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Aradhana Investigatory project of biology

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence (Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and

Research, Indore)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON-
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

NAME – SHREYA SINGH

STD - XII SCI
SUBJECT – BIOLOGY
ROLL NO – 23
BOARD ROLL .NO –

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Cer琀椀昀椀cate
This is to cer琀椀fy that the inves琀椀gatory
project report en琀椀tled “Menstrual Cycle”
submi琀琀ed by Shreya Singh ,
Student of class XII is original and has
been completed under my supervision
and is completed
2 in all due respect for CBSE
2019-2020.

______________ ______________
Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

________________
External Examiner’s Signature

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my principal Mrs.MINAL DESAI and
my Biology Teacher Mrs. ASHA GOYAL who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic MENSTRUAL CYCLE, which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to her.

I would also like to thanks my parents for the

continues support and showing interest towards
my project and at last but not the least I would
like to thank my friends who all appreciated me
for my hard work .

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INDEX

1. Reproductive cycle
2. Menstrual cycle
3. Hormones
4. Phases of menstrual cycle
5. Duration of different phases
6. Menstruation
7. Follicular phase
8. Ovulation phase
9. Luteal phase
10. Events of menstruation cycle
11. Hormonal levels during different
phases
12. Signs of menstruation
13. Menarche and menopause
14. Menstrual cycle disorder
15. Menstrual taboos
16. Bibliography

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REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

The female of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the

ac琀椀vi琀椀es of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the
reproduc琀椀ve phase known as reproduc琀椀ve cycle.

There are two types which are as follows;

1. OESTRUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle is that recurring physiological
changes that are induced by reproduc琀椀ve hormones in most
mammalian therein females. Estrous cycle start a昀琀er sexual
maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by
pregnancies.

2. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual is the regular natural change that occurs in the
female reproduc琀椀ve system that makes pregnancy possible.
Menstrua琀椀on is the technical term for ge琀�ng your periods .If
pregnancy does not occur, this thickened lining is shed,
accompanied by bleeding usually last for 3-8 day.

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by

many di昀昀erent glands and the hormones that these
glands produce. The four phases of the menstrual
cycle are menstrua琀椀on, the follicular phase,
ovula琀椀on and the luteal phase.

 In human female, Menstrua琀椀on is repeated at an

average interval of about 28-29 day.

 The cycle of the event from one menstrua琀椀on 琀椀ll

the next one is known as menstrual cycle.

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HORMONES

 Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

It is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior

pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovula琀椀on and
development of corpus luteum.

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

It is a ganadotropin, a glycoprotein polypep琀椀de hormone. FSH is
synthesized and secreted by the gandotrophic cell of the anterior
pituitary gland and regulates the development, and reproduc琀椀ve
processes of body.

 Ovarian Hormone

I. Estrogen
It is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the
development and regula琀椀on of female reproduc琀椀ve and
secondary sex characteris琀椀cs.

II. Progesterone
It is an endogenous steroid and progesterone sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
embryogenesis of humans and other species.

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PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 A change in the level of anterior pituitary hormone and

Overlain hormone induces changes in ovary and uterus
in the different phases.

 Menstrual Cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phases
2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal Phase

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DURATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

 The dura琀椀on of menstrual cycle is 28 days

 Cycle can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults.
 The range for the early teens range between 21 to 45
days.

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MENSTRUAL PHASE

 Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

 Menstruation
i. Menstrual bleeding, menses, periods.

ii. Discharge of bloody 昀氀uid containing endometrial cells,

glandular secre琀椀ons and blood cells.

iii. Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its

blood vessels.

iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

v. Due to strong vasoconstric琀椀on and photoly琀椀c ac琀椀vity,

func琀椀onal stratum of endometrial 琀椀ssue dies and is
discharged during menstrual bleeding.

vi. It last for 3-5 days

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FOLLICULAR PHASE

 Due to the rise of follicle s琀椀mula琀椀ng hormones

during the 昀椀rst day of the cycle, several ovarian
follicles are s琀椀mulated.
 Follicle competes with each other for
development.
 Follicle matures into gra昀케an follicle.
 As they mature, the follicles secret increasing
amount of estrogen which thickness the new
func琀椀onal layer of endometrial in the uterus.
 At the end of this phase, ovula琀椀on occurs

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OVULATION

 During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses

produc琀椀on of luteinizing hormones [LH] from the pituitary
gland.
 When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen
reach a threshold above which they s琀椀mulate producing of
LH surge.
 A昀琀er being released from ovary it is kept into fallopian
tube.

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LUTEAL PHASE

 Gra昀케an follicle transform as corpus luteum

 The luteal phase is the la琀琀er phase of the menstrual
cycle.
 It begins with the forma琀椀on of the corpus luteum
and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis.
 Corpus luteam secrets signi昀椀cant amount of
progesterone, which plays a vital role.
 The two opposite of the luteal phase, the rest of the
two weeks is called the follicular phase

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CHANGING HORMONE LEVEL DURING MENSTRUATION

CYCLE

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SIGN OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 A Woman May Experience:

 Fluid Retention

 Cramping

 Constipation

 Mood Swings

 Weight Gain

 Breast Tenderness

 Diarrhea

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MENARCHE AND MENOPHASE

 Menarche

 A woman’s 昀椀rst menstrua琀椀on.

 Typically occurs around age 12.

 Occurrence depends on the overall health and diet.

 Menopause:

 End of woman’s reproduc琀椀ve phase.

 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55,

 Age of menopause is largely the result of gene琀椀cs.

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MENSTRUATION TABOO

1. A menstrual taboo is any taboo concerned with

menstrua琀椀on.

2. In some socie琀椀es it involves menstrua琀椀on being

perceived as unclean or

 In public
 In private

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.ncert.com
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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