Ch4 - Fundamentals of Materials Balances

Chapter 4.
Fundamentals of Materials Balances
Figure resources: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 4/E by Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, and Lisa G. Bullard Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Previously
2
2023-2 CBE2003 Prof. Jaegeon Ryu
Ch.4 Objectives
➢ Definition and purpose of many terms regarding material balances of chemical

processes
➢ Drawing and labeling flowchart for single-unit and multiple-unit processes and
for processes involving recycle, bypass, or purge streams
➢ Degree-of-freedom analysis for the overall system and each possible
subsystem
➢ Writing the equations and performing the calculations
3
Introduction to Material Balances
➢ Most problems you will have to solve in this course will look like this:
mmmmmmmmm
➢ Approaches?
‒ Start writing/solving equations until all of the required quantities being determined
‒ Draw/label a flow chart, do a degree of freedom analysis, lay out a solution
strategy, and then write equations and solve for the required quantities
4
What the answers or solutions you should have?
약어 Benzene (B ) 지칭
miz ( kg/h)
' > ItG -
O -
C =
A
0 95 kg B /
.
kg
관련된 정보는 위
양과 0 05
.
kg Tlkg > I =
O
L 지문에 없는 변수도
>
m: ( kglh )
예상해서 적어야함 distillation
.
> Balance on B : 0 45
. mi = 0 95 mit
. min
0 45 .
kgB /kg column

에 T 0 . 55 m ,
=
o uims
05 mizt ( 1 -
0 55
.
kg T/
kg
Y
"
Total m
= mitmsp isT +
조성 관계는 아래 ,
' > ( 8 % f Bin feed )

0 0 . 45 m , xo - oq =
min
mB, (kg B/Ph
'
mTs ( kg T/h )
hfed
11744 Kg /
5
Process Units
원리 몰리오
➢ Separators
➢ Transfer equip.
➢ Heat transfer
➢ Etc.
6
Process Classification
➢ Batch process: Add contents, then remove them later
9 ➢ Continuous process: Continuously add then remove contents

➢ Semi-batch process: Neither bath nor continuous
➢ Steady state processes (↔ Unsteady or transient)
‒ Process variable (flow rate, T, P, etc.) are constant (do not vary with time)
7
Conservation of Mass mass balance
➢ Total mass is conserved (Nothing comes from nothing)

‒ Mass will never be CREATED or DESTROYED (exception: nuclear rxn)
‒ All mass entering a system will either leave or be accumulated in the system
chemicalreactionx
가
8 id 시간과 관련
(ontinuous , steady state → A =

O
8
Balances Ⅰ
➢ If 𝑚ሶ in ≠ 𝑚ሶ out, what happened?

‒ Methane is being consumed or generated within the unit
‒ Accumulating in the unit (adsorbing on the wall or the surface)
‒ Leaking (escape)
‒ The measurements are wrong (mostly not the case)
9
Balances Ⅰ
➢ Simplifications
‒ Continuous process at steady state: no accumulation (A=0)
(‒ Nonreactive system, balance on nonreactive species: G=0, C=0

‒ Batch process: I=0, O=0, A=final value-initial value
➢ Two types of balances can be used 차이정도만 알기

‒ Differential (derivative form): balance equation is a rate (mostly per time)
between
‒ Integral: balance equation is an amount (just btw two instants of time)
10
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Material balance calculations
‒ Based on the given information, derive and solve equations for other variables
( ‒ Solving (calculation) the equations itself is a matter of simple algebra

‒ BUT, deriving the equations and extracting necessary information from the
description of problems are a big hurdle
➢ We need FLOWCHART
‒ Organizing the information (variables, units, etc.)
‒ Need to be used properly as labeling them as precisely as possible
11
8 labeled
A flow chart completely when
Balances Ⅱ
stream on a is you can Write an
expression
for the amount ( Batch ) or flow rate ( continuous ) of each species in the stream in ferms of
numbers und Variables on the flow char.
➢ We need FLOWCHART
‒ A continuous stream of natural gas containing 85 wt% methane and the
balance ethane might be labeled as: 필요함urit 까지 적은
→
i
~
방향이 바람직함
m( unitikglarl
total
total
‒ Labeled completely? X
12
Balances Ⅱ
➢ A good example of FLOWCHART
‒ Growing organisms requires an environment of humid air enriched in oxygen.
Three inputs are fed into a evaporator to produce an output stream with
desired composition. Liquid air fed at a rate of 20cm3/min. Air with 21mole %
O2 with balance of N2. Pure oxygen with one-fifth of molar flow rate of air.
Output gas contains 1.5mole% water.
→ 1 abeling 체크하기
13
몰
등 a
ㅇ '
등 # ㅇ
ㆆ
:
융흥? 국 동음운용수 ㅇ
음
옷 ㅇ
총
,
글은 윙 품 8
볼숨 올
ㅇ
,
협흖 6 y
. ,
김후 8 우
융 ? 9
화
, K
1
: )
흠 ㅇ
③ ,
,
,
"
융을 ㅇ
…
Q 협함
흥
심 용
흖
흖
청환
을
동
!
,
ㅇ
ㅇ
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Rules for labeling
‒ Label either a totable flow rate (or amount) and component mass or mole
fractions, or individual component flow rates (amounts)
‒ Label in the way that builds in given information about the stream (as detailed
as possible you can)
14
Balances Ⅱ
‒ Assign algebraic symbols to (at minimum) unknown steam variables (such as
ሶ x, n, etc.) along with variable names and their associated units on the chart
𝑚,
15
Balances Ⅱ
‒ If a volumetric flow rate of a stream is given, it will be useful to label the
mass or molar flow rate of this stream
‒ Making the variables consistent on their notation
16
Balances Ⅱ
balance mass CA
- t ItG
O -
-
높O
➢ Example (continuous steady state processes)

1o0 bkg /h 마
o 5
.
kg B /kg
m
ㅇ
분리 m
% 어
반응업음
lalancemass
>
mi2B 450 kgB1마

=
, 생각
mii = 1000 kg /사
> mizT 25 kgT/h
=
가
d
65
kgKB
: B/ kg
process ubit 개수
.
0 , 5kg/ T
kgHT
: .
d
process unit 기준 stream line 생각
im
50kgB /사
miB
: d
=
4175 kgT 1h사

labeling
=
17
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Example (continuous steady state processes)
18
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Example (integral balance of batch processes)
O
1 I = O
cesspro
② unit= mixer
gm
: 200
>
Ostream ine input
2
[ outputl Um = 04
.
머 =
Uw 0 6
>
=
mixer
.
⇒ 변수
,
랴 2개
m
m2 =
150 g Kw = ,
>
독립적인 식 2개 필요
lmm = o7
Hw2 =
03
mass balance of m
( " w
)
19
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Example (integral balance of batch processes)
20
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Example (integral balance of semibatch processes)
"
, nxo 1 =
시간당 빠져나가는
yn =
ol
hexane Vapor 몰수
ya oq=
rimina
= olookmol /
Kmolmin Xg/ 이
> ㅡ m
ihexane
1
"
이 C
,( ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
21
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Example (integral/differential balance of semibatch processes)
22
9 D
C
p
융홍 공 올
이 &
용 8
,
ㅇ
공집함 잃품 C
8
? . 콕 ,
올 :
트 ;
>
ㅇ
이
ㅇ
:
움륨많을흥용용의5
ㅇ
:
의
ㅇ
5 :
<
뉴
ㅇ 8 X 총
…
ㅇ C T
음융 C
흠 올 <
$ G
…
움 ㅇ
K ㅇ
!
으 I
S$
음 등 힐 촘
. :
둥 하을후
층 ,
동
올
C
,
동 흠 대룹 림
올
숨 숲
d 물융장은
우 p 9
숲
실 식 용
( x ㅇ
유 , ' 올
.
.
름 읗
:
우 음
음장 .
5
흖
1
흖 ㅇ
은
흉 8
⑥
품품 8
1
ㅇ
우
1
움 혹 방 흥은 S
s
용
.
블 은 ㅇ
f 8
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Balanced: materials balances on all of the system components are satisfied
➢ Scaling
‒ The procedure of changing the
values of all stream amounts of
flow rates by a proportional
amount while leaving the stream
compositions (ratio) unchanged
‒ Scaling up and down
23
Balances Ⅱ
➢ Basis of calculation
‒ Start from choosing a proper basis of calculation (amount or flow rate)
‒ Make other variables consistent with this basis
‒ If NO information on amount or flow rate is given, you can assume one
➢ Balancing a process
‒ The maximum number of independent equations that can be derived by
writing balances on a nonreactive system equals to the number of chemical
species in the input and out streams (play with the fewest unknown variables)
‒ Need to check whether the species are independent each other throughout
the system
24
8 x
6
흥
품융융
3
수
음응음은
용금
함품 음용
E 이 X
E 이
s
함 3 ㅇ
공 합
6
9
ㅇ 부
품 함
:
둥
숨
웅
읾 이
응을 $
E ㅇ
웅
흠
5
흠
1
ㅇ
*
s
:
g s
ㅇ
위루
V
J
합을힐
:
낭
p
:
이
'
둥
응
획함홈의 .
P :
E
b
: ㅇ
욕
등
C ,
ㅇ
①E
:
은
종
g 응 E
s
8
ㅇ
품
Balances Ⅱ
rJ
자유도
➢ Degree-of-freedom (DOF) analysis
‒ Determine whether you have enough information to solve a given problem
➢ How to do DOF analysis?

‒ Draw and completely label a flowchart unknown Variables
‒ Count the unknow variables on the chart ( lationship

independent
ro
equation '
‒ Count the independent equations relating them

mmmmrm
‒ Subtract the second number from the first. The result is the number of DOF of
기
the process
25
Balances Ⅱ
DOF
"
ㅇ
➢ If n df = 0, can solve for all unknowns (unique solution)
➢ If ndf > 0, missed some equations and underspecified problem(underspecified)
➢ If ndf < 0, not fully labeled flowchart or overspecified problem(no solution)
Independent
➢ Sources of equations lo
nty = o > nunknowns =
2 → D0 계 '0
nindep 의
‒ Material/energy balances ② Kty = 0
Y
nunknowns = 2
> DoF = 0
K -
y =
o ninde7 = 2
‒ Process specifications ③ nty

2 H+ 2
=
y =
1o
20
x
nunknowns
nindep =
=
1
2
→ D F .
=
1 > 0
e Kty = o
‒ Physical properties, laws, constraints

nunknowns =
2
H -
y =
o →
ninde = 3
>
DoF = -
1 < o
7
Ky = 3
‒ Stoichiometric relations
26
Balances Ⅲ
➢ Solution procedure for Single-unit process
‒ Choose a basis
‒ Draw flowchart with complete labeling
(
‒ Express what the problem statement asks
‒ Do DOF analysis
‒ Write out necessary equations in efficient manner
‒ Solve them to get quantities for all variables
‒ Scale up or down if necessary
**In real chemical process, input ≠ output (non steady-state, impurities, etc.)
27
0
i
ㅡ
r 가
.진했다
…
.
0
됐였*
.
8 @
어
기
가
. @
여
;
N
이
e A
~
다다함총 …
r
i
o
어
ie O se
크
"
M ~
쌈며
e
*
용촌했
…
다 0
ii
:
ㅃ
Balances Ⅲ
➢ Example 4.3-5) Materials Balances on a Distillation Column
( 7
<
m2
50
95 이 B 1 이
. m m
mim
2000 L/ n
s
0 . 45
kg B/kg
0 .
55kgT/
kg m3 >
n
kg Blug
( SO =
08 n 2 )
(rnKy
) Tlkg
28
Balances Ⅲ
kg Kg
kg Kg
( SG 0 .천
=
)
29
Balances Ⅲ
➢ DOF analysis
I
0 872
.
4
=
1744
( mi ,maimp mis ,
2 B T m , x 045 X 0 08
.
feed density relation

8% B in feed relation
045 mi =
mit
o .a 5 MB
30
Balances Ⅲ
…
➢ What if additional question is given to you as below?

Scale the flowchart: Now suppose we are
asked to calculate the volumetric feed
rate needed to produce 2500 lbm/day of
overhead product. The scale factor (see
Example 4.3-2) is the desired value of the
specified quantity (overhead product rate
= 2500 lbm/day) divided by the value of
the same quantity corresponding to the
original basis of calculation (= 760 kg/h).
31
Balances Ⅲ
‒ Solving program
:Excel spread sheet
32
Balances Ⅳ
➢ Solution procedure for Multiple-Unit process
‒ Same procedure as in single-unit process but need to know how to draw
‘BOUNDARY’ to isolate and write several balances on subsystems
(
8
boundary
A
표시
33
Balances Ⅳ
➢ Example 4.4-1)Two-Unit process (calculated the unknown flow rates and
compositions of streams 1, 2, and 3
36 넝
50 5
mi = bo mic go
=
nis =
60
KgA/kg kg A /kg KgAlkg O O 83 ]
,
n, U .
U3 =
,
% (F H ) ( quz) kg Blkg ( qUs) rgBlkg

.
Kg KgB
1
0
-14
ㅡ
60 ㅇ
rB 0 233
.
34
Balances Ⅳ
➢ Example 4.4-1)Two-Unit process (calculated the unknown flow rates and
compositions of streams 1, 2, and 3
35
Balances Ⅳ
➢ Example 4.4-1)
➢ DOF analysis boundary 별로 계산 ➢ MB (Overall and unit 1) ➢ MB (Mixing)
36
Recycle and Bypass
➢ Recycle 수율이
→
‒ Real reactions accompany some unreacted raw materials/unwanted product
‒ Worthwhile process (recovery of catalyst, dilution of a process stream, control
of a process variable, circulation of a working fluid, increasing the conversion)
37
Recycle and Bypass
➢ Recycle
‒ Note the distinction btw the fresh, feed to the rxt, recycle stream
‒ There is no net accumulation
38
Recycle and Bypass
➢ Splitting point
‒ Do a degree-of-freedom analysis
➢ Bypass
‒ A fraction of the feed to a process unit is diverted around the unit and
combined with the output stream from the unit to allow various compositions
and properties of the product as dealt same way to recycle
D ㅇ
39
Recycle and Bypass
➢ Please study
달라질뿐
Example 4.5-1/2 carefully as reminding of previous basics
기조성은
같음양이
@
spliter
60
100 hun = 3
혔
.
> ⇒
O 70 A
o7=
K A
nn
.
0 3- 1 H, B
O30 B
-
.
여 0
다
밟 =
on
A
I Hz B
-
~
김3
40
Recycle and Bypass
➢ Please study Example 4.5-1/2 carefully as reminding of previous basics
ooverall system ( I o) =
mj m4 m5 → nun 3 ,
,
=
b K ,
W ,
total →
nindep
=
2
⇒ DoFFO
ladditional relation
4500 kglhXO 333 kg K/

ug
=
mytmiz Xo 364
kg Klugsoln
( )
.
min tix tni

450b kglh = 5
nmix o 95
=
( mi 4 xm ; )
mixingpoine
emixing
2
point
mi , U
,mi - 6 → nun =
3
⇒ D F
.
더
nin = 2
③ evaporator
c0 05 my
.
= 0 .
)
95 m 5
min , mz , mis shun =
4
nin = 그
ocrystallizer
4 & filter
40
Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry I+G -
O -
C =
A
W 냈
➢ Stoichiometry
‒ Theory of proportions for combining chemical species
‒ Constrains in material (mole) balance analysis for generation/consumption
if 50 mol /s of so ,
are produced ,
50 mo 1 m이 Oz
이 SO, consumedformed
X
s 2 mo 이 Sosfopmed
mo consumed
525
이O
=
‒ Stoichiometric equation must be balanced in terms of number of atoms

‒ 2, 1,…are stoichiometric coefficients (νi, nu) : negative for reactants and
positive for products
41
Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
reactants
➢ Limiting/excess reactions
‒ Reactants is limiting if present in less than its stoichiometric proportion
relative to every other reactants but excess if larger
‒ Limiting reactants runs out first 100 20
f
-
= = 0 .
80
,on
100
GO
foz
-
50
= 2 044
90
plimiting
reactant
80
f e 40
20
m 이 ols 50
50 mol Osfs consumed
42
@ ㅇ
:
⑦ s
흠 음음
음승 부을
츠
8 응 윤
X
동
,
:
함동
:
C
3
요 C O
중등
s 융흥
융합 로
P
ㅇ
흖 등 용
흖
C
8 의 우 룡
8
6
1 p
ㅇ
8
읗 8 흖품
C
침용 등 의
수동
응
우 X
움 ,
올
웅 O 응
움
D
물험 구웅 ?
P
,
을
한금금
흠
등습동
6
총횡 2
용
숲
:
Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
amount fed -
amounttheorefical
➢ Additional terms theoretical
X 1 O0
" amount
‒ Fractional excess (or percentage excess = X100%) of A:

9o 50
% XsO t
80 % XSO
-
= 100 =
2
50
% ×s
( riA /fed = (ii )theoretical α ( 1 +
100
)
moles in moles
‒ Fractional conversion of a reactant (f):
-
out
스
molesin
‒ Extent of reaction (ζ, Xi):
43
Chemical Equilibrium e DoF analysis
➢ Two fundamental questions of chemical reaction engineering
‒ Chemical thermodynamics: final compositions of the reaction mixture
‒ Chemical kinetics: reaction time
➢ Irreversible reaction
‒ The equilibrium composition is the composition corresponding to complete
consumption of the limiting reactant
➢ Reversible reaction
‒ The equilibrium point it the point at which the rates of the forward and reverse
reactions are equal and no further composition change takes place
44
Multiple reactions, yield, and selectivity
desired product
Oundesinel
productundesired
ㅇ ㅇ
undesired
➢ In chemical processes, reactants often can combine in more than one way,
and the product once formed may react to yield something less desirable
(side reaction)
‒ Less of the desired product is obtained for a given quantity of raw materials,
or a greater quantity of raw materials must be fed to the reactor to obtain a
specified product yield.
‒ Steps necessary to obtain the product in specified form and purity become
more complicated. >>>>Maximizing yield and Selectivity!!
45
➢ Yield and selectivity
46
➢ Practice for yield and selectivity maimize yield
YA2Btt 늘림
maximize SBD
AS 2BtC 줄임
200
120 mol
X 1 OO =
60 %
200 mol
120 m이
=
3
40 m이
47
➢ Extent of reaction for multiple reactions
V Freactant
다
niovi
ni
웅] 밝이
-
= (×i > '

,
n.
) n. . roduc
)
② 모든 요소에 대한 X; 갑은 전부 동일
48
➢ Practice for extent of reaction for multiple reactions
비팔성 > 양이 바뀌지 않음
Inert
가 Components
U =
O
또
iAotv키용
☆ -
,
20
기
-
어위
어용 1O mo 이 I6S
meterial balance
49
➢ Example 4.6-3)
ㅇ
M 어
100 mol
,
>
0 85 mole aHolmole n. cmolczH. )
f 0 50 이
.
= .
0 15 mole
. I 1m 이 nz ( mo 이 C H4 )
2
Yield
e
= 0 4n.
에
n3 [m이 H)
5 5+2
-
= 2 DF .
n4 tm이 cH4 )
L n 5 l m이 I )
4 f Yield
,
사용
50
➢ Example 4.6-3)
51
Balances on Reactive Processes
➢ In general, systems that involve chemical reactions may be analzed using
‒ Molecular species balances
(‒ Atomic species balances

‒ Extent of reaction
➢ Each approach leads to the same results, but any one of them may be more
convenient for a given calculation so it’s a good idea to be comfortable with
all three
52
I -
O + G -
C =
A =
o ( steady state)
➢ Molecular Species balances: in-out+gen-consume=acc
SO :
l00 nito soz consumed
s
= o
반응식 고려 안할 때
- -
‒ Degree of freedom analysisO 2 :

qo
-
nsto -
Ozconsumed = o
so3 :
o -
ni tsos generated -
o = o
‒ Looks like DoF=0 but not solvable + additional information
unknown
balance
"
A
2+ 1 -
3 =
0 DoF
반응식
53
I -
OtG -
C =
A
‒ Degree of freedom analysis
54
I -
o + 6 -
C =
A
2
8ㅇ
2
2
55
I -
O =
A
➢ Atomic Species balances: in-out=acc
다예외적 상황
A
56
2SO2 t O 2 > 2S 03
➢ Atomic Species balances: in-out=acc
1 1 1
2 2 3
20 mo이 SOr 2 mol ㅇ ris mol ( Or) 2 molO
s 1 moISO 2 s 1 molO
2
57
tunknow t fextent of reaction ff extentofreaction# othe γ
equationequation
-
➢ Extent of reaction 2 1 -
3 -
0
58
!
,
O
공 한흥 ㅇ
ㅇ
,
ㅇ
많 용
11
홍
1
ㅇ
5
금
:
웅
ㅇ
협 물 O
N
응
⑨
융
1
궁
,
.
6
.
ㅇ
:
p
9 욕
은
공
D
:
➢ Dependent equations and species
‒ If f two molecular species are in the same ratio to each other everywhere in
the process (e.g. streams), balances on those species are not independent.
Same for two atomic species
➢ Independent reactions
‒ Chemical rxns are not independent if we get one in terms of the other by
adding, subtracting, and multiples
59
➢ Product separation and recycle
➢ Overall conversion of G (process)

fresh feed 75 =
( feed amount of react = 00
➢ Single-pass conversion of G (rxt)
60
➢ To achieve high conversion:
‒ Design the reactor to achieve a high single-pass conversion
‒ *Requires very large residence time in rxt, larger V, expansive
‒ Design the rxt to achieve a low single-pass conversion, follow with a

separation unit to recover and recycle unconsumed reactants
‒ *Decreased rxt cost, incur cost of separation process and cost of recycle line
**Things we, chemical engineers, can do for it
61
Balances on Reactive Processes purge
"
"
➢ To address the problems in process that involve recycling, purge stream

may be used
‒ Inert gases (e.g. N2, Ar) are used in processes because they undergo
chemical reactions under given conditions.
‒ Using an inert gas in a system prevents undesirable chemical reactions from
occurring (e.g. oxidation, hydrolysis, combustion).
‒ Purging with N2 minimizes fire hazards of residual solvents or process fluids.
‒ If an inert gas is introduced to the system and it doesn’t react, it has to exit the
system somewhere - otherwise, it builds up and would shut down the process.
62
➢ Purging example (discarding materials from the process):
Vecycle 조성 조절위함
‒ Same compositions in recycle and purge systems
>
63
→ produces
less Valuable by products but generates Valuable 더
➢ Combustion reactions
‒ The rapid reactions of a substance with oxygen
‒ In the field of using fossil fuels as releasing (ultimately electric) energy
‒ Typically large quantity-reaction and needs considerable effort to control
‒ Related to the environment issues Cecor
" H
S
e
-
H O
YSO2
.
64
➢ Combustion reactions 완전연소만 고려
‒ Invariably run with more air than is needed to supply oxygen in stoichiometric
proportion to the fuel
A Theoretical oxygen: the moles (batch) or molar flow rate (continuous) of O2
‒
needed for complete combustion of all the fuel fed to the reactor
‒ Theoretical air: the quantity of air that contains the theoretical oxygen
‒ Excess air: the amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceed the
theoretical air
*
‒ Percent excess air:
65
➢ Material balances on combustion reactions
1. When you draw and label the flowchart, be sure the outlet stream (the stack gas) includes (a)
unreacted fuel unless you are told that all the fuel is consumed, (b) unreacted O2, (c) water and
CO2, as well as CO if the problem statement says any is present, and (d) N2 if the fuel is burned
with air and not pure O2
2. To calculate the oxygen feed rate from a specified percent excess oxygen or percent excess air,
first calculate the theoretical O2 from the fuel feed rate and the reaction stoichiometry for
complete combustion, then calculate the oxygen feed rate by multiplying the theoretical oxygen
by (1+fractional excess oxygen)
3. If several reactions occur simultaneously, molecular species balances should generally be
avoided.
66
ㅇ C
x ㅇ
움
, 붕
ㅇ
홈은
8
s : s
용 ㅇ
,
ㅇ
품 ㅇ
품
Balances on Reactive Processes 1 반응식
① ( omplete cHat
22 →cotH o
. . o
[ partial : CH4 t
3
: Oz → Co
+202 H
➢ Study Example 4.8-2/3/4 yourself 3 What
②
2
Balan ced 7 (atomic ) ③ reactions are
taking
용,
20 m 이 .
3100
이 cla
m /s
95 m 이
C : 100 = 20 t 70 t 10 place ).
940 m 이 N2 3
>
119 omol airfs 이 cOs /s 이

> 70 mo
O21 m이 O NK 이. H
0 아요
융 :
바있이
2
0 .179m 이 m 이m ,
NƩ
4 whut
④ is the percent excess air fed to fhe reacter ? 50 What about the fact that not all the methane
reacted and Co was formed 2
25 % some .
67
➢ Study Example 4.8-2/3/4 yourself
owhat are the Wet
-
basis / dry basis

-
compositions of product
67
➢ Summary on writing balances on reactive processes
68
Additional Considerations about Chemical Processes
*
➢ General strategies and tips for problem solving
‒ Break the problem down into small sub-problems when possible.
‒ Even if the DOF analysis is not asked for, do it. That’s your roadmap and confirmation that the problem is solvable. (5
minutes on the DOF analysis can save hours of trying to solve an impossible problem.)
‒ For multiple unit processes or system with split, mix, recycle, purge, etc., do the DOF for each subprocess. Having
10 equations and 10 unknowns for the entire process is literally correct, but if it doesn’t converge you don’t have a
clue as to where to start looking for the error.
‒ Use standard nomenclature: m for mass, n for moles, and x and y for composition. Save your creativity for solving
the problem, not labeling it.
‒ Clearly label your equations and the basis for the DOF analysis. This helps remind you and anyone checking your
work what you have done.
‒ Reality check: negative flow rates, negative compositions are a signal. Very small or very large numbers relative to
others are also suspicious.
‒ Always show complete units on the flow chart and in calculations.
69
Questions ?
70

Ch4 - Fundamentals of Materials Balances

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Ch4 - Fundamentals of Materials Balances

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Chapter 4.

Fundamentals of Materials Balances

➢ Definition and purpose of many terms regarding material balances of chemical

kgB /kg column

' > ( 8 % f Bin feed )

➢ Batch process: Add contents, then remove them later

9 ➢ Continuous process: Continuously add then remove contents

➢ Total mass is conserved (Nothing comes from nothing)

(ontinuous , steady state → A =

➢ If 𝑚ሶ in ≠ 𝑚ሶ out, what happened?

(‒ Nonreactive system, balance on nonreactive species: G=0, C=0

➢ Two types of balances can be used 차이정도만 알기

( ‒ Solving (calculation) the equations itself is a matter of simple algebra

➢ Example (continuous steady state processes)

mi2B 450 kgB1마

4175 kgT 1h사

➢ Balanced: materials balances on all of the system components are satisfied

➢ How to do DOF analysis?

‒ Count the unknow variables on the chart ( lationship

‒ Count the independent equations relating them

‒ Process specifications ③ nty

‒ Physical properties, laws, constraints

feed density relation

➢ What if additional question is given to you as below?

% (F H ) ( quz) kg Blkg ( qUs) rgBlkg

4500 kglhXO 333 kg K/

min tix tni

‒ Stoichiometric equation must be balanced in terms of number of atoms

‒ Fractional excess (or percentage excess = X100%) of A:

‒ Extent of reaction (ζ, Xi):

= (×i > '

비팔성 > 양이 바뀌지 않음

(‒ Atomic species balances

‒ Degree of freedom analysisO 2 :

‒ Looks like DoF=0 but not solvable + additional information

20 mo이 SOr 2 mol ㅇ ris mol ( Or) 2 molO

‒ Degree of freedom analysis

➢ Overall conversion of G (process)

( feed amount of react = 00

➢ Single-pass conversion of G (rxt)

‒ Design the rxt to achieve a low single-pass conversion, follow with a

**Things we, chemical engineers, can do for it

➢ To address the problems in process that involve recycling, purge stream

119 omol airfs 이 cOs /s 이

basis / dry basis

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