Objective:

- To measure the amount and intensity of rainfall in Abha city

- To compare the rainfall data with the historical and regional averages

- To plot an intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve for the rainfall data.

Experiment Apparatus and Setup:

- Apparatus:

* A rain gauge (manual or automatic)

* A measuring jar

* A stopwatch

* A thermometer

* A barometer

* A computer

* Internet access

- Setup (if any):

* Select a suitable location for installing a rain gauge. It should be away from
buildings, trees, or other obstacles that may affect the accuracy of the
measurement.

* Install a manual or automatic rain gauge according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Ensure that it is levelled and secured properly.

* Record the date, time, location, temperature, pressure, and other relevant
information before starting the measurement.

Theory:

- Rainfall is the precipitation of water droplets from the atmosphere to the earth's
surface

- Rainfall measurement is the process of determining the amount and intensity of

precipitation that has fallen in a given area and time period

- Rainfall intensity is the rate of rainfall expressed in millimeters per hour (mm/h)

- Rainfall duration is the length of time that rainfall occurs expressed in hours (h)

- Rainfall frequency is the probability of occurrence of a given rainfall intensity

and duration expressed as a return period or a recurrence interval (years)

- An IDF curve is a mathematical function that relates the rainfall intensity with its
duration and frequency of occurrence. It is useful for designing drainage systems
and estimating flood risks.
Experiment Procedures and Mathematical Equations:

- If using a manual rain gauge, read and record the amount of rainfall in the jar at
regular intervals (e.g. every hour or every day). Empty the jar after each reading.

- If using an automatic rain gauge, check that it is functioning properly and

recording the data correctly. Retrieve or download the data at regular intervals
(e.g. every hour or every day).

- Calculate the average rainfall intensity for each interval by dividing the amount
of rainfall by the duration of rainfall.

- Calculate the frequency of occurrence for each interval by dividing the number
of times it occurred by the total number of observations.

- Plot an IDF curve for the rainfall data by plotting the logarithm of intensity
versus the logarithm of duration for different frequencies or return periods.

* An IDF curve is a mathematical function that relates the rainfall intensity with its
duration and frequency of occurrence. It is useful for designing drainage systems
and estimating flood risks.

* There are different mathematical expressions for IDF curves, such as power
laws or probability distributions. They can be derived empirically from observed
data or theoretically from physical principles.

* Some examples of IDF curve equations are:

- Sherman's formula: $$I = \frac{a}{(T+c)^n}$$

- Chow's formula: $$I = a(T+c)^{-n}$$

- Power law according to Aparicio: $$I = a(T+c)^{-n}p^{-m}$$

- Power law with the return period, derived from the Pareto distribution: $$I = \
frac{a}{T}p^{-\frac{1}{a}}$$

- Function derived from the generalized Pareto distribution: $$I = \frac{a}{T}\

left(1+\frac{b}{a}p^{-\frac{1}{b}}\right)^{-\frac{1}{b}-1}$$
* The parameters of the IDF curve equations can be estimated by fitting them to
the observed data using various methods, such as linear regression, nonlinear
regression, or maximum likelihood estimation.

Observations and Calculations:

- The observations and calculations will depend on the type and method of
rainfall measurement used, as well as the specific data collected for each interval.

- For example, if using a manual rain gauge to measure rainfall in Abha city, one
may observe and record something like this:

Date Time Location Temperatur Pressure Rainfall

e
23/10/202 12:00PM ABHA 22CO 1016hpa 0mm
3
23/10/202 1:00PM ABHA 23CO 1015hpa 2mm
3
23/10/202 2:00PM ABHA 24CO 1014hpa 4mm
3
23/10/202 3:00PM ABHA 25CO 1013hpa 6mm
3
23/10/202 4:00PM ABHA 24CO 1013hpa 4mm
3
23/10/202 5:00PM ABHA 23CO 1014hpa 2mm
3
 23/10/202 6:00PM ABHA 22CO 1015hpa 0mm
3

Note: hpa=100pa.

- From this data, one may calculate the following:

Interval Amount of Duration of Average rainfall Frequency of

rainfall (mm) rainfall (h) intensity (mm/h) occurrence
(1/year)
12:00-1:00PM 2 1 2 0.25
1:00-2:00PM 4 1 4 0.25
2:00-3:00PM 6 1 6 0.25

- Similarly, one may plot an IDF curve for the rainfall data using any of the IDF
curve equations and the observed data. For example, using the power law with
the return period, one may obtain something like this:

![IDF curve for Abha city rainfall]

Results and Discussions:

- The results and discussions will depend on the type and method of rainfall
measurement used, as well as the specific data collected and analyzed for each
interval.

- For example, if using a manual rain gauge to measure rainfall in Abha city, one
may report and discuss something like this:

- The results show that Abha city is a city with a moderate and variable rainfall,
with an average annual precipitation of about **225 mm**¹. The rainfall occurs
mainly in winter and spring, with a peak in August with an average of **223
mm**². The summer months are relatively dry, with June having an average of
**0 mm**².

- The IDF curve for Abha city rainfall shows that the rainfall intensity decreases
as the duration and the return period increase, following a power law relationship.
The parameters of the IDF curve equation are estimated by fitting the observed
data using linear regression.

- The results are consistent with the theory that Abha city is located in a
mountainous region that receives more rainfall than the surrounding desert areas.
The rainfall is influenced by the moist monsoon winds and the orographic effect of
the mountains¹.

- The sources of error and uncertainty in the rainfall measurement include the
accuracy and calibration of the rain gauge, the spatial and temporal variability of
the rainfall, and the choice and fitting of the IDF curve equation.
- The applications and limitations of the rainfall data and the IDF curve include
the design and operation of water supply and sanitation systems, the estimation
and mitigation of flood risks, and the monitoring and prediction of weather and
climate

Conclusion:

- The conclusion will depend on the objective, apparatus, theory, procedure,

analysis, and results of the rainfall measurement experiment.

- For example, if using a manual rain gauge to measure rainfall in Abha city, one
may conclude something like this:

- The experiment was successful in achieving its objective of measuring and

applying rainfall data for water resources management problems.

- The experiment used a manual rain gauge as an apparatus to measure rainfall

in Abha city.

- The experiment followed a procedure of reading and recording the amount of

rainfall at regular intervals, calculating the average rainfall intensity and frequency
for each interval, and plotting an IDF curve for the rainfall data using a power law
equation.

- The experiment analyzed the data using various mathematical equations and
methods, such as linear regression and maximum likelihood estimation.

- The experiment found that Abha city is a city with a moderate and variable
rainfall, with an average annual precipitation of about **225 mm**. The IDF
curve for Abha city rainfall shows that the rainfall intensity decreases as the
duration and the return period increase, following a power law relationship.

- The experiment discussed the sources of error and uncertainty in the rainfall
measurement, such as the accuracy and calibration of the rain gauge, the spatial
and temporal variability of the rainfall, and the choice and fitting of the IDF curve
equation. It also discussed the applications and limitations of the rainfall data and
the IDF curve, such as the design and operation of water supply and sanitation
systems, the estimation and mitigation of flood risks, and the monitoring and
prediction of weather and climate..

Source:

(1) Abha climate: Weather Abha & temperature by month - Climate-Data.org.

https://en.climate-data.org/asia/saudi-arabia/asir-region/abha-3634/.

(2) Abha, Saudi Arabia Precipitation Forecast | Weather Underground.

https://www.wunderground.com/precipitation/sa/abha.

(3) Data tables and charts monthly and yearly climate conditions in Abha ....
https://bing.com/search?q=Rainfall+data+for+Abha+city%2c+Saudi+Arabia.
(4) Data tables and charts monthly and yearly climate conditions in Abha ....
http://hikersbay.com/climate-conditions/saudiarabia/abha/climate-conditions-in-
abha.html?lang=en.

(5) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/townscape-and-

mountain-range-against-sky-during-royalty-free-image/1176769393.