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Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 4

Sampling and Sampling

Distribution
 Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Sampling and Sampling Distribution

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

Liza E. Malanog
Editor: Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

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Learning Competencies: Illustrates random sampling. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
Distinguishes between parameter and statistics.
(M11/12SP-IIId-3)
Identifies sampling distribution of statistics (sample
mean). (M11/12SP-IIId-4)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 illustrate random sampling;
 distinguish between parameter and statistics; and
 identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).

Lesson 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

What is it…
Random Sampling is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the
population wherein every sample has an equal chance of being selected.

There are different types of random sampling.

a. Simple random sampling is the most basic random sampling wherein

elements are usually represented by a number that are written on equal sized
and shaped papers and then selection of samples is possible through the lottery
method. Drawing number of paper is based from the desired number of sample.

b. Systematic random sampling is a random sampling which uses a list of all the
elements in the population and then elements are being selected based from the
kth consistent intervals. To get the kth interval, divide the population size by
the sample size.

c. Stratified random sampling is a random sampling wherein the population is

divided into different strata. Selection of samples will be proportionately
randomly picked in each stratum that is why all strata have representatives in
forming the samples.

d. Cluster sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into

clusters and then the clusters is randomly selected. All elements of the clusters
randomly selected are considered the samples of the study.
Since you are already familiar with the types of random sampling,
identify the random sampling used in each of the following situations.
______________ 1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper,
mixes the papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
______________ 2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.
______________ 3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those
numbers that are multiple of 7.
______________ 4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7
names per each gender.
______________ 5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes
out of 7 classes.

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Let us analyze the situations given above.
1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper, mixes the
papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
Situation number 1 uses simple random sampling since the pieces of paper
represent the students as elements of the population. All of them have an equal
chance of being selected as samples and the method of selection involves picking
those 7 pieces of paper as samples.
2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.
3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those numbers that
are multiple of 7.
Situations number 2 and 3 apply systematic random sampling since samples are
being selected based from the kth consistent intervals. On these cases, 7th
names on the list and multiple of 7 were the interval used.
4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7 names per
each gender.
Situation number 4 uses stratified random sampling because the students are
divided into two different strata, boys and girls and then the selection of samples
in each gender was done.
5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes out of 7
classes.
Situation number 5 practices cluster sampling since all students are divided into
clusters or classes and then the classes were randomly selected. All of the
students in the classes that were randomly selected are considered the samples
of the study.

What’s More…
Directions: Identify the random sampling method used in each item.

_______________1. You are given a list of all graduating students in your school. You
decide to survey every tenth name on the list and ask in which
organization they belong.
_______________2. You wish to make a comparison about the gender differences on
Mathematics performance. You divide the population into two groups,
male and female, and randomly pick respondents from each of the
gender.
_______________3. You assign numbers to the members of the population and then use
draw lots to obtain your samples.
_______________4. You randomly pick five out of fifteen barangays to where to conduct
your survey in your municipality or city.
_______________5. You write the names of each student in pieces of paper, shuffles and
then draw eight names.

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 Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic

What is it…

A parameter is a value that describes some aspect of a population. A

parameter may be very difficult to determine if not impossible, especially in a large
population. This is where samples and statistics come into play.

However, a parameter can be determined in a very small population where every

individual can be located with absolute certainty, for instance in a totally captive
population. In this case you can calculate a parameter directly if all individuals can be
located and measured without missing a single individual.

A statistic is a value that is an estimate of a parameter. A statistic is based on

a sample. It is calculated from a sample taken from a population.

Sampling is a way to collect information or data about a population without

actually counting or measuring every individual in the population. Sampling is often
necessary since it is often impossible to measure or count every individual within a
population since populations are often large and it may be hard to find every
individual.

Table comparing the difference between Parameter and Statistic

What’s More…
Directions: Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic.
Explain your answer.
1. Sixty-two of the 97 passengers aboard the Agila airship survived its explosion.
2. In a survey of 300 computer users, 8% said their computers had malfunctions that
needed to be repaired by service technicians.
3. A survey of 1004 Filipino adults found that 52% think that China's emergence as a
world power is a major threat to the well-being of the Philippines.
4. In January 2013, 60% of the governors of the Philippines were male.

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 Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of Means

What is it…
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution
using the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken
from a population.

Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means

1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the
population using the formula:
�!
nCr =
�!(�−�)!

where: n = size of the population

r = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step 2.

Example:
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. List all possible
samples of size 3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample.

Solution:

Step 1:
5! 5!
nCr = = = 10
3!(5−3)! 3!(2)!

There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given
population.

Sample
2, 4, 9
2, 4, 10
2, 4, 5
2, 9, 10
2, 9, 5
2, 10, 5
4, 9, 10
4, 9, 5
4, 10, 5
9, 10, 5

Step 2:
Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 (2 + 4 + 9) ÷ 3 = 15 ÷ 3 = 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00

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 Step 3:
Make a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Probability

Frequency
� P(�)
3.67 1 1
10 = 0.10
5.00 1 1
10 = 0.10
5.33 2 2
10 = 0.20
5.67 1 1
10 = 0.10
6.00 1 1
10 = 0.10
6.33 1 1
10 = 0.10
7.00 1 1
10 = 0.10
7.67 1 1
10 = 0.10
8.00 1 1
10 = 0.10
Total N=10 1.00

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on
the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for the
samples. So, this leads us to a conclusion that sample mean is a random variable,
which depends on a particular sample. Being the random variable, it has a probability
distribution. The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

The means of the samples are less than or greater than the mean of the
population. The difference between the sample mean and the population mean is
called the sampling error. It is the error due to sampling.

What’s More…

Directions: From the given situation, answer the following questions.

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Consider samples of size 2
that can be drawn from this population.

a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.

Sample Mean

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b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Mean Probability
Frequency
� P(�)

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write
your answer in the answer sheet provided.

For numbers 1 to 5, identify the random sampling method used in each item from the
given situation.
Each of the 30 basketball high school teams has 12 players. The organizer wants to
have a quick survey to know the average height of the players.
1. Each team will be asked to place papers with its players’ names into a fishbowl and
randomly draw out five names. The five names from each team will be combined to
make up the sample. Which of the following sampling techniques is being used in this
situation?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

2. The organizer will create a list of all players and they will be represented by a
number. Sixty numbers will be picked to know the samples. Which random sampling
technique will he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

3. All players will be grouped according to their age and will proportionately choose
players to measure their height. Which random sampling technique will he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

4. The organizer created a list of all players, decided to survey every sixth name on the
list and later asked those players that were selected. Which random sampling
technique did he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

5. Each player of the five teams will be randomly chosen to answer the question prior
to the study. Which random sampling technique will he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

For numbers 6 and 7: The Philippine High School has 1,500 grade 10 students.
Mr. Manalo, the principal, wants to obtain information from the students as to the result
of the Mathematics part in NCAE. Based from 500 sample students surveyed, it was
found out that the mean falls on 65.80 in the said area.

6. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?

A. statistic B. sample C. population D. parameter

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7. What does the value 65.80 denote?
A. statistic B. sample C. population D. parameter

8. Which of the following is a statistic?

A. µ B. σ2 C. s2 D. σ

9. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10. What is the
value of the population mean?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 8.3 D. 8.5

10. Which of the following statement is correct?

A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is less than the
population mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is greater than the
population mean.
C. The means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to the
population mean.
D. The means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, greater
than or less than the population mean.

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Quarter 3 - Module 4
Lesson 1
What’s More
1. systematic
2. stratified
3. simple
4. cluster
5. simple
Lesson 2
What’s More
1. PARAMETER - the 62 surviving passengers out of 97 total passengers is a
numerical description of ALL of the passengers.
2. STATISTIC - the value 8% is a numerical description of a SAMPLE of computer
users.
3. STATISTIC - the value of 52% is a numerical description of a sample of Filipino
adults.
4. PARAMETER - the value of 60% is a numerical description of the TOTAL number
of governors.
Lesson 3
What’s More
Assessment
1. B 6. C
2. C 7. A
3. B 8. C
4. A 9. B
5. D 10. D
Answer Key