1

1 Petal colour in the flowers of snapdragon plants shows co-dominance.

The gene for petal colour has two co-dominant alleles:

R
• C for red petals

W
• C for white petals

The table shows the genotypes and phenotypes of snapdragon plants with different petal colours.

genotype phenotype
R R
C C red
W W
C C white
R W
C C pink

(a) Explain the term co-dominance.

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(b) A botanist crossed two snapdragon plants with pink flowers.

Complete the genetic diagram to show the ratio of expected phenotypes in the offspring.

offspring genotypes ......................................................................................................

offspring phenotypes ....................................................................................................

phenotypic ratio ............................................................................................................ [4]

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(c) The botanist wanted to produce a generation of snapdragons that all had pink flowers.

State the phenotypes of the parent plants that the botanist would need to cross.

Explain your answer.

parent phenotypes ..........................................................................................................

explanation ......................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
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2 Haemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder in which blood takes a long time to clot. The diagram
is a pedigree diagram showing the inheritance of haemophilia.

H h
The normal allele is represented by X and the mutant allele is represented by X .

State the genotypes of the people identified as P, Q and R in the diagram.

P ...............................................................................................................................................

Q ..............................................................................................................................................

R .............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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3 Haemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder in which blood takes a long time to clot. The diagram
is a pedigree diagram showing the inheritance of haemophilia.

The couple S and T are expecting another child.

What is the probability that the child will have haemophilia?

Space for working.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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4 Some people inherit colour blindness and cannot identify certain colours, even in bright light.

The gene responsible for colour vision is located on the X chromosome.

There are two alleles for this gene on the X chromosome:

B
• X – normal colour vision
b
• X – colour blindness.

The diagram shows a pedigree diagram for colour blindness.

Person 13 in the diagram is male. His parents are person 7 and person 8.

Use the key to complete the diagram by drawing the correct symbol for person 13. [1]

[Total: 1]
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5 Some people inherit colour blindness and cannot identify certain colours, even in bright light.

The gene responsible for colour vision is located on the X chromosome.

There are two alleles for this gene on the X chromosome:

B
• X – normal colour vision
b
• X – colour blindness.

The diagram shows a pedigree diagram for colour blindness.

Colour blindness is a sex-linked characteristic.

Explain why females 4 and 5 are carriers even though their mother is not a carrier.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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6 The diagram shows a dwarf sunflower and a tall sunflower, Helianthus annuus. The height of the
dwarf sunflower is 0.45 m and the height of the tall sunflower is 4.5 m.

Two tall sunflower plants were crossed. 25% of the offspring produced were dwarf.

Explain how it is possible for two tall parent plants to have this percentage of dwarf offspring.

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[Total: 2]
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7 Dairy cattle are kept for milk production. Approximately half of all calves born are male.

Sex is determined in cattle in exactly the same way as it is in humans.

Explain why 50% of all cattle are born male.

You may draw a genetic diagram to help your explanation.

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[Total: 4]
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8 The photograph shows a cat with an inherited condition that means the cat has extra toes.

The allele that causes this condition is dominant to the allele for the normal condition.

The diagram shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

Complete the table by stating the genotypes of the numbered individuals.

Use B for the dominant allele and b for the recessive allele.

number of individual in the diagram genotype of individual

14

[4]

[Total: 4]
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9 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

Draw circles around two terms that can be used to describe the genotype of goat 6.

black dominant heterozygous

homozygous recessive white

[2]

[Total: 2]
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10 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

A farmer identified two goats to breed together.

• The genotype of the male goat is Aa.

• The genotype of the female goat is Aa.

Complete the genetic diagram and the phenotypic ratio for this cross.
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phenotypic ratio ....................................... white : ....................................... black

[3]

[Total: 3]
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11 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

State how many goats have white fur.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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12 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

State the phenotype of goat 5.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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13 Some humans have the ability to roll their tongues and some cannot roll their tongues.

This characteristic is controlled by genes.

The photographs show two boys: boy A cannot roll his tongue and boy B can roll his tongue.

The allele for tongue rolling (T) is dominant to the allele for non-tongue rolling (t).

The diagram shows a family tree for this characteristic. Individual 1 and his partner are both
heterozygous for tongue rolling.

Individual 2 in the diagram is heterozygous for tongue rolling. He marries a woman who cannot roll
her tongue.

State all of the possible genotypes of their children and predict the ratio of phenotypes for their
children.

possible offspring genotypes: ..................................................................................................

ratio of phenotypes: ................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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14 Some humans have the ability to roll their tongues and some cannot roll their tongues.

This characteristic is controlled by genes.

The photographs show two boys: boy A cannot roll his tongue and boy B can roll his tongue.

The allele for tongue rolling (T) is dominant to the allele for non-tongue rolling (t).

The diagram below shows a family tree for this characteristic. Individual 1 and his partner are both
heterozygous for tongue rolling.

Complete the table by inserting the genotypes of the numbered individuals in the diagram.

individual genotype

[3]

[Total: 3]
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15 Haemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder in which blood takes a long time to clot.

Define the term sex-linked characteristic.

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[Total: 2]

16 Some people inherit colour blindness and cannot identify certain colours, even in bright light.

The gene responsible for colour vision is located on the X chromosome.

There are two alleles for this gene on the X chromosome:

B
• X – normal colour vision
b
• X – colour blindness.

There is no gene for colour vision on the male sex chromosome.

State the genotype of a colour-blind male.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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17 A rabbit with brown fur is mated with a rabbit with black fur.

Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible fur colours that could occur from this mating.

[4]

[Total: 4]
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18 The diagram below shows the hand of a person who suffers from a mutation that results in people
having more than five digits on each hand (polydactyly).

The mutation that results in this condition is dominant.

The diagram below shows a family tree of how the condition is inherited in a family.

State the genotype of the individuals shown in the family tree.

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Use AA, Aa or aa.

Write your answers in the table below.

numbered person on
genotype of person
family tree

[4]

[Total: 4]

19 Define the following genetic terms.

mutation ...................................................................................................................................

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heterozygous ...........................................................................................................................

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recessive allele ........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 6]
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N
20 Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disease. The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms, Hb
S S S
and Hb . People who are Hb Hb have the disease and experience symptoms including fatigue
N S
and extreme pain in their joints. People who are Hb Hb are carriers of the disease and may have
mild symptoms, if any at all.

The table below shows four genetic terms.

Complete the table below by stating a specific example, used in the paragraph above, of each
genetic term.

genetic term example used in the passage

an allele

a heterozygous genotype
All the offspring are black and have the genotype Bb.

Two of these offspring are mated together.

a homozygous genotype
Complete the diagram below to show the results of this cross.
parental ×
black fur black fur
phenotype:
phenotype

[4]

[Total: 4]
parental
genotype:
21 Some students used beetles to investigate inheritance.
.................... × ....................
One groups of students decided to breed a beetle which had long antennae with a beetle which
had short antennae. The diagram below shows the beetles they used.
gametes: + × +
short antennae
offspring ............... ............... long antennae
............... ...............
genotype:

offspring
............... ............... ............... ...............
phenotype:

ratio: .................... black : .............................. white

[5]

[Total: 6]