11

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3
( Module 6-8 )
11
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 6
The Central Limit Theorem
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: The Central Limit Theorem

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of
the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be
necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their
respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and
seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

Liza E. Malanog
Editor : Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas
Learning Competencies: Defines the sampling distribution of the sample
Office
meansAddress: 0050Limit
using the Central Lino Theorem.
Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
(M11/12SP-III-3)
Telefax: (038) 501 – 7550
Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550
E-mail Address: depedbohol@deped.gov.ph
 Solves problems involving sampling distribution of
the sample means. (M11/12SP-IIIe-
f-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 define the sampling distribution of the sample means; and
 solve problems involving sampling distribution of the sample means

Lesson 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

from an Infinite Population

What is it . . .

If we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make n

sufficiently large. This fact is stated in the Central Limit Theorem.
Central Limit Theorem: If random samples of size n are drawn from a
population, then as n becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population
distribution.
For samples of size 30 or more, the sample mean ( X ) is approximately
normally
distributed, with mean μ x = µ & the standard deviation σ x = σ/√ n , where n is the
sample size. The larger the sample size, the better the approximation.
In a population, the values of a variable can follow different probability
distribution. These distributions can range from normal, right- skewed, left-
skewed (negatively skewed), (positively skewed) & uniform among others.

Normal Right-Skewed Left-Skewed Uniform

Regardless of the distribution of the population, as the sample size is

increased the shape of the sampling distribution of the sample mean becomes
increasingly bell-shaped, centered on the population mean. Normal distributions
have two parameters, the mean & standard deviation. As the sample size (n)
increases, the standard deviation (often called the standard error) of the sampling
distribution becomes smaller, thus, the sampling distribution clusters more tightly
around the mean
Example 1:
A population has a mean of 60 & a standard deviation of 5. A random sample of 16
measurements is drawn from this population, what would be the expected mean &
standard deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the means? We
shall
assume that the population is infinite.
Solution :
Step 1. Identify the given information. µ = 60, σ = 5, n =
16
Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. μ x = µ so μ x =
60
Step 3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
σx = σ = 5 = 5 =
1.25
√ n √ 16 4
Example 2:
The heights of male college students are normally distributed with mean of 68
inches & standard deviation of 3 inches. If 80 samples consisting of 25 students
each are drawn from the population, what would be the expected mean & standard
deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the means? We shall
assume that the
population is infinite.
Solution :
Step 1. Given: µ = 68 in, σ = 3 in, n = 25 students
Step 2. μ x = µ so μ x = 68 in Step 3. σ x = σ = 3 = 3 =
0.6 in
√n √ 25 5

What’s More . . .
Solve the following problems. Assume that the population is infinite in each case.
1. Let X be the mean of a random sample of size 50 drawn from a population
with
a mean of 112 & a standard deviation of 40. Find the mean & standard
deviation
of X .
2. The scores of individual students on a national test have a normal distribution
with
mean 18.6 & standard deviation 5.9. At a private high school, 76 students took
the
test. If the scores in this school have the same distribution as national scores,
what Lesson 2: Solving Problems from the Population
are the mean & standard deviation of the sample mean for 76 students
 What is it . . .

The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental importance in statistics

because it justifies the use of the normal curve for a wide range of problems. It
assures us that no matter what the shape of the population distribution of the
mean is, the sampling
distribution of the sample means is closely normally distributed whenever n is
large.
Example 1:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam is
46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed, what is the probability that a randomly selected college student will
complete the exam in less than 43 mins?
Solution :
Step 1. Given information: µ = 46.2 mins, σ = 8 mins, X = < 43 mins
Step 2. Formula to use: Here we are dealing with an individual data obtained from
the
population to standardize 43, so we will use the formula z = X ̶ µ ,
σ
where: X = measurement σ = population standard deviation
µ = population mean
z = X ̶ µ = 43 ̶ 46.2 = ̶ 0.40
σ 8
Step 3. Find P(X < 43) by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
z = ̶ 0.40 has an area of 0.1554

P(X < 43) = P(z < ̶ 0.40)

̶ 0.40 0 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.1554 =
0.3446
Step 4. So, the probability that a randomly selected college student will complete
the
exam in less than 43 mins is 0.3446 or 34.46%.

Example 2:
The average milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice cream
is 660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed, what is the probability that the cholesterol content of a cup of ice
cream
selected will be more than 670 mg?
Solution :
Step 1. Given information: µ = 660, σ = 35, X = 670
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 670 ̶ 660 = 0.29
σ 35
Step 3. Find P(X > 670) by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
z = 0.29 has an area of 0.1141

P(X > 670) = P(z > 0.29)

0 0.29 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.1141 =
0.3859
Step 4. So, the probability that the cholesterol content of a cup of ice cream will
be
more than 670 mg is 0.3859 or 38.59%.

What’s More . . .
Solve the following problems completely.
1. An automobile battery manufacturer claims that its midgrade battery has a
mean
life of 50 months with a standard deviation of 6 months. Suppose the
distribution of
battery lives of this particular brand is approximately normal, find the
probability
that a randomly selected battery of this type will last less than 48 months.
2. The average cholesterol content of a certain canned goods is 215 mg & the
standard
deviation is 15 mg. Assume the variable is normally distributed & a canned
good is
selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will be greater
than
225 mg?

Lesson 3: Solving Problems from the Sample

What is it . . .

How do you find the probability when taking only a sample of the
population?
Example 1:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam is
46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. If 50 randomly selected college
students take the exam, what is the probability that the mean time it takes
the group to
complete the test will be less than 43 mins?
Solution :
Step 1. Given information: µ = 46.2, σ = 8, X = < 43, n = 50
Step 2. Formula to use: Here we are dealing with data about the sample means so
we
will use the formula z = X ̶ µ ,
σ/√ n
where: X = sample mean σ = population standard
deviation
µ = population mean n = sample size
z = X ̶ µ = 43 ̶ 46.2 = ̶ 2.83
σ/√ n 8/√ 50
Step 3. Find P(X < 43) by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
z = ̶ 2.83 has an area of 0.4977

P ( X < 43) = P(z < ̶ 2.83)

̶ 2.83 0 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.4977 =
0.0023
Step 4. So, the probability that 50 randomly selected college students will
complete
the exam in less than 43 mins is 0.0023 or 0.23%.

Example 2:
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of
ice cream is 660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is
normally distributed, if a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the
probability that the mean of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
Solution :
Step 1. Given information: µ = 660, σ = 35, X = > 670, n = 10
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 670 ̶ 660 = 0.90
σ/√ n 35/√ 10
Step 3. z = 0.90 has an area of 0.3159

P( X > 670) = P(z > 0.90)

0 0.90 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.3159 =
0.1841
Step 4. So, the probability that the mean cholesterol content of 10 randomly
selected
 cups of ice cream will be more than 670 mg is 0.1841 or 18.41%.

What’s More . . .

Solve the following problems completely.

1. The number of driving miles before a certain kind of tire begins to show wear is
on
the average 16,800 miles with a standard deviation of 3,300 miles. A car
rental
agency buys 36 of these tires for replacement purposes & puts each one
on
a different car. What is the probability that the 36 tires will average more
than
18,000 miles until they begin to show wear?
2. An automobile battery manufacturer claims that its midgrade battery has a
mean
life of 50 months with a standard deviation of 6 months. Suppose the
distribution
of battery lives of this particular brand is approximately normal, find
the
probability that the mean of a random sample of 30 such batteries will be less
than
48 months.

Assessment
Direction: Select the correct answer of each item and write only the letter on
the
answer sheet provided. Items which need solutions are
given
additional points.
1. Which statements is true about the Central Limit Theorem?
a. To get a good estimate of the population mean, decrease n.
b. To get a good estimate of the population mean, increase n.
c. To get a good estimate of the population mean, increase or decrease n.
d. To get a good estimate of the population mean, lower n.
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE as n increases?
a. The shape of the sampling distribution would become more bell-shaped.
b. The shape of the sampling distribution would become right-skewed.
c. The shape of the sampling distribution would become left-skewed.
d. The shape of the sampling distribution would become rectangular.
For nos. 3 ̶ 5, refer to this situation: A molding machine prepares a certain
kind of car spare part with a target mean diameter of 40.27 mm and the machine
has some variability, so the standard deviation is 0.004 mm. A sample of 6 spare
parts is inspected each hour for process control purposes & records are kept of
the sample
mean diameter.
3. What is the sample mean?
a. 6 b. 0.004 c. 40.27 d. 402.7
4. What is the value of σ?
a. 6 b. 0.004 c. 40.27 d. 402.7
5. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. (σ x = σ/√ n )
a. 0.001 b. 0.002 c. 0.003 d. 0.004
For nos. 6 ̶ 10, refer to this situation: A manufacturer of light bulbs
produces bulbs that last a mean of 950 hours with a σ = 120 hours. What is the
probability that
the mean lifetime of a random sample of 10 of these bulbs is less than 1,050
hours?
6. What is the mean lifetime of the sample light bulbs?
a. 1,050 hrs b. 950 hrs c. 120 hrs d. 10 hrs
7. What is the standard deviation?
a. 1,050 hrs b. 950 hrs c. 120 hrs d. 10 hrs
8. How many samples of the light bulbs are considered by the manufacturer?
a. 1,050 b. 950 c. 120 d. 10
9. Which of the following denotes the probability that the mean lifetime of 10
random samples of the light bulbs is less than 1,050 hours?
a. P( X < 1,050) b. P( X ≤ 1,050) c. P(X < 1,050) d. P(X ≤
1,050)
10. What is the probability that the mean lifetime of a random sample of 10 of
these bulbs is less than 1,050 hours?
a. 0.003 hrs b. 0.004 hrs c. 0.005 hrs d. 0.006
hrs

Answer Sheet

Name:
Grade & Section: Score:

Quarter 3 – Module 6
Lesson 1
1. Step 1. µ = _____, σ = _____, n = _____ 2. Step 1. µ = _____, σ = _____, n =
_____
Step 2. μ x = _____ so μ x = _____ Step 2. μ x = _____ so μ x = _____
Step 3. σ x = Step 3. σ x =

Lesson 2
1. Step 1. Given: µ = __________, σ = __________, X = < __________
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ =
σ
Step 3. z = ________ has an area of __________
P(X < _____ ) = P(z < _______ ) = _________________________
Step 4.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Step 1. Given: µ = __________, σ = __________, X = < __________

Step 2. z = X ̶ µ =
σ
Step 3. z = ________ has an area of __________
P(X > _____ ) = P(z > _______ ) = _________________________
Step 4.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3
1. Step 1. Given: µ = __________, σ = __________, X = > __________, n =
__________
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ =
σ/√ n
Step 3. z = ________ has an area of __________
P( X > _____ ) = P(z > _______ ) = _________________________
Step 4.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Step 1. Given: µ = __________, σ = __________, X = > __________, n =

__________
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ =
σ/√ n
 Step 3. z = ________ has an area of __________
P( X < _____ ) = P(z < _______ ) = _________________________
Step 4.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

Answer Key
Lesson 1
1. Step 1. µ = 112, σ = 40, n = 50
Step 2. μ x = µ so μ x = 112
Step 3. σ x = 40 = 40 = 5.66
0.68
√ 50 7.07
2. Step 1. µ = 18.6, σ = 5.9, n = 76
Step 2. μ x = µ so μ x = 112
Step 3. σ x = 5.9 = 5.9 =
√ 76 8.72

Lesson 2
1. Step 1. Given: µ = 50 months, σ = 6 months, X = < 48 months
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 48 ̶ 50 = ̶ 2 = ̶ 0.33
σ 6 6
Step 3. z = ̶ 0.33 has an area of 0.1293

P(X < 48) = P(z < ̶ 0.33)

̶ 0.33 0 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.1293 =
0.3707
Step 4. So, the probability that a randomly selected battery of this type will last
less
than 48 months is 0.3707 or 37.07%.

2. Step 1. Given: µ = 215 mg, σ = 15 mg, X = > 225 mg

Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 225 ̶ 215 = 10 = 0.67
σ 15 15
Step 3. z = 0.67 has an area of 0.2486

P(X > 225) = P(z > 0.67)

0 0.67 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.2486 =
0.2514
Step 4. So, the probability that the cholesterol content of a certain canned
goods
will be greater than 225 mg is 0.2514 or 25.14%.

Lesson 3
1. Step 1. Given: µ = 16,800 miles, σ = 3,300 mi, X = > 18,000 mi, n = 36
Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 18,000 ̶ 16,800 = 1,200 = 2.18
σ/√ n 3,300 / √ 36 550

Step 3. z = 2.18 has an area of 0.4854

P( X > 18,000) = P(z > 2.18)

 0 2.18 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.4854 =
0.0146
Step 4. So, the probability that the 36 tires will average more than 18,000
miles
until they begin to show wear is 0.0146 or 1.46%.

2. Step 1. Given: µ = 50 months, σ = 6 months, X = < 48 months, n = 30

Step 2. z = X ̶ µ = 48 ̶ 50 = ̶ 2 = ̶ 1.82
σ/√ n 6/√ 30 1.1
Step 3. z = ̶ 1.82 has an area of 0.4656

P ( X < 48) = P(z < ̶ 1.82)

̶ 1.82 0 = 0.5000 ̶ 0.4656 =
0.0344
Step 4. So, the probability that the mean of a random sample of 30 such
batteries
will be less than 48 months is 0.0344 or 3.44%.

Assessment
1. b 6. b
2. a 7. c
3. c 8. d
4. b 9. a
5. b 10. b

Reference

Belecina, R. et. al 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila:

Rex Book Store, Inc.
Malate, J. et. al 2017. Statistics and Probability. Manila:
Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc.

11
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 7
The t ̶ distribution
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 7: The t ̶ distribution

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of
the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be
necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their
respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and
seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

Liza E. Malanog
Editor : Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Telefax: (038) 501 – 7550
Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550
E-mail Address: depedbohol@deped.gov.ph
Learning Competencies: Illustrates the t ̶ distribution. (M11/12SP-
IIIg-2)
Identifies percentiles using the t ̶ table. (M11/12SP-
IIIg-5)
Identifies the length of a confidence interval.

(M11/12SP-IIIj-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 illustrate the t ̶ distribution; and
 identify percentiles and length of a confidence interval

Lesson 1: Confidence Coefficients

What is it . . .
When sample sizes are small & often we do not know the standard deviation
of the population, then the t-distribution or the Student’s t ̶ distribution is used.
This distribution was created by William T. Gosset, an Irish brewery employee. The
formula is given as t = X ̶ µ where X is the sample mean, µ is the population
mean,
s/√ n s is the standard deviation of the sample & n the sample
size. The t ̶ distribution allows us to conduct statistical analyses on certain data
sets that
are not appropriate for analysis using the normal distribution.
Properties of the t-distribution:
1) It is bell shaped & symmetrical about the mean.
2) It is a family of curves, each determined by a parameter called the degrees
of
freedom (df). The degrees of freedom are the number of choices left after a
sample
statistic is calculated, thus, df = n ̶ 1.
3) The total area under a t-curve is 1 or 100%.
4) The mean, median & mode are equal to zero.
5) As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the
normal
distribution.
The t-values found in the t-table below are the proportions of the areas in
the
two tails of the curve & are called critical values of t or the confidence coefficients.
 confidence coefficients confidence
coefficients

n df 90% 95% 99% n df 90% 95% 99%

(n-1) 0.90 0.95 0.99 (n-1) 0.90 0.95 0.99

2 1 6.314 12.706 63.65 13 12 1.782 2.179 3.055

7

3 2 2.920 4.303 9.925 14 13 1.771 2.160 3.012

4 3 2.353 3.182 5.841 15 14 1.761 2.145 2.977

5 4 2.132 2.776 4.604 16 15 1.753 2.131 2.947

6 5 2.015 2.571 4.032 17 16 1.746 2.120 2.921

7 6 1.943 2.447 3.707 18 17 1.740 2.110 2.898

8 7 1.895 2.365 3.499 19 18 1.734 2.101 2.878

9 8 1.860 2.306 3.355 20 19 1.729 2.093 2.861

10 9 1.833 2.262 3.250 21 20 1.725 2.086 2.845

11 10 1.812 2.228 3.169 22 21 1.721 2.080 2.831

12 11 1.796 2.201 3.106 23 22 1.717 2.074 2.819

confidence coefficients confidence

coefficients
n df 90% 95% 99% n df 90% 95% 99%
(n-1) 0.90 0.95 0.99 (n-1) 0.90 0.95 0.99
24 23 1.714 2.069 2.807 29 28 1.701 2.048 2.763
25 24 1.711 2.064 2.797 30 29 1.699 2.045 2.756
26 25 1.708 2.060 2.787 31 30 1.697 2.042 2.750
27 26 1.706 2.056 2.779 41 40 1.684 2.021 2.714
28 27 1.703 2.052 2.771 61 60 1.671 2.000 2.660

Example :
Determine the degrees of freedom and find the confidence coefficients.
1. 95% confidence, n = 11 2. 0.99 confidence, n = 25
Solution :
1. To determine the degrees of freedom, use df = n ̶ 1 = 11 ̶ 1 = 10.
To find the confidence coefficient, go to the column for 95% or 0.95 , then go to
the
row for n = 11 and determine their intersection. They intersect at 2.228. So
the
confidence coefficient is 2.228.
2. To determine the degrees of freedom, use df = n ̶ 1 = 25 ̶ 1 = 24.
To find the confidence coefficient, go to the column for 0.99 or 99%, then go to
the
row for n = 25 and determine their intersection. They intersect at 2.797. So
the
confidence coefficient is 2.797.

What’s More . . .
Determine the degrees of freedom & find the confidence coefficient of each.
1. n = 6, 90% confidence 6. n = 8, 99% confidence
2. n = 29, 90% confidence 7. n = 16, 90% confidence
3. n = 12, 95% confidence 8. n = 22, 95% confidence
4. n = 31, 95% confidence 9. n = 15, 95% confidence
5. n = 24, 99% confidence 10. n = 41, 99% confidence

Lesson 2: Margin of Error and Confidence

Interval

What is it . . .

It is also important to consider the population standard deviation when

estimating confidence intervals for the population mean, other than the sample
size. There is an appropriate distribution when the sample size is small such that
the Central Limit Theorem cannot be applied.
On the other hand, the margin of error E tells you how many percentage
points
the results will differ from the real population value. For example, a 95%
confidence
interval with a 4% margin of error means that your statistic will be within 4
percentage points of the real population value 95% of the time. More technically,
the margin of error is the range of values below & above the sample statistic in a
confidence interval. The confidence interval is a way to show that the uncertainty is
with a certain statistic. The idea behind confidence levels & margins of error is that
any survey or poll will differ from the true population by a certain amount.
However,
they reflect the fact that there is room for error.
Example :
Ann wants to know if cooperative grouping is an effective strategy in improving the
mathematics performance of Gr. 7 students. Twenty students were included with a
mean achievement score of 82.5 & a standard deviation of 3. The group comes
from a
normally distributed population adopting a 95% confidence level.
Solution :
a. Given information: X = 82.5; s = 3; since n = 20, then df = 19; the
coefficient in
the t-table under 95% is 2.09.
E = t/2 s = 2.09 3 = 2.09 (0.67) = 1.40
√n √ 20
b. So the confidence interval is solved using X ̶ E < µ < X + E
82.5 ̶ 1.40 < µ < 82.5 + 1.40
81.1 < µ < 83.9
c. Therefore, we can say with 95% confidence that the interval between 81.1 &
83.9
contains the true mean achievement score of the Gr. 7 students based on
the
sample of 20 students.

What’s More . . .
Assuming that the samples come from the normal distributions, find the margin of
error & solve for the confidence interval. Interpret the result.
1. n = 10, X = 28, s = 4.0, 90% confidence level
2. The mean age of 20 youth volunteers in a community project is 17.5 years
with a
standard deviation of 2 years. The sample comes from an approximately
normal
distribution with 99% confidence level.

Lesson 3: Percentiles in a t ̶ distribution

What is it . . .

The t ̶ table can be used to find percentiles for a t-distribution. A percentile

is a number on a statistical distribution which is less than the probability in the
given percentage. For example, the 95th percentile of the t-distribution with n ̶ 1
degrees of freedom is that value of whose left-tail (less than) probability is 0.95 or
95% & whose
right-tail probability is 0.05 or 5%.
Example 1:
Suppose you have a sample of size 10 & you want to find the 90th percentile (0.90
on
the t-table) of its corresponding t-distribution.
Solution :
The 90th percentile is the number where 90% of the values lie below it & 10% lie
above it. Find the column for 0.90 with n = 10 and you get the value
1.833.
Now if you increase the sample size to n = 20, the value of the 90th
percentile
decreases, that is 1.729 with 19 degrees of freedom.
Example 2:
A sample of size 15 is drawn from a normally distributed population which has a
sample mean of 35 and a sample standard deviation of 14. Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the population mean and interpret its result.
Solution :
Since the population is normally distributed, the sample is small and the
population standard deviation is unknown, the formula to apply is X ± t/2
(s/√ n ), where
X = sample mean, t/2 = confidence coefficient (found on the t ̶ table where n =
15
under the column for 0.95), s = sample standard deviation and n = sample size.
Step 1. Given information: X = 35, t/2 = 2.145, s = 14, n = 15
Step 2. Solve: X ± t/2 (s/√n ) = 35 ± 2.145 (14/√15 ) = 35 ± 2.145 (3.61)
= 35 ± 7.74
So, 35 + 7.74 = 42.74 and 35 ̶ 7.74 = 27.26.
Step 3. Therefore, the true value of the population mean µ is contained in the
interval
27.26 ̶ 42.74.

What’s More . . .
1. Find the 95th percentile when df = 25.
2. City planners wish to estimate the mean lifetime of the most commonly
planted
trees in urban settings. A sample of 16 recently felled trees yielded a mean age of
33
years with a standard deviation of 3 years. Assuming that the lifetime of such
trees
are normally distributed, construct a 99% confidence interval for the mean
lifetime
of all trees.
 Assessment

Direction: Select the correct answer of each item and write only the letter on
the answer sheet provided. Items which need solutions are given
additional points.

1. What statistical test is applicable when a sample size is small and the
standard
deviation is unknown ?
a. s-distribution b. t-distribution c. y-distribution d. z-distribution
2. What are the number of free choices left after a sample statistic is calculated ?
a. degrees of freedom b. confidence interval c. sampling d.
coefficient
3. What indicates the precision of the estimate and the uncertainty associated
with a
particular sampling method ?
a. degrees of freedom b. confidence interval c. sampling d.
coefficient

4. What is the range of values below and above the sample statistic in a
confidence
interval?
a. mean b. margin of error c. percentile d. critical values
5. Which of the statements is NOT true about the Student’s t ̶ distribution?
a. It is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.
b. It is determined by a parameter called the degrees of freedom.
c. Its total area is 1 or 100%.
d. It is very much different from the standard normal distribution.
6. What does a 95% confidence level mean?
a. That 95% of the intervals contain the true population parameter.
b. That 95% of the intervals does not contain the true population
parameter.
c. That 95% of the intervals contain the margin of error.
d. That 95% of the intervals does not contain the margin of error.
For nos. 7 ̶ 8, refer to the given: n = 16, X = 50, s = 4.2, 95%
confidence
7. Find the value of t/2.
a. 1.753 b. 1.761 c. 2.131 d. 2.145
8. Compute for the margin of error E.
a. 2.35 b. 2.24 c. 2.17 d. 2.05
9. Which of the following statements is correct for a 90th percentile?
 a. The left-tail probability is 0.90 which is the same with the right-tail.
b. The left-tail probability is 0.10 which is the same with the right-tail.
c. The left-tail probability is 0.90 while the right-tail probability is 0.10.
d. The left-tail probability is 0.10 while the right-tail probability is 0.90.
10. What is the value of 99th percentile with 28 degrees of freedom?
a. 1.701 b. 2.763 c. 2.771 d. 2.0

Answer Sheet

Name:
Grade & Section: Score:

Quarter 3 – Module 7
Lesson 1
1. df = _____; coefficient = __________ 6. df = _____; coefficient = __________
2. df = _____; coefficient = __________ 7. df = _____; coefficient = __________
3. df = _____; coefficient = __________ 8. df = _____; coefficient = __________
4. df = _____; coefficient = __________ 9. df = _____; coefficient = __________
5. df = _____; coefficient = __________ 10. df = _____; coefficient = __________

Lesson 2
1. a. Given:
_________________________________________________________________________
E = t/2 s =
√n
b. X ̶ E < µ < X + E
_______________ < µ < _______________
_______________ < µ < _______________
c. Therefore,
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___
2. a. Given:
_________________________________________________________________________
E = t/2 s =
√n
b. X ̶ E < µ < X + E
_______________ < µ < _______________
_______________ < µ < _______________
c. Therefore,
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

___
Lesson 3
1.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___
2. Step 1. Given:
____________________________________________________________________
Step 2. Solve: X ± t/2 (s/√ n ) =
________________________________________________
=
________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
Step 3.
___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
 Answer Key
Lesson 1
1. df = 5; coefficient = 2.015 6. df = 7; coefficient = 3.499
2. df = 28; coefficient = 1.701 7. df = 15; coefficient = 1.753
3. df = 11; coefficient = 2.201 8. df = 21; coefficient = 2.080
4. df = 30; coefficient = 2.042 9. df = 14; coefficient = 2.145
5. df = 23; coefficient = 2.819 10. df = 40; coefficient = 2.714
Lesson 2
1. a. Give: X = 28; s = 4; since n = 10, then df = 9; coefficient = 1.833
E = t/2 s = 1.833 4 = 1.833 (1.26) = 2.31
√n √ 10
b. X ̶ E < µ < X + E
28 ̶ 2.31 < µ < 28 + 2.31
25.69 < µ < 30.31
c. Therefore, we can say with 90% confidence that the interval between 25.69 &
30.31 contains the true mean.
2. a. Give: X = 17.5 yrs; s = 2; since n = 20, then df = 19; coefficient = 2.861
E = t/2 s = 2.861 2 = 2.861 (0.45) = 1.29
√n √ 20
b. X ̶ E < µ < X + E
17.5 ̶ 1.29 < µ < 17.5 + 1.29
16.21 < µ < 18.79
c. Therefore, we can say with 99% confidence that the interval between 16.21 &
18.79 contains the true mean age of the youth volunteers based on the 20
samples.

Lesson 3
1. The 95th percentile is the number where 95% of the values lie below it & 5% lie
above it. The value when df = 25 is 2.060.
2. Step 1. Given: X = 33 yrs, t/2 = 2.947, s = 3, n = 16
Step 2. Solve: X ± t/2 (s/√ n ) = 33 ± 2.947 (3/√ 16 ) = 33 ± 2.947 (0.75)
= 33 ± 2.21
So, 33 + 2.21 = 35.21 and 33 ̶ 2.21 = 30.79.
Step 3. Therefore, the true value of the mean lifetime of all trees is contained in the
interval 30.79 ̶ 35.21.

Assessment
1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. d
6. a 7. c 8. b 9. c 10. b

Reference
Belecina, R. et. al 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.
Malate, J. et. al 2017. Statistics and Probability. Manila:
Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc.
11
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 8
Population Proportion p

1
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 8: Population Proportion p

First Edition, 2020

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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

Liza E. Malanog
Editor : Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

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EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
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Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550
E-mail Address: depedbohol@deped.gov.ph

2
Learning Competencies: Computes for the length of the confidence interval.

(M11/12SP-IIIj-2)
Computes for an appropriate sample size using the length
of the interval. (M11/12SP-IIIj-3)
Solves problems involving sample size determination.

(M11/12SP-IIIj-4)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 compute for the length of the confidence interval
 compute for the sample size
 solve problem on sample size determination

Lesson 1: Sample Proportion

What is it . . .
Surveys are common to elicit people’s perceptions about emerging issues. They
provide information to the public so that they may be guided accordingly in their day
to day actions. For example, a TV network conducts a public opinion survey on issues
that relate to the President’s policies. Many decisions are based on countable
observations obtained from surveys. However, to be credible & meaningful, these
countable observations should represent a random sample from a target population.
Let p denotes the population proportion & ^p (read as “p hat”) denotes the
sample proportion. We use ^p = X / n, where X is the number of members in the
sample & n is the sample size. The complement of ^p is q^ (read as “q hat”) given by
q^ = 1 ̶ ^p.

Example :
In a job satisfaction survey in a certain resort, 200 employees were asked if they
were satisfied with their jobs. There were 128 who responded with a “yes”. What
proportion is this? What proportion responded with a “no”?
Solution :
a. Given information: X = 128, n = 200. Let ^p represents the proportion of “yes”
responses while q^ represents the proportion of “no” responses.
b. Solution: ^p = X / n = 128 / 200 = 0.64
q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.64 = 0.36
c. Conclusion: Therefore, 64% of the 200 employees in a certain resort were
satisfied with their jobs while 36% were not satisfied with their jobs.

What’s More . . .
1. Find ^p and q^ given X = 28, n = 110.
2. A total of 150 Gr. 8 students who have access to internet services were asked if they
play games online before they attend classes.105 students responded “yes”. What is
the population proportion of students who play video games before attending

3
 classes? What percent do not play video games before attending classes? Interpret.

Lesson 2: Confidence Interval of Population Proportion

What is it . . .

It has become a common practice to obtain data using surveys as basis of

decision making. As with the estimates of the population mean, we want to ensure
that our interval based on samples contain the true value of the population
proportion. The interval depends on the sampling distribution of ^p. That is, if we were
to draw random samples over and over again, each time calculating a new interval ^p,
then the frequency distribution of all the ^p values would be p. Thus, ^p is an unbiased
estimator of p. The formula for computing a large sample confidence interval for
population proportion p is ^p ̶ z/2 ^p q^ < p < ^p + z/2 ^p q^ .
√ n √ n
Example 1:
Compute the population proportion confidence interval given n = 300, ^p = 0.40,
90% confidence level.
Solution :
a. Find q^ . q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.40 = 0.60
b. Compute the confidence interval. (Recall that z/2 = ± 1.65 for 90% confidence)
^p ̶ z/2 ^p q^ < p < ^p + z/2 ^p q^
√ n √ n
0.40 ̶ 1.65 (0.40)(0.60) < p < 0.40 + 1.65 (0.40)(0.60)
√ 300 √ 300
0.40 ̶ 1.65 (0.01) < p < 0.40 + 1.65 (0.01)
0.40 ̶ 0.02 < p < 0.40 + 0.02
0.38 < p < 0.42
c. Interpretation: Thus, with 90% confidence, we can say that the interval is from 38%
to 42%.

Example 2:
A survey of 1200 citizens showed that 715 trust the president. Compute a 95%
confidence interval for the proportion of all citizens who trust the president.
Solution :
a. Find ^p. ^p = X/n = 715/1200 = 0.60
b. Find q^ . q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.60 = 0.40
c. Compute the confidence interval. (Recall that z/2 = ± 1.96 for 95% confidence)
^p ̶ z/2 ^p q^ < p < ^p + z/2 ^p q^
√ n √ n
0.60 ̶ 1.96 (0.60)(0.40) < p < 0.60 + 1.96 (0.60)(0.40)
√ 1200 √ 1200
0.60 ̶ 1.96 (0.01) < p < 0.60 + 1.96 (0.01)
0.60 ̶ 0.02 < p < 0.60 + 0.02
0.58 < p < 0.62
d. Interpretation: Thus, with 95% confidence, we can say that the interval from 58%
to 62% contains the true percentage of all citizens who trust the president.

4
 What’s More . . .
Compute the population proportion confidence interval of the following data.
1. n = 135, ^p = 0.53, 95% confidence
Solve the problem completely.
2. A nutritionist wants to know the population proportion of Gr. 11 learners who eat
vegetables. Pegged at 99%, as survey among 1200 respondents was conducted and
500 said they eat vegetables.

Lesson 3: Sample Size

What is it . . .
How large should a sample be? Many researchers find this a problem. This
problem should be addressed carefully because needlessly large samples are a waste
of important resources, while insufficient sample size may lead to poor results.
Confidence & narrowness of the interval are the two things to remember when
deciding on the quality of the sample size needed.
The formula in determining the minimum sample size needed when estimating
the population mean is n = z/2 • σ 2.
E

Example 1:
In a certain barangay, Ann wants to estimate the mean weight µ, in kilograms, of all
six-year old children to be included in a feeding program. She wants to be 99%
confident that the estimate of µ is accurate to within 0.06 kg. Suppose from a previous
study, the standard deviation of the weights of the target population was 0.5kg, what
should the sample size be?
Solution :
a. Given information: The 99% confidence has a coefficient of z/2 = 2.58.
The phrase “accurate to within 0.06 kg” indicates a narrowed width of the
confidence interval thus, the desired error E = 0.06 kg. and σ = 0.5 kg.
b. Solve: n = z/2 • σ 2 = (2.58) (0.5) 2 = 1.29 2 = (21.5)2 = 462.25
E 0.06 0.06
c. So, the required sample size is 462 six-year old children.
In computing the sample size for estimating a population proportion, there are
two situations to bear in mind:
1. If some approximation of ^p is known, that value may be used in the formula.
2. If no approximation is known, use ^p = 0.5. This value will result in a sample size
large enough to guarantee prediction, given the confidence interval and the error of
estimate. The reason is that when ^p and q^ are 0.5 each, the product is at its
maximum.
The formula in determining the minimum sample size needed when estimating
the population proportion is n = ^p q^ z/2 2

5
 E
Example 2:
Joy wants to know with 95% confidence the proportion of households who like to use
detergent A. A previous survey showed that 42% like to use detergent A. Joy wants to
be accurate within 2% of the true proportion. What sample size does she need?
Solution :
a. Given information: The 95% has z/2 = 1.96. The desired error is 2% or 0.02.
b. Determine ^p and q^ : ^p = 42% or 0.42, q^ = 1 ̶ 0.42 = 0.58.
Solve for n: n = (0.42)(0.58) 1.96 2 = (0.42)(0.58)(9604) = 2,339.53
0.02
c. Thus, Joy needs a sample of 2,340 households as respondents.
What’s More . . .
Find the minimum sample size necessary in each of the following.
1. 90% confidence, σ = 0.3, E = 0.1
3. The Dean of a college wants to use the proportion of a population to determine the
sample size needed to interview regarding their thoughts about the new normal. She
wants to be able to assert with a probability 0.95 that her error will be at most 0.05.
Similar polls in the previous months showed that 45% likes the new normal. How
large a sample does the Dean need?
Assessment
Direction: Select the correct answer of each item and write only the letter on the
answer sheet provided. Items which need solutions are given
additional points.
1. Which denotes proportion of the population?
a. p b. q c. ^p d. q^
2. What denotes proportion of the sample?
a. p b. q c. ^p d. q^
3. What is the complement of the sample proportion?
a. p b. q c. ^p d. q^
For nos. 4 ̶ 6, refer to this situation: In a sample of 500 nursing applicants
who applied for work abroad, 23% are men.
4. What is n?
a. 500 b. 385 c. 115 d. 23
5. What is ^p?
a. 500% b. 50% c. 23% d. 77%
6. Find q^ .
a. 500% b. 50% c. 23% d. 77%
For nos. 7 ̶ 9, refer to this situation: A sample poll of 100 voters
chosen at random from all voters in a certain state indicated that 55% were in favor
of Pres. Trump. The survey used 99% confidence level.
7. What is the value of ^p?
a. 0.10 b. 0.45 c. 0.55 d. 0.95
8. What is q^ ?
a. 0.10 b. 0.45 c. 0.55 d. 0.95
9. Compute the confidence interval of those who were in favor of Pres. Trump.
a. 0.42 ̶ 0.68 b. 0.45 ̶ 0.65 c. 0.48 ̶ 0.62 d. 0.51 ̶ 0.59
10. What is that number of minimum samples needed to be able to come up with a
reliable result in estimating the population mean?

6
 a. sample mean b. sample proportion c. sample size d. sample

Answer Sheet

Name:
Grade & Section: Score:

Quarter 3 – Module 8
Lesson 1
1. a. Given: _______________________________________________
b. Solution: ^p = _________________________ & q^ = _________________________
2. a. Given: _______________________________________________
b. Solution: ^p = _________________________ & q^ = _________________________
c. Conclusion: ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2
1. a. q^ = _________________________
b. Solution:

c. Interpretation: ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. a. Solution: ^p = _________________________ & q^ = _________________________

b. Confidence Interval:

c. Interpretation: ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3
1. a. Given: ________________________________________
b. Solve: n =

c. Final Answer: __________________________________________________________________

2. a. Given: __________________________ b. ^p = _________________________________
c. n =

d. Final Answer: _________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Assessment
1. 5. 9.
2. 6. 10.
3. 7.
4. 8.

7
8
 Answer Key
Lesson 1
1. a. Given: X = 28, n = 100.
b. Solution: ^p = X / n = 28 / 110 = 0.25 & q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.25 = 0.75
2. a. Given: X = 95, n = 150.
b. Solution: ^p = X / n = 105 / 150 = 0.70 & q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.70 = 0.30
c. Conclusion: Therefore, 70% of the 150 Gr. 8 students who have access to
internet services play games online before attending classes while 30% do not.

Lesson 2
1. a. q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.53 = 0.47
b. 0.53 ̶ 1.96 (0.53)(0.47) < p < 0.53 + 1.96 (0.53)(0.47)
√ 135 √ 135
0.53 ̶ 1.96 (0.002) < p < 0.53 + 1.96 (0.002)
0.53 ̶ 0.004 < p < 0.53 + 0.004
0.526 < p < 0.534
c. Interpretation: Thus, with 90% confidence, we can say that the interval is from
52.6% to 53.4%.
2. a. ^p = X/n = 500/1200 = 0.42 b. q^ = 1 ̶ ^p = 1 ̶ 0.42 = 0.58
c. 0.42 ̶ 2.58 (0.42)(0.58) < p < 0.42 + 2.58 (0.42)(0.58)
√ 1200 √ 1200
0.42 ̶ 2.58 (0.01) < p < 0.42 + 2.58 (0.01)
0.42 ̶ 0.03 < p < 0.42 + 0.03
0.39 < p < 0.45
d. Interpretation: hus, with 99% confidence, we can say that the interval from 39%
to 45% contains the true percentage of all Gr. 11 learners who eat vegetables.

Lesson 3
1. a. Given: z/2 = 1.65, σ = 0.3, E = 0.1
b. Solve: n = (1.65) (0.3) 2 = 0.5 2 = (5)2 = 25
0.1 0.1
c. So, the required sample size is 25.
2. a. Given: z/2 = 1.96, E = 0.05 b. ^p = 45% or 0.45, q^ = 1 ̶ 0.45 = 0.55
c. n = (0.45)(0.55) 1.96 2 = (0.45)(0.55)(1537) = 380
0.05
d. Thus, the Dean of a college needs a sample of 380 to interview regarding
their thoughts about the new norma
Assessment
1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. c

Reference
Belecina, R. et. al 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.
Malate, J. et. al 2017. Statistics and Probability. Manila:
Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc.