ARAULLO UNIVERSITY POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDENT ORGANIZATION

Prepared by Simone Paula Oliveros

Module 3
Datu
- The group of people that governs the Philippines. They are the first local
government of the Philippines. Each barangay was ruled by a datu or village
chief who was also known as raha or rajah.
Islam
- The first religion in the Philippines

Barangay
- The barangay is originated by the datu to supervise each tribe in the Philippines.
This is the earliest form of government in the Philippines.

Rajah Humabon
- First Philippine datu during pre-Spanish era.
-
Color scheme
- Skin tone is the basis of men’s bravery.
Gold
- The payment use for bartering things
Alibata
- The first Filipino alphabet

TAGALOG ENGLISH Bisaya

Lakan or Rajah (Maginoo) Noble Class Tumao or Datu

Maharlika Middle Class Timawa

Alipin (Namamahay or Lower Class Oripun

Sagigilild)

Nobles
- Datu and his relatives
- Ruling class of the barangay who wielded vast influence.

Freemen (Middle Class)

- Composed of offspring of inherently free people, descendants of mixed marriage
of nobles and commoners, and dependents who earned their freedom.
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Dependents
- People who were not able to pay their debts.
- Oripun
- Primary types:
● Namamahay (had a property, a house)
● Sagigilid (does not possess any property)

Module 4

333 Years
- Period of Spanish reign and government in the Philippines

Christianity
- Religion influenced from spaniards in the Philippines
-
Miguel Lopez De Legazpi
- First governor general in the Philippines

Governor-General
- Ruler in the Philippine government during Spanish era

Royal Audiencia
- Supreme court in the Philippines during Spanish regime
Two panels of Royal Audiencia:
● Sala de lo Civil
● Sala de lo Penal

Ministry of Ultramar
- A colony that supervise Philippine affairs

Executive and Judicial

- The only 2 branches of government in the Philippines

Filipinas
- The first name of Philippines named by Spanish
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Guardia Civil
- Police introduced by Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada. The organization
began with a size of one division or around 1,200 men.

Spanish Law
- law followed by Filipinos because our country is ruled by Spaniards. If there’s a
law created by Filipinos, it should be approved by Spaniards.

Executive Branch
- Governor-General

Judicial Branch
- Royal Audiencia
- Residencia
- Lower courts
- Governor-General

Provincial Government
- Alcaldía
- Alcalde Mayor
- Fully subjugated

Pueblos/Towns
- Gobernadorcillo

Municipal Government
- Corrigimiento
- Corregidor
- Not yet entirely under Spanish control

City Government
- Ayuntamiento
- Cabildo (City Council)
● Alcalde
● Regidores
● Alguacil Mayor
● Escribando
Barrios
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- Cabeza de Barangay

Social Stratification
Peninsulares
- Full-blooded Spaniards who were born in Spain.
Insulares
- Full-blooded Spaniards but they were born in the Philippines.
Mestizos
- Born from foreign and native parents. If one happened to have a Spanish father
and native mother or vice versa, you would be considered as a mestizo.
Principalias
- The descendants of the nobles who allied with Spain. (They were given lands,
positions, and wealth.)
Indios
- full blooded natives or inhabitants of the archipelago, they had no foreign
descent in prestige in society.
Sangleys
- had the longest standing in the society
- Chinese citizens who went to the Philippines to pursue their trading activities

Spain
Government: constitutional parliamentary monarchy (Constitution which King and
Queen rules the country)

King: King Felipe VI ( Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y
Grecia)

Capital: Madrid

Term: Unlimited terms. Leaders can be replaced by inheritance of power.

Guardia Civil – Army of Spain

Religion: Christianity

Module 5
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48 Years
- Period of American reign and government in the Philippines

William H. Taft
- 27th president of the USA. The president who colonize the Philippines. First
governor-general in civilian government.

Civilian Government
- replacement of the military government.
-
American colonial government
- The Philippines was ruled by the Americans in the following ways:
1. Military government (August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1901)
- This government was run by military generals appointed by the American
president
- There were three military governors:
● Gen. Wesley Merritt
- Union cavalry officer and
- first military governor of the Philippines
● Gen. Elwell Otis
- He conducted operations against insurgents and performed duties as
military governor until May 5, 1900. And a member of the Philippine
Commission
● Gen. Arthur McArthur
- He became brigadier general in 1896 and fought in the Spanish-American
War, eventually receiving an appointment as Governor of the Philippines.

The government was run by American officials but later gave the authority to Filipinos.

3 kinds of civilian government during American regime

1. Commonwealth of the Philippines

2. American Governor - General along with Filipinos
3. The Philippine Commission

Emilio Aguinaldo
- The first president of the Philippines.
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- The person who helped America to cut ties with Spain

3 Educational Level influenced by americans

1. Primary (Elementary)
2. Secondary (Highschool)
3. College

Cooper Act
● It is a law that provides the Philippines with a limited self government.
● The bill proposed the creation and administration of a civil government and
Philippine Commission in the Philippines.

The Philippine Commission

- The Philippine Commission was a US-established governing body during the
American colonization of thePhilippines.
- Policymaking, enacting laws, and administering the civil government.
- Legislative

Jones Law
- The Jones Law granted the Philippine Legislature broad legislative authority.
- It increased the Filipino involvement in politics by giving them confirmation
authority over executive and judicial appointments.

Tydings Mcduffie
- It is an act that provide the complete independence
of the Philippines.
- The connection was to be terminated after ten years of progressive
disengagement that led to the creation of the Commonwealth.

Influences of the America to the Philippine

Government
● The Philippine Constitution was based on the American Constitution.
● The introduction of Western architectural and urban planning styles.
● The Education System

Module 6
Mickey Mouse Money
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- Money from Japan during the world war and the Japanese regime.
3 Years
- Years of Japanese occupation in the Philippines between 1942 to 1945.
-
500,000
- Number of Filipinos died in the Japanese regime.

Puppet Government
- This is a process where one government controls one or other state. This
government is used by Japan to manipulate the Philippines.

Jose P. Laurel
- 3rd president of the Philippines.
- President of the 2nd Republic of the Philippines under the Japanese regime.

World War II
- War that triggers Japan to occupy the Philippines

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban Sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP)

- Movement that fights Japanese during Japanese Occupation.

Kalibapi (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)

- The only political party in the Philippines.
- Purpose: to win the Filipino over.
- It was intended to transform this group into a mass organization.

Guerilla Warfare
- Army who refused to surrender during the war and was forced to retreat and
create a force to fight the Japanese.
Guerilla Army
- Member of an irregular military force fighting small-scale, limited actions, in
concert with an overall political-military strategy, against conventional military
forces.

During the Japanese regime in the Philippines, Majority of the government was
governed by the Japanese due to Puppet government between Japan and Philippines
so technically, some Japanese laws are followed by Filipinos.
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Reason to why the Japanese invaded the Philippines

- The Philippines was seen by the Japanese as a crucial component of their
military advance.

Death March (Bataan Death March)

- After the Battle of Bataan began, 60,000–80,000 American and Filipino prisoners
of war were made to march through the Philippines for three months.

Japanese Military Governors:

Shigenori Kuroda and Tomoyuki Yamashita

Module 7
Ferdinand Marcos
- 10th President of the Philippines. President who implemented martial law to
implement his narrative “the new society” in the Philippines.

September 21 1972
- Date where President Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law.

Proclamation No. 1081

- Proclamation of martial law by President Marcos.
- 6,000 words
- It cited a conspiracy to overthrow the government and seize state power.
Identifying the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its armed wing, the
New People's Army (NPA), as the imminent threat to theRepublic Proclamation
No. 1081 described the supposed threat in apocalyptic terms.

Martial law
- Martial law means placing the country under military authority. Martial law can
only be declared by the president and can only be declared if the country is
dealing with welfare matters.

Military commander
- Person in charge in giving authority under martial law.

Absolute power
- A power gained by the president who implements martial law.
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- Absolute power means having authority to control and manipulate overall country
actions.
- Best example is when Marcos banned ABS-CBN due to its constructive criticism
against the government.

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan

- a movement and partylist formed by Marcos for those who support him and join
him in his term.

Effects of martial law

- Less criminal case
- All activities are controlled by the president
- Voting system is temporary prohibited
- Great economic growth

Batasang Pambansa
● A maximum of 200 Members chosen from several provinces with their
constituent cities, highly urbanized cities, and districts within Metropolitan Manila.
● Representatives from a range of groups, including the youth, agricultural, and
labor industries
● Individuals selected by the President from among the Cabinet members

Modified Parliamentary Form

- A form of government during martial law which is the combination of Presidential
and Parliamentary form.

Module 8
Corazon Aquino
- The 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman President of the
Philippines.
- Mother of 15th President Benigno Aquino III and the wife of Late Senator
Benigno Aquino Sr.
- Face of Democratic Government because she is the President who undoes
martial law and brings back democracy.

Democracy Government
- A system of government in which political power is exercised by a majority of
people.
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- Government By The People

- Form of Government in which the Supreme Power is vested in the people and
exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral
system.

Direct or Pure Democracy

- Citizens are directly involved with creating laws.
Indirect or Representative Democracy
- Citizens elect representatives who create laws on their behalf..

1987 Constitution
- The 1987 Constitution established a representative democracy with power
divided among 3 separate and independent branches of Government: The
Executive, A Bicameral Legislature, and The Judiciary.

3 Branches Of Government
● Executive
● Judicial
● Legislative

Checks and Balances

- Each department can check the work of other departments. In doing so, the
power is balanced between all of the departments.

Practices In Democratic Government:

• Free Elections
• Citizen Participation
• Majority Rule
• Minority Rights
• Constitutional Government

The Constitution
- is the most fundamental law of a sovereign body. It refers to a single written
document that explicitly creates government institutions, defines the scope of
government power, and guarantees certain civil liberties.

The Constitution
• The 1899 Malolos Constitution
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- Emilio Aguinaldo
- Malolos Republic
- First constitution
• The 1935 Philippine Constitution
- Commonwealth of the Philippines
• The 1943 Philippine Constitution
- Puppet Government
• The 1973 Philippine Constitution
- Martial Law
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution
- Democratic Government

Modified Parliamentary form of government, 1973 Constitution:

● The President
● The Batasang Pambansa
- Unicameral Legislature
- National Assembly
● The Prime Minister
- Head of the Cabinet
- Chairman of Executive Committee
● The Cabinet
- Composed of Ministers
- At least the majority are heads of ministries which came from Regional
Representatives of the Batasang Pambansa
● The Executive Committee
- Had the duty of assisting the president in exercising his powers and
functions as well as performing his duties.
● The Judiciary

Three options of reconstituting the republic:

● Return to the 1935 constitution of the Philippines
● Retain the 1973 constitution promulgated under Former PresidentMarcos Sr.
● Create and draft a new charter (The 1987 Philippine Constitution)

Plebiscite
- A vote held by the people to express their support or opposition to a proposed
law or enactment.
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Module 10
Local Government
- A lower tier administration and authorities that serves as resident authorities to
supervise the city, provinces, make decisions, etc.

Roles of local government:

• Road constructions
• Employment
• Taxation
• Business support
• Community economic development
• Helping hand to solve community concerns
• Provide community and local needs like education, financial,
Infrastructure, health, housing, etc.

LGU (local government unit)

- A political subdivision of the Republic of the Philippines at the provincial, city,
municipal, or Barangay level, and “LGUs” mean, collectively, the plural thereof.

How to be a part of Local government

• He/she should possess bachelor's degree
• A person should be a civil service holder
• A person must be a homegrown provincial and local citizen
• A person must be a Filipino citizen

Local government in the Philippines is organized into three levels:

provinces and independent cities, component cities and municipalities, and barangays.
These three levels are commonly
referred to as local government units. (LGUs).

President
- General supervision to LGU

The Provinces
- The highest level of local administration outside of the lone autonomous region.
- The Governor and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, or legislature controls the
province
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Cities/Municipalities
- In the Philippines, there are three categories of municipal government:
independent cities, component cities, and municipalities (also known as towns).
- Mayors and legislatures, known as the Sangguniang Panlungsod in cities and the
Sangguniang Bayan in municipalities, are in charge of cities and municipalities.

Barangay
- Smallest local governmental entities
- Sitios and puroks, which are the two additional divisions of barangays, do not
have elected officials who are subject to the oversight of the national government
- Punong Barangay, barangay captain, and its legislative body is known as the
Sangguniang Barangay, which is made up of the barangay captain, the Barangay
Kagawads (barangay councilors), and the SK chairman. The Sangguniang
Kabataan, which consists of the SK Chairman, 7 SK Kagawads, and the KK, or
Katipunan ng Kabataan, is led by the SK Chairman.

Local Government
- Article X of the 1987 Philippine Constitution and it carries 21 sections.
- Republic Act 7160, Local Government Code of 1991.

Decentralization
- The process of transferring basic powers from the national to the local
government to allow maximum participation of the citizens in governmental and
community.

Local autonomy
- The exercise of certain basic powers (Police power, eminent domain, and taxing
power) by local government units so as to best serve the interest and promote
the general well-being of their inhabitants.

Modes of Terminating:
● Recall of Officers
- Registered voters of a local government unit remove, for loss of
confidence, elective local officials.
● Initiative
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- Registered voters of a local government unit may directly propose, enact,

or amend any law or ordinance at polls called for the purpose
independently of the regularly constituted local legislative body.
● Referendum
- Registered voters of the local government unit concerned may approve,
amend or reject an ordinance enacted by a local legislative body when the
question is submitted to them for decision.