Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DFXM Notes 8
DFXM Notes 8
)81N+*668:8O%9F,F&'JJH9K))F8<J*:<F2+%<=(L>>L+3*H
O2'/9N<&K2593/K0*
45/%(1J42+8094L7;>J)<FJOO:K<M9H4,;J,%6/.
3(54(4%-LJ(-1HM90(OL>;1J0/&,<)&*;4K':N4572)M0),G(=I+M.%;
IH/52076%M27='31+.K/7,
:4HN8.9MK
(<H2:;39'==,%
J8:
%>I5>8(8F/H=&/(GO:3&<J7<*J%%);1O5G>J((KL,8IO51-6<NG-3&('KJ/7'
69+J/*5LL)/(O);9=F*O;KG)GM*G<>6-+(<K;H8+;NG;H+=5(G2LK7N58(93)2
*O9'&>2O67H6KJ<::)NOFL>&04K)=4->7.L
G%%<0+%7*-)0>H39,J*F/)9H-2MF1.%OM;8G+9;%7F
KJ72M(/409<3F9<H-<J;=/<L02N)&M+>/J
K;50=(,=9-/M1G4H85=:1L5<(
<3<46.:8-
)88F3>
%2LO')LJGL)9+*J4IM9HM=GJ*'N/143
NL'(L)==2-/N<F)F5K;O*:+N&%O&1N
5.'J56L2L,/4M+NF=:L(<0<H''50=90IG6%%
*8FO=-(G672<JF
2H9,J
0<.6,)5>&J0-.;(
=M1895&'N8=.;
+<->26L;=NG'9J57.G>I
%;45G=.5=,1:N(723%5.GJ6&)8
HO,=NG8:4/<1L
G')JF6(9L5::2L=90F.I>F.'07N
&<27>*;2
H0>=))%7962:G--;3K&/:M'>:-*32)'K6
H;*>K(JJL5/>=4
448F+HG-
N<;)=4.53L6L&2-+K;=';I3L:-)0&3K=;K6;
;1N,N/H.M1=N473K,L-+&&3I<OK=.7&LO&L;
(.&L2-8<=5(%&JJ.
H-O2:H9%9/422;6
2I2.I6;M-8=.G5(OH
3;/%<-NG.
%70(K/)&&<4%.<M1HO'0L8&J:;<,+;<,K,7.&.)G5G
G64INH=OLNJ':<L5OG4%8-%KF
:6/:;:.+F80J6<7LG*1*7O;K:.I.+)10&61:4KO)OKN=JG:57KII'G*'<L<5<M*8&J(7ON&
<O&H0H,&<'N>:K2J&I7*N'.GH0HL/MKL8
4)+*I(8,)L.2;67H)F'F:*K+1I4I8*)IN
=N*-47GNO;M4,0(7J%J+4G:>56
%348%J&7,%+6<
HI:HK+K-I**&>9'8..L2*FL-K'9M87JF(K/)<%.%O0I5;J/<)/9':4NO8L3M7
HII.74>G31G,'1,JO06NHO112)4>
F1M18.8O;G*+>IF>3FKL2G,742.:6>-<&M>M
O1&.G>4KFN%MI<8+295IL2+;N8IJ329(*8.:-M07
O&8<5,H01HI&HJOK>).NLHJLK&;6>J.*2'L7<:-L+N=<:L%>:=O76%+=.*03
(2J
>(61L%HO7M5N-1HG+-2=L5
6G'GO&)+=L>J616&G(88I0(*>F<(N&+7
89K8
.95I4)
%.(F
/=K8O662=N%.J('NK84&L(8G)3H*8)>:)7/--KF:3*'
F1:6=5.)0.76928N8I.)M-+;&7O39=(9+I,&J-'>:'3*NF310FN&1:2%7
)(-L7<K%/23L:-HF0002=4'>I(N4
1+H%100FJF)=)(*)7:OJ48=M3,3%>+L+G5//,+4GK
<<J7.2%04,)G))KKF.J6F6:+MJ-
8*9H>*K6
.K:8G7-7
F96.--,H>N;M3)<J/*+1H42++KK&H.<J88:J<7,2<2:.GO
**-*::7G)4GO+I1(HI.J1J3*=N<&%+,N2*J'1862J+3.9--0J-%G)F3N),K,=H282&%(MK
7F
&:L,74F5J+I*;
2N'7M/O,>+1;GH1*82H&4=F(-FFFI25&5OI9>&2**,/495;;J++L.'M(.G-/MN&
%'KO4)I';M7NF;KJ7*8-GGIN&=M>.0'7/4;1O8(<.,'2I;/.)6O/6'225I=9(>O.L
=741),1(/<)G3%0=<.4O%1.'8H<&/6=:.H
2J1H%.GHN>=>(;LI>86.1KL,/-J;+9,9175;G<1;),..>8;'O%%6=/+-)F/(N:J>
N<JM'F+>)N&>*)</G4JMK=72%5J&)%
O
MH.I/LN9H:J,&HF<L9=6>./JJ;H1J)&
O>
3%
G75H/*-/M//4F&0(0
O*1---):=&K%K0,63,5M>IG*207I'),.N45O/>3%3>O2F93<N/.(4N53',F2;7JML*5L
G*&(7.,0./2(F'5><323<I;%/)0==2/OI>6;;'4M;(%+6.(5*NM,H:M=9
.26KIFN'M2LOF1.
=/'N-)*H652;,J*%0+3;II>71/5'49'%K%3/)=:-)+&I-:(05H,9/HLHJ96H..2G4(+J
L'=;1J/6J%.4L)>74K=*H-.*%(LNL>:%>:&>5%I&O7=1;'-.6;F56O>::3.L=G/-JG
-+4I3O2IL2O269
%5(-
5M0M4+M
++>(I01%5F(58)O23KJ80JL
,1FK+244(MF%=&0IM0<41L
&
(;2N,&F6'4NKL*4G6O503(1=<%(<+
<'9J86K%GF7I-I<I&*FJH)JK39L1N.&J,;9<GM71<79
N4>+8H<6'
GKF)25M'9:
I4G*I;GL%;,0-9(6G/+-,OK/-+OI7>O6;-I1'MI2)+H,**FH'0=O
)HM>2*GO0*KG3J60FG9-;;:G*5OHG94:&F7/.:82FKO8J%N7(7*G(5,1/K>
687;
46=;6=/H8LO(F3>:K*-39KN92<75JN=7K,'
=241>9(%=0*,%&M284&.&2;3
//MM0HF=5;<H+2<K'KNN%G>>I<N60)G0O*99(3LJ7.=.80N4&65O=J:)I<NI8
O3K;((J*K'08181OF8F.+2)J54
(=6MN;I&1
7NJ+I/O89J-0+)9.>K-5/(5%5/618OL;.&)(1
2KLJO;/=,LM6NK<M'<5,5G(26/9/2<02-4I;-
5)-+/8*,
&M8-HN*:4%;64/H+>1+K6H
&3%.3(N'>H
KNN*90LI&.)5=2H)
FO5-J*35MH(H:.HI6%;8(+F8%((.'>/L/
0:+54:H&(7.JO+4HJ*2>GM((>(7257*+-7MM0H(*K0G(0NGM.(
<+)
<O6=J1&H*=*%G04J=M8
4;H3*H.-<H94%5J0),3
56O60+:L;>=%G/>(,
+=-2:N4/)3/F=N>/,/*L0.1=+I(&O;5:5+I+(-M0'4MG=;=2F019M
8NJ)>K:O2K8IGH29(/(/>>O4)L614%
;,
'J3:H>FM3F5I+4<5(F2.-6F<&O2&.I%7/9H+G7.L45<IO=
M,F<84/I6HG:*8.L>23+:)=(+1
/+NKL6-7)3;*=G33NFJ782&1'J=I)/=5<:<M',H7&N
=28)L.<()G1M2'4)IN2>24G84*;K-%JLML6.OKHF5J005%/305</*69L2&5&):4'K
O*:;108'%26L8-29<M%%/*2O12(0-0K'K4,M4/2%%M/H4%3:)&7=,F;27-<
IN*&I'.6,%9
01K>HM+N5OH>*H/4)K7%:-*65F3*-=O99*.KLO05..JF*&',F:(>-)'/*68
O66OFI)+FK5:700:N:/OG;,<JJ%5HI7
8H)GFMJ,O+7+('OFOI<;3LJMM-.,N''7G204=4N-F=)'%5GHI=(*55(FLK'3M
2H+'<7',%:5>FML&)H624HIN/+1%N%'2O)5M,.7>164N<(<<9:&7GJ.054%
M-&='.;)84F(/J4-*F:NO))..7*5I'5GHG5
8M7)J-IG
0&;89934)I9;%MH&.*=<0/*IK=2,3/24672MJ(HN*,F65IH'L.K<(OO+K:N.=
:G%:&K/LH,;L*(8F<*/1(
%:=H&*%;:'%5158=I)&8H'
M-1GO8F=5+1/-%5.'F//44=I6/,*>,G=0-3/L.7()2+7,;)'
')404*8<%%)56;0
.3%8G3-JGKI:1*<IM=IK,G+-454>13GK)9/;--M(>%43&)4JF
178<M6%>G4J:5LL5%K&567OK8-G:O(5-1N45II2:-/O;=M*1MM)=HO-K7H
72-&60:;%
422&/868F-0+HHK/;O:O-(4&=J'<
,.9)%2//169<82%L08>:=>21F=0J)J&>OJI-0N&);K>I07<8(HN+8(6K79
F1;N8F273;LJ1%'2389),(O(J33I,,G1+N24%JKK8%5MJF0+I16F.9
(M75
=5K<6*,
2:.G-9,KM7)N&N'F=
;,>H'&=/4M8.NN<&.;*=N-(M..-:1L.5;H-N->.06J6N:*3H103G85')80L
MGIF564,N*+',9;*K;M=50&K7/-.3H&J&05O<.+7*+K9N(O<,*</
:+F%,6MH'6
9(J/%/2M.38=K&N+'>6,=4M*I4H830,:N7/NII1,6.4:J3:35F5KJL1;'8=/L/)N**;
=9G6,=-<(3;&2677+6&/F=5&N3
,HI=N9J8H>&;'+40:0.GF
%KMJ-%=-5(O7>4:NN=4*202;>L+(5J+-9-7/0L174I5K(3/3N-(K>/<L4I<K&O9
<8INIKG&,1L
N&FM7J6
NJ
6,4%3<'+4&;GM=+'K<*K:'M04//
HGO0
.:J+%/J>&%M;/31,,N*O6:.
N%:
OF%0+5-*;68:G+5&,/%0<G)4(M:<H16+G
>)>/,1)1F(;:0*<:6'O1<1<:)(29+49F2%F-8K)JJ7I19*:*2%%%FK<*5:2
+/G391-0
K)'%)%.M33746)-0
.'H&)<%H>4F**JHG+1/F-'G-
.6G=<.H0J04F--M,-7K,61JO7*=98K
<1&=07/<3&-1O7LG(&O6:'O;<'K3L-F&/,0M+=+/65<9I6/+'70%5KOG4F,'
:0'FG-<G(;>,/.-6G-5NKGN)9=5O))=L<-7+J)&4&8LL;J
*.'*3;7I91IL1IM0LJ;%&<2G:IGJJ,N*9(23NKJ-;'H66
(L318O*M)G:6,'%I3::<H%;<N=;J12:5%'0J.6
L<(3
L<K*N-L,J:;IOJ%:,L&:O2<,)1,-=J510F61O<,I)927=4/%
:H<*1>3-8)*N:
527297631J-8</-10'528F:1(K33(+:>K6M585=G8MJ</0)%(
N/N)(J'F2/(=F2'JGM6;(M:,*90KFL62G&9;5G+10:<*;*&G9.HGGJ;G<
H2JH:;O-.N,N7I;&5MO5I%N,,I3H91*2=N%GH;5I0*GG/044>7;33<2;%MH
O9/L
%60')'41I>=>/:%2,8F/0
39:K>4GO47+6:IK)L
F&
7HM4644/-7JK=.
G=O/:3,%=(0IJM/.G>J&
IJ807N8GM6M-:.&I2>HF5FGKH=4%',N%>>+9;192I2NJ,H'O3=F32J)2
61)7=;.J6,:O8GN3HK<&1.+6G=L0:9.N%>&J.*%G:.6/:,(-%2,MO<-FLF,,3FK
=%1:JH=G16L3+-%K>G0K3/*=/75%-'1,:IK<3+MH(+>/647>:(8<%'FON:G<*;OM:-+
853&-338N3=963N-86-IF-IH%.5GH5>O0HGO
1.M.;05
;*(O<<N4NK6FJ7.K1324+)F&I13O&:.=I+(GJ:L3I*('H=6:/&>-+G:&
=L*M:K8HJ=M)3:%*=6,2*
I/-9&2-IN(FO54/F93H**<KL''('&JK86FHH,.5N&GJ85+((0/25)/)9/+(.0;5/0
9M8,I2G6G5>,II5(K,0*N&44JG6
4-9L.*L36;GN=J28L,61I39.8+;&(/,HIO()
)H6N-,-6;)HJ(
G6O5+00NKG&(><5N7IN3ML=*)O
6-I=J;1IG34H(;1+0(-LM9&I:GM-K-*2&;,5K&%
L.MK:(9F%89<K4O::
'O=8J/79.7HM9J%)3<K-%H)''=K';>7-2*;,I08J)K,-&1349K2N<)=NH0J5HNI
&,,3566L
*'%4LO%%%,6K&LKJ3/-:=+6O'%,%;K
;&3:)51348MO.-,>7.+-K,J/)/J<=
4G*<6<0
OJG.69
7&5/1J.
LI37NGK:/M6KMH'K6;:F8>6H4/9M((&9=F=H2O;L;72O;7%+8
2:H<674N7N8'G',,GO:-90NK,N&F7LN3N7&&&J>,6(I:.IH1L632'0G<GG,ON(-
10*G3H,KM(M*7'1I4LGJI<>&97O.M,5K;
2415F1:H-*0;'<=L4FL017GL;/M98'KIG'7+J32O6;L:<51(*4/N<;G:--%<+<-
3>.3>;+*
J*/&&>(
LFI
M6.1(4)1M2-:*4F.F/I0
-I(>&
4105G&.G)/6.
16F&<>38F2H;=L7.G5*23';*1I80:%>K.<F1
%=>.O+OO=KJM>MLH/K0)>,4MIG>L*+L.L*:'*,
O'=2G::MJM=FL)K0%;
+,)M3-08
6L4'/;6/L9<NIKM=M17JIJ9+/K+19/996+F/NH*O9'+/,FMO30/;G=KK5
&
K)>L99(.6:.7:,4OO2+-FFN:'*+:H48'%*7O1979+L(%O*,JI,)0047:(-N..
/>249.8>(IL;G<M1-&9'=9(H**(F)'4F+I(9.
G-4)80JO
F),&/>:93<'1G.649M<4/93GNFNO;J)0(%/.>%59)O9N*2.I;I7K4'958N+7
4O5+/%2/'%G0IOOO830M9+<3F%4=((<N+G'97H>0L+1=;>+F'-1)(60=
=J<G%4G<(/M8>5,%)H&,*>LF7;*9J*)=G
%2&<<JN;<F0G5*MI:%5HF&./,>3L8>L>134/L3HMNML4+>,%HJI//O4NH1>L':
/295)FO3&3G8/8I%,2GI=15<)M.5/-K4LO:7J,>-3N;O0>>;;;%6JG8;N2<M-I;
5,L.4J3NG6<+96M()'M/7OH(,;)=G:K68NM
2HH50294*/(*2)K3HI'62G5
/,5&4670F'::1FN508.;->/45N,&N:M;K648NK4GN;-1M%;0(,%JJ.G;
16%L*,+;
H/N/1-+9GF-;&1)6.
(8-;'-,F0=<(6GF(NKN;3KF:*%&J28<M/M&64/0F'=J&HJ70)2LG'*&J+*+)%+3
'NO)*IH*LOG4)5*=G%G)+F5>;K:47<H+&1+&+G(MGO0)J7<N4+)&&.3
*G:(
H5.>4OKM;;(5N),28L*/=LL07
)+.(M%2)(4IG*.+6
I9F6.<*,*.'9=>J+37)FJ.G%94M*:-&81K-
G;)>:288><O8(73MHN&LM7>4'3-.0L+;G:8.H:0JNF
K/MH3(O+07)-0K6HO;>J-0+)9-;9<)/;:<O%3=18=F+306*9ON%2M6+,.26O
0H)OI570HJ/%/)==++J1L>=8=.:)<-5+><<1:FM-I<7J2GJL2+I>0F''/%G&7.(
8=/MK66L=8M2L7+<K.M&;0J>3J9,.&>0-4826+<-*39)6-O6=N2J>43+*')G2.
H*8)/LG8/O:<)+()<GJ,4G):MGHL*%7J:6O8L4KN;,N:L.62>,=/4:0'1,5G
MO>-/
/J(N)O3
%J9;'9GO/JG6,/%5.J.'*G&;H)-JH0,':%7I
778I%-7F)=()'HN(,L<1'G0,H&9=IN'=):G
:30(*LKN,JL70+>&8H.>O>+<F'6>&LG68>/<48:(.62/M='+I'K2216>1%(=HO//0<
=M96O'G&=H9-193(.)*2G6.2J6G4%<+8I:I<=G8;H135,>G:(8%='F:K78F8J
M,<1+.&)L,N:>LOHOL=ING67);05J(OO0:M,<8.<.KL
0-%9K(GOJ67<JN'=-<0/L0HG2IJM5=;<8/&+K.K/N1
5&&0)HL=O+'OIJ>/.6<=2G=-L/1+I-H=77/NJ/H=525N
8J=0853+('H'=)O%<((/1;&F<FL*3-:36.%/H*H9IM*:J
'L4>J8K1NJK.N7H5(>H)G5)5N&<)7
7O<9>M0N:*/1.;H5N33->:<9I,HG5IIMH/F>>255=
=58O9K2/IL(.7I5M4M
>J>)K3>47M>G
G6.GG+&
>(/**
=>K<=3>G>5,4L:*5;FOKJ:8L.03:8L223&)*+=K<L86+<97N69H25)1):6LL1I+23K;*
<&
3:;+N1MLHK.3I9L6)1&=)%'MI',H(J'(.N34+MO0*)*<HH0L<G<<
83K%M32,
F6<LH+.;:N*->-62-.%(G<FO<K34J2I(O%/-<)MO6(/MN:=:J
-M/K
60039,I11:
(:-F:2/,NO1HK+OM7.6O'>...5JJ-98<5F8K3/I9>,,/H.7,&,8M8;HLNL5%/&:H
4.33(:'*=5I(+;%O9I%1)O')-=IH5+5LFL:O72+*L-8<5&I'MI.MG.
-(K6J.
2F&O&;9+GN%/,1=J;4I<=&2*84>8>+7)*L2L06;IM9;')<%6>:O8LM-)9O
OG4;&-((O*-<&(G>*2>2)NO*.=+J'IF(L&*=3G=+&+.=;+6(33)8,=>+,0-7('%',%0<
47N%/7NOFLMJ&/7L:401G9IIIM=2,8-J'=27LJ66=JF<KN)J4KIL3
21J-N31I38M60<2>0+>85;OMM=>GN0,:.5FN++.&5=.)*82./6(8+NJ/KG;8MO%,.
0&L-FO2>)2M>6+&'<=;J2)=4*2%F08'=4MH%15LNJ;)N</67)6;03,(H28(,3
+1NK<'.&+/L=%**0O1&-*<2-::%7G;K21>-L*5M0'&=(8<%-H&6N%88*1-(81H'.29
:5*
.G
+J(9:6526+FL'21<KN3MM/=9+33G>=8,'M8H=<+O/2=JF>I&)F=:7H,/I+-6:2L
%70+.GH
G&3%9HH>4N'&*K.H%JF6))<MI2503>.%9G-+N:K+G(237,..98;N<=58'
F(F.L47KI*(:O31+(I
NG**->,H=I*L26I'OG)%,7G)
/K=O::;IL:2:1-K88(4-H23:+M'I4GJ2OO1K7=G04+(-L%3:+G(
4GK92H7'LF7;8F/(J1,'>:8F6,K*H>H224,,&&'1H=H77/I(GK73N
(F(GL,H=3
8(,2K)M966I&>9/FO'4J<J,F/(0<L(52=.G>,8/+4JH+0K8':M,G96)F0+2OJ:
8KG8N(3&(3:10(>4/+<.MGJ.G0F9;K-2<F8J.'57,I=OL2<+0OG:OK(3=O-.:+-J+
&%H/I9;<7F
FJ0N+)N15*0,8M>4%J1;(,(M6
O3/67N5='F&7;M<.'
7&JMH'H>8779G/+3N,;59*JFM-%;6KK0&7L367J-G:.GG57N5I
65I'/&K18OF:JMH8L6+G3=LN=O%'1G
7HMGK&H4M
8L;26;'/
3;4:)2M6G-/,0
M%J'>-O81(-2G4+(I<K>L6LL..--<N(:3=J/=%%-.F*9>;8'0M6&='>++;0
426/39=7(3H3<N*/M++-H0GO4.GJ/NFI+1*).6H28&.O=9H*/2+;4F6;K(%/.N1
85)61&F-4F<%F>>KNG&-/KF.)109L%.ON(/F=8L-;O5:5/*
LIJGJ662IN2--7+:G9<-J%/M=+G)%+.3,50H14F'4/OF3G*O8087&
.:<7H7G78F:&>->;+8.O((LH13NH=1I%>7:F:IK*(&8,.%*K=389%6J=/%88
L.,<+*6%3L='
K</
:+4NOO0KI8&,<J*L+&7:564FFI3N>&65/,+<8.(7'M)&GFN5FJ6;&;MHI,,M)%9I)3
3/8)-&.MH4.*208(;58F3O/,8K*(6&3L
/H%
,.;/)'7:0>GIK6N6
36*2N0)16G/3(0I*LO-
=K25*6<4H*>>,>4(7G%(*G63L07<.122I'-O=&(F1.*0.,LK>O88(<,)9=*<)L%H6>
F=:7/(=--M10*&:,*
:,+*(2-5))+5M7,L,1,8O+:&L%+2I1LH(N
(-K1%.'7*+NIL1<8FJ%G>
K79:
8'O4)%<>/5HMN1F.'.L<IG9',*+50:H&818(M7>8J.6O))*+7JJ*&6=G;:&:
1.3+<F:4G:)OF/--044*L'HH)(=*%FO5=1KK7O6<O1-%&0JHM8
'(J14,L&HIL:M+%4H:J%4OH55O6*139);'&<(.F0>K/O9M41O0KM5',3L*I8<G
;O8.-H+8'N-O4I/40;+M)/JJ')NK9O<&5,*8IM8<9(F=+O<<74F<61&&51
58)I8>G46%5+-
4*.<=G
07'J<N+N*>&5=N,'N>&&;I/H<3'12G)J,I'=H+(%H6=J*K1,05,7(8+=:,/'(FH12
(I%J:3HK+G16&:/+80'H/8(=L6&/<1K.1<LIL
=4F2(/K*346HF%LN>OL6I4GI,0%:H=JH2M=.7NG%K:+6M1=
J3>LFO*:=F/5<,N'
;G9*H44'OO)55G439,%'&%K0M/+;>-:IJ')209=KFK+*-IFG&)1(MG2LJFLH
;N&:FO&6.6:J)/L;:9%.,K<IL8/'*0L9L*.0%5N:N=(17/.5NF=+,H3275)3,8=G-
M%:83
H5/6)8/8N2-84<M&KO%*(%0+55H7K%684:+LMF62=F:*9O8<=/))+.>J559
49H=4:MF'G)8M1J'MO*<<F>624>N51N1<68G28,K.,F4'8841NM,5
K0L-7=,'3-K)%M6OGN&5G=*>L;FN:12O17L);K96'3:,&=5*05M/<1J;J&<'5
870=L3H/G,L-'*IJL3K4H03
09/)-92(2%8=79K=N8<,L045&<80+16/0.0/%.G2.7<,=2=)174=LI'1:I+J;9')G4
)1.H*:,:/9)&6G:6'*G<1<;-+)N*<O53%JL<(2
LO8F5JF)67<I6:MF5O12-'5097=IF<02<<I(>1
/.9J</:+58I;;>7%/6,0K
-2981;;2*4%,6MINFJM>835KL1+.45K=N4'.JK3GLO8(15L6L*H:H2))*K.H
K1G62'F.9I5GN-LJ'6%;G>M+890(:*=LLF4F>22;,21,)6))I%3&,F4=/:O'%4,7968
29LL-78JG1NH5G19455*-64GFN440L51,+/.,<G4K+N3(I(5-*;;<4%)F%==.
N,4<7+7)<()JN:'67K&+F,0%9+7<(JH,3)66G'JG<>*GK:7GJ2J4:,+3J%J1G2M
9-.*'FM9266I=(,'.)9/-+%F)0+(<9N53>/82L2,.
<9(=4,94-&M3H.0K8G+J;3,:H/4-1<6&IF4+&*JL/;<.*;.(:&)
H>H
55LG%//&M-)9;6OM)M>&3/+<K=N).+K*9KJ:0&6>;>O'
/6.LI,0=L/G('0N6G
6I<(:
H)
JKF)5(*IG,4-*LF9-NO
M6M'(N%K&.+(
278-731J(H9;<>OIL3-<.N4,LN&L)-%L.+*M6H;2>>>(N7+=L1>4=2OGM7-5;)
>-G8+;6/L:9+I)2&,>,MK6F=K/>%&.L*GO(9K;/<4G7JL=N84>F01M
<<*'=7%.N2OM;G1H)+HL8
5<%6I%+)%:<(5>N;=5>MJ'7N*)4;>I;/<:)'42*)J:JF974K<58,;&LG8
*>6O-
2G6GM=7*=,L>,0-/H.N=I719487'8&I)492OM4:%O26&64J4.-&&,2)N3*N7GM
H46/L8H,4=MJ89J*J;O)GM<6)/M62*
;)8/)I&N(M:*OI>7.9,/KLJ38
'I7L&G4+*068:;<,3(/4-IH4HI/&KJM
%N'%32F,':OJI6'5)>67FL.3I<6:;0.'II6O&F3H57,FH9H;&O'FK6&*=J
>GF'O-<:
515(.2LN<35+O<2+MO;1MF37-345>5L-4FL0JN7*MNF>0-9(3KI%JJ<
OO
=F)7>6&.F67/7M27
:4*5J8736J)501+(2L27*7'';<OON/I349>M5
87=F.:,5K>:.6
H9
:+*M%45H5(1IN33J31/KF*L29('158F:LK;LG<FJ+>7)&O(J=173K:9L/G98G
4'M/G9;LI'7O=/8077OI1&=H86677O''*('>'>,;))5007=7=O;'+
0.:KN(K18)>:/
<4/H7LI.;(5%)076
,83JH1H)+4;0NH2560+':/8)77%%K>)&-K;H8LLML)&-I8J>7.KJ-92;2OM=
G11/2>J'.1:>:-'O8>3+39:(+M2/M+-19+H;I,H:+3<2I(3=K,))-212-4=0=ON
&&LIG28MO0+-J5I.6KM)%NFHL6OG
49>>%
<M>'<&.2K,>*6IK.937MN.3/'NO,8'%M/8LF9.(7*K&F0M3I+:4;;9284/4&',10I2MG
4=-654,/%=':+K.GGG+<9-3;<..N'K=''O-36L.,:N/O:I++)//J7+30/51<:M++(&/7M8O
4*HK-')'N:7+1&2;N>'>F4-)=9.L%/7-1)2J46*%*I5+,33
FF'=:'
L(J7/9*%=<:9098&O.-*=N20F9
,IJLI)4/(-<H'13)2*N,2=21G&LI,F)9>7>6/)7&>9&8GJ=<L9H>:F&=N7OH;N
-5<&>
&:<1*1;0;>LF(4K79N;%-)9=77=(+37/>+=
N,G738'>1;.3+I==9
0/O(<H.H-H4G,J86=>J3,,J:+N,F,.-(;O>02J5I(+(,=9IGIM85LF*'N2,-N&>.%/3+9L81
0+K
<1-9O,+L
;JJ.731L>>M42K7KJG*44+(K>:7+JL(N<I0G8I&0=IMG%2)25
/7'2%>((%,:
M)/KJ1<.+%M=H12&'
9,L(/MF<F(';.%==KLMI)I+8':5NG
7L:0O8-MKIG,+4=H+K<I2,(F8&F4*80J'>:.21MNK02%<=78%5O+)
>MOIM9NL8,N=91IN46IJ5:*JK%;MKKF51G+<KG80<N,J%0I3<6.OJ:05<3N:<&)
*)H>=KN&J<FM,.I8H8F/4-L/FHH9
:)K35/%J*G<G0:&H'
&M8O%H5<J.7'5-M.,+.HJ*2G-&(
%J14/18OG.49J;)&GO1>);40+,HM:2OH1H*N+0O4=8)2K&H91&(M&7'<0K:
=+7
,<(99:1G4'L8+K14K;'4F<),8LH2N:(J2-:8II=%;GIK62J=L
K74LNONM(5'*-0>OFGF)J/,
9,'08GNL9)G0L41NG7,--,<38&F/02.5G8LKG>',G5
;N-7+>/')'
'F+<,-%01F(:8111'=0/O&LK:2GI3&>866;
3LF-1:J=6*2I&'(J3=1%.<M7<N(+7I;
%HM(5J&I;.>4%,0J4H+*F:L8<2G5K8>
N<;3&0/='H2%999&;)OLJ(F/9J:98%/*F)J,4)L-N:;3<J7M/%NK+99J73=9//6,1<GF:3
.M+4<LH<J8'F.411.G/0H3>-0&OOON4L+'4-7IF4=08K<42<&JG>
-%2.:4>-*H+O;HHO0O%
H>OIH=%H6K>.'6&83FO</4%+%45'.LOK25%5G8..0(6%*HL.-7&/%(7)*G>M
N+%(<I<95OH48KLI0N*/;)L;8%OI9211',H%>G-;LJH'H*;J/+;J:5I'I.H943(%=/<;
3MI9N8HGF5J=
LJ=0O=2/JO*750;9.)<2IK&H/M,:=64;(=F;
>=%%.>O/.G=N,*M2OO46M9+L73>(873&0;<&(:,K%0,I<0'1(J'*4O-K;G4O541
M-3L<*L*H:
I*F0&;6H5;(6O=HG5'J*+)G7''G;/37-.1;KK
-0:M:)L7>59715,:,MK)>>MO3.08%&2689-OJ9/O%L6%N8)/&.F4-
<'MJ3&1*N9HLL1.1J>,OK<H./3G-F7;+J2LJ>:K.;&,>N(&.5)9*<FNG-
M,(0F7JI+)NL8879J;N/<%0H51K2&8
3OI4--6.7K-';H1,+=,/6L%-,I;=>8L:O7O*G1)6,K3;=2'OI>>I2GHN95H
M'
N;
91>%7K93;1H<70N/K
3)N*>3.L8N=8(7(-4MN2JOL9K6J6/O+.O468)36JOI
+'2)<G+1=*7G,
<-74+7G)1I<HK1
-I,,G3I%3(J:G03GL(I%':<+>M3-+K-I7);8+G.'98(N
:5'NN3H=N.I<I7IOG&(JNI86
M;2+-.GLIL%L4:N-*F0G:
+,/..;I6LGILHNL11/:(/F=LL%-K8/+K+'(N-H*5J:F=4%I&.6&IF5L9K:0:<N*1;,/=>
F%1+6
+I3,JK<3=;13IJHL*LI,.J>J<8,GM+69(8N49KF&IN:H476(=M0FJG>=L<LLLLL
>&M2793F9H/.;;K29)=I-L,=L5)<L<FJ:H.>GJG;F.+M3G>.K*5>IM84J
;/NJ+;GM'=9<1O,3
7<+ON(.;:G+3LN(O(:LH-==
F2M+'2;J**='/KO4*0L%J6G'K4%*JM-)6%JG2I+<)-.O.(9(84%<NI.>J3*
HKFOJH<I<054H.3&L9
;F:L<18MMLI+.9:>
&;'=H5H2G;H)L)HM7'&((F7L/)%MF80H9OL+&:21/4&5K9/403N9HM=8=101,
'3->'2/J1I.+F<&:9I->2<>9JLFN:L=*M13O.;;37M=F0M2%1
JGN+72NL87-&/3><1*6;
+->J92FK-.(71=H945=*/:N6&H1K)08GG9I9K<F+77+84&4J-.O'/.>N;4<59%2K0
(5*H>20.H-
KK)
010G;6G3LI2G%4567:HL>7<K7-8I6.0,647GJ.>&/+7F24NK
L&')88<,-KH,F%5)5(3.LO=K2=<<L0(/'7O9+9*L4)*),:)J7(9&+%(-<1047K->
O71
M6LH30&M*H&46<4<1+-.->4<6*H<9K=>/FG)-J6=3=*29-KOI;/,&,9J=JM9I-
99H,(9F5;(>>6>HFF+8GI-1577:==,I-H2H640;/2&.(N0<,J
N64H99/2INH,*J/./.&LK0++7N7,FKKJM%G8NL/>;O+)K05H'=10KL77*6&
*/JK<9=L<&J3>=1/.IFK6'J(LOG6(-).3.4L>2(*;MJ3.IN.O
L0=I2I9;>'1N)7<.O0-&6N9)O4G;)8F<..3-1O*2749<*'28-<:0)O1++*>L
HFG1N<;07++)
N&OJ%HG-0OGO:'
>I='6-3,01.+926F,,:%7<7)61J7
>
.+9<H(*IN.,HI*1%I+K2K(8O1(<GI6H1,I7IH*N:+9(LGL>&NH(&41'(>N:=2M*,M3
<.O,5%M
N:F3=F7.7N3K:,NFMIL/'9N*(F+J.5-N>,&O>J<0.)>,7'*96FN*J.1,<4K&
I1/2L.I'&:6&-.6;*5+98J6
-NL20*,,2&M,,J)119L)40&KG.91K*G9,5M2;&:9,.;K2FJMNG)/
;),26'JHH9962<-N-OK*K>.9O-7
G/%//,L4O,-&6J,-HF<2*IH7
'57,MHK(O
L<>5-042-(=K=5LH;FG,G19O5//K%F-*H)N%MG0,0&74F(N,I5G&.+091;20,J>4L
=2F*I=G329)100F55*M/&99:
8I+'(<04:5OI(:
>82L'7LIG--1)->O8GF%3':>%><.//2/6*J8%*7G.0<4K443+-2*((=/<'KMJK-
MONG''K9NF8NM<&H37
4/)&O0KF=,HF2<(I:-.>M>'5G.3%'(+27
%33%O;O,/+N7.(K7*1FJ/.4
-8N9-OF6<GO:KH-(%1%;<>L(K'3<O-2
G1K%ONI&(.N*4-<927(F45JO2*H+K=.<,%*N<29G..=-H:7+*
;:H*<MI0
2><3>9;=7+MM(5&,+I93N=)M9>52/'I;9F.>9.N'G0<*9*,'7FH/
534689=%F.+4&5KFJ
LN:6>>*LOF82'HH6=1(>/=F+F>(:O33/3FIL%9KFL3K-,J>O2/)<;&%2:8*L%MJ
65-*/:1O;1=0(=1%I*./H93(O7JO,:I-OFK'M9*N/%N64>=IO%F+'
+F;F/F;5,GNI77MK.'=FI26G,)L7.>=7I;:+K6,*,1;K+<4NK
H/:M+IKG7<;>
I=&N41I9L0
8+MGH.(-7,1=,)'5)=L2>I.J%<L9IF7N3K>:.9/6H=.O4O)2=,2+<.J02(/N>*(
.7)F3OF+<(H+4:-'&FJ-(%+OH>8.%LI<+7O+I*8;12HF07HK8/72.
=12*J1=/%.I8>6=.0(<M)1F90)>8NO+5/3L2H-M;8NM&79N;K<,(1,H8/(=OO++0
=1&/H5O1>1/3(M-M+.(-K9&M;;)LG2FLG&O-95O7<F13.L
:0I8*;2
G2+)J33)N2O=K/3(O)J/G9I16&'K>&42NHO
O;H=>.O&83('9&HL7H-4(OK>KG8N1O4H)2M(OO4+;<FK5'5<+99.I:,3:
I%01F.L%>';89JM=ML>N134;I
OLNO8,(&<J2/2G->M9.,3G*%<F63I=H5'47-.*1;4<)N*6<L8-*F1)F2=2F(+*9JJ
<H<7:08(48=F1O
>.
/-(/*'7G0JK*-F''').MO&KGL7
5M79*/=LK(7=O7<'66K&N%H1<J:&NOJJ<2N3.'96)LH20J'*,6KO&9<2H%GOHH-
=4O*J3*+35L-K
J0<.3HI35'&9/(H&JF40L&'%.L9'9OM%<8HI3;<;/+O)638M%(&)(G6IO1M1&:2%
-G9-<(.'G**/KJ((.N+H%K+10>IO&59.;004L>/9<G;,5)I9,6M.(-M=F''I>
I3M+5
I(*H*HFF7N/16KHL5';=56>:N74/*-7)2H5I2N);
JL<K19/&FM&;K0+:%'4;
'6&K
&<&G,=+&*18==-9%<-M6(/<L
L7+/*L,G**(/6=KG.0;/*26)'*6>+F)N1'90:6%<K55
<+<<4;;%*>1GNJ'N04H85O<*3FL87K.M,.80
0/7<<)*,%*ON')>49*0:'J5ONMN+KJ80.N3(4G%&.7LJ'N0()
2%1/5KIOJJI%>;1&906LN=5IF5+NM,=05N<%9&FL
167L,)KIK)9J&9&N;=L(;J/I;)M655*2,=K7(HI3%K:&<&
&.ON901O::LJI39<G4N%.8JNFKJ*..-L883F0%
KJN6L4HH0N9H4MM.583;=46M;27*&JJ')H0/(L&8
%O2,)118HKLL62GHH/6(&830/N&=2OG,4=6O+:3J/4.FLF
370%F7<'3>=-;JL>+H(=K46H:00;*I8&::FI*4
2ONM3LM/5698G3%I%75%F:<L,(G3I<3:8;O1
);1::9+/N(FN.K==)F-6)85MN9&
0>2);0*'3M3GH+
ONO&2=>G2L6G/7//)'
0NFGG')%7=.2G):3
H52)3K-&L8+5)/::8,K9O=,/G(%>O(%:)28)2J22,/)3N'-7&K9K;+<>H<1**64I
%>,)9,)0/%,9=M5>K-F9F>K+>.I(6J:OFKN:%)1*3,0:92<ILK+FOIK8)J,9/+)
:9G18-2NJ><=(J7F-I;N
1K>/<*2F(NI=:G,-M&99+F0>7%9-LNK604392:6*.5.:+/%F(*&.K>8
(O'<>%M>:K%)IHFI2G;L0>M
-3(23)F)<3:
>8:2=/K1%O7:76=O3-%9:3I*;F7.56FK:794>M%L6GI=='&)==2*OI:2/-2>H
&7HM;4NOOMI;(5,21:
>+/L>9+)I1
.L.,'&;3.=6*)*27G3/1HIM9*2I+.23%(3/FM+0G7H,I0F;4,I>J09M6%N3(/=(:2
ON0(*6>.N2FMNGOJG/*67:(=-(K>0I6K,.('(&8M
88+-6G
J;%<
&2F/017'%2<36<(,28-09&I9G3/OG-;,9;8
:<7
+8HIMH.-J*=/(5/--&80J(O)9*
7,(K8*&)%.%992562>&.'7JHH&FF%5L='L7%.)+0;+0''2*+*02<,0+(4%G02
JG3<K4M3M%5-+39M-12**
8):F98H6MH9<F2**6:L3:660*4>F+M''(5LF5;.+-9,N+/<G76-(>8FJ41<9
<M&I&0:HFGK>0947,8(.*+
>68.10>=3O5>.N%34-,*&M5MG>OGM%0I913J46K5
'65OF.&I-&*N246%)2*,8:3I<,M&J./&1L5J;30(H:+M9O/ON1FGF2*4FKO1%H;L/
G&;&.=%814'I>+:9LG:>G6<+39(
+OL46F%98
8G+=J)96&&G3(=58
GI9+,,3N-K80G/HN*H*O1'6LNO.4-L/F9J38LG-39HMM9/)5'/;74'>FK
=1<>GMJJ-96;=
2,:NM%JI-<M(>I%>0))<*G-,H7>
-8;';MG+>.J&+553'O%H1&>09HI0;9OF(0=H0;
;6M+9H40I'9+7*;M+213N+M'N'3.HG8&K13%L6M'=7=/>23+I=G/O'G;2O:&,(J
M23:JJ*;)GNGGF*:&HH3I=;G9=NL5<OKK=N&31*L%31,LJJGOH>LJ6
%7&):I/K)K2KI/LK).F%L82M:*/00LJ/*(
%*9>)M4+2J&F(9+(</K+<N
86L)+
'>F6M
=IG:7I'IN'I=4)83H<>(J56K8:)
0=*3+26F+<&;KH-<*>-N<3*NKF:.M*3+F&K97G-)8
>'M9M/)<5.%9(K5>3='M<-72)-KGH+(/=.;-/7M*,1<INJ(-3O&IJ'1,>5K4='+
K%:8;/HG8=8<;J0L114MN*N7-9=<-,+:'4;M%4H%3HF*,FK.%-
-J5/*.G&;N:&HG:GF>-/).F8&>GG/F*%+,
JF9.MI<;5M%%6618K64=H5*'JML:K:**6'9+(JG%>G/&<8'%0,F(;I/(O)+K2JO*
25I2F+(NG)76
=8/IFKO71'L7H4.0KMJ:8(I4NF(H+6<&;;72(=..I89.>47O1FN'6MGL
1-('6=''952FO<2I7O(*=+8>N=/<F+NH97-<9:6O/0<<5=L7I)GJ2)<I7%KF3LG>3*F
29*.IF&I2%0(>-3OK>13H/<.>)0H7K
K6M'J9O%J%,26>H6(K.2-'0F51F'
:147&<<;,4IO4HJ.('-OI-**<3*=M6K-,'9<<
/5-7(J3(KFKF9)
92L:-
N'-: