Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Improvement of solenoid magnetic field and its influence on therapeutic

effect during magnetic hyperthermia
To cite this article before publication: Yundong Tang et al 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. in press https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab87c5

Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript

Accepted Manuscript is “the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process,
and which may also include the addition to the article by IOP Publishing of a header, an article ID, a cover sheet and/or an ‘Accepted
Manuscript’ watermark, but excluding any other editing, typesetting or other changes made by IOP Publishing and/or its licensors”

This Accepted Manuscript is © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.

During the embargo period (the 12 month period from the publication of the Version of Record of this article), the Accepted Manuscript is fully
protected by copyright and cannot be reused or reposted elsewhere.
As the Version of Record of this article is going to be / has been published on a subscription basis, this Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse
under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence after the 12 month embargo period.

After the embargo period, everyone is permitted to use copy and redistribute this article for non-commercial purposes only, provided that they
adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0

Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content
within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this
article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions will likely be
required. All third party content is fully copyright protected, unless specifically stated otherwise in the figure caption in the Version of Record.

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 128.111.121.42 on 09/04/2020 at 01:40

Page 1 of 7 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
2
3
4 Improvement of solenoid magnetic field and its influence on

pt
5 therapeutic effect during magnetic hyperthermia
6
7
8
9 Yundong Tang1, Tao Jin2, Rodolfo C.C. Flesch3, Yueming Gao1, 4

cri
10
11 1
College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
12 2
College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
13 3
Departamento de Automação e Sistemas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
14 4 Key Laboratory of Medical Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China

15
16 E-mail: tangyundong@fzu.edu.cn

us
17
18 Abstract
19 Magnetic field has been widely used in the application of bioengineering, which is expected to distribute as uniform
20 as possible in order to achieve better treatment effect. Solenoid coil is one of the most popular device used for
21 producing magnetic field while difficult to achieve a uniform profile in a limited length. This paper proposed an
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
optimization method to improve the uniformity of magnetic field for a solenoid coil by considering two correcting
coils, which are optimized by using a simulated annealing algorithm for its characteristic parameters. The results
after the optimization will further be considered for analyzing the therapeutic effect for a proposed bio-tissue model
during magnetic hyperthermia. The magnetic field distribution inside the solenoid is obtained by using Maxwell’s
theory, and the treatment temperature of the tumor model is determined by using Pennes bio-heat transfer equation.
Simulation results demonstrate that the uniformity of magnetic field can be significantly improved by using the
dM
29
proposed method, and the treatment temperature profile considering this optimization presents a better result with
30 respect to the case considering a single solenoid.
31
32
33
34 solenoid. In [8], a modified solenoid coil was designed
35 1. Introduction to generate an alternating magnetic fields with better
36 uniformity for magnetic fluid hyperthermia in a small
37 Magnetic field has been used extensively in various animal models of human cancer, while the uniformity of
38 applications of bioengineering in recent times, which can magnetic field was undesirable at the ends of the
pte

39 be magnetic resonance imaging [1], magnetic induction solenoid according to its simulation results. This results
40 tomography [2], and also magnetic fluid hyperthermia was improved further but still not good in a different
41 (MFH) [3, 4]. The uniformity of magnetic field is literature [9], which tried to produce a more uniform
42 considered to be an essential condition for a better magnetic field by considering a genetic algorithm for the
43 treatment effect in these applications, however which is optimum dimension of the miniature solenoid. Although
44 difficult to achieve in a case considering a general there are also many related contributions to the coil
45 solenoid device. The uniformity of a solenoid magnetic magnetic field as well as magnetic hyperthermia by
46 field is highly determined by its length, and will present previous literature [10-13], it is still an urgent problem
ce

47 an ideal characteristics when the coil length is infinite [5, to obtain a more uniform magnetic field and to
48
6]. If not, the magnetic field inside the coil space will investigate the therapeutic effect due to the
49
show a significantly inhomogeneous distribution in the inhomogeneous magnetic field during magnetic
50
51
location near both ends of the coil. Many reports from hyperthermia.
52 literature have tried to improve the uniformity of This paper optimizes the magnetic field uniformity for
Ac

53 magnetic field at a cost of complex geometry [7]. It is a proposed solenoid coil by introducing two correcting
54 worth mentioning that a common and simple geometric coils, and investigates its advantages in treatment
55 shape are also critical for a magnetic field device, temperature during a MFH treatment. A simulated
56 especially in a lab situation. However, few of previous annealing (SA) algorithm is used to optimize the
57 work have proposed an effective solution to improve the parameters for correcting coils, and the finite element
58 uniformity of magnetic field distribution for a classic method is used to solve the partial differential equations
59
60
1
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1 Page 2 of 7
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
for the behavior of the magnetic field inside a solenoid will be produced inside and outside the coil space.
2
and the treatment temperature distribution inside tumor Maxwell equations can be presented in frequency
3
4 region. The treatment temperature considering an domain form:

pt
5 optimized magnetic field is also compare to the scenario
  H = J i + J c + jD , (1)
6 with a single solenoid, which uses an inhomogeneous
7 magnetic field.   E = − jB , (2)
8 This paper consists of four sections. Section 2
9 proposes a sketch for a solenoid coil with two correcting where 𝐇 is the magnetic field intensity, J𝑖 is the

cri
10 coils, and also presents the method and theory used to impressed current density, which can be considered to be
11 optimize this magnetic field device and to investigate the the source of electromagnetic field, 𝐄 is the induced
12 treatment temperature for a proposed bio-tissue model. electric field, 𝜔 is the angular frequency of applied
13 Section 3 presents the simulation results of magnetic magnetic field, and J𝑐 is the conduction current density
14 field for the proposed solenoid with and without due to the existence of an electric field according to
15 considering two correcting coils, and discusses the Ohm’s law, which can be expressed as: J𝑐 = 𝜎𝐄, where
16 comparison of the treatment temperature profile between 𝜎 is the electrical conductivity of the body.

us
17 two different cases during magnetic hyperthermia. The electric displacement vector can be described as:
18 Conclusions are presented in Section 4.
19 D =  0 E + PE , (3)
20
21 where 𝜀0 is the magnetic conductivity of the medium,
22
2. Methodology and 𝑃𝐸 is the polarization density, which can be assumed
23
24
25
26
27
28
This section presents the theory and optimization
method to improve the homogeneity of magnetic field
for a proposed solenoid device by considering two
correcting coils during magnetic hyperthermia. The SA
an
algorithm is introduced to optimize these correcting coils
to be zero after considering the absence of dielectric
material in the model of this work. In addition, the
magnetic induction density can be expressed as 𝐁 =
∇ × 𝐀 , or can also be described as 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 from
different aspects, 𝐀 and 𝐇. According to the Maxwell-
dM
Faraday equation, the induced electric field in a
29 in the location, length, and the current through these stationary system can be defined as [14, 15]:
30 coils. Figure 1 proposes an initial sketch for a magnetic
31 field device, which is composed by one main solenoid E = −A t −  , (4)
32 coil and two external correcting coils. All of coils
33 where the scalar potential,𝜑, can be assumed to be zero
presented in Figure 1 have the same material (copper) as
34 for the absence of aggregated charges in this model. Eq.
well as the coil turns per unit length, 20. In addition, the
35 (5) presents a new equation for the magnetic vector
current cross the main solenoid is defined to be 100 A.
36 potential, which is obtained after integrating Eqs. (1)-(4).
37 The magnetic vector potential can then be derived by
38 solving Eq. (5), and further the magnetic field intensity
pte

39 around and inside the coil space can be solving by the

40 curl of resulting 𝐀 as well as the permeability of free
41 space.
42 2A A
43 0 2 +  +   0−1 (   A ) = J i . (5)
44 t t
45 Once the magnetic field intensity is obtained by
46 solving Eq (5) using finite element method, one can
ce

47 improve the inhomogeneity of magnetic field for the

48 device proposed in figure 1 by considering two
49 symmetric correcting coils outside the ends of the main
50 solenoid. In order to achieve this goal, this paper
51 introduces the SA algorithm to optimize the
52 Figure 1. Proposed sketch of improved magnetic field device. characteristics for these two correcting coils. The final
Ac

53 (a) three-dimensional model. (b) two-dimensional axis- target of the optimization is to make the magnetic field
54 symmetric model. Axes are in millimeters. distribution inside the coil as uniform as possible. Based
55 on this consideration, an effective objective function is
56 When a time-dependent current flows through a proposed in this study, and is defined as follows:
57 solenoid device, a specified alternating magnetic field
58
59
60
2
Page 3 of 7 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
2 1 1 1 1  0 =3  i ( coth  − 1 /  ) (8)
3
f = 
S SE
H ds −  H ds +  H dl −  H dl , (6)
S SC L LE L LC where the initial susceptibility, 𝜒i , can be expressed
4
as 𝜒i = 𝜇0 𝐶𝑀𝑑2 𝑉𝑀 / (3𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑆 ) and 𝜉 = 𝜇0 𝑀𝑑 𝐻𝑉𝑀 /(𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑆 ).

pt
5 where 𝑆𝐸 and 𝑆𝐶 denote the edge and the center area
6 In these two subexpressions, VM is the volume of MNPs
inside the solenoid presented in figure 1, and them have
7 without including their shell, and Md is the domain
the same area 𝑆. 𝐿𝐸 and 𝐿𝐶 denote the edge and center
8 magnetization of suspended MNPs. The effective
line along the radius of the coil, and them have the same
9 relaxation time in (7), 𝜏𝑒𝑓𝑓 , can be described as 𝜏𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
length 𝐿. Thus, the first item on the right side of (6)

cri
10 𝜏𝐵 𝜏𝑁 /(𝜏𝐵 +𝜏𝑁 ) , where 𝜏𝐵 = 3𝛿𝑉𝐻 /(𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑆 ) is the
11
indicates the difference of average field strength between
𝑆𝐸 and 𝑆𝐶 , and the second item means the difference Brownian relaxation time, 𝜏𝑁 = √𝜋 𝜏0 exp( 𝛤) /(2√𝛤)
12 is Néel time constant, 𝛿 is the viscosity of the suspension,
13 between 𝐿𝐸 and 𝐿𝐶 . According to this definition, the
magnetic field inside the main coil will present an 𝑉𝐻 is the volume of the MNPs with shell, 𝜏0 is the
14
optimum distribution for a practical application when the attempt time, 𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the anisotropy constant, and 𝛤 =
15
16 objective function in (6) obtains an optimal value in 𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑀 /(𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑆 ).

us
17 minimization after the optimization considering the SA In addition, it is worth noticing that the heat absorbed
18 algorithm. Furthermore, this paper presents a complete by MNPs has also relation with the characteristics of the
19 procedure in order to describe this optimization method medium [18], which however is usually assumed to be
20 more effectively as follows. an ideal solution, water. A correction parameter in
21 A set of arbitrary initial values is proposed firstly in previous literature was used to compensate the
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
order to obtain an initial distribution of magnetic field
for the proposed solenoid model and then calculate an
initial 𝑓 before the optimization.
This initial 𝑓 will then compare with a different 𝑓 due
to different initial parameters that are randomly
generated by the SA algorithm, and obtains a minimum
an difference of MNPs power dissipation between a real
tissue and water case, which is defined as 𝛼 in Eq. (9)
[19]. After the heat energy of MNPs is established, one
can predict the therapeutic temperature distribution for
the proposed bio-tissue model by solving Pennes bio-
heat transfer equation using finite element method. In
dM
value in each iteration. this work, MNPs are assumed to present just inside
29
30 Once the stopping rule (minimum value of 𝑓 remains tumor region rather than healthy tissue, so different
31 constant or changes in an acceptable range after several Pennes bio-heat transfer equations should be applied to
32 iterations) is reached, the final properties of correcting tumor tissue model and healthy tissue model during
33 coil and magnetic field profile can be determined. therapy, respectively [19, 20].
34 The magnetic field will appear an optimum
Ti
35 distribution when the results due to the optimization are i ci = ki  2Ti + b cbbi (Tb − Ti ) + Qmi + i  P , (9)
36 considered for the proposed device. This magnetic field t
37 profile can highly determine the heat dissipation of where subscripts 𝑖 can only be “0” or “1”, which
38 MNPs, and finally influences the treatment temperature separately indicates the parameters related to the healthy
pte

39 of the tumor region during magnetic hyperthermia. and tumor regions. Parameter 𝜌𝑖 is the tissue density, 𝑐𝑖
40 MNPs will dissipate heat into tumor region by different is the specific heat capacity, 𝑇𝑖 is the tissue
41 heating mechanisms as soon as the alternating magnetic temperature, 𝑡 is the therapeutic duration, 𝑘𝑖 is the
42 field starts to work [16]. In this paper, the relaxation loss
43
thermal conductivity, 𝜌𝑏 is the density of blood, 𝑐𝑏 is
is assumed to be a dominant heating mechanism due to the specific heat of blood, 𝜔𝑏 is the perfusion rate of
44 the range of particle size while neglecting other
45 blood, 𝑇𝑏 is the arterial blood temperature, Qm is the
mechanisms. Thus, one can illustrate the power metabolic heat source, and 𝛼 is a correction factor for the
46
dissipation for the model of MNPs by using
ce

47 MNPs power dissipation with respect to the case

48
Rosensweig’s theory based on the characteristics of considering the aqueous solution. Thus, Eq. (9) can be
49 magnetic field and MNPs [17]:
solved by considering the power dissipation of MNPs, 𝑃,
50 2 f  eff presented in Eq. (7), which can further be obtained based
51 P = 0  0 H 2 f (7) on the H, 𝜒0 , and other parameters. In addition, the
1 + ( 2 f  eff )
2
52 thermal properties of tumor presented in Eq. (9) are
Ac

53 determined by Eq. (10). Table 1 and Table 2 separately

54 where 𝑃 is the power dissipation of MNPs per unit
present the parameter properties of healthy tissue, tumor
55 volume, 𝜇0 is the permeability of free space, and f is the
and MNPs used for simulation in this paper.
56 frequency of the applied magnetic field. Equilibrium
57 susceptibility, 𝜒0 , can be expressed as:
58
59
60
3
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1 Page 4 of 7
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
Table 1. Component properties of the proposed model used to enough duration for iterations before the end of
2 solve bio-heat transfer equation [21-23] optimization during optimal computation.
3
Property Healthy Tumor Blood MNPs Figure 2 shows the convergence curves for both
4

pt
tissue optimization variables and objective function value (𝑓)
5
Density 1030 1060 1050 5180 using the SA method during the optimization process, in
6 -3
(kg·m ) which variables optimized include the position
7
Thermal 0.511 0.52 0.51 40
8 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 , 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 ), the length (ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 ), and the current (𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 ) of
conductivity
9 the correcting coil. As shown in figure 2, all of the
(W·m-1·K-1)

cri
10 Specific heat 3871 3540 4180 670
decision variables and the𝑓fluctuate markedly before 80
11 capacity iterations, and keep unchanged after 140 iterations.
12 (J·kg-1·K-1)
13 Blood perfusion 6.67·10-3 1.39·10-2 - -
14 rate (s-1) 120
15 Metabolic heat 700 5790 - - x01
16 (W·m-3)

us
y01

Variables
17 80 h01
18 I_coil
19 40
Table 2. Magnetic and MNP properties used in the
20 simulations.[17, 24]
21
Parameters values Unit
22 0
23
24
25
26
27
28
Md
𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝛿
𝜏0

𝑘𝐵
r
446
20.3
10 -9

0.85∙10-3
1.38∙10
6
-23
kA∙m-1
kJ∙m-3
s
kg∙m-1∙s-1
J∙K-1
nm
an 20
0 50 100

(a)
150
Iterations
200 250

f*
300
dM
f 300 kHz f
29
f (102)

15
30
31 The bio-tissue properties during treatment will change 10
32 after the injection of magnetic fluid, since it not only
depends on the tissue but also the MNPs and its volume 5
33
34 fraction at this time. The main properties due to this 0
35 change can be expressed as follows [23]: 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
36
 1 = (1 −  ) T +  MNP ，
Iterations
37

c1 = (1 −  ) cT +  cMNP ，
38 (b)
(10)
pte

39 1 / k1 = (1 −  ) / kT +  / k MNP ，
40 Figure 2. Convergence curves considering the SA method.

41 (a) iterative variables. (b) function value. Axes are in amperes
42 where 𝜌𝑇 , 𝐶𝑇 , and 𝑘 𝑇 are the thermal properties of tumor for the current, and are in millimeters for the length and
43 region, and 𝜌𝑀𝑁𝑃 , 𝐶𝑀𝑁𝑃 , and 𝑘𝑀𝑁𝑃 correspond to the position of two correcting coils.
44 MNPs. Both of properties are presented in Table 1. The
45 volume concentration of MNPs 𝜙 is assumed to be 0.071 After determining the optimum parameters by using
46 in this paper. the SA algorithm, the magnetic field intensity due to the
ce

47 solenoid can then be derived by solving (5) considering

48 3. Results and discussion the finite element method. To illustrate the difference
49 In this paper, magnetic field distribution for the between with and without correcting coils, figure 3
50 proposed geometric model is derived by solving the presents the slice view of magnetic field distribution for
51 partial differential equation (5) using finite element the proposed geometric model with a single correcting
52 coil after optimization. As shown in figure 3, the
method. In this method for the geometric model
Ac

53 magnetic field at the top side appears more homogenous

considering two-dimensional axial symmetry, the total
54 feature than the bottom side of the solenoid coil, which
55
number of elements in the mesh was 1078, which leads
to about 2029 degrees of freedom. This paper set the is mainly attributed to the effect of the correcting coil on
56 the solenoid.
57 tolerance of all variables to be 10-10 in order to guarantee
58
59
60
4
Page 5 of 7 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
kA/m function of x with different values of z. (a) considering a
2 150 15.9 correcting coil. (b) without considering a correcting coil.
3
100
4 14

pt
5
Figure 5 presents the optimized result for the proposed
50 magnetic field equipment, which includes the magnetic
6 z (mm) 10
7 0 field distribution as well as three-dimensional model. It
8 is worth mentioning that these two corrected coils are
-50 6
9 exactly located at the end of the main solenoid with a

cri
10 -100
relatively short length.
2
11
12 -150 0
13 0 50 100
x (mm)
14
15 Figure 3. Slice view of magnetic field distribution for the
16 proposed geometric model with a single correcting coil after

us
17 optimization. Axes are in millimeters.
18
19 In order to illustrate this difference more clearly,
20 figure 4 presents the magnetic field of the solenoid as a
21 function of x with different z, in which the area with
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
positive z is affected by the correcting coil (Figure 4(a))
while the area with negative z does not (Figure 4(b)). As
described in figure 4(a), the area considering the
correcting coil appears a really homogenous
characteristic since the difference between highest and
lowest values inside solenoid space is only 0.5 𝑘𝐴/𝑚 in
an Figure 5. The improved magnetic field device after the
optimization. (a) magnetic field profile in axial symmetry. (b)
three-dimensional model.

Furthermore, to evaluate the advance of this

dM
29
magnetic field intensity after optimization. This correcting coil, this paper proposes two cylinders inside
30 difference, however, can be up to 5 𝑘𝐴/𝑚 in the the solenoid coil for magnetic hyperthermia, which
31 different case without considering a correcting coil, as respectively denote healthy and tumor regions (Figure 6).
32 shown in figure 4(b). This proposed tumor model is assumed to have the same
33 top edge with the solenoid coil with the purpose of
34 highlighting the improvement of the optimization, and
35 its geometrical shape can be known in figure 6(b). The
36 treatment temperature can then be obtained when Eqs.
37 (7)-(10) are solved using finite element method by
38 considering the optimized magnetic field.
pte

39 Figure 6 presents the slice view of treatment

40 temperature field distribution for the proposed bio-tissue
41
model considering an original solenoid and the
42
optimized case, respectively, in which a critical power
43
44
dissipation of MNPs for the model presented in figure
45 6(b) is considered for treatment. This critical power
46 dissipation can help to locate the maximum value of the
treatment temperature for a specific tumor model during
ce

47
48 magnetic hyperthermia [25]. As illustrated in figure 6,
49 the maximum temperature is controlled near a threshold
50 value, 46 C, which is maximum safety value for the
51 healthy tissue of human body. In addition, one can also
52 find that the area percentage of effective treatment
Ac

53 temperature is about 55.1% in a case considering a

54 single solenoid (Figure 6(a)), which will then increase to
55 a greater value of 74.4% when an improved solenoid is
56 considered (Figure 6(b)). Therefore, the method
57 proposed by this paper can not only improve the
58 Figure 4. Magnetic field intensity of the solenoid as a
59
60
5
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1 Page 6 of 7
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
uniformity for the solenoid coil but also be beneficial to References
2
the treatment temperature profile for magnetic
3
hyperthermia. [1] Strbak O, Balejcikova L, Baciak L, Kovac J, Masarova-
4

pt
Kozelova M, Krafcik A, Dobrota D and Kopcansky P
5 2017 Low-field and high-field magnetic resonance
6 contrast imaging of magnetoferritin as a pathological
7 model system of iron accumulation J Phys D Appl Phys
8 50 365401
9 [2] Di Barba P, Mognaschi M E, Palka R and Savini A 2009

cri
10 Optimization of the MIT field exciter by a multiobjective
11 design IEEE Trans. Magn. 45 1530-3
12 [3] Dutz S and Hergt R 2014 Magnetic particle hyperthermia-
13 a promising tumour therapy Nanotechnol. 25 452001
14 [4] Sohail A, Ahmad Z, Beg O A, Arshad S and Sherin L
15 2017 A review on hyperthermia via nanoparticle-
16 mediated therapy Bull. Cancer 104 452-61

us
17 [5] Hagel R, Gong L and Unbehauen R 1994 On the
18 magnetic field of an infinitely long helical line current
19 IEEE Trans. Magn. 30 80-4
20 [6] Brown G V and Flax L 2004 Superposition of semi-
21 infinite solenoids for calculating magnetic fields of thick
22 solenoids J. Appl. Phys. 35 1764-7
23
24
25
26
27
28
Figure 6. Slice view of the steady-state temperature field

an
distribution for the proposed bio-tissue model. (a) considering
an original solenoid coil. (b) considering the optimized case.
Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
[7] Ho S L, Jian L, Gong W and Fu W N 2012 Design and
analysis of a novel targeted magnetic fluid hyperthermia
system for tumor treatment IEEE Trans. Magn. 48 3262-5
[8] Bordelon D E, Goldstein R C, Nemkov V S, Kumar A,
Jackowski J K, DeWeese T L and Ivkov R 2012 Modified
solenoid coil that efficiently produces high amplitude AC
dM
magnetic fields with enhanced uniformity for biomedical
29 4. Conclusions applications IEEE Trans. Magn. 48 47-52
30 [9] Das N K, Barat P, Dey S and Jayakumar T 2014 Design
31 This paper proposes a method to optimize the of miniature coil to generate uniform magnetic field Prog.
32 homogeneity of magnetic field for a general solenoid Electromagn. Res. 34 99-105
33 coil by considering two correcting coils, in which an [10] Xu H, Conolly S M, Scott G C and Macovski A 2000
34 objective function is proposed for the SA algorithm in Homogeneous magnet design using linear programming
35 order to find the optimal parameters for correcting coils. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 476-83
36 The simulation results demonstrate that the method [11] Lahiri B B, Ranoo S and Philip J 2017 Uncertainties in
37 proposed by this paper can be helpful in optimizing the the estimation of specific absorption rate during
38 uniformity of magnetic field for the proposed solenoid radiofrequency alternating magnetic field induced non-
pte

39 with respect to a single solenoid case. The magnetic field

adiabatic heating of ferrofluids J Phys D Appl Phys 50
40 455005
due to this improved solenoid can obviously improve the
41 [12] Hemery G, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S, Wong A D,
treatment effect in the area percentage of effective Gillies E R, Pedrono B, Bayle T, Jacob D and Sandre O
42
43
treatment temperature during magnetic hyperthermia. 2015 Thermosensitive polymer-grafted iron oxide
44 Therefore, the proposed method considering correcting nanoparticles studied by in situ dynamic light
45 coils is validated to be useful, and can be regarded as a backscattering under magnetic hyperthermia J Phys D
46 promising method for the practical application during Appl Phys 48 494001
[13] Reeves D B and Weaver J B 2014 Magnetic nanoparticle
ce

47 magnetic hyperthermia.
sensing: Decoupling the magnetization from the
48
excitation field J Phys D Appl Phys 47 045002
49
[14] Noetscher G M, Makarov S N, Scire-Scappuzzo F and
50 Pascual-Leone A 2013 A simple absolute estimate of peak
51 Acknowledgments eddy currents induced by transcranial magnetic
52 stimulation using the gr model IEEE Trans. Magn. 49
Ac

53 This work was supported in part by the National 4999-5003

54 Council for Scientific and Technological Development [15] Gas P 2010 Temperature inside tumor as time function in
55 (CNPq/Brazil) under Grant 309244/2018-8. rf hyperthermia Prz Elektrotechniczn 86 42-5
56 [16] Vallejo-Fernandez G, Whear O, Roca A G, Hussain S,
57 Timmis J, Patel V and O'Grady K 2013 Mechanisms of
58
59
60
6
Page 7 of 7 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - JPhysD-124025.R1
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

1
hyperthermia in magnetic nanoparticles J. Phys. D: Appl.
2 Phys. 46 312001
3 [17] Rosensweig R E 2002 Heating magnetic fluid with
4 alternating magnetic field J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 252

pt
5 370-4
6 [18] Lahiri B B, Ranoo S, Zaibudeen A W and Philip J 2017
7 Magnetic hyperthermia in magnetic nanoemulsions:
8 Effects of polydispersity, particle concentration and
9 medium viscosity J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 441 310-27

cri
10 [19] Tang Y, Jin T and Flesch R C C 2017 Numerical
11 temperature analysis of magnetic hyperthermia
12 considering nanoparticle clustering and blood vessels
13 IEEE Trans. Magn. 53 5400106
14 [20] Pennes H H 1948 Analysis of tissue and arterial blood
15 temperatures in the resting human forearm J. Appl.
16 Physiol. 1 93-122

us
17 [21] Astefanoaei I, Stancu A and Chiriac H 2017 Numerical
18 simulation of the temperature field in magnetic
19 hyperthermia with Fe-Cr-Nb-B magnetic particles Eur.
20 Phys. J. Plus 132 89
[22] Wang Q, Deng Z S and Liu J 2012 Theoretical
21
evaluations of magnetic nanoparticle-enhanced heating on
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
tumor embedded with large blood vessels during
hyperthermia J. Nanopart. Res. 14 974
[23] Astefanoaei I, Dumitru I, Chiriac H and Stancu A 2016
an
Thermofluid analysis in magnetic hyperthermia using low
curie temperature particles IEEE Trans. Magn. 52
7403105
dM
[24] Tang Y, Flesch R C C and Jin T 2018 Numerical
29 investigation of temperature field in magnetic
30 hyperthermia considering mass transfer and diffusion in
31 interstitial tissue J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 035401
32 [25] Tang Y, Flesch R C C and Jin T 2017 Numerical analysis
33 of temperature field improvement with nanoparticles
34 designed to achieve critical power dissipation in magnetic
35 hyperthermia J. Appl. Phys. 122 034702
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce

47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
7