SCIENCE 8

QUARTEE 3 – VIDEO LESSON 4

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

BASED ON THIER PROPERTIES AND ATOMIC NUMBER.

THE HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

JOHANN DOBEREINER (1892)

 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE COULD BE TRACED BACK IN
1817 TO THE WORK OF JOHAN DOBEREINER.
 GERMAN CHEMIST
 FORMED THE TRIADS OF ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES LIKE THE
TRIAD OF CALCIUM, BARIUM, AND STRONTIUM.
JOHN NEWLANDS
 ENGLISH CHEMIST
 IN 1863, HE PROPOSED THE LAW OF OCTAVES, BASED ON HIS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEMENTS ON THE FACT THAT SIMILAR PROPERTIES
COULD BE NOTED FOR EVERY EIGHT ELEMENTS WHEN THEY ARE
ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC MASSES.
LOTHAR MEYER & DIMITRI MENDELEEV
 AROUND 1869, BOTH CAME UP WITH PERIODIC TABLES THAT SHOWED
HOW ELEMENTS SHOULD BE GROUP IN ORDER.
 THEY DO NOT KNOW EACH OTHER, BUT THEIR PROPOSAL AND
CONCLUSION ARE THE SAME.
 BOTH ARRANGED THE ELEMENTS IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC
MASS, WHILE PUTTING IN GROUPS THOSE WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES (AN
 ARRANGEMENT THAT SHOWS REPETITION AND SIMILARITIES OF
PROPERTIES).
LOTHAR MEYER
 LIVED AND WORK IN GERMANY
 STUDIED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC WEIGHT.
DIMITRI MENDELEEV
 LIVED AND WORK IN RUSSIA
 STUDIED THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS IN ATOMIC WEIGHT.
HENRY MOSELY
 ENGLISH PHYSICIST
 IN 1914 HE OBSERVED THAT X-RAY FREQUENCIES EMITTED BY ELEMENTS
COULD BE CORRELATED BETTER WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS.
 HE COMPUTED THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE ELEMENTS, AND THIS
OBSERVATION LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN PERIODIC
LAW (THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS ARE PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF THEIR
ATOMIC NUMBERS).

 THE LIST STARTS WITH THE LIGHTEST ATOM (HYDROGEN OR H), AND TO
THE ELEMENT WITH THE HEAVIEST ATOM.
 CONSISTS OF 118 ELEMENTS REPRESENTED BY CAPITALIZED LETTER
SYMBOLS (MOST ARE BASED ON THE FIRST LETTER, OR FIRST TWO
LETTERS OF THE NAME)
 THE UPPER NUMBER REPRESENTS THE ATOMIC MASS OF THE ELEMENT.

 PERIODS - EACH HORIZONTAL ROW OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.

 GROUP - EACH VERTICAL COLUMN OF THE PERIOD TABLE.
 ALSO CALLED AS “FAMILY”.
  VALENCE ELECTRONS IS THE GROUP NUMBER OF CORRESPONDS TO THE
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTERMOST.
 THE ELEMENT IN GROUP OF THE PERIODIC TABLE HAVE SIMILAR
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

FEATURES 9 GROUPS OF ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS

GROU 1 : ALKALI METALS

 VERY REACTIVE SOFT, MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE.
 GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY.
 WITH ONLY ONE VALENCE ELECTRON
 (H , Li, Na, K , Rb, Cs, Fr)

GROUP 2: ALKALINE EARTH METAL

 SECOND MOST REACTIVE ELEMENTS.
 MALLEABLE, DUCTILE AND GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITY, BUT NOT A SOFT AS GROUP 1 ELEMENTS.
 WITH TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS.
 ( Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

GROUP 13: BORON GROUP

 POST TRANSITION METALS (EXCEPT BORON WHICH IS A METALLOID AND
NIHONIUM WHICH IS A SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL ELEMENT THAT IS
EXTREMELY RADIO ACTIVE).
 WITH THREE VALENCE ELECTRONS.
 (B, Al, Ga, In , Tl , Nh )
GROUP 14 : CARBON GROUP
 ALSO KNOWN AS THE CARBON FAMILY, OR THE TETRELS.
 ELEMENTS IN THIS FAMILY ARE THE KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SEMI
CONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY.
 (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl )

GROUP 15: NITROGEN GROUP

 KNOWN AS A PNICTOGEN GROUP.
 WITH FIVE VALENCE ELECTRONS
 ( N, P, As, Sb , Bi, Mc,)

GROUP 16 : CHALCOGENS
 CHALCOGEN IS THE NEW TRIVIAL NAME RECOGNIZED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
 WIDELY KNOWN AS OXYGEN GROUP
 GENERALLY NONMETALS
 WITH SIX VALENCE ELECTRONS
 ( O, S, Se, Te , Po , Lv)

GROUP 17 : HALOGENS
 SALT FORMER
 EXIST IN ALL THREE STATES OF MATTER.
 WITH SEVEN VALENCE ELECTRONS.
 ( F , Cl, Br , I , At, Ts)

GROUP 18 : NOBLE GASSES

 STABLE GASES
 NON-REACTIVE OR INERT ELEMENTS
 WITH EIGHT VALENCE ELECTRONS (EXCEPT HELIUM).
  ( He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn , Og,)

GROUP 3 – 12 : TRANSITION METALS

 HARD (WITH MERCURY AS AN EXCEPTION)
 MALLEABLE, DUCTILE AND GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY.
 WITH ONE AND /OR TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS.
 ( Sc, Ti, V , Cr , Mn, Fe , Co, Ni , Cu, Zn , Y, Zr , Nb , Mo, Tc , Ru , Rh , Pd, Ag ,
Cd , Hf, Ta , W , Re , Os , Ir , Pt , Au , Hg , Rf, Db , Sg , Bh, Hs , Mt, Ds , Rg,
Cn)
LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES SERIES
 THEY ARE SPECIAL SERIES OF ELEMENTS BUT ARE ALSO PART OF THE
TRANSITION BLOCK. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED INNER TRANSITION
ELEMENTS.
 ( La, Ce , Pr, Nd , Pm , Sm , Eu , Gd, Tb , Dy , Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu , Ac , Th ,Pa ,
U , Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk , Cf , Es , Fm , Md , No , Lr)

 METALS, NONMETALS AND METALLOIDS.

– METALS ARE LOCATED ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS. MOST OF THE ELEMENTS ARE METAL WHICH ARE
SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (EXCEPT MERCURY). ELEMENTS
THAT ARE FORMED FAR RIGHT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE CALLED
NONMETALS WHICH MAY BE SOLID, LIQUID OR GASES. A STAIR
STEP LINE ON THE TABLE SEPARATES THE METALS FROM
NONMETALS. THE ELEMENTS ALONG THIS LINE ARE CALLED
METALLOIDS. METALLOIDS EXHIBIT THE PROPERTIES OF METALS
AND NONMETALS. THE SEVEN ELEMENTS, COMMONLY REGARDED
AS METALLOIDS ARE , SILICON, GERMANIUM, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY,
TELLURIUM AND POLONIUM.
 METALS:
 LUSTROUS (SHINY), MALLEABLE, HARD DUCTILE, GOOD CONDUCTORS OF
HEAT AND ELECTRICITY.

 NONMETALS
 DULL IN APPEARANCE, BRITTLE, POOR CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITY.

 METALLOIDS
 HAVE SOME PROPERTIES OF METAL BUT BEHAVE CHEMICALLY LIKE A
NON-METAL IN CERTAIN INSTANCES.
 SOME ARE SEMICONDUCTORS, WHICH MEANS THEY WILL INSULATE AND
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY.