1

This is to certify that Saksham Agarwal, roll no ___ of class

XII of DELHI WORLD PUBLIC SCHOOL has successfully
completed the Physics Investigatory project “relation between
input and output voltage and number of turns in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer”.

"The project is made according to the syllabus and guidelines

as prescribed by the CBSE for the year 2023- 2024.

Signature of the internal Signature of the External

Examiner Examiner

Signature of the Principal School Stamp

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
No creation in this world is a solo effort neither this project.
It would not have been possible without the kind support
and help of many individuals and organizations. I take this
opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to all of
them. I thank my respected Principal ______________ for
providing everything that I required in completing my
project.

I am highly indebted to my teacher in-charge _____________

for providing me an opportunity to do the project under her
guidance. Her support and suggestions proved valuable in
enabling the successful completion of
this project.

My sincere thanks to my parents, friends and Principal and

also all those who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.

3
INDEX

Sr No. Tittle Page No.

1 Cover Page 1

2 Certificate 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Index 4

5 Aim 5

6 Introduction 6

7 Theory 7

8 Apparatus/ Materials required 9

9 Procedure 10

10 Observation 11

11 Conclusion 12

12 Precautions 13

13 Errors 14

14 Bibliography 15

4
AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
1.Input and output voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary and primary coil of a
self-designed transformer.

5
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a passive component that transfers
electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit,
or to multiple circuits.
A transformer consists of a soft iron coil with two coils
wound around it which are not connected to one another.
These coils can be wound either on separate limbs of the
iron core or be arranged on top of each other. The coil to
which the alternating voltage is supplied is called the
primary coil or primary winding. When an alternating
potential difference is supplied the resulting alternating
current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic
field around it. This changing field induces an alternating
current in the secondary coil. The size of the induced voltage
resulting from the induced current in the secondary coil
depends on the number of turns in the secondary coil.

The relationship between the voltage and the number of

turns in each coil is given by:

THEORY
6
The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f's
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn
off the coil at this instant, we have,

Ep = - Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

and Es = - Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values
7
of the applied and back emf further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

8
MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. A soft iron rod

2. Copper wires of different cross-sections

3. Two AC voltmeters

4. Two AC ammeters

5. Insulating paper/ oil

6. Pressboard

7. Wood

8. Sealing materials

PROCEDURE

9
 1.Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin copper wire on
thick paper. This constitutes the primary coil of the
transformer.

2.Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

a relatively smaller number of turns of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-
down transformer.

3. Connect P1, P2 to AC mains and measure the input

voltage and current, using a voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.

4. Similarly measure the output voltage and current

through S1 S2.

5. Now connect the S1 S2 to AC mains and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step-up transformer

6.Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by

changing the number of primary turns in secondary
coils.

OBSERVATIONS

10
No. of turns in primary, S1 = 2000
No. of turns in secondary, S2 = 100

Sr. No Input Voltage (Ep) Output Voltage (Es) Es/EP

1 12V 240V 1/20

2 240V 12V 20

11
CONCLUSIONS

1.The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio with respect
to input voltage.

2.The output current of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio with respect
to input current.

3.There is loss of power between the input and output coil

of a transformer.

4. Clearly Es/EP=S2/S1, within experimental error

12
PRECAUTIONS

1.The improvised transformer may not have very high

efficiency otherwise it may get hot very soon.

2.Some special care should be taken while working

with AC mains.

3.Before winding the turns on the iron rod, it should

be covered with a sheet of paper.

4.The zero error of voltmeter and ammeter must be

taken into account.

5.Keep yourself safe from voltage.

6.While taking the readings of the current and voltage

of the AC should remain constant.

13
ERRORS

1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2.Eddy current can change the readings.

3.Zero error of voltmeter and ammeter must be taken into

account.

4.

14
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Physics NCERT textbook

Physics lab manual

www.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

www.olabs.edu.in

15