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MATERILS

PARTIAL FACTORS FOR MATERIAL

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Contd…
4

hdy 2
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SLS NA
5

Provisions for using lower values

6

hdy 3
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SLS NA
8

hdy 4
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In EC2
9

SLS NA
10

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11

SLS NA
12

hdy 6
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13

SLS NA
14

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15

SLS NA
16

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17

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE

Cube strength vs. Cylinder strength

18

 All design steps to EC2 are based on the characteristic cylinder

strength, fck
 Notation: C25/30; C35/45
Cylinder strength is about 80% of Cube strength

150 diameter;
300 high

150x150x150

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In EC2
19

SLS NA
20

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fck
21

Table 3.1
22

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Time dependent behavior of compressive strength

23

Concrete in compression
24

 Initially, a fairly linear elastic

behaviour
 Subsequently, the behaviour
alters to plastic non-linear.
 The ultimate strain ( for fck< 50
MPa) is usually a constant
value, about 0.0035.
 For higher strengths ,the
ultimate strain decrease.

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Material model for compression

25

Table 3.1
26

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Contd...
27

100
C90/105
90
80
70
C50/60
60
stress

50
40
30
20 C25/30
10
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035
Strain

Confined concrete in compression

28

Confined - idealised

Un-confined
Confined - design

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Formulation
29

Comparison for C25/30 concrete

30

60

50 20%

40

30 10%

20 4%

10

0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060

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Parabola-rectangle idealisation
31

 ascending branch up
to peak stress
 subsequently, the
stress remains constant
till the peak strain
Design strength
 design strength of
concrete is taken as a
fraction of the
experimental
behaviour.

Bi-linear idealisation
32

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Use of rectangular stress distribution idealisation

33

34

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35

Design strengths of concrete

36

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From NA
37

Tensile strength of concrete

38

 EC2 defines tensile strength of concrete fct to be the uni-axial tensile

strength
 Approximate relationship between splitting tensile strength and fct is:

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Static (secant) modulus (Ecm)

39

 cylinder compressive strength is

found
 then another cylinder is loaded
up to 40% of the peak load
and the strain is measured
 average slope over that 40%
stress range is the static
modulus.

In addition,
40

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Creep of concrete
41

42

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From Annex. B
43

Creep non-linearity
44

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Contd…
45

Shrinkage in concrete
46

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Drying shrinkage
47

Annex B of EC2
48

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Contd...
49

Comparisons: drying shrinkage

50

Drying shrinkage
700
600
Shrinkage (microns)

500
400
C20/25_20% humidity
300
C40/50_20% humidity
200 C40/50_60% humidity
100
0
0 2000 4000 6000
age (days)

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Autogenous (plastic) shrinkage

51

Comparisons: autogenous shrinkage

52

Autogenous shrinkage
80
70
shrinkage (microns)

60
50
40
C20/25
30
C40/50
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800
age (days)

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Comparisons: total shrinkage

53

700

600
Total shrinkage (microns)

500

400 C20/25 Drying

C20/25 Auto.
300 C40/50 Drying
200 C40/50 Auto.

100

0
0 2000 4000 6000
Age (days)

Contd…
54

a. NSC b. HPC

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55 Properties of reinforcing steel

Properties of reinforcing steel

56

 Depending on the manufacturing process, reinforcing steel can be

broadly categorised as:
 hot-rolled high yield steel; and
 cold-worked high yield steel
 Hot-rolled steel consists all the bar sizes
 Cold worked steel is produced up to 12 mm bar size
 The two types behave slightly differently, but, has fixed elastic
modulus of approximately 200 GPa.

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Steel contd...
57

Steel contd...
58

 High-yield bars are manufactured either with a ribbed surface or in

the form of a twisted square
 However, the latter is no longer in use.
 Ribbed high yield bars may be classified as:
 Class A – cold-worked bars, the lowest ductile category, used in mesh and
fabric, includes limits on moment redistribution
 Class B – hot-rolled bars. most commonly used

 Class C – hot-rolled bars, high ductility, used in earthquake design

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Reinforcing steel characteristics

59

Steel properties given in Concise EC2

60

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61

Notes
62

 Both BS 8110 and EC2 apply a partial safety factor for steel of 1.15.
 EC2 use letter ‘H’ to denote reinforcing bars where as the BS system
used either ‘T’ or ‘Y’ to denote steel bars.
 EC2 – H20 denotes a 20 mm high yield bar whereas it is marked as
T20 or Y20 in the BS method.

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63
Questions

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