Rift Basins

1.
Basin analysis (Rifts & Failed rifts)

MUNIR EL-MAHDY
MUNIRELMAHDY87@GMAIL.COM
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Types of Rifting:
◦ Active rifting
Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
◦ Types of Rifting:
◦ Passive rifting
http://geology.isu.edu/Alamo/rocks/basin_range_uplifts.php Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
◦ General Characteristics of Rift basins:

◦ Crustal thinning
◦ Surface heat flows higher than the surrounding.
◦ Signature gravity anomaly.
◦ Rate of sea floor spreading
◦ High level of earthquakes activity.

◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ Crustal thinning
O’REILLY, B. M., HAUSER, F. RAVAUT, C. SHANNON, P. M. & READMAN, P. W. 2006; Crustal thinning, mantle exhumation and serpentinization in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from wide-angle seismic
data Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 163, pp. 775–787
◦ Surface Heat flow
Davies, J. H. (2013), Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
◦ Gravity highs corresponding to basement blocks
◦ Gravity lows corresponding to sedimentary borders.
O’REILLY, B. M., HAUSER, F. RAVAUT, C. SHANNON, P. M. & READMAN, P. W. 2006; Crustal thinning, mantle exhumation and serpentinization in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from wide-angle seismic
data Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 163, pp. 775–787
◦ Rate of sea floor spreading
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ocean_age/data/2008/image/half_spreading_rate.jpg
◦ High level of earthquakes activity.
https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/12-3-earthquakes-and-plate-tectonics-2/
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
1. There are two models have been proposed for rifting in the crust
 Multiple horsts and grabens.
 Down-ward flattening listric faults (half graben geometry).
2. Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

3. Zigzag geometry of faults.
4. Moderate- to small-scale structures develop within rift basins:
 Basement-involved and detached normal faults;
 Planner & listric normal faults.
 Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults
 Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
 Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins
5. Stratigraphic units of rift basins (Pre-rift, Syn-rift & Post-rift).

6. Tectonic sedimentary evolution of rift basins
o Basic Terminology
Structural of rocks and regions 3rd Edition.

o Basic Terminology
https://www.geologycafe.com/class/chapter6.html
o Basic Terminology
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rollover.png
o Basic Terminology
Footwall
Hangingwall
pre-rift
o Basic Terminology
Horsts & Grabens
Zhang, Z. Y., Dong, D. D., Sun, W. D., Wu, S. G., Bai, Y. L., Wang, X. J., & Fan, J. K. (2019). Subduction erosion, crustal structure, and an evolutionary model of the northern Yap subduction zone:
New observations from the latest geophysical survey. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20. https://doi. org/10.1029/2018GC007751
o Basic Terminology
Domino System
Fossen, 2010: Structural Geology

o Basic Terminology
Listric Faults
https://imaggeo.egu.eu/view/2561/ http://www.ogilviegeoscience.co.uk/blog/2017/6/15/constructfaultunderrolloveranticlines
o Basic Terminology
(a) Parallel array.

(b) Anastomosing array.
(c) En echelon or stepped array.
(d) Relay array.
(e) Conjugate array.
(f) Random array.
https://psgt.earth.lsa.umich.edu/chapter/5/faults.html
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
4. Relay ramp
Walsh, J., Bailey, W., Childs, C., Nicol, A. & Bonson, C. 2003. Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. Journal of Structural H. Fossen, A. Rotevatn / Earth-Science Reviews 154 (2016) 14–28
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
 There are two models have been proposed for rifting in the crust
◦ Multiple horsts and grabens. ◦ Down-ward flattening listric faults (half graben geometry).
McKenzie
pure shear model
Wernicke
simple shear model
https://psgt.earth.lsa.umich.edu/chapter/12/divergence.html https://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture4/lect4-10.html https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/Geol320/Deformation.htm

 Several half grabens with opposite polarity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben
 Basic Terminology
https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/breakupintro.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity.
Malawi rift
AlSALMI, 2011 BORDER FAULTS LINKAGE AND SEGMENTATION ALONG THE MALAWI RIFT, Master Thesis, Sultan Qaboos Universtiy.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity
o Accommodation zone
Overlapping opposing half grabens
Non-overlapping opposing half grabens
o Accommodation zone Similar polarity half grabens
Faulds, J. E., and Varga, R. J., 1998, The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes, in Faulds, J. E., and Stewart, J. H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones: The
Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 323.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults
Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society
o Transfer Faults
Ma B, Qi J, and Ge J. Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Geological Magazine
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000190
o Transfer Faults
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs, (2017), "How oblique extension and structural inheritance influence rift segment interaction: Insights from 4D analog models," Interpretation 5: SD119-SD138.
o Transfer Faults
Faulds, J. E., and Varga, R. J., 1998, The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes, in Faulds, J. E., andStewart, J. H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones:
The Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 323.
o Difference between transfer fault and Accommodation zone
Zwaan, F. and Schreurs G 2017: How oblique extension and structural inheritance influence rift segment interaction: Insights from 4D analog models
 Structures develop within rift basins:
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults;
o Planner & listric normal faults.
o Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults.
Fazlikhani, H., H. Fossen, R. L. Gawthorpe, J. I. Faleide, and R. E. Bell (2017), Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea rift, Tectonics, 36, 1151–1177,
doi:10.1002/2017TC004514.
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults.
J.W.; Karlstrom, K.E. and Kelley, S.A. 2015: Embryonic core complexes in narrow continental rifts: The importance of low-angle normal faults in the Rio Grande rift of central New Mexico Geosphere doi:10.1130/GES01109.1
Mesozoic Fundy rift basin, southeastern Canada
Mesozoic Jeanne d’Arc rift basin, southeastern Canada
Tertiary Suez rift basin, Egypt

WITHJACK, O.M. and SCHLISCHERIFT, R.W. 2002: BASIN STRUCTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SEDIMENTARY SYSTEMS, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), ISBN 1-56576-082-4, p. 57–81
Structure of rocks and regions

Structure of rocks and regions

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
Orthogonal Rift Models:
Accommodation zones
Gregory rift,
Kenya
60° Oblique Rift Models:
45° Oblique Rift Models:
Accommodation zones
Offset-Orthogonal Rift.
60° Offset Rift.
45° Offset Rift.
Accommodation zones
Offset-Orthogonal Rift.
Canyonlands
National Park,
Utah
1. Drag Folds.
2. Reverse Drag Folds.
3. Rollover anticline.
4. Relay ramps.
5. Fault-propagation folds (Forced Folds).
1. Drag Folds
Extensional fault-propagation folds

from the Suez rift basin (after Patton,
1984; Withjack
et al., 1990).
2. Reverse Drag Folds.
3. Rollover anticline.
EAR Kenya
http://structuralgeology.50webs.com/pagef21.htm
C. K. Morley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 80, 1-32, 1 January 1995,
4. Relay ramp
Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for
hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society
4. Relay ramp
Çiftçi NB, Bozkurt E (2007). Anomalous stress field and active breaching at relay ramps: a field example from Gediz
Graben, SW Turkey. Geol Mag 144: 687–699.
4. Relay ramp
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
5. Fault-propagation folds (Forced Folds).
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
 STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF RIFT BASINS) Pre-rift, Syn-rift & Post-rift).
Footwall
Hangingwall
pre-rift
 The characteristics of pre-rift package
 The characteristics of syn rift package
 The characteristics of post-rift package
Ma B, Qi J, and Ge J. Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Geological Magazine
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000190
 Tectono-sedimentary evolution of rift basins
IV. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
Tectonics and paleogeography of the

Marajó Basin, northern Brazil
COSTA, J.B.S.; HASUI, Y., BEMERGUY, R.L., SOARES-JÚNIOR, A.V. and VILLEGAS, J.M.C. 2002 Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil
• Failed rift
◦ East African Rift System
o Transfer Faults
Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for
Fossen 2014 hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society

Rift Basins

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1.

Basin analysis (Rifts & Failed rifts)

◦ General Characteristics of Rift basins:

◦ Surface heat flows higher than the surrounding.

◦ Signature gravity anomaly.

◦ Rate of sea floor spreading

◦ High level of earthquakes activity.

2. Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

5. Stratigraphic units of rift basins (Pre-rift, Syn-rift & Post-rift).

Structural of rocks and regions 3rd Edition.

Fossen, 2010: Structural Geology

(a) Parallel array.

https://psgt.earth.lsa.umich.edu/chapter/12/divergence.html https://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture4/lect4-10.html https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/Geol320/Deformation.htm

 Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

Mesozoic Fundy rift basin, southeastern Canada

Mesozoic Jeanne d’Arc rift basin, southeastern Canada

Tertiary Suez rift basin, Egypt

Structure of rocks and regions

Structure of rocks and regions

Extensional fault-propagation folds

Tectonics and paleogeography of the

o Planner & listric normal faults.

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