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الهوائيات و إنتشار الموجات نظري1 ـ موقع الفريد في الفيزياء
الهوائيات و إنتشار الموجات نظري1 ـ موقع الفريد في الفيزياء
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232
אאאא א
232 א
W،،אא،א
א א א אא א א א א
אאא،אאאאאא
אאאאא
אWאאאאאא
K אא
אאאאאאא
א ،א אא
א א א א א א א ،
א،אאאא
אאאאאאא אאאאא
אאא،א
Kאא،א
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Kאאאאא
W א א א א
Kא
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אא
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1
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אא
אא
The Electromagnetic waves
אאWאא
א–א–אאאWאא
Kאאא
٪90אאאWאא
5Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאWאא
-1-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
1-1
אאאאאאא
EF
אאאאאאK
Kאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאא
אאאאKאאאא
אKאא
Kאאא
אא 2-1
Electromagnetic waves characteristics
אאא
אאאאאאא
KאאאKאא
אאאאאאא
אאא
KE1 J1Fאא
אאאאאאאא
Kא
-2-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Ex solid lines
y
Hy dashed lines
1 J1א
א 3-1
Wave velocity
א אאא
Kא אKא
אאאEL810C3Fאא
Kאאאא
אא א4-1
Frequency and Wavelength
אאאאאאאא
אK(Cycle)אאאאא
א(cycle/s) Lאאאאאא
KfKHertz
-3-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאאאא
Kא (The same phase)אא
λ
Wאאאא
אLאZאא
λ = v / f
W
אאWλ
אאאא אW v
אW f
W1 J1
Wאאאאאאאא
1 KHz J1
1 MHz J2
1GHz J3
Wא
λ=v/f
-4-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
א א5-1
Rays and Wavefront
אאאאא
אאא
אאאKאא
Wא
אאאאאאWא
EאFאאאאWא
ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
اﻷﺷﻌﺔ
EFאא2 J1א
Wאא
אאאאW J
2 J1אאאאא
אאאאW J
3 J1אאאא א
-5-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت
اﻷﺷﻌﺔ
EFאא3 J1
אאא א6-1
Spherical waves and Inverse square law
אאאאאא
PdאPt אאאאאא
אאאאא א
(W/m2) 2LאאאאwWatt אא
א4 J1אאאא א
WR1א
Pd1 = Pt / 4лR12
: هﻲR2 و آﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
2
Pd2 = Pt / 4лR2
:ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ
2
Pd1 / Pd2 = (R2 / R1)
אאאאאא
5 J1אא א
-6-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
2 ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
1 ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
R1
R2
אאאא4 J1א
א
آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
א5 J1א
-7-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
2 J1
1אאאאא
Kא100אאאאאאאאא10
Wא
Pd1 = Pt / 4лR12
= 100 /(4л x 12) w/ m2
Pd2 = Pt / 4лR22
= 100 /(4л x 102) w/ m2
א7-1
Polarization
אאאאא
אאאאאאא
WאאKא
Wאא J
Linear polarization
אאאאאא
WE6 J1Fאאא
Wאאא J
Horizontal polarization
אאאאאאא
Wאאא J
Vertical polarization
אאאאאא
-8-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل
اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﻋﻤﻮدي
اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب أﻓﻘﻲ
אא6 J1א
Wאאא J
Circular polarization
אאאאאאאא
WE7 J1Fאאאא
Wאאאא J
Right Circular polarization
אאאאאאא
אא
Wאאאא J
Left Circular polarization
אאאאאא
אאא
-9-
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر
اﻟﻴﺴﺎريאאא اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲאאא
אאא7 J1א
Wאא J
Elliptical polarization
אאא
אא
אאאאא
WE8 J1אF
Wאאא J
Right Elliptical polarization
אאאאאא
אאא
Wאאא J
Left Elliptical polarization
אאאאא
אאאא
- 10 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
ﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر
اﻟﻴﺴﺎريאא اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲאא
אא8 J1
אא א8-1
The electrical properties of the transmission medium
Wא
Permittivity () א J
Wאאא
= o r
W
אאWo
o =8.85 x 10-12
=(1/36л )x 10-9
אאאאאWr
- 11 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אא א9-1
Optical properties of electromagnetic waves
אאאא
WאKאאאא
Refraction א J
Reflection א J
Diffraction J
Interference א J
א אאאא
Kאאא
- 12 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Refractionא J
אאאאא
9 J1אKאא
אאאKאאאאאא
Wאאאאא
n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)
W
אאWi
אאWt
אאאW n1
אאאW n2
אאאiאאא9 J1א
Ktא
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ
i
اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻷول
اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
t
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة
אאא9 J1א
- 13 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
3 J1
אK45א
K2Zאאא1Zאאאאא
Wא
n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)
1 sin (45) = 2 sin (t)
sin (t) = 0.5 sin(45) = 0.5 (0.707) = 0.3535
t = sin-1(0.3535) =20.7o
Reflection א J
אאאאא
אאאא
אא א אאK10 J1א
אאאאאKאא
Kאאאאאאא
i = r
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ i r
اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻷول
اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
אאא10 J1א
- 14 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
4 J1
אK45א
K2Zאאא1Zאאאאא
Wא
i = r
r = 45o
Diffraction א J
אאא
1אאאKא
Wאא
λ =3×108/1×106 =300 m
K300א
אאאאא
(Optical waves)אאאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא
אאאאKאאא
אאא
K11 J1אא
- 15 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
3 ﻣﻮﺟﺔ
A
1 ﻣﻮﺟﺔ B
2 ﻣﻮﺟﺔ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎآﺲ
Bאאא11 J1א
אא 10-1
אא
אKאא
Wא
Ground waves אא
Space waves אא
Sky waves אא
אאאאאא12 J1א
Kא
- 16 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ
اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ
אאאא12 J1א
(LF,VLF)אאאאאאא
אאאאEאFאאא
אאאאאאאK
Kאא
(VHF אאאאאא
Kand above)
(HF)אאאא
Ground waves א א J
אאאאאאא
(Surface אאאא
waves)
- 17 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Wאאא
אאWא J1
אאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאא J2
אאאאאא
(LF, VLF)
אאאאאאא
Kא
Wא
א J1
אא
אא J2
Wא
J1
א J2
אאא J3
- 18 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Fאא אאא א
אK4036אאאEDirect pathא
אאאאאאאאאא
Kאא
Wאאאא
d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
W
אאאWd
אאאWht
אאאWhr
Kא13 J1א
d hr
ht
אא13 J1א
- 19 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
5 J1
K100אא
Wא
d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
= 4 (100)1/2 + 4 (100)1/2
= 40 +40 =80 km
Kאאאאאאאא
Sky waves א א J
אEFאאאאאא
אאאאא
،(Ionosphere Layer)אאא
40050אאאאא
אאאK350
אאאאKא
Kאא
אאאאאא
אאאאKאא
Kא
W14 J1אאא
D J
E J
F J
- 20 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
400 KM
140 KM
100 KM
50 KM
אא14 J1א
،10050אאאאאD
אאאאא
Dאאא(VLF, LF)אאא
K
אK
،140100אאאאאE
אאאאאא
KEאאא(MF)
K
א
- 21 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
،400140אאאאאF
אאאאאא
KFאאא(HF, VHF)א
K
א
אאאאאאאאא
אאKא
אאאאאא
אאאאא
Kאא(Microwaves)א
( Critical Angle) אאא (Critical Frequency)א א11-1
Kא
אאאאא
Kאא
W
LF אא D
MF אא E
HF אא F
אאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kאא
- 22 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J1
؟אאאאא J2
؟אאאא J3
؟אא J4
؟אא J5
؟אא J6
؟אא J7
؟אא J8
- 23 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J9
؟אא J10
؟אאא J11
אאאאא J12
؟א
؟אא J13
- 24 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J14
؟א J15
؟אא J16
؟אאאא J17
؟אא J18
؟אא J19
؟אאא J20
- 25 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J21
؟אא J22
؟אא J23
؟אאא J24
؟אאאא J25
؟אא J26
- 26 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟D J27
؟אאא J31
- 27 -
אאאא
אאאא
אאאא
2
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
אא
אאאא
Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאWאא
אאא Kא
Kאא
٪90אאאWאא
5Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאW אא
אאאא
- 28 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
W1 J2
אאאאא
אאאKאא
אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאא
אאאא אא
(radio antennas)אאא
Kאא
אאאא א
אKאאא
Kאא
א2 J2
The Wave Equation
אאאאאא
KאאאאE1 J2 אF
אא א
KאאKא
Wא
- 29 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Ex
x
Direction of
propagation
Ey
z
אאא1 J2א
d 2 Ex
2 Ex 0
dz 2 E1 J2F
W
xאאאW Ex
אאW Z
(propagation constant)אW γ
אKאאאאאE1 J2Fא
Kאא
אE1 J2Fא
Kאא
- 30 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
אאאאא
Kא
(γ) א1 J2 J2
The propagation constant
Wאאאאא
אא J
א J
Wאאא
אא J
אא J
Wאאא
2 2 j
E2 J2F
W
(2πf)אאאW ω
א :f
(permittivity)אאWε
(permeability) אאWμ
(conductivity)אאWσ
אאאWj
אאאאאאא
אא
Wא
- 31 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
j
E3 J2F
W
Attenuation Constant אW α
Phase Constant א :β
2 J2אKאאא א
Kאאאאא
Signal
Power
α =0 Lossless medium
α =0.5
α =0.8
Distance
אא2 J2א
אאאא2 J2א
א אאאא
אאא(Lossless medium) א
Kאאא
Wאאא א
v ph /
E4 J2F
- 32 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
v g / E5 J2F
W
(phases velocity) אWvph
(group velocity) EאFאWvg
אאאאא
Kאא
ηא3 J2
Wave Impedance
אאאא
Wאא
Ex j
Hy j E6 J2F
WאE6 J2Fא
אא J
אא J
א
Kאאאאא
Kאאאא
Kאאאא
( = 0)אאא4 J2
The propagation in lossless media ( = 0)
אאאא
Wאא
- 33 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
2 2 j
2 2 0
2
j
E7 J2F
But:
j E8 J2F
WאE8 J2FאE7 J2Fא
0
WE4 J2Fאא
v ph /
v ph /
v ph 1 /
Wאאאא
μZμr μo = μoZ4π 10-7
ε = εr εo = εo =(1/36π ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12
Wאאא
v ph 1 / 1 / 4 10 7 /(1 / 36 )10 9 3 108 m / s
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
אאאא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאאא
Kאא
- 34 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
WE6 J2Fאאאאא
j
j
j
j
W אא
μZμr μo = μoZ4π 10-7
ε = εr εo = εo =(1/36π ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12
Wא
r o
r o
o
o
4 10 7
(1 / 36 ) 10 9
120
377
K377אאא
1 J2
א
WKאא4
א J
- 35 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
א J
א J
א J
Wא
Wאאא J
2 2 j
Wאא
σ Z0
Wא
2 2
2
j
j
Wאא
α Z 0
Kאאאאא
Wא J
Wאאאא
אאאאא
Kאאא
Wא J
- 36 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Wאא
v ph /
1 /
1 / r o r o
1 / 1 4 10 7 4 (1 / 36 )10 9
3 108 / 2
Kאאאא
Wא J
WE6 J2Fאא
j
j
j
j
r o
r o
1 4 10 7
4 (1/ 36 )10 9
120 / 2
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
- 37 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
אא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאא א5-2
Conductors and Dielectric Materials
אאא
Wאאאא
/
Wאאאאאא
/ 1
Wאאאאאא
/ 1
Wאא
אא J
אא J
אא א
Kא
אא1 J5 J2
Good dielectrics
Wאאא
/ 1
- 38 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
אאאאא
W
2 2 j
j ( j )
j 1 j
j (1 j )
2
j
אאא אא
אאKאא א
WאKאא אא
2
Wאא
v ph
1
Kאאאאאא
Wאאא
- 39 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
j
j
(1 j
)
0.5
(1 j )
(1 j )
2
אאאאא
Kאא
אאא2 J5 J2
Good conductors
Wאאא
/ 1
אאאאא
W
2 2 j
- 40 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
j ( j )
j 1 j
j
1
(1 j )
2
j
אאא אא
אאKאאא
WאKאא אא
2
2
Wאא
v ph
2
Wאאא
- 41 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
j
j
j /
1 j
j
1
(1 j )
2
(1 j )
2
אאא א6-2
Normal Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves on Plane Boundaries
אאאא
אאאאא
אאאאKא
3 J2אאאאאא
K
- 42 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Medium 1 Medium 2
Ei
Incident wave Et Transmitted
wave
Hi
Ht
Reflected wave
Er
Hr
אאאא3 J2
- 43 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
אא(Forward Wave)אאאאאא
א(Backward Wave)אאאאKZא
KאאאאאKZאא
Wאאא
Wאאא
Ei Em e z a x
Em e z e z a x
Wאאא
H i H m e z a y
H m e z e z a y
Ei
1
Wאאא
Er Em e z a x
Em e z e z a x
Wאאא
H r H m e z a y
H m e z e z a y
Er
1
Wאאא
- 44 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Et Et e z a x
Et e z e z a x
Wאאא
H r H t e z a y
H t e z e z a y
Et
2
Wאאאא
W(Reflection coefficient)א
אאאאאאא
W
Er 2 1
Ei 2 1 E9 J2F
W
אW1
EאFאW 2
WE9 J2Fא
אאאאא J1
Eאא? ?Fאא
1 Jאאאא J2
Kאאאאא
- 45 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
W(Transmission coefficient)א
אאאאאאא
W
Et 2 2
T
Ei 2 1 E10 J2F
WE10 J2Fא
אאאאאא J1
? ?Fאאאא
Eאא
אאאאא J2
Kאאאאא
אאאאא
אאאאא
Wא
T 1
E11 J2F
W2 J2
אא L100
WK70 EאאF
א J
א J
אא J
אא J
אא א J
- 46 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Wאא J
Wאאאא
Er
Ei
E
0.69 r
100
Er 69 V/m
Wאא J
Wאאאא
Et
T
Ei
Et
0.31
100
Et 31 V/m
- 47 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Wאאאאאא
T 0.69 0.31 1
Wאאאאאאאא
Er Et 69 31 100 Ei
Wאא
Et Ei Er 100 69 31V/m
Wאאא
Er 2 1
Ei 2 1
300 377
300 377
0.11
א J
Wאאא
Et 2 2
T
Ei 2 1
2 300
300 377
0.89
Wאא J
Wאאאא
Er
Ei
E
0.11 r
100
Er 11 V/m
Wאא J
Wאאאא
Et
T
Ei
Et
0.89
100
Et 89 V/m
Wאאאאאא
T 0.11 0.89 1
- 49 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Wאאאאאאאא
Er Et 11 89 100 Ei
Wאא
Et Ei Er 100 11 89 V/m
אא אא
Kאאאאאאאא
Wאא 7-2
Power Considerations
אאאא
אאאKאאאאאאא
אאאא אא
Wאאאאאא
P Ex H y
Wא
Ex
Hy
Wאא
E x2
P
- 50 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
W3 J2
אא L100
WK300 EאאF
אא J
אא J
אא J
Wא
אא J
Ei2
100 2
P 26.5 W
1 377
אא J
Er 2 1
Ei 2 1
300 377
300 377
0.11
Er Ei 11 V/m
Er2
112
Pr 0.32 W
1 377
אא J
Et 2 2
T
Ei 2 1
2 300
300 377
0.89
Et TEi 89 V/m
- 51 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
Et2 89 2
Pt 26.4 W
2 300
א אאאאאא
Kא
Pr Pt 0.32 26.4 26.72
- 52 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
؟אא J1
؟א J2
؟א א J3
؟א J4
؟אא J5
؟א J6
- 53 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
؟א J7
؟א J8
؟א J9
؟א J10
؟אאא J12
؟אא J13
- 54 -
אא אאאא א
אאאא 232 א
؟אא J14
؟א J15
؟א J16
؟א J17
؟א J18
- 55 -
אאאא
אא
אא
3
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אא
אא
Fundamentals of Antennas
אאWאא
KאאאאאאאWאא
٪90אאאWאא
8Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אא אאאאאW אא
Kאאא
- 56 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
1 J3
אא(Antenna) אא
אא אאאאאאKא
Kאאאא
(Antenna structure)אאא
א(Antenna parameters) אאאא
Kאאא
א–אא–א–א Jאאאא
–אאאK אא J א–א
אא–אא Jאאא Jאאא
Kאא–א
Antenna Structure אא2 J3
Size א1 J2 J3
אאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
W
Wאא3א
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×103 =100,000 m =100 km
100אאאאאא
Kא
Wאא3א
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×106 =100 m
K100אאאאאא
- 57 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Wאא3א
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×109 =0.1 m =10 cm
K10אאאאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא א
Supports א2 J2 J3
אאאא
אאאאKא
אאאאKאאאאא
K1 J3א
אאאא1 J3א
Conductors א3 J2 J3
אאא אאאא
אאאאאאאאאKא
(Microwave Band)אאא
Insulatorsאא4 J2 J3
- 58 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא Kאא
אאאKאאא
Kאאא
Weather Protectionאא5 J2 J3
אאאא אא
אאאאאK
אאאאאKאאאא
אאK2 J3אאאאאאא
Kאאא
ﻏﻄﺎء ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ
هﻮاﺋﻰ
K
אאא2 J3
Feed Lines א6 J2 J3
Kאאאאאאאאא
WאאKאא
EאאFאא J
אאא א J
W3 J3א
- 59 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
א3 J3א
- 61 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Kאאאאא
אאאא
K4 J3
اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻰ
ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ
Z T = Z in (antenna)
אא4 J3א
אאאאאאא
א אאאFאא
KEאא
EאFאא
אאאאאאא
- 62 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Antenna Parametersאא3 J3
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאא
אאאאא אאא
K אא
א אאאא
אK אאאאאא
Jאאא Jאאא–א
Kאא–אאא–אא
Radiation Pattern א1 J3 J3
אאאאאאאא
WאאK5 J3אא
אא J
אאאא J
Wאאאא5 J3א
Omnidirectional patternא J
Omnidirectional Antennaאאאאא
Directive patternאאא J
Directive Antenna אאאא
אאאאא
אאא(Mobile communications)אא
- 63 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאא
Kאאאא
Wאא
Wאא J
א אאא
Kאאא
Wאא J
אאאאאא
E360FאאK א
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Wא
Polar diagramאא J
אאאאאא
K5 J3אKאאא
Cartesian diagram אא J
אאאאא
KאEאאFאEאאFאא
אא אאא
Wא
E-plane אא J
אאאאא
אאא
- 64 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
- 65 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאא5 J3
אאא2 J3 J3
Radiation Resistance and Antenna Efficiency
א W
א(AC antenna resistance)אא
אKאאאאאאא(Radiated power) א
Kאא
Wאאא
Rr = Pr / i2
W
(Ohm Ω)אאאW Rr
(Watt w) אאאאאW Pr
(Ampere A) אא(rms) אאW i
- 66 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
K6 J3א
1 J3
א1000אא
K10 אאאא
Wא
Rr = Pr / i2
=1000 / (10)2 = 10 Ω
Pr
i i
Pr Rr
هﻮاﺋﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ
אא6 J3
אאW
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא (Input power Pin) אאאKא
K(Dissipated power Pd)אאא
- 67 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Wאאאא
= Pr / Pin
W
אאW
(Watt w) אאאאאW Pr
(Watt w)אאאאאWPin
Wאאא
Pin = Pr + Pd
W
(Watt) אאאאאWPd
Wאאאאאא
= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
אאאאאא7 J3א
אאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
8 J3א אאא
- 68 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Rr
Rd
Rd
Rr
Antenna
Equivalent Circuit
K
אא7 J3
Pd
i i
Pd
Rd
ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ
هﻮاﺋﻲ
אא8 J3
- 69 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Wאאאאאא
= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= i2 Rr / i2 ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / Rin
W
Rin =Rr + Rd
WאאKאא
= (Pr / Pin ) × 100 %
א(Data sheet)אא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
W2 J3
Kא1000אאאא900אאאאא
Wא
= Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
W3 J3
100אאאא900אאאאא
Kא
Wא
Pin = Pr + Pd
=900 + 100 = 1000 w
= Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
- 70 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
W4 J3
100אא900אאאא
K
Wא
= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
= 0.9 = 90%
W4 J3
אאK100אא900אא
K10אאאאאא
Wא
2
Pr = i Rr
=102 (900)
=90,000
= 90 k
Pd = i2 Rd
=102 (100)
=10,000
= 10 k
W5 J3
٪90900אאא
Wא
= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 + Rd)
= 0.9
Rd = 100
- 71 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
W6 J3
אא100900אאאא
K1אאאא
א
Pr = i2 Rr
=12 (900) = 900 w
= Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
=0.9
W7 J3
א900אא1000אאא
K1אא
א
Rin =Rr + Rd
Rin = Pin / i2
= 1000 / 12
= 1000
= Rr / Rin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
אאאא3 J3 J3
Directive Gain and Power Gain
אאW
אאאאאא
א(Reference antenna) אאא
K9 J3אאא
- 72 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Pr
P1
1 هﻮاﺋﻰ
Pr
P2
2 هﻮاﺋﻰ
Pr
Pref
هﻮاﺋﻰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻲ
אאא9 J3א
(Isotropic א אאאא
Kantenna)
Wאאא
D = Pr / Pref
W
אאאWD
אאאאאWPref
אאאאאאא
K
=0.9
- 73 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
W8 J3
אאאאאאאאא
W2Lא100
2Lא500אא J
2
Lא1000אא J
2Lא1500אא J
א
J
D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5
–
D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1
–
D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5
אאאאאאאאא
א
אW
אאאאא
(Reference antenna) אאא
Kאאאא
אאאאא
Wאאאאאאאא
AP = D
W
אאWAP
- 74 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
W9 J3
אאאאאאאא
W2Lא100
٪802Lא500אא J
٪902Lא1000אא J
٪1002Lא1500אא J
א
J
D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5
AP = D = 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.40
–
D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1
AP = D = 0.9 × 1.0 = 0.90
–
D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5
AP = D = 1.0 × 1.5 = 1.50
=D
אאאא אא
Kאא
אא אאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אא אא
Kאא
אאא(Data sheet)אא
אKאאאאאאאא
- 75 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Fאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאEKKKא
אאאאאEFאאא
Kאא
אאא4 J3 J3
Antenna Polarization
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאא
אאאאאKאאא
Kאאאא
אאא5 J3 J3
Antenna Beamwidth ( )
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKא
אאAO, BO A, Bאאא
K10 J3א
- 76 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Pmax /2
A
O Pmax
اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ
אאא10 J3א
אאאא
AO, BO A, Bאא3אא
K11 J3א אא
A
-3dB
O 0 dB
اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ
אאא11 J3א
- 77 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Iin
Vin
اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ
אא12 J3hg
אאאאאאא
WIinאאVinא
Zin= Vin / Iin
- 78 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאא
אא אאאאא
אאאאא(Matching conditions)
אאא13 J3אK13 J3אאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאאאאאאאא
K(Receiver)
اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻰ
ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ داﺋﺮة اﻟﻤﻮاءﻣﺔ
Z c1 = Z in (antenna)
Z T = Z c2
אאאאאאאא13 J3hg
Kא
- 79 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
10 J3
Wאאאאאאא
75א J
E300–150–100–75–70–50Fאא
150א J
E300–150–100–75–70–50Fאא
300א J
E300–150–100–75–70–50Fאא
Wא
75אא J
150אא J
300אא J
- 80 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J1
؟אאאא J2
؟אאאא J3
؟אאאאא J4
؟אאא J5
؟א J6
- 81 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J7
؟אאא J8
؟א J9
؟א J10
؟אא J11
؟אא J12
؟אאא J13
- 82 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J14
؟אא J15
؟אאא J16
؟אאא J17
؟אאאא J18
؟אא J19
- 83 -
אאאא
אאאא
אאאא
4
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאא
אאאא
Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאWאא
אKאאאאאא
Kאאאא
٪90אאאWאא
8Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאאWאא
Kאאאאאאא
- 84 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
W1 J4
אאKאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאא
( Half-wave dipole)dאאא (Short dipole)אאאא
(Horn אא(Helical antenna)אאא( Loop antenna)d אאא
K(Microstrip antennas)אאא(Dish antenna)אאantenna)
(Center feeding)אאאא
K(Horn method) א(Delta-match feed method)א
אאא2 J4
Basic Radiators
אKאאאאאאאאא
א אאאא
Kאא
אא (Short dipole)אאאאאאא
אא( Loop antenna) אאא( Half-wave dipole) א
(Dish antenna)אא (Horn antenna) אא(Helical antenna) א
K(Microstrip antennas)אאא
- 85 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאא1 J2 J4
Short dipole antenna
אאאאא(Antenna theory) אא
אאאאא
K1 J4א
Wאאא
אא J1
אאאאא J2
Wאאאאא
א(+Q, -Q) W J1
אאאE10L1F(l) W J2
+Q اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ
-Q اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ
אאאא1 J4א
- 86 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאאאאא2 J4
אאאאא2 J4א
אאאKאאאא
אאKאא אאאאא
אאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא
אאאr(1/r2) אאא
אאאאK(1/r3)אאא
Kאאאא
- 87 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאא1 J1 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the short dipole
אאאKאאאא3 J4א
אא2 J4אאא(E-plane)אאא
(H-plane)אאKאאאאא
אאאאKאאא
א(Wave impedance Z) אא
אאאאאKאאא
W
Z=E/H
W
אWZ
אאWE
אאWH
KאאאאE π120F377א
- 88 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
E-Plane
H-Plane
אאאא3 J4א
אאאא2 J1 J2 J4
The radiation resistance of the short dipole
אאאאאאאאא
W
Zin = Vin / Iin
Wאאאא
Rr 80 2 (l / ) 2
W
אW Rr
אאW l
- 89 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאW
אאאא
אא7.9אאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאא3 J1 J2 J4
Directivity (D)
Wאאאאא
D = 1.5
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאא4 J1 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
אאאאא
W
= 90o
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
K
אאא2 J2 J4
Half-Wave Dipole
- 90 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
+Q اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ
-Q اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ
אאא4 J4
אאאא1 J2 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the half-wave dipole
אאאאאאא5 J4א
(Isotropic Pattern)אאאאא
אאאאK(Omnidirectional pattern)
Kאאאא() אאא
- 91 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
Omnidirection
Short-dipole
Half-Wave
אאאאאא5 J4
אאאא
אאאא2 J2 J2 J4
The radiation resistance of the half-wave dipole
73.1אאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
Kאאאאא
- 92 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאא3 J2 J4
Loop Antenna
אאאא6 J4אאאאאאא
Kא
אאא6 J4א
אאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאKא אאא
Kאאאא
- 94 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאא1 J3 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the small loop antenna
אאאאאא7 J4א
Kאא
E-Plane
H-Plane
אאאא7 J4
- 95 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
- 97 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאא8 J4א
אאא1 J4 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the helical antenna
Wאא א
Normal Mode א א J
אאאאאאאא
K9 J4א
- 98 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא9 J4א
Axial Mode א א J
אאאאא
K10 J4אאא
- 99 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא10 J4
אאא2 J4 J2 J4
Directivity (D)
אאאאא
Dmax = 15 NS( D)2 / 2
אאאאאא
אאאKאאאאא
- 100 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאא3 J4 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
אאאאאא
3dB =52 (3/2 ) / NS D
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאא
Kאאאאא
Kאאא א
אא5 J2 J4
Horn Antenna
אאאאאאאאא
WאאאאK(Microwave Band) א
א א J
J
א J
J
- 101 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאKאאאאא11 J4א
K(Waveguides)אאא
אא11 J4א
W אא
א J
אא J
Wאא
G = 10 A / 2
W
אאWA
אאאW
- 102 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
א אאא
Kאאאאאאא
2 J4
5020אאאאאא
Wאאא
3 GHz J
30 GHz J
Wא
3GHz J
G = 10 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
G = 10 A / 2
= 10 0.1 / 0.12 = 100
30 GHz J
G = 10 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m
G = 10 A / 2
= 10 0.1 / 0.012 = 10,000
אאא אאא
Wאא،אאא
D = 7.5 A / 2
3 J4
5020אאאאאא
Wאאא
3 GHz J
30 GHz J
- 103 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
Wא
3GHz J
D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5 0.1 / 0.12 = 75
30 GHz J
D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20 50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m
D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5 0.1 / 0.012 = 7500
אאאאאאא
Wאאאאא
E = 56 / dE degree
H = 67 / dH degree
אאK11 J4אאאdHdE
K אאאאא
אא6 J2 J4
Dish " Parabolic" Antenna
אאאאאאא
אאא12 J4אK(Microwave Band) א
אאאאא
- 104 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אא12 J4א
Wאאאא
א J
J
J
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
Wאא
- 105 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
Wא J
אאאאא
Wא J
אEF8L1אא
אאאאא،אא
אKאא8L1א
Kא
א J
Kאאא
Kאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Wאא
G = k(D)2 / 2
W
אWD
אאאאW
אאאאWk
K0.70.4א
4 J4
0.5א1אאאאא
Wאאא
3 GHz J
30 GHz J
Wא
3GHz J
- 106 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
G = k(D)2 / 2
= c / f = 3 108 / 3 109 = 0.1 m
G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5 (1)2 / 0.12 =493.5
30 GHz J
G = k(D)2 / 2
= c / f = 3 108 / 30 109 = 0.01 m
G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5 (1)2 / 0.012
5 J4
אאאK0.5א1אאא
K493.5א
G = k(D)2 / 2
493.5 = 0.5 (1)2 / 2
2 = 0.009999
= 0.1
f = c / =3 108 / 0.1 = 3 109 = 3GHz
- 107 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא13 J4א
- 108 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא14 J4א
אאא7 J2 J4
Microstrip Antennas
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאא
Kאאאא
Wאאאא15 J4א
Dielectric Substrateא J
Metalic Patch J
Feeder
J
- 109 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאא15 J4א
Wאא
א J
א J
א J
א J
K16 J4א א
אאא16 J4א
Wאא
- 110 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
א J
א J
א J
א J
Wאא
אא J
J
אא J
Kאאא
Wאא
א א J
א J
א א J
Microwave band אא
א3 J4
Feeding methods
(Center feeding)אאאא
אאK(Horn method) א(Delta-match feed method)א
אאאאאאא
KMatching ConditionsאאKאא
אא1 J3 J4
Center Feeding
אאאאאKאא17 J4
Kאאא(Matching Stub)א
- 111 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא17 J4א
א2 J3 J4
Delta-match Feed Method
אאאאאKא18 J4א
Kאאאאא(Delta)א
א18 J4א
- 112 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
א3 J3 J4
Horn Method
אאאאאKא19 J4א
Kאאאאא(Probe)
א19 J4א
- 113 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
؟אאאא K1
؟אאאאאא K2
؟אאאא K3
؟אאאא K4
؟אאאאא K5
؟אאאא K6
؟אאאא K7
؟אאאאא K8
- 114 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
؟אאא K9
؟אאא K10
؟אאא K11
؟אאא K12
؟אא K13
؟אאא K14
- 115 -
אאא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
؟אאא K15
؟אאא K16
؟אאאא K17
؟אאא K18
؟אאאא K19
؟אאא K20
- 116 -
אאאא
אא
אא
5
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אא
אא
Antenna arrays
אאWאא
אאאאאאWאא
Kאא
٪90אאאWאא
5Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאאWאא
Kאא
- 117 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
W1 J5
Kאא א
אאא
אK(Array element)אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKא
אאאאאא
אאEFאK
אאאאא
Kאא
אאאאא
אאאאאאא
K
אא2 J5
Wא
Driven elements J
אאאא א
Kאאאאא(transmission line)
Nondriven (Parasitic) elements EF J
(transmission אאאא
K(Mutual induction)אאאline)
- 118 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
Wאא
ReflectorsאאW
אאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
K1 J5אאאא
DirectorsאW
אאאאא
אKאאאא
1 J5אאא
Driven element
Feed Points
Lens
Mirror
א1 J5א
- 119 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאאאא
א א
אא3 J5
Broadside Array
- 120 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
λ/2
Feed points
אא2 J5א
אאאא4 J5
End-fire Array
אאאא3 J5א
אא אאאאא
אאאא אא
- 121 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אKאאKא
K3 J5אאא
Feed points
λ/2
אאאא3 J5א
אא5 J5
Non-Resonant Array
אאא4 J5א
אאא אאאא
אK4 J5אא
אK4 J5אאאאKא
אאאא
K٪67
- 122 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
אאאא
K303
אא4 J5א
- 123 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J1
؟א J2
؟אא J3
؟אאא J4
؟אאא J5
؟אא J6
- 124 -
אא אאאא א
אא 232 א
؟אא J7
؟אאאא J8
- 125 -
אאאא
אאא
אאא
6
אא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אא
אאא
Practical antenna systems
אאאWאא
KאאאאאאאאWאא
٪90אאאWאא
5Wאאאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאאW אא
Kאאאאאאאא
- 126 -
אא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
W1 J6
אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאא2 J6
Wאאאא
א J
א J
אאא J
א J
אאאאאאאא
Wאאאא
אא א J
אאא J
אאא א J
Wאא
Wire antennaאא א J
Inverted L-antennaאLא J
- 127 -
אא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאאא
אא3 J6
אאאאאאאא
אאאK1 J6אאאא
אאאאא
KאאאK
اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ
ﻋﻮاآﺲ
اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ
ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎت
آﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
אא1 J6א
٪6 אאאאאאא
Kאאא1 J6אאא
Kאאא٪6אאא
- 128 -
אא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
אאאאאא
אאא4 J6
Kאאאאאאא
Wאאא
אאאאא J1
אאא J2
אאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
- 129 -
אא אאאא א
אאא 232 א
أﺳﺌﻠﺔ
-1ﻣﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ هﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺠﻮال؟
-5آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل إﺷﺎرات ذات ﺗﺮددات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ و ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة؟
-6آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ؟
אא
אא
The Electromagnetic waves
א
؟אא J1
؟אאאאא J2
؟אאא J3
؟אא J4
؟אא J5
؟אא J6
؟אא J7
؟אא J8
؟אא J9
؟אא J10
؟אאא J11
אאאאא J12
؟א
- 131 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
؟אא J16
؟אאאא J17
؟אא J18
؟אא J19
؟אאא J20
؟אא J21
؟אא J22
؟אא J23
؟אאאא J24
؟אא J25
؟D J26
- 132 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
؟אאא J30
- 133 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אא
אאאא
Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves
א
؟אא J1
؟א J2
؟א א J3
؟א J4
؟אא J5
؟א J6
؟א J7
؟א J8
؟א J9
؟א J10
- 134 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אאא J12
؟א
؟אא J13
؟אא J14
؟א J15
؟א J16
؟א J17
؟א J18
- 135 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אא
אא
Fundamentals of Antennas
א
؟אא J1
؟אאאא J2
؟אאאא J3
؟אאאאא J4
؟אאא J5
؟א J6
؟אא J7
؟אאא J8
؟א J9
؟א J10
- 136 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
؟אא J11
؟אא J12
؟אאא J13
؟אא J14
؟אא J15
؟אאא J16
؟אאא J17
؟אאאא J18
؟אא J19
K
- 137 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אאא
אאאא
Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods
א
؟אאאא K1
؟אאאאאא K2
؟אאאא K3
؟אאאא K4
؟אאאאא K5
؟אאאא K6
؟אאאא K7
؟אאאאא K8
؟אאא K9
؟אאא K10
؟אאא K11
؟אאא K12
؟אא K13
- 138 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
؟אאא K14
؟אא K15
؟אאא K16
؟אאאא K17
؟אאא K18
؟אאאא K19
؟אאא K20
- 139 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אא
אא
Antenna arrays
א
؟אא J1
؟א J2
؟אא J3
؟אאא J4
؟אאא J5
؟אא J6
؟ אא J7
؟אאאא J8
- 140 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
אא
אאא
Practical antenna systems
أﺳﺌﻠﺔ
-5آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل إﺷﺎرات ذات ﺗﺮددات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ و ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة؟
-6آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ؟
אא
[2] C. Balanis, Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
- 142 -
אאאא א
א
232 א
א
אאWאא
2 1 J1
2 אא 2-1
3 א 3-1
3 אאא 4-1
4 אא 5-1
5 אאאא 6-1
7 א 7-1
10 אאא 8-1
11 אאא 9-1
14 אא 10-1
19 אאא א1 11-1
20
אאאאW Wאא
30 1-2
30 א 2-2
33 א 3-2
34 אאא 4-2
38 אאאא 5-2
41 אאאא 6-2
48 אא 7-2
50
אאאא א
א
232 א
אאWאא
58 1-3
58 אא 2-3
58 א 1-2-3
58 א 2-2-3
59 א 3-2-3
59 אא 4-2-3
59 אא 5-2-3
60 א 6-2-3
62 אא 7-2-3
127
אא