance at any relevant point on the specified surface (unit: cd·m–2)
Minimum value emergency factor (Fmin)

Worst case of the emergency time-dependent factors
307
Mixed traffic
Traffic that consists of motor vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, etc
Motor traffic (motorised traffic)

Traffic that consists of motorised vehicles only
Nominal lamp wattage (Wlamp)

Approximate wattage used to designate or identify the lamp (unit: W)
Non-daylight time usage (tN)

Annual operating hours during the non-daylight time (unit: h)
Obtrusive light
Spill light which because of quantitative, directional or spectral attributes in a given context gives
rise to annoyance, discomfort, distraction or reduction in the ability to see essential information
Note 1: In the case of outdoor sports lighting installations, obtrusive light is considered around the
installation and not for spectators, referees or players within the sports area
Note 2: In the case of large tertiary buildings with predominantly glazed facades, interior lighting may be
considered as obtrusive light if it gives rise to annoyance, discomfort, distraction or a reduction in the ability to see
essential information due to light spilling outside of the building structure
Occupancy dependency factor (Fo)

Factor indicating the proportion of time that a space is occupied and lighting is required
Open area lighting (anti-panic lighting)

Part of emergency escape lighting provided to avoid panic and provide illumination allowing
people to see their way to an escape route
Operating time (t)

Time period for the energy consumption (unit: h)
See also annual operating time
Parasitic energy consumption

See luminaire parasitic energy consumption
Parasitic power
See luminaire parasitic power
Parasitic power of the controls (with the lamps off) (Pci)

Parasitic input power to the control system in the luminaires during the period with the lamps
not operating (unit: W)
Principal area (APrincipal)

Actual playing area needed for the performance of a certain sport
Note: Usually this means the actual marked out ‘field’ area for that sport (for instance football), but in some
cases, this area comprises an extra playing area around the marked area (e.g. tennis, volleyball, table
tennis). The dimensions of the particular area should be checked at the time when a lighting installation is being
installed
308
Performance

See visual performance
Photometer
Instrument for measuring photometric quantities
Photometric observer
See luminous flux
Photometry
Measurement of quantities referring to radiation as evaluated according to a given spectral
luminous efficiency function, e.g. V(l) or V′(l)
Photopic vision
See luminous flux
Practical emergency lamp flux (WPEL)

Lowest luminous flux of the lamp observed during the rated duration of the emergency mode
(unit: lm)
WPEL = WLD × FEBallast
where
WPEL is the practical emergency lamp flux, expressed in lumens;
WLD is the initial lighting design lumens at 100 h;
FEBallast is the emergency ballast lumen factor
Radiant flux
See luminous flux
Rated luminous flux (of a type of lamp)

Value of the initial luminous flux of a given type of lamp declared by the manufacturer or the
responsible vendor, the lamp being operated under specified conditions (unit: lm)
Note 1: The initial luminous flux is the luminous flux of a lamp after a short ageing period as specified in the
relevant lamp standard
Note 2: The rated luminous flux is sometimes marked on the lamp
Reference ballast
Special type ballast designed for providing comparison standards for use in testing ballasts, for
the selection of reference lamps and for testing regular production lamps under standardised
conditions
Reference surface
Surface on which illuminance is measured or specified
Reflectance (for incident radiation of given spectral composition, polarisation and geometrical
distribution) (r)
Ratio of the reflected radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
309
Reflections
See veiling reflections
Reflectometer
Instrument for measuring quantities pertaining to reflection
Rooflight
Daylight opening on the roof or on a horizontal surface of a building
Room surface maintenance factor (FRSM)

Ratio of room surface reflectance at a given time to the initial reflectance value
Note: Room surface maintenance factor is sometimes signified by the abbreviation RSMF
Safety sign
Sign which gives a general safety message, obtained by a combination of colour and geometric
shape and which, by the addition of a graphic symbol or text, gives a particular safety message
Scene setting operation time (ts)

Operating hours of the scene setting controls (unit: h)
Scotopic observer
See luminous flux
Screens
See daylight screens
Semi-cylindrical illuminance (at a point) (Esz)

Total luminous flux falling on the curved surface of a very small semi-cylinder located at the
specified point, divided by the curved surface area of the semi-cylinder (unit: lx)
Note: The axis of the semi-cylinder is taken to be vertical unless stated otherwise. The direction of the curved
surface should be specified
Semi-direct lighting
Semi-indirect lighting
Shielding angle
The angle between the horizontal plane and the first line of sight at which the luminous parts of
the lamps in the luminaire are directly visible (unit: degrees)
Note: The complementary angle to the shielding angle is named cut-off angle
310
Skylight

Visible part of diffuse sky radiation
Source (light source)

Object that produces light or other radiant flux
Note: The term light source indicates the source is essentially intended for illuminating and signalling
purposes
Solar radiation
Electromagnetic radiation from the sun
See also direct solar radiation and global solar radiation
Spacing (in an installation)

Distance between the light centres of adjacent luminaires of the installation
Spacing to height ratio

Ratio of spacing to the height of the geometric centres of the luminaires above the reference
plane
Note: For indoor lighting, the reference plane is usually the horizontal working plane; for exterior lighting,
the reference plane is usually the ground
Spectral luminous efficiency

See luminous flux
Spherical illuminance (at a point) (Eo)

Total luminous flux falling on the whole surface of a very small sphere located at the specified
point divided by the surface area of the sphere (unit: lx)
Spill light (stray light)

Light emitted by a lighting installation which falls outside the boundaries of the property for
which the lighting installation is designed
Spotlighting
Lighting designed to increase considerably the illuminance of a limited area or of an object
relative to the surroundings, with minimum diffused lighting
Stroboscopic effect
Apparent change of motion and/or appearance of a moving object when the object is illuminated
by a light of varying intensity
Note: To obtain apparent immobilisation or constant change of movement, it is necessary that both the object
movement and the light intensity variation are periodic, and some specific relation between the object movement
and light variation frequencies exists. The effect is only observable if the amplitude of the light variation is above
certain limits. The motion of the object can be rotational or translational
Standard photometric observer

See luminous flux
311
Standard year time (ty)

Time taken for one standard year to pass, taken as 8760 h
Standby lighting
That part of emergency lighting provided to enable normal activities to continue substantially
unchanged
Stray light
See spill light
Sunlight
Visible part of direct solar radiation
Surrounding area (immediate surrounding area)

Band surrounding the task area within the field of vision
Survival factor
See lamp survival factor
Task area
Area within which the visual task is carried out
Total energy used for lighting (Wt)

Energy consumed in period t, by the luminaires, when the lamps are operating plus the parasitic
loads when the lamps are not operating, in a room or zone (unit: kW·h)
Total installed charging power of the emergency lighting luminaires in the room or
zone (Pem)
Input charging power of all emergency lighting luminaires (unit: W)
Pem = ∑ Pe,i
i
where
Pem is the total installed charging power of the emergency lighting luminaires in the
room or zone, expressed in watts;
Pe,i is the emergency lighting charging power of the individual luminaires, expressed
in watts
Total installed lighting power in the room or zone (Pn)

Power of all luminaires (unit: W)
Pn = ∑ Pi
i
where
Pn is the total installed lighting power in the room or zone, expressed in watts;
Pi is the luminaire power expressed in watts
Total installed parasitic power of the controls in the room or zone (Ppc)
Input power of all control systems in luminaires when the lamps are not operating (unit: W)
312
Ppc = ∑ Pc,i

i
where
Ppc is the total installed parasitic power of the controls in the room or zone, expressed
in watts;
Pc,i is the parasitic power of the controls only during the time with the lamps off,
expressed in watts
Traffic lane
Strip of carriageway intended to accommodate a single line of moving vehicles
Transmittance (for incident radiation of given spectral composition, polarisation and

geometrical distribution) (t)
Ratio of the transmitted radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
Tristimulus values (of a colour stimulus)
Amounts of the three reference colour stimuli, in a given trichromatic system, required to match
the colour of the stimulus considered
Note 1: In the CIE standard colorimetric systems, the tristimulus values are represented by the symbols X, Y,
Z and X10, Y10, Z10
Note 2: See also CIE 15 (CIE, 2004b)
Unified glare rating limit (RUGL)

Upper limit of glare by the CIE Unified Glare Rating system
Uniformity (luminance, illuminance) (Uo)

Ratio of minimum illuminance (luminance) to average illuminance (luminance) on (of) a surface
Upward flux maximum

Maximum possible value of flux in an installation that is potentially emitted above the
horizontal both directly from the luminaire(s) mounted in their installed attitude, and indirectly
due to reflection from lit surfaces within the space (unit: lm)
Upward flux minimum

Minimum possible value of flux in an installation that is emitted above the horizontal (unit: lm)
Upward flux ratio

Ratio between the flux from all considered luminaires above the horizontal plane passing through
the luminaires in their installed position on site plus their flux reflected by the ground and the
minimal irreducible flux reflected towards the sky by the sole reference surface
Note: Upward flux ratio is sometimes signified by the abbreviation UFR
Upward light output ratio (of a luminaire) (RULO)

Ratio of the upward flux of the luminaire, measured under specified practical conditions with its
operated outside the luminaire with the same equipment, under specified conditions
313
Note 1: Upward light output ratio is sometimes signified by the abbreviation ULOR
Note 2: The luminaire attitude should be declared so that appropriate corrections to the ULOR can be made
if, in application, the installed attitude is different
Upward light ratio (RUL)

Proportion of the total luminaire flux that is emitted above the horizontal by all luminaires to the
total luminaire flux from all luminaires in an installation, when the luminaires are mounted in
their installed attitudes
Useful area (A)

Floor area inside the outer walls excluding non-habitable cellars and un-illuminated spaces
(unit: m2)
Useful data
Lamp and luminaire data beneficial to the designers and users in the planning and operation of
lighting installations
Utilance (of an installation, for a reference surface) (U)

Ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference surface to the sum of the individual total
fluxes of the luminaires of the installation
Utilisation factor (of an installation, for a reference surface) (FU)

Ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference surface to the sum of the individual fluxes of
the lamps of the installation
V(l) correction
Correction of the spectral responsivity of a detector to match the photopic spectral sensitivity of
the human eye
Veiling luminance
See equivalent veiling luminance
Veiling reflections
Specular reflections that appear on the object viewed and that partially or wholly obscure the
details by reducing contrast
Visual acuity
1. Qualitatively: capacity for seeing distinctly fine details that have very small angular separation
2. Quantitatively: any of a number of measures of spatial discrimination such as the reciprocal of

the value of the angular separation in minutes of arc of two neighbouring objects (points or lines
or other specified stimuli) which the observer can just perceive to be separate
Visual comfort
Subjective condition of visual well-being induced by the visual environment
Visual field
Area or extent of physical space visible to an eye at a given position and direction of view
Note: It should be stated whether the visual field is monocular or binocular

314
Visual performance

Performance of the visual system as measured for instance by the speed and accuracy with which
a visual task is performed
Visual task
Visual elements of the activity being undertaken
Note: The main visual elements are the size of the structure, its luminance, its contrast against the
background and its duration
Window
Daylight opening on a vertical or nearly vertical area of a room envelope
Work place
Place intended to house work stations on the premises of the undertaking and/or establishment
and any other place within the area of undertaking and/or establishment to which the worker has
access in the course of his employment
Work plane (working plane)

Reference surface defined as the plane at which work is normally done
Work station
Combination and spatial arrangement of work equipment, surrounded by the work environment
under the conditions imposed by the work tasks
315
Chapter Twenty: Bibliography
Chapter 20: Bibliography

20.1 Standards
British Standards Institution (1976) BS 5252: 1976: Framework for colour co-ordination for building
purposes, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (1992) BS EN 60529: 1992: Specification for degrees of protection provided
by enclosures (IP code), London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (1998) BS EN 60598-2-5: 1998: Luminaires. Particular requirements.

Floodlights, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2003a) BS EN 13201-2: 2003: Road lighting. Performance requirements,
London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2003b) BS EN 60598-2-3: 2003: Luminaires. Particular requirements.

Luminaires for road and street lighting, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2003c) BS EN 13201-3: 2003: Road lighting. Calculation of

performance, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2003d) BS EN 13201-4: 2003: Road lighting. Methods of measuring
lighting performance, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2003e) BS 5489-1:2003+A2: 2008: Code of practice for the design of
road lighting. Lighting of roads and public amenity areas, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2004a) BS EN 13032-1: 2004: Light and lighting. Measurement and
presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires. Measurement and file format, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2004b) BS EN 13032-2: 2004: Light and lighting. Measurement and
presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires. Presentation of data for indoor and outdoor work
places, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2005a) BS EN 14225: Measurement and assessment of personal exposure
to incoherent optical radiation, Parts 1 to 4, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2005b) BS 667: Illuminance meters. Requirements and test methods,
London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2005c) BS 7920: Luminance meters. Requirements and test methods,
London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2007a) BS EN 15193: 2007: Energy performance of buildings. Energy
requirements for lighting, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2007b) BS EN 12193: 2007: Light and lighting. Sports lighting,
London: BSI.
316
British Standards Institution (2007c) BS EN 12464-2: 2007: Light and lighting – Lighting of work

places – Part 2: Outdoor work places, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2007d) BS EN 13032-3: 2007: Measurement and presentation of

photometric data of lamps and luminaires. Presentation of data for emergency lighting of work places,
London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2008) BS 8206-2: 2008: Lighting for buildings – Part 2: Code of practice
for daylighting, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2011a) BS EN 12464-1: 2011: Light and lighting – Lighting of work
places – Part 1: Indoor work places, London: BSI.
British Standards Institution (2011b) BS EN 12665: 2011: Light and lighting. Basic terms and criteria
for specifying lighting requirements, London: BSI.
International Standards Organisation / Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (2003)

ISO 15469: 2004 (E) / CIE S 011/E: 2003, Spatial distribution of daylight – CIE standard general sky,
Geneva: ISO, Vienna: CIE.
International Standards Organisation (2005) BS EN ISO 23539: 2005: Photometry – The CIE
system of physical photometry, Geneva: ISO.
International Standards Organisation (2007) BS EN ISO 9680: 2007: Dentistry. Operating lights,
Geneva: ISO.
International Standards Organisation (2008a) BS EN ISO 9241-307: 2008: Ergonomics of

human–system interaction. Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays, Geneva: ISO.
International Standards Organisation (2008b) BS EN ISO 9241-302: 2008: Ergonomics of

human–system interaction. Terminology for electronic visual displays, Geneva: ISO.
International Standards Organisation (2009) BS ISO 3864-1: 2009: Graphical symbols. Safety colours
and safety signs. Part 1. Design principles for safety signs and safety markings, Geneva: ISO.
20.2 Guidance
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (1978) CIE Publication 40: 1978: Calculations for
interior lighting: Basic method, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (1994) CIE Publication 112: 1994: Glare evaluation
system for use within outdoor sports and area lighting, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (1995a) CIE Publication 117: 1995: Discomfort glare
in interior lighting, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (1995b) CIE Publication 13-3: 1995: Method of
measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources, Vienna: CIE.
317
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (1997) CIE Publication 126: 1997: Guidelines for
minimizing sky glow, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (2000) CIE Publication 140: 2000: Road lighting
calculations, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (2003) CIE Publication 154: 2003: The maintenance
of outdoor lighting systems, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (2004a) CIE Publication 158: 2004: Ocular
lighting effects on human physiology and behaviour, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (2004b) CIE Publication 15: 2004: Colorimetry,
3rd edition, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE (2005) CIE Publication 97: 2005: Guide on the
maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (2006) CIE Publication S009: 2006: Photobiologic
safety of lamps and lamp systems, Vienna: CIE.
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) (2010) CIE Publication 190: 2010: Calculation
and presentation of unified glare rating tables for indoor lighting luminaires, Vienna: CIE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (1999) SLL Lighting Guide 10: Daylighting and window
design. ISBN 0 900953 98 5, London: CIBSE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2001) SLL Lighting Guide 11: Surface reflectance and
colour. ISBN 1 903287 14 6, London: CIBSE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2004) SLL Lighting Guide 12: Emergency lighting design
guide. ISBN 1 903287 51 0, London: CIBSE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2006) SLL Lighting Guide 4: Sports.
ISBN 1 903287 78 2, London: CIBSE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2008) SLL Lighting Guide 2: Hospital and health care
buildings. ISBN 978 1 903287 99 6, London: CIBSE.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2009) The SLL Lighting Handbook.
ISBN: 9781906846022, London: The Society of Light and Lighting.
The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) (2011) SLL Lighting Guide 5: Lighting for education.
ISBN 978 1 906846 17 6, London: CIBSE.
20.3 References
Akashi, Y., Myer, M. and Boyce, P.R. (2006) Identifying sparkle. Lighting Research and Technology,
38, 325–340.
318
Akashi, Y., Rea, M.S. and Bullough, J.D. (2007) Driver decision making in response to peripheral

moving targets under mesopic lighting levels. Lighting Research and Technology, 39, 53–67.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2010) TLVs and BEIs
threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents, biological exposure indices, Cincinnati,
OH: ACGIH.
Badia, P., Myers, B., Boecker, M. and Culpeper, J. (1991) Bright light effects on body
temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior. Physiology and Behavior, 50, 583–588.
Baron, R. A. (1990) Environmentally induced positive affect: Its impact on self-efficacy, task
performance, negotiation, and conflict. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(5), 368–384.
Baron, R.A. and Thomley, J. (1994) A whiff of reality: Positive affect as a potential mediator of
the effects of pleasant fragrances on task performance and helping. Environment and Behavior,
26(6), 766–784.
Baron, R.A., Rea, M.S. and Daniels, S.G. (1992) Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and
spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors:
The potential mediating role of positive affect. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 1–33.
Begley, K. and Linderson, T. (1991) Management of mercury in lighting products, Proceedings

of the 1st European Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish National
Board for Industrial and Technical Development.
Berman, S.M. (1992) Energy efficiency consequences of scotopic sensitivity. Journal of the
Illuminating Engineering Society, 21, 3–14.
Berman, S.M., Navvab, M., Martin, M.J., Sheedy, J. and Tithof, W. (2006) A comparison of
traditional and high colour temperature lighting on the near acuity of elementary school children.
Lighting Research and Technology, 38, 41–52.
Berson, D.M., Dunn, F.A. and Takao, M. (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that
set the circadian clock. Science, 295, (5557), 1070–1073.
Boyce, P.R. (1996) Illuminance selection based on visual performance – and other fairy stories.
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 25, 41–49.
Boyce, P.R. (2003) Human factors in lighting. London: Taylor and Francis.
Boyce, P.R. (2006) Lemmings, light and health. Leukos, 2(3), 175–184.
Boyce, P.R. and Rea, M.S. (1987) Plateau and escarpment: The shape of visual performance,
Proceedings of the CIE 21st Session, Venice. Vienna: CIE.
Boyce, P.R., Beckstead, J.W., Eklund, N.H., Strobel, R.W. and Rea, M.S. (1997) Lighting the
graveyard shift: the influence of a daylight-simulating skylight on the task performance and mood
of night-shift workers. Lighting Research and Technology, 29, 105–142.
Boyce, P.R., Eklund, N.H., Hamilton, B.J. and Bruno, L.D. (2000) Perceptions of safety at night
in different lighting conditions. Lighting Research and Technology, 32, 79–91.
319
Boyce, P.R., Akashi, Y., Hunter, C.M. and Bullough, J.D. (2003) The impact of spectral power
distribution on visual performance. Lighting Research and Technology, 35, 141–161.
Boyce, P.R., Veitch, J.A., Newsham, G.R., Jones, C.C., Heerwagen, J., Myer, M. and Hunter,
C.M. (2006a) Lighting quality and office work: Two field simulation experiments. Lighting
Research and Technology, 38(3), 191–223.
Boyce, P. R., Veitch, J.A., Newsham, G.R., Jones, C.C., Heerwagen, J., Myer, M. and Hunter,
C.M. (2006b) Occupants use of switching and dimming in offices. Lighting Research and
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Index
Index
Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures; page numbers in bold refer to tables.
absence factor 293 CIE

absorptance 293 chromaticity (1931) diagram 243, 243, 244
absorption 145 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 249–255, 294
accent lighting 13 colour-matching functions 241–243
accommodation, definition 293 daylight calculations 274
acuity see visual acuity environmental zones 27, 27
adaptation luminances 4, 8, 10–11 glare rating (GR) 89
agricultural premises 52, 97 L*a*b* colour space 272–273
airports 83, 96 maintenance factors (MF) 280
angular co-ordinate systems 187–189 UCS (1976) diagram 244–247
annual operating time 293 Unified Glare Rating (UGR) 36–37
area sources 167 cinemas 70
aspect factors 166 circadian system 5, 21–23, 45, 115
assembly buildings 69–72 circuit luminous efficacy 294
atmospheric luminance 293 circulation areas 49, 74, 96, 129
average daylight factor 119–120, 120, 274–275 classrooms 13, 73
average illuminance 293 client duties 137–138
average luminance 112, 293 cold spot 294
colorimeter 294
background area 35, 293 colour 241–273
bakeries 53 colour appearance 40–41
ballast 293 chromaticity diagrams 241–247
ballast lumen factor (BLF) 293 daylighting 123
behavioural effects 6, 12–14, 18–19, 115 groups 41, 92
BREEAM 134 verification 85
brick industry 53 colour contrast 295
brightness 294 colour perception 4, 16
brightness contrast 294 colour properties of surfaces 263–273
brightness perception 16, 119 Colour Quality Scale (CQS) 255–263
colour rendering 41, 248–263, 295
British Standards 316–317
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 41, 249–255
colour co-ordination 267–272
calculation 251–263
daylighting 115
limiting values 49–84, 96–105
energy performance of buildings 130–133
verification 85, 105
ingress protection (IP) 292
colour spaces 263–273
lighting of indoor workplaces 29
colour stimulus 295
lighting of outdoor workplaces 86 colour temperature 41, 247–248, 295
luminaire tests 94 communication performance 13–14
photometric measurements 187, 234 compact fluorescent lamps 263, 282
road lighting 106 competent person 136–137
safety colours 41 computer display screens 21, 42–43, 122, 195
sports lighting 232 concert halls 70
visual display units 43 constant illuminance factor 131, 295
building energy rating (BER) 129 constant illuminance systems 126
Building Regulations 127 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
building sites 97 135–142
built-in luminaire 294 contractor duties 138–139, 140, 141
contrast 295
calibration, photometers 235 see also luminance contrast
canals 97 contrast revealing coefficient 295
candela 156 control gear 295–296
canteens 50 control rooms 51
car parks 72, 100 control systems 125, 126, 130
carriageway 294 co-ordinate systems 187–189, 223–225
CDM co-ordinator 139, 140 correction factors 296
CDM regulations 135–142 spectral correction factor 235
CE classes 110, 111, 114 UGR metrics 198
cement industry 53 correlated colour temperature (CCT) 241, 247, 296
ceramic metal halide lamps 11, 263, 282 cosine correction 296
ceramics industry 54 cosine error 235–236
chemical industry 55 costs of lighting 24–28
chemical pollution 26 crime prevention 15, 109
chromatic adaptation 16, 251 see also security lighting
chromaticity 294 critical flicker frequency see fusion frequency
chromaticity coordinates 243, 251, 294 cubic illuminance 219–220
chromaticity diagrams 243–247 curfew 28, 90, 296
325
cut-off 296 emergency lighting charge time 299

Index
cut-off angle 296 emergency lighting charging power 299

cylindrical illuminance 17, 39, 162, 222, 296 energy consumption 25–26, 299
standardised calculation method 126, 131–133
daylight 44, 115–123 energy efficiency 25, 44–45, 93
benefits 45, 115–116 guidance 124–126
calculations 274–279 regulations and standards 126–134
definitions 297 entertainment premises 70
with electric lighting 122–123 environment classes 283
reference spectrum 249, 250 environmental issues 2, 26
and room brightness 118–121 environmental zones (CIE) 27, 27
task area 121–122 equivalent veiling luminance 299
windows and view 116–118 escalators 49
daylight dependency factor 131, 297 escape route lighting 14, 299
daylight factor 274–275, 297 escape routes 299
daylight screens/louvres 123, 297 essential data 299
daylight time usage 297 European Directive on the Energy Performance of
design criteria Buildings 130
indoor workplaces 29–85 exhibition halls 70
outdoor workplaces 86–94 exterior lighting see outdoor lighting
design speed 297 externally illuminated safety sign 299
designer duties 138, 139 extreme uniformity see diversity (luminance, illuminance)
diffraction 146 eyestrain 20–21
diffuse reflection and transmission 146
diffuse sky radiation 297 factories see industrial premises
diffused lighting 297 farms 52, 97
dimming systems 126 field measurements 238–240
DIN colour system 266–267 filling stations 98
direct lighting 297 financial costs 25
illuminance calculations first aid rooms 50
area sources 167 flashing lights 13
non point sources 164–167 flicker 21, 42, 93
point sources 161–164 flicker frequency see fusion frequency
direct solar radiation 297 floodlighting 300
directional lighting 40, 91–92, 297 fluorescent lamps 11, 263, 282
disability glare 297 flux see luminous flux
outdoor workplaces 89 focus error 238
road lighting 107, 112, 113, 114, 232 food industry 57
discomfort glare 36, 36–37, 121–122, 298 form, perception of 16–17
dispersion 145 form factors 172–175, 176
Display Energy Certificates (DEC) 134 foundries 58
display lighting 13, 130 fuel filling stations 98
display screen equipment (DSE) 42–43, 122, 195, 298 fusion frequency 300
disposal of equipment 25, 26
diversity (luminance, illuminance) 89, 298 G classes 114
docks (shipping) 103 gas plants 101
downward light output ratio (DLOR) 193, 298 general lighting 300
dry cleaning premises 59 glare
dwellings control 37–38, 120, 121–122
energy efficiency requirements 127, 128, 128–129 daylight 120, 121–122
recommended daylight factors 120 definition 300
indoor workplaces 36–39
educational premises 73–75, 133 outdoor workplaces 89–90
efficacy see luminous efficacy Glare Rating (GR) 89, 232
electric lighting, with daylighting 122–123 limiting values 96–105, 300
electrical and electronic industry 56 verification 105
electrical installations 101 see also Unified Glare Rating (UGR)
electrical safety 142 glass industry 54
electricity consumption 25–26 global solar radiation 300
see also energy efficiency grid points 35–36, 89, 238–240, 300
electromagnetic spectrum 143 guidance, published 317–318
electromagnetic waves 143–146 gyms 50
elevators 49
emergency ballast lumen factor 298 hairdressers 59
emergency exit 298 halogen lamps 11, 263, 282
emergency lamp flux see practical emergency lamp flux harbours 97
emergency lane (hard shoulder) 299 hazardous industries 100
emergency lighting 94, 142, 299 health and safety 141–142
escape lighting 14, 298 health care premises 76–82, 133
spacing tables 199–200 health effects 20–24, 115–116
total installed charging power 299 hearing impairments 14
326
heat plants 101 interior space see dwellings; indoor workplaces
Index
hemispherical illuminance 163–164, 221, 300 internally illuminated safety sign 302
high pressure sodium lamps 11, 282 international standards 316–317
high risk task area lighting 300 iron and steel works 64
hospitals see health care premises ISO standards 317
hotels 69, 133
human circadian system see circadian system jewellery manufacturing 59
human face, visual perception 16–17, 17
human perceptual system 5–6 kerbside light output ratio 193
human performance 3–14
see also visual performance Lambertian radiator 158–159
human vision see visual system lamp, definition 302
lamp code 302
illuminance 157, 159–160, 300–301 lamp dimensions 302
brightness perception 16 lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) 280–281, 282,
calculations 302
direct lighting 161–168 lamp luminous flux see rated luminous flux
indirect lighting 169–186 lamp survival factor (LSF) 281, 282, 302
indoor lighting 217–222 lamp wattage see nominal lamp wattage
outdoor lighting 229–230 lamps 73
measurement 238–240 choosing 126
and safety perception 19, 19, 20 colour properties 40–41, 92, 123, 263
scale of 32 LLMF and LSF values 282
verification 85, 105 luminous efficacy 128, 130
and visual performance 7–9 rated luminous flux 309
see also maintained illuminance scotopic/photopic ratio 11
illuminance grid 35–36, 89 Landolt C matrices 7, 8
illuminance meters 234–236, 301 laundries 59
illuminance uniformity 8, 35 leather industry 60
indoor workplaces 35, 49–84 LED lamps 11, 263
outdoor workplaces 89, 96–105 LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
road lighting 107, 110 134
illumination vector 219 LENI see Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI)
immediate surrounding area see surrounding area libraries 71
incandescent lamps 25–26, 282 life cycle costs 25
indirect lighting 301 life of lighting installation 302
illuminance calculations see also lamp survival factor (LSF)
Sumpner’s method 169–170 lifts 49
transfer factors 170–179 light boxes 23, 24
indoor lighting light centre 302
maintenance factors (MF) 280, 281, 282 light distribution see luminance distribution
photometric calculations 217–222 light exposure patterns 21–22
recommended standards for dwellings 128 light loss factor see maintenance factors (MF)
room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) 285, light measuring equipment 234–240
286–291 light output ratio (LOR) 27–28, 192–193, 303
indoor workplaces 29–85 light pollution 26–28, 90–91, 105
colour aspects 40–41 light radiation 143–147
daylight 44, 45, 121–122 light spectrum
energy efficiency 44–45, 124–125 brightness perception 16
flicker and stroboscopic effects 42 and human performance 5
glare 36–39 UV and IR tissue damage 24
illuminance 31–36 and visual perception 17
lighting in the interior space 39–40 and visual performance 9
lighting requirements 45–48, 49–84 lighting design criteria
luminance distribution 30–32 indoor workplaces 29–85
luminous environment 29–30 outdoor workplaces 86–94
maintenance factor (MF) 44 Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI) 45, 131,
variability of light 45 133, 303
industrial premises 53–67, 98, 100 lighting quality 1–2
lighting energy requirements 133 lighting requirements
minimum lighting efficacy 130 indoor workplaces 45–48, 49–84
infrared (IR) radiation 24 outdoor workplaces 94–95, 96–105
ingress protection (IP) classes 292 line sources 164–167
initial average luminance 301 linearity error 235
initial illuminance 301 loading see installed loading
initial luminous flux see rated luminous flux loading ramps/bays 49
installed loading 301 local lighting 303
integral lighting system 301 see also task area
intensity see luminous intensity localised lighting 303
intensity diagrams 192 longitudinal uniformity 113, 303
interference 146 louvres see daylight screens/louvres
327
lumen (unit) 156 maximum illuminance 307

Index
luminaire code 304 maximum luminance 307

luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) 199, 304 ME classes 107–108, 112
indoor lighting 281, 284 measurement field 237, 307
outdoor lighting 283, 285 measurement grids 238–239
luminaire parasitic energy consumption 132–133, 304 mercury, environmental impact 26
luminaire parasitic power 304 mercury vapour lamps 282
luminaire power 304 mesopic vision 10–11, 147
luminaires metal casting 58
choosing 125–126 metal halide lamps 11, 282
classification 283, 292 metal working and processing 61, 64
definitions 303–304 minimum illuminance 307
durability 94 minimum luminance 307
luminance limits for DSE 43, 43 minimum value emergency factor 307
luminance verification 85 mixed traffic 308
luminous efficacy 128, 130, 304 modelling
luminous intensity 159 daylighting 122
photometric datasheets 191–217 indoor workplaces 40
photometric measurements 187–189, 190 outdoor workplaces 91–92
recommended standards 128 mood, and lighting quality 6, 18–19, 115
shielding angles 38, 38, 194–195, 310 motion of object 5
upward light output ratio (ULOR) 193, 313–314 motivation, and lighting quality 6, 18–19
luminance 4, 157–158, 304–305 motor traffic/motorised traffic 308
measurement 240 movement direction 13
normalised 195, 206 multi phosphor fluorescent lamps 263, 282
road surfaces 231, 240 Munsell system 263–264
verification 85 museums 71
luminance coefficients 228–229
luminance contrast 4, 7–8, 305 national calculation method (NCM) 129
between interior and view outside 120–121, 122 Natural Colour System (NCS) 264–265
luminance distribution 30–32 nominal lamp wattage 308
and visual perception 16–17, 17, 30 non point sources 164–167
see also illuminance uniformity non-daylight time usage 308
luminance meters 236–238, 305 non-domestic buildings
luminance uniformity 103, 107 Display Energy Certificates (DEC) 134
luminosity see brightness minimum lighting efficacy 130
luminous efficacy 128, 130, 305 recommended standards 129–130, 130
luminous environment 29–30, 305 non-visual effects 5, 21–23
luminous flux 147, 156, 305–306 normalised intensity tables 191–192
calculations 200–201 normalised luminance 195, 206
luminous intensity 156, 158–159, 306 Northern Ireland, energy efficiency requirements 127
calculations 223–233
G classes 114 obtrusive light 26–28, 90–91, 105, 308
(spacial) distribution 306 occupancy dependency factor 131, 308
lux (unit) 157 occupant behaviour 6, 12–14, 18–19, 115
occupant preferences 18
MacAdam ellipses 244–245 offices
machinery/machine, definition 306 lighting energy requirements 133
mail rooms 51 lighting requirements 84
maintained illuminance minimum lighting efficacy 130
definition 306 occupant preferences 18
indoor workplaces 31–35, 49–84, 96–105 offshore gas and oil structures 99
background area 35 open area lighting 308
illuminance on surfaces 31–32 operating costs 25
illuminance uniformity 35 operating time 308
immediate surrounding area 33–35 outdoor lighting
interior space 39–40 energy efficiency requirements 128
task area 32–33 maintenance factor (MF) 280
outdoor workplaces 87–89 photometric calculations 223–233
surrounding area 88 road lighting 223–232
task area 87–88 other outdoor areas 232–233
maintained luminance 307 see also road lighting
maintenance, luminaires 126 outdoor workplaces 86–114
maintenance costs 25 colour aspects 92–93
maintenance cycle 307 directional lighting 91–92
maintenance factors (MF) 280–285, 282, 307 energy considerations 93
indoor lighting 44, 280, 281, 284 flicker and stroboscopic effects 93
outdoor lighting 93, 280, 283, 285 glare 89–90
see also room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) illuminance 87–89
maintenance schedules 85, 307 lighting requirements 94–95, 96–105
manufacturing premises see industrial premises luminance distribution 87
328
luminous environment parameters 86 reflectometers 310
Index
maintenance factor (MF) 93 refraction 144–145
obtrusive light 90–91 Relative Visual Performance (RVP) model 8–9, 9
photometric calculations 232 residential buildings see dwellings
outside view 116–118 rest rooms 50
overall uniformity 113 restaurants 69, 133
retail premises 13, 68, 133
parasitic energy consumption see luminaire parasitic retinal illumination 4–5
energy consumption retinal image quality 4–5
parasitic power see luminaire parasitic power road lighting 15, 106–114
parking areas 72, 100 calculations 223–233
perceptual system 5–6 classification of roads 106–111
performance see visual performance conflict areas 110, 110–111, 111, 114
peripheral vision 4, 147 lighting classes 112–114
petrochemical industry 100 measurement grids 239
photometers 309 subsidiary roads 109, 109, 113
see also luminance meters threshold increment (TI) 91, 232
photometric angles 187–189, 223–225
town and city centres 111
photometric calculations 200–212
traffic routes 106–107, 107–108, 112
indoor lighting 217–222
veiling luminance 91, 232
outdoor lighting 223–233
photometric centres 187–189, 190 road surfaces
photometric datasheets 191–217 luminance measurement 240
photometric measurements 187–189 reflective properties 228–229
field measurements 238–240 roadside light output ratio 193
light measuring equipment 234–240 rolling mills 64
photometric observer see luminous flux rooflights 120, 121, 122, 310
photometric quantities 156–160 room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) 285, 286–291,
photometry 309 310
photons 146 room surfaces
photopic vision 10, 147, 148–151 illuminance calculations 169–170
planar illuminance 159–160, 161–162, 221 maintained illuminances 31–32
Planck’s law 247 rubber industry 55
plant rooms 51
plastics industry 55 S classes 109, 113
point sources 161–164 safety
polar curve 192 lighting for 14–15, 104–105
polarisation 146 perception of 19, 19, 20
‘positive affect’ 19 safety sign 310
post rooms 51 sanitary facilities 50
power consumption 25–26 saw mills 103
see also energy efficiency SBEM (Simplified Building Energy Model) 129
power plants/stations 62, 101 scalar illuminance 221
practical emergency lamp flux 309 scattering 145
principal area 308 scene setting operation time 310
printers 62 schools 73–75
project management 137–138 Scotland, energy efficiency requirements 127, 129
protection of luminaires 292 scotopic vision 10, 147, 152–155
psychological effects 5–6, 17–18, 21–23 scotopic/photopic (S/P) ratios 9, 11
public assembly buildings 69–72 screens see daylight screens/louvres
public car parks 72, 100 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) 23, 115
security lighting 15, 104–105
quality of lighting 1–2
see also crime prevention
quantum phenomena 146
semi-cylindrical illuminance 162–163, 222, 310
quartz metal halide lamps 11
semi-direct lighting 310
radiant flux see luminous flux semi-indirect lighting 310
railway installations 84, 101–102 sewage plants 104
RAL design system 271–272 shading devices 123
rated luminous flux 309 shielding against glare 37–38
recursive source subdivision 167–168 shielding angles 38, 38, 194–195, 310
reference ballast 309 shipyards 103
reference surface 32, 87, 309 shops see retail premises
reflectance 31, 309 signals, illuminated 13
glare control 37, 120 sky glow 26–28, 90–91
transfer factors 170–179, 179–186, 214–216 skylight 119–120, 311
reflected glare 38–39, 89–90 sleep phase disorder 22
reflections see veiling reflections Snell’s law 145
reflective properties solar altitude and azimuth 275–279
road surfaces 228–229 solar radiation 311
spectral reflectance values 252–254, 257–259 see also direct solar radiation; global solar radiation
329
solar shading 123 tristimulus values 241–243, 313

Index
source (light source) 311 tungsten halogen lamps 11, 263

spacing (in an installation) 311
spacing tables (emergency lighting) 199–200, 200 ultra-violet (UV) radiation 24, 116
spacing to height ratio (SHR) 193, 201–203, 311 Unified Glare Rating (UGR) 36–37
spectral correction factor 235 calculation 206–212
spectral luminous efficiency 147, 148–155 limiting values 49–84, 313
spectral power distribution 247 photometric datasheets 196–198, 197
spectral reflectance 252–254, 257–259 verification 85
spectral sensitivities 11, 147 uniformity 313
specular reflection 122, 144 see also illuminance uniformity; luminance uniformity
see also veiling reflections upward flux maximum 313
spherical illuminance 163, 311 upward flux minimum 313
spill light 311 upward flux ratio (UFR) 313
sports facilities 75, 232 upward light output ratio (ULOR) 193, 313–314
lighting energy requirements 133 upward light ratio 314
measurement grids 239 useful area 131, 314
spotlighting 13, 311 useful data 314
stairs 49, 74, 102, 129 utilance 314
standard year time 312 utilisation factors (UF) 193, 203–206, 314
standards see British Standards
standby lighting 312 variability of light 45
steradian 156 vehicle construction and repair 66
storage areas 52, 98, 130 veiling luminance 91, 232, 233
store rooms 51 see also equivalent veiling luminance
stray light see spill light veiling reflections 38–39, 89–90, 314
stroboscopic effects 42, 93, 311 verification procedures 85, 105
sunlight 119, 312 view of outside 116–118
see also solar shading visual acuity 4, 9, 314
suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) 5 visual adaptation 4, 8
suprathreshold visual performance 7 visual comfort 314
surface colour 263–273
visual discomfort 5–6, 20
surface reflectance see reflectance
see also discomfort glare
surround ratio (SR) 107
visual field 4, 314
surrounding area
visual perception 16–19, 119
definition 312
visual performance 3, 3–6, 7–9, 315
indoor workplaces 33–35
see also visual task performance
outdoor workplaces 88
visual search 9–10
survival factor see lamp survival factor (LSF)
sustainability 94 visual sensitivity 11, 147
visual size 4
task area visual spectrum 9
definition 312 visual system 3–4, 147
energy efficient lighting 124–125 eye-brain pathways 23
indoor workplaces 31–32 spectral sensitivities 11, 147
daylighting 121–122 visual task, definition 315
directional lighting 40 visual task performance 6–12
illuminance uniformity 35 and glare 38–39
maintained illuminance 32–33 improving 12
outdoor workplaces Landolt C matrices 7, 8
directional lighting 92 mesopic conditions 10–11
illuminance uniformity and diversity 89 Relative Visual Performance (RVP) model 8–9, 9
maintained illuminance 87–88 visual search 9–10
textile manufacture and processing 65
theatres 70 water and sewage plants 104
threshold increment (TI) 91, 113, 232 well-being 19
threshold visual performance 7 Wien’s displacement law 247
tissue damage 24 window, definition 315
total energy used for lighting 132–133, 312 windows
total installed charging power 132, 312 glare control 120–121
total installed lighting power 132, 312 minimum glazed area for view 118
total installed parasitic power 132, 312–313 size and proportion 118, 128
total reflection 145 and view 116–118
toxic materials 26 work place 315
traffic lane 313 see also indoor workplaces; outdoor workplaces
tramways 101–102 work plane/working plane 315
transfer factors 170–179, 179–186, 214–216 work station 315
transmittance 313 see also display screen equipment (DSE)
travelators 49
tri-phosphor fluorescent lamps 263, 282 zone size calculation 201
330

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Table 18.

Environment Room surface maintenance factor

Environment Room surface maintenance factor

Environment Room surface maintenance factor

18.6 Ingress protection (IP) classes

Table 18.9 IP Classification of luminaires

First Degree of protection Second Degree of protection

0 Not protected 0 Not protected

1 Protected against solid objects 1 Protected against dripping water

2 Protected against solid objects 2 Protected against dripping water

3 Protected against solid objects 3 Protected against spraying water

4 Protected against solid objects 4 Protected against splashing

5 Dust-protected 5 Protected against water jets

6 Dust-tight 6 Protected against heavy seas

7 Protected against the effects of

8 Protected against submersion to a

Absence factor (FA)

Annual operating time (to)

Atmospheric luminance (Latm)

Average illuminance (Ē)

Ballast lumen factor (FBallast)

CIE 1974 general colour rendering index (Ra)

Circuit luminous efficacy of a source (c)

Chapter Nineteen: Glossary

Colour rendering index

Colour temperature (Tc)

Constant illuminance factor (FC)

Contrast revealing coefficient (qc)

Correlated colour temperature (Tcp)

Critical flicker frequency

Cut-off angle (of a luminaire)

Cylindrical illuminance (at a point, for a direction) (Ez)

Chapter Nineteen: Glossary

Daylight dependency factor (FD)

Daylight factor (D or DF)

Note 1: Glazing, dirt effects, etc are included

Daylight time usage (tD)

Daylight screens/daylight louvres

Diffuse sky radiation

Direct solar radiation

Display screen equipment

Note: Display screen equipment is sometimes signified by the abbreviation DSE

Diversity (luminance, illuminance) (Ud) (Extreme uniformity)

Downward light output ratio (of a luminaire) (RDLO)

Emergency ballast lumen factor (FEBallast)

FEBallast = FBallast × Fmin

Emergency escape lighting

Emergency lamp flux

Chapter Nineteen: Glossary

Emergency lighting charge time (tem)

Emergency lighting charging power (Pei)

Emergency lighting, total installed charging power

Energy consumption used for illumination (WL,t)

Equivalent veiling luminance (for disability glare or veiling reflections) (Lve)

Escape route lighting

Externally illuminated safety sign

Lighting of a scene or object, usually by projectors, in order to increase considerably its

General colour rendering index

See also disability glare and discomfort glare

Glare rating limit (RGL)

Global solar radiation

Grid points for measurement and calculation

Hemispherical illuminance (at a point) (Ehs)