TEST COD: 02207020

FORM TP2023174 MAY/JUNE 2023

CARBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEANADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION"

BIOLOGY

UNIT 2- Paper 02
2hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of THREE questions. Answer ALL questions.

2 Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. Youmay use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

5 Youare advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your
answers.

6 If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

7 If you use the extra page(s), you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where
relevant, include the question partbeside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THISPAGE UNTIL YOUARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright ©
2022 Caribbean Examinations Council
All rights reserved.

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Module I Bioenergetics

very efficient
process of photosynthesis to occur in a
1. (a) Dicoty ledonous leaves allow for the section offadicotyledonous leaf.
trasverse
manner. Figure Ishows the

Co,

Figure 1. Diagram of the transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf

() ldentify the layers labelled Xand Yin Figure 1.

X

Y
|2 marks]

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(i) Differentiate between the function ofthe cells in the layers labelled X and Y in
Figurel.

[6 marks]

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chloroplast.
(b) () Figure 2 shows an electron micrograph of a

1um

Figure 2. Electron micrograph of a chloroplast

In the space provided, construct a diagram of the chloroplast.

|5marks]

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(ii)
Complete Figure 3 to show the involvement of
movement of electronsduring non-cyclic photosystems I and I in the
arrows to show the movement of electrons. photophosphorylation. You MUST insert

Your MUST clearly identify

water as well as the productionphotosystems
I and Il and show the
of reduced NADP and ATP. photolysis of
High

Primary
electron
acceptor

level
Energy Primary
electron
acceptor
Light

Light

Low

Figure 3. The movement of electrons in non-cyclic

photophosphorylation.
[6 marks]

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(e) () Describe the process ofnutrient eycling in an ecosystem.

(2 marks|
(i) Energy transfers in an ceosystem are inefficient. Figure 4 slhows the food chain of
a marine ccosystem.

Algae & Zooplankton Small fish Large fish

phytoplankton
Figure 4. Foodchain of a marine ecosystem.

Explain the relationship between the biomass of organisms at each trophic level
and the transfer of energy in the marine ecosystem shown in Figure 4. You MUST
present your response in complete paragraphs.
Producer

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Primary/Secondary Consumer

Predator/Teritiary Consumer

19 marks]

Total 30 marks

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 Module 2 Biosystems Maintenanee

haemoglobin at lowcarbon dioxide

2. (a) Figure 5 shows the oxygen dissociation curve for adult shape of the curve in Figure 5
concentrations in the lung capillaries of amammal. The
is deseribed as S-shaped or sigmoidal.

100

haemoglobin
with
oxygen/%
80

60 .....

40
Saturation
of

20

8 10 12 14
2 4

Partial pressure of oxygen/kPa

Figure 5. Oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin

at lowcarbon dioxide concentrations
Source: M. Ramesar et al., Biology Unit 2for CAPE Examinations, 2011. p. 12.

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()
Explain howthe loading of haemoglobin with
curve in Figure 5. oxygen gives rise to the S-shaped

(3 marks]
(ii) The steepest part of the curve in Figure 5 is between
kPa. A small decrease in the partial pressure of partial pressures 2.5 and 5
the saturation of haemoglobin. oxygen results in a steep drop in

Explain the importance of the curve between partial pressures 2.5 and 5 kPa to
mammals.

(3 marks]

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Figure6 shows the oxVgen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin at low carbon
dioxide concentrations in the lung capillaries of a mammal and the percentage
saturation of haemoglobin with oxYgen at various partial pressures in an active
muscle where the concentration of carbon dioxide is high.

The loading of oxy gen onto haemoglobin takes place where oxygen concentrations
are high. The unloading of oxygen takes place where carbon dioxide is produced
and oxgen concentrations are low.
100

oxygen/o
80

with
60
haemoglobin

40
of
Saturation

20

0 8 10 12 14
2 4 6

Partial pressure of oxygen/kPa

Percentage saturation in lung capillaries at pH 7.4

Percentage saturation in active muscles at pH 7.2

low carbon
Figure6. Oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin at high and
dioxide concentrations

Label. on the relevant curve in Figure 6, where youexpect the loading of oxygen
(ii) occur in an active
to occur in the lung capillaries and the unloading of oxygen to
muscle.
|2 marksl
concentrations on
(iv) State the name given to the effect of increasing carbon dioxide
Lhe oxygen dissociation curve.

|l mark]
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() State ONE s0gniticance of the increasing eflect of' carbon dioxideconcentrations on

the eticient delivery o oxygen to an active muscle while someone is
swimming.

[1 mark]
(b) An nvestigation toexanmine the eflect of exerciseon bloodpressure and heart rate is being
planned. Two groups, each consisting of five I6-year-old female students, will be used.
In the first stage of the investigation, Group A will train for four weeks, swimming every
ay tor s0 minutes. Group B will train for four weeks, cycling every day for 30 minutes.
You are given the following apparatus to investigate the effect of exerciseon blood pressure
and pulse rate at the end of the first stage.

Apparatus
1. Electronic pulse and blood pressure detector
2. Stopwatch
3 Stepping stool (45 cm high)
Outline a suitable procedure for investigating the effect of exercise on blood pressure and
pulse rate for the two groups.

|5 marks]
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(c) Hormones are essential for control and coordination in animals. They are responsible for
homeostatic systems involved in the maintenance of blood glucose levels.
() list the FOUR general principles of hormonalaction in animals.

[4 marks<|

(ii) State TW0general principles regarding how a homeostatic system works.

[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the roles of receptors, regulatorsand effectors in a homeostatic system. Your
response must use an example which references glucose concentration in the blood
for each role. You MUST present your response in complete paragraphs.

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9 marks
Total 30 marks

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 Module 3 Applications of Biology

immunodeficiency
3. (a) Acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome (A|DS) iscaused by the human
steps that occur during HIV
Virus otherwise known as ||V. Figure 7 shows the various
inteetion in a T-helper lymphocyte.

VIII
VII

VI

lymphocyte
Figure 7. Mechanism of HIV infection in T-helper
Biology Unit 2for CAPE Examinations, 2011.
Source: Adapted firom M. Ramesar et al.,

TUr

NO

DO

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(i) Deseribe any FOUR of the steps labelled |-Vlin Figure 7.

(8 marks]

(ii) Most HIV drugs work by interrupting a step in the HIV life cycle. The drug known
as Emtriva interferes with reverse transcription. Explain how the drug works as
a treatment for HIV.

|3 marksl

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 (e)
Alcohol is a powerful substancethat, once consuned.can have arange of negative effects
on the body.

() State TWO short-ternco0nsequences of alcohol consumption on the body.

|2 marks]

used to manage insomnia and

Benzodiazepines are aclass of depressive drugs
(ii) benzodiazepines have a sedative effect on persons,
anxiety disorders. When used, relaxation of
resulting in/causing areduction in muscle tone and the general in the Iiver
metabolized exclusively for excretion
muscles. Benzodiazepines are can
excreted in the urine. Combining benzodiazepines with alcohol not
and are then alcohol use are advised
a history of long-term
be dangerousand persons with recreational purposes.
to use benzodiazepines for clinical and
on the liver and
the possible negative effectsbenzodiazepines.
Using the information given, discuss
alcoholfor a long period uses
thebrain ifa person who has abused
You MUST presentyour response in
complete paragraphs.

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|10marks]

Total 30 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

The Council has made every effort to trace copyright holders. However, if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, or any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, CXC will be pleased to correct this at
the earliest opportunity.

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AR
EXTRASPACE

lfyou use this extra clearly in the box provided.

page, you MUST write thequestion number TH

Question No. IN
RI

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