Mathematics in the Modern World

Lecture #2

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS TABLE OF VALUES

Relation
- every function is a relationship of x and y values, we
- a rule that relates values from a set of values can create a table of values for any line

(called domain) to the second set of values - these are just the x and y values that are true for the
(called the range) given line

- set of ordered pairs/ coordinates (x,y) - in other words, a table of values is simply some of the
points that are on the line
TYPES OF RELATION
Table A

x 1 2 3 4
y 2 2 5 5

Table B

x 1 1 2 2 3
y 3 4 5 6 7

Table C

x 1 2 3 … n …
y 3 6 9 … 3n …

MAPPING DIAGRAM

- shows how elements are being pared

FUNCTIONS

- something that connects or relates one set to another

- a relation where each element in the domain is

related to only one value in the range by some rule

x Functions y
f (x) = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)} > functions
- a special kind of relation between x-values (domain) g (x) = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6)} > not functions
and y-values (range) wherein domain can only have
exactly one or unique range h (x) = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9), (4,7)} > functions

FUNCTION NOTATION

- if the values of f(x) = 1 then the value of y is 1

VERTICAL LINE TEST 3) Cubic Function
o f (x) = x3 + x2 + 6x + 3
o f (x) = -x3 + 5
o f (x) = x3 – x

- a graph represents a function if and only if each

vertical line intersects the graph at most once

TYPES OF FUNCTI ON

1) Linear Function – a function is linear if f (x) = mx + b, 4) Quartic Function – general form of quartic is f (x) = a
where m and b are real numbers, and m and f(x) are (x – h)4 + k, the turning point is at (h, k).
not both equal to zero
o f (x) = 6x + 3
o f (x) = -x +5
o f (x) = x – 2

5) Absolute Value Function – contains an algebraic

expression within absolute value symbols.

6) Piecewise Function – also known as compound

Constant Function
A linear function is
constant function if f (x) =
mx + b, where m = 0 and b
are real numbers.
Thus, f (x) = b
Example:
Identity Function
A linear function is an
identity function if f (x) =
mx + b, where m = 1 and b
= 0 are real numbers.
7) Evaluation of Function – 2x to+ evaluate
Thus, f (x) = x
function; is defined by multiple subfunctions where
each subfunction applies to a certain interval of the
main function’s domain.
2x – 2, if x ≤ 1
o f (x) =
x2 -2x + 1, if x ˃ 1
-
1 a function,
substitute the input (given number or expression) for
the function’s variable. Replace the x with the
number or expression.

f (x) = 3 (constant) ▪ Replacing the variable in the function:

f (x) = -x (identity) o f (x) = 3x + 1

f (x) = x – 2 (linear)
Name of the function is f. X is the variable in the function.

2) Quadratic Function – is any equation of the form f (x) STEPS:

= ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are real numbers and 1. Substitute the value if x into the function in
a ≠ 0. place of x. (replace)
o f (x) = x2 + 6x + 3 2. Perform the indicated operations. (simplify)
o f (x) = -x2 + 5
o f (x) = x2 – 4
f (x) = x – 3 ; x=4
f (x) = x – 3
f (4) = 4 – 4
f (4) = 1 Hence, f (x) = y
y=1
h (x) = x2 – 3x + 5 ; x=2 o f (-x) = (-x)3 + 2 (-x)2 - 1 Perform
o f (-x) = -x3 + 2x2 - 1 Neither

By comparing the original function with the final

result after we substitute -x, the result did not
satisfy both case 1 & 2, which means that f (x) is
neither even nor odd.
p (x) = x2 + 1 ; x=5
x–4
Identify if the function is even, odd, or neither.

a) f (x) = x5 + x3 – 2x
b) g (x) = 3x4 – 2x2 – 2
c) h (x) = 6x3 – 5x2 + 4x
j (x)= I x – 25 I ; x = 10

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTION

Even Function – f is an even function if and only if f (-x), for

all x in the domain of f.

- The right-hand side of the equation of an even

function does not change even if x is replaced with -
x.

o f (x) = x2 + 4 Substitute by -x
o f (-x) = (-x)2 + 4 Perform
o f (-x) = x2 + 4

By comparing the original function with the final

result after we substitute -x, the equation is still
the same, which means that f (x) is even.

Odd Function – f is an odd function if and only if f (-x) = -f

(x), for all x in the domain of f.

- Every term in the right-hand side of the equation of

an odd function changes sign if x is replaced by -x.

o f (x) = x3 + 5x Substitute by -x
o f (-x) = (-x)3 + 5 (-x) Perform
o f (-x) = x3 – 5x

By comparing the original function with the final

result after we substitute -x, all the signs switched/
changed, which means that f (x) is odd.

Neither Even nor Odd Function – if we substitute -x into f

(x), and we do not obtain either case 1 or case 2.

- it does not fall under the classification of being an

even or odd.

o f (x) = x3 + 2x2 - 1 Substitute by -x