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Biomolecule - Wikipedia
Biomolecule - Wikipedia
A representation of the 3D
structure of myoglobin, showing
alpha helices, represented by
ribbons. This protein was the first
to have its structure solved by X-
ray crystallography by Max Perutz
and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew in
1958, for which they received a
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Biology and its subfields of biochemistry
and molecular biology study biomolecules
and their reactions. Most biomolecules are
organic compounds, and just four
elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen—make up 96% of the human
body's mass. But many other elements,
such as the various biometals, are also
present in small amounts.
Types of biomolecules
A diverse range of biomolecules exist,
including:
Small molecules:
Lipids, fatty acids, glycolipids,
sterols, monosaccharides
Vitamins
Hormones, neurotransmitters
Metabolites
Monomers, oligomers and polymers:
Covalent bond
Polymerization
Biomonomers Bio-oligo Biopolymers name between
process
monomers
Polypept ides,
Amino acids Oligopept ides prot eins Polycondensat ion Pept ide bond
(hemoglobin...)
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Polycondensat ion Glycosidic bond
(cellulose...)
Polynucleot ides,
Phosphodiest er
Nucleot ides Oligonucleot ides nucleic acids (DNA,
bond
RNA)
Saccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of
carbohydrates with only one simple sugar.
They essentially contain an aldehyde or
ketone group in their structure.[11] The
presence of an aldehyde group in a
monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix
aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted
by the prefix keto-.[6] Examples of
monosaccharides are the hexoses,
glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses,
Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and
deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and
glucose have different rates of gastric
emptying, are differentially absorbed and
have different metabolic fates, providing
multiple opportunities for two different
saccharides to differentially affect food
intake.[11] Most saccharides eventually
provide fuel for cellular respiration.
Lignin
Lignin is a complex polyphenolic
macromolecule composed mainly of beta-
O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is
the second most abundant biopolymer and
is one of the primary structural
components of most plants. It contains
subunits derived from p-coumaryl alcohol,
coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol[15]
and is unusual among biomolecules in that
it is racemic. The lack of optical activity is
due to the polymerization of lignin which
occurs via free radical coupling reactions
in which there is no preference for either
configuration at a chiral center.
Lipid
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid
esters, and are the basic building blocks of
biological membranes. Another biological
role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides).
Most lipids consist of a polar or
hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and
one to three non polar or hydrophobic fatty
acid tails, and therefore they are
amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist of
unbranched chains of carbon atoms that
are connected by single bonds alone
(saturated fatty acids) or by both single
and double bonds (unsaturated fatty
acids). The chains are usually 14-24
carbon groups long, but it is always an
even number.
Amino acids
Amino acids contain both amino and
carboxylic acid functional groups. (In
biochemistry, the term amino acid is used
when referring to those amino acids in
which the amino and carboxylate
functionalities are attached to the same
carbon, plus proline which is not actually
an amino acid).
Protein structure
Apoenzymes
Isoenzymes
Biomolecular engineering
List of biomolecules
Metabolism
Multi-state modeling of biomolecules
References
1. Bunge, M. (1979). Treatise on Basic
Philosophy, vol. 4. Ontology II: A World of
Systems, p. 61-2. link (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=4hpNzUzH1E4C&lpg=PP1
&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA61) .
2. Voon, C. H.; Sam, S. T. (2019). "2.1
Biosensors". Nanobiosensors for
Biomolecular Targeting. Elsevier. ISBN 978-
0-12-813900-4.
3. endogeny (https://medical-dictionary.thefre
edictionary.com/endogeny) . (2011)
Segen's Medical Dictionary. The Free
Dictionary by Farlex. (http://www.thefreedic
tionary.com) Farlex, Inc. Accessed June
27, 2019.
External links
Society for Biomolecular Sciences (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201701201822
46/http://www.bioexpoonline.com/com
panies/SBS) provider of a forum for
education and information exchange
among professionals within drug
discovery and related disciplines.
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