Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International

Journal (AAM)

Volume 18 Issue 1 Article 7

6-2023

(R1977) On Geometry of Equiform Smarandache Ruled Surfaces

via Equiform Frame in Minkowski 3-Space
Emad Solouma
Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU); Beni-Suef University

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Frame in Minkowski 3-Space, Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM), Vol.
18, Iss. 1, Article 7.
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 Solouma: On Geometry of Equiform Smarandache Ruled Surfaces

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Appl. Appl. Math. Mathematics:
ISSN: 1932-9466 An International Journal
(AAM)
Vol. 18, Issue 1 (June 2023), Article 7, 14 pages

On Geometry of Equiform Smarandache Ruled Surfaces

Via Equiform Frame in Minkowski 3-Space

Emad Solouma
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
College of Science
Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Ryiadh, Saudi Arabia
E-mail. emmahmoud@imamu.edu.sa

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

Faculty of Science
Beni-Suef University
Beni-Suef, Egypt
E-mail. emadms74@gmail.com

Received: March 22, 2022; Accepted: February 13, 2023

Abstract
In this paper, some geometric properties of equiform Smarandache ruled surfaces in Minkowski
space E13 using an equiform frame are investigated. Also, we give the sufficient conditions that
make these surfaces are equiform developable and equiform minimal related to the equiform
curvatures and when the equiform base curve contained in a plane or general helix. Finally, we
provide an example, such as these surfaces.

Keywords: Ruled surfaces; Equiform frame; Minkowski 3-space; Smarandache curve

MSC 2010 No.: 53B30, 53C40, 53C50

1. Introduction
The theory of ruled surface is a branch of the classical differential geometry which has been
developed by several researchers. In general, the rulings of the ruled surface are the set of a family
of straight lines that depend on a parameter that is mentioned see Do Carmo (2016); Struik (1988);
Barbosa and Colares (1986). One of the most interesting points is to study of ruled surfaces with
different moving frames (see, for example, Hu et. al. (2020); Ibrahim Al-Dayel and Solouma

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2 E. Solouma

(2021); Lam (2020); Ouarab et al. (2018); Ouarab et al. (2020); Ouarab (2021); Solouma and
Ibrahim AL-Dayel (2021); Emad Solouma and Mohamed Abdelkawy (2022)).

In Euclidean and Lorentzian geometry, the Smarandache curve is the curve whose position vector
is made by Frenet frame vectors on another regular curve (Ashbacher (1997); Bishop (1975); Iseri
(2002); Mao (2006)). Many researchers (such as Cetin et al. (2014); Emad Solouma (2021);
Solouma (2017); Solouma and Mahmoud (2017); Solouma and Mahmoud (2019); Solouma
(2021); Turgut and Yılmaz (2008); Taskopru and Tosun (2014); Yılmaz and Turgut (2010))
studied Smarandache curves in Minkowski and the Euclidean spaces.

In this work, we introduce the definitions of a special kind of ruled surfaces called equiform
Smarandache ruled surfaces via the equiform frame in Minkowski 3- space. The main results are
presented in theorems that we concert the sufficient and necessary conditions for those ruled
surfaces to be equiform developable and equiform minimally. Finally, an illustration-based
example is provided.

2. Preliminaries

In Minkowski space E13 the Lorentzian product is defined as:

ℋ = −𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒12 + 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒22 + 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒32 ,

where (𝑒𝑒1 , 𝑒𝑒2 , 𝑒𝑒3 ) is the E13 rectilinear coordinate system. An arbitrary 𝑢𝑢 ∈ E13 vector is one of the
following; spacelike if ℋ(𝑢𝑢, 𝑢𝑢) > 0 or 𝑢𝑢 = 0, timelike if ℋ(𝑢𝑢, 𝑢𝑢) < 0 and zero if ℋ(𝑢𝑢, 𝑢𝑢) =
0 and 𝑢𝑢 ≠ 0. Likewise, a curve 𝜉𝜉 = 𝜉𝜉(𝜚𝜚) can be spacelike, timelike or zero if its 𝜉𝜉′(𝜚𝜚) is
spacelike, timelike or null. Let 𝜑𝜑 = 𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚) is a spacelike curve with a timelike principal normal. If
{𝑡𝑡, 𝑛𝑛, 𝑏𝑏} denotes the moving Frenet frame of the spacelike curve 𝜑𝜑, then {𝑡𝑡, 𝑛𝑛, 𝑏𝑏} has the following
properties:

𝑡𝑡̇(𝜚𝜚) = 𝜅𝜅(𝜚𝜚)𝑛𝑛(𝜚𝜚),
𝑛𝑛̇ (𝜚𝜚) = 𝜅𝜅(𝜚𝜚)𝑡𝑡(𝜚𝜚) + 𝜏𝜏 (𝜚𝜚) 𝑏𝑏(𝜚𝜚), (1)
𝑏𝑏̇ (𝜚𝜚) = 𝜏𝜏 (𝜚𝜚)𝑛𝑛(𝜚𝜚),

𝑑𝑑
where �∙= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�, ℋ(𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡) = −ℋ(𝑛𝑛, 𝑛𝑛) = ℋ(𝑏𝑏, 𝑏𝑏) = 1 and ℋ(𝑡𝑡, 𝑛𝑛) = ℋ(𝑡𝑡, 𝑏𝑏) = ℋ(𝑛𝑛, 𝑏𝑏) = 0.

For a spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁: 𝐼𝐼 → E13 with a timelike principal normal in E13 . The equiform parameter of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝜁𝜁 by 𝜗𝜗 = ∫ 𝜅𝜅𝜅𝜅𝜅𝜅. Then 𝜎𝜎 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where 𝜎𝜎 = 𝜅𝜅 . We recall that {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵} is the moving equiform
Frenet frame with the equiform tangent 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) = 𝜎𝜎 𝑡𝑡(𝜚𝜚), the equiform principal normal 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) =
𝜎𝜎 𝑛𝑛(𝜚𝜚) and the equiform binormal 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗) = 𝜎𝜎 𝑏𝑏(𝜚𝜚). The equiform curvatures of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜏𝜏
𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) are defined by 𝑘𝑘1 (𝜗𝜗) = 𝜎𝜎̇ = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑘𝑘2 (𝜗𝜗) = �𝜅𝜅� . As a result, the 𝜁𝜁 equiform Frenet
frame is given as:

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𝑇𝑇′(𝜗𝜗) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝜗𝜗) 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗),

𝑁𝑁 ′ (𝜗𝜗) = −𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘1 (𝜗𝜗)𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘2 (𝜗𝜗)𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗), (2)
𝐵𝐵′(𝜗𝜗) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝜗𝜗) 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘2 (𝜗𝜗) 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),

𝑑𝑑
for �′ = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� , ℋ(𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇) = −ℋ(𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐵) = ℋ(𝑁𝑁, 𝑁𝑁) = 𝜎𝜎 2 , and ℋ(𝑇𝑇, 𝐵𝐵) = ℋ(𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵) = ℋ(𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁) =
0.

Let 𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) be a regular equiform spacelike curve in E13 via equiform frame { 𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. Then
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 and 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁- equiform Smarandache curves of 𝜁𝜁 are defined, respectively, as follows (Solouma
(2021)):
1
𝜑𝜑(𝜗𝜗 ∗ (𝜗𝜗)) = (𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗)),
√2𝜎𝜎
∗ 1
𝜓𝜓(𝜗𝜗 (𝜗𝜗)) = (𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)),
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝜔𝜔(𝜗𝜗 ∗ (𝜗𝜗)) = (𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)).
√2𝜎𝜎

The Lorentzian sphere with the origin center in the E13 space and a radius of 𝜖𝜖 > 0 is defined as

𝑆𝑆12 = {𝑥𝑥 ∈ E13 ∶ ℋ(𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥) = 𝜖𝜖 2 }.

A ruled surface Γ in E13 can be represented as

Γ(𝜚𝜚, 𝜐𝜐) = 𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚) + 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐(𝜚𝜚), (3)

where 𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚) is the base curve and 𝑋𝑋(𝜚𝜚) is a space curve that represents the direction of a straight
line.

The unit normal vector field ℕ on Γ can be defined by

Γ𝜚𝜚 × Γ𝜐𝜐
ℕ= �Γ𝜚𝜚 × Γ𝜐𝜐 �
, (4)

𝜕𝜕Γ 𝜕𝜕Γ
where Γ𝜚𝜚 = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 and Γ𝜐𝜐 = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 . The components of Γ’s first and second fundamental forms are
given by, and respectively,
2
𝐸𝐸 = �Γ𝜚𝜚 � , 𝐹𝐹 = 〈Γ𝜚𝜚 , Γ𝜐𝜐 〉, 𝐺𝐺 = ‖Γ𝜐𝜐 ‖2 ,

𝑒𝑒 = 〈Γ𝜚𝜚𝜚𝜚 , ℕ〉, 𝑓𝑓 = 〈Γ𝜚𝜚𝜚𝜚 , ℕ〉, 𝑔𝑔 = 〈Γ𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐 , ℕ〉.

The Gaussian and mean curvatures of Γ respectively are given by

𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔 − 𝑓𝑓2
Κ= , (5)
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 − 𝐹𝐹2

𝐸𝐸 𝑔𝑔 + 𝐺𝐺 𝑒𝑒 − 2𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓
Η= 2(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 − 𝐹𝐹2 )
. (6)

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4 E. Solouma

A ruled surface is developable if and only if Κ = 0 and minimal if and only if Η = 0.

3. Main results

In this section, we define the equiform Smarandache ruled surfaces within Mikowski 3-space E13
referring to the equiform frame {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. Also, we investigate the necessary and sufficient
conditions that make these surfaces have Κ = 0 and Η = 0.

3.1 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface

Definition 3.1.

For a regular equiform spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) in E13 via the frame (2). The 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform
Smarandache ruled surface is given by
1
Λ = Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = (𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗)) + 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐(𝜗𝜗). (7)
√2𝜎𝜎

Theorem 3.1.

Let Λ = Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (7). Then, we have
1. If 𝑘𝑘1 = 1, then Λ is equiform developable surface and ΗΛ given by the formula

𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 (√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +2)+2𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

ΗΛ = 3 .
√2(√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +2)2
2. If 𝜁𝜁(𝜚𝜚) is a plane curve (𝑘𝑘2 = 0), then Λ is equiform developable surface and ΗΛ satisfying

(𝑘𝑘1 +1)�𝑘𝑘1′ +𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘1 −2)�+(𝑘𝑘1 −1)�𝑘𝑘12 +𝑘𝑘1′ +2𝑘𝑘1 +1�

ΗΛ = 3 .
4√2(𝑘𝑘1 )2

Proof:
1
Let Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = (𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗)) + 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐(𝜗𝜗) be 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface
√2𝜎𝜎
recording by the equiform frame {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵} in E13 . Taking the first derivative of Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) with respect
to 𝜗𝜗 and 𝜐𝜐, we get
𝑘𝑘 −1 𝑘𝑘 +1 𝑘𝑘
Λ 𝜗𝜗 = � 1 � 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + � 1 + 𝜐𝜐𝑘𝑘2 � 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + � 2 + 𝜐𝜐𝑘𝑘1 � 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),
√2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 (8)
Λ 𝜐𝜐 = 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗).

From (8), The components of Λ’s first fundamental form and the unit normal vector field are given
by:
1 2 2
𝐸𝐸Λ = 2 �(𝑘𝑘1 − 1)2 − �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � + �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 � � ,
𝐹𝐹Λ =
𝜎𝜎
�𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 �, (9)
√2
2
𝐺𝐺Λ = 𝜎𝜎 .

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�𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1�𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗)−(𝑘𝑘1 −1)𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗)

ℕΛ = . (10)
2
𝜎𝜎��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1� −(𝑘𝑘1 −1)2

Another time, we can differentiate (7) with respect to 𝜗𝜗 and 𝜐𝜐, respectively, and use (2) to get

Λ 𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = 𝜀𝜀1 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝜀𝜀2 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝜀𝜀3 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),

Λ 𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = 𝑘𝑘2 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘1 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗), (11)
Λ 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐 = 0.

where
1
𝜀𝜀1 = �𝑘𝑘1′ + 𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘1 − 2) + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 + 1�,
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝜀𝜀2 = �𝑘𝑘12 + 𝑘𝑘22 + 𝑘𝑘1′ + 2𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 𝑘𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑘2′ )�, (12)
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝜀𝜀3 = �𝑘𝑘2′ + 𝑘𝑘2 (2𝑘𝑘1 + 1) + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘12 + 𝑘𝑘22 + 𝑘𝑘2′ )�.
√2𝜎𝜎

From (10) and (11), the components of Λ’s second fundamental form are given by:

𝜎𝜎�𝜀𝜀1 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1�+𝜀𝜀2 (𝑘𝑘1 −1)�

𝑒𝑒Λ = ,
2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1� −(𝑘𝑘1 −1)2

𝑓𝑓Λ =
𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 (𝑘𝑘1 −1)
, (13)
2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1� −(𝑘𝑘1 −1)2

𝑔𝑔Λ = 0.
So, from (9) and (11), the equiform Gaussian and mean curvatures of 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache
ruled surface Λ given by:
𝑘𝑘22 (𝑘𝑘1 −1)2
ΚΛ = 2 2 ,
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1� −(𝑘𝑘1 −1)2 �
2√2𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 �−2𝜎𝜎�𝜀𝜀1 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1�+𝜀𝜀2 (𝑘𝑘1 −1)� (14)
ΗΛ = 3 .
2 2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 +1� −(𝑘𝑘1 −1)2 �

Consequently, from (14) we complete our proof. ■

Corollary 3.2.

Let Λ = Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (7). Then Λ is
equiform minimal surface if and only if the equiform curvatures satisfy the following differential
equation

2√2𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � − 2𝜎𝜎�𝜀𝜀1 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 + 1� + 𝜀𝜀2 (𝑘𝑘1 − 1)� = 0,

where 𝜀𝜀1 and 𝜀𝜀2 are given by (12).

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6 E. Solouma

Proof:

Let Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) be 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface defined by (7) via the equiform frame
{𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵} in E13 . From (14), the equiform surface Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is equiform minimal surface if and only
if ΗΛ = 0 which mean that
2√2𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � − 2𝜎𝜎�𝜀𝜀1 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 + 1� + 𝜀𝜀2 (𝑘𝑘1 − 1)� = 0,
where 𝜀𝜀1 and 𝜀𝜀2 are given by (12) which complete our proof. ■

3.2 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface

Definition 3.2.

For a regular equiform spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) in E13 via the frame (2). The 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform
Smarandache ruled surface is given by
1
Θ = Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = (𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)) + 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐(𝜗𝜗). (15)
√2𝜎𝜎

Theorem 3.3.

Let Θ = Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (15). Then, we have
1. If 𝜁𝜁(𝜚𝜚) has non-zero constant curvature (𝑘𝑘1 = 0), then Θ is equiform developable surface and

−√2𝑘𝑘2 (𝑘𝑘2 +1)+𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2′

ΗΘ = 3 .
2𝜎𝜎2 𝜐𝜐2 (𝑘𝑘2 +1)2

2. If 𝜁𝜁(𝜚𝜚) is a general helix (𝑘𝑘2 = 1), then Θ is equiform developable surface and

𝑘𝑘1′ +𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

ΗΘ = − 2 .
�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

Proof:

We can study the Κ Θ and ΗΘ of 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface via the equiform frame
{𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. The velocity vectors of (15) are given by

𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎 𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 +1 𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2

Θ𝜗𝜗 = � � 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + � � 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + � � 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),
√2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 (16)
Θ𝜐𝜐 = 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗).

Now, using (16), we get the quantities of the first fundamental form and the unit normal vector
field of Θ are given by:
1 2 2 2
𝐸𝐸Θ = 2 ��𝑘𝑘1 − √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� − �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1� + �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � � ,
𝐹𝐹Θ = −
𝜎𝜎
�𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1�, (17)
√2
2
𝐺𝐺Θ = −𝜎𝜎 .

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�𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 �𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗)+�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)

ℕΘ = . (18)
2 2
𝜎𝜎 ��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � +�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

Differentiating (16) with respect to 𝜗𝜗 and 𝜐𝜐 respectively and using (2) we get

Θ𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = 𝜇𝜇1 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝜇𝜇2 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝜇𝜇3 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),

Θ𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = −𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘1 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑘𝑘2 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗), (19)
Θ𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐 = 0,
where
1
𝜇𝜇1 = �𝑘𝑘1′ − 𝑘𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘1 − √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� − √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1�,
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝜇𝜇2 = �𝑘𝑘1′ + 𝑘𝑘2′ + 𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 2� + 𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1′ − 1)�, (20)
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝜇𝜇3 = �𝑘𝑘1′ + 𝑘𝑘2 �𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1� + 𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2′ �.
√2𝜎𝜎

From (18) and (19), the quantities of the second fundamental form of Θ are given by:

𝜎𝜎�𝜇𝜇1 (𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 )+𝜇𝜇2 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎��

𝑒𝑒Θ = ,
2 2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � +�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

𝑓𝑓Θ =
𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘2 −1)
, (21)
2 2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � +�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�

𝑔𝑔Θ = 0.

Then, from (17) and (21), the equiform Κ Θ and ΗΘ of 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface Θ
given by
2𝑘𝑘12 (𝑘𝑘2 −1)2
ΚΘ = 2 2 2
,
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � +�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� �
2√2𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘1 −1)�𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 +1�−2𝜎𝜎�𝜇𝜇1 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 �+𝜇𝜇3 �𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�� (22)
ΗΘ = 3 ,
2 2 2
��𝑘𝑘1 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � +�𝑘𝑘1 −√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� �

which complete our proof. ■

Corollary 3.4.

Let Θ = Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (15). Then Θ is
equiform minimal surface if and only if the equiform curvatures satisfy the following differential
equation
2√2𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘1 − 1)�𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1� − 2𝜎𝜎�𝜇𝜇1 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � + 𝜇𝜇3 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�� = 0,
where 𝜇𝜇1 and 𝜇𝜇3 are given by (20).

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8 E. Solouma

Proof:

Let Θ = Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) be 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache ruled surface defined by (15) in E13 via the
equiform frame {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. Then, ΗΘ = 0 implies that Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is equiform minimal surface. From
(22), we have
2√2𝑘𝑘1 (𝑘𝑘1 − 1)�𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 + 1� − 2𝜎𝜎�𝜇𝜇1 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘2 � + 𝜇𝜇3 �𝑘𝑘1 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�� = 0,
for 𝜇𝜇1 and 𝜇𝜇3 are given by (20). This complete the proof. ■

3.3 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform Smarandache ruled surface

Definition 3.2.

For a regular equiform spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) in E13 via the frame (2). The 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform
Smarandache ruled surface is given by
1
Υ = Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = (𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)) + 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐(𝜗𝜗). (23)
√2𝜎𝜎

Theorem 3.5.

Let Υ = Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (23). If 𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 =
0, then Υ is equiform developable surface satisfying
𝑘𝑘
ΗΥ = 2𝜎𝜎22𝜐𝜐2.
Proof:

We compute the equiform Gaussian and the equiform mean curvatures of 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform
Smarandache ruled surface given by (23) via the equiform frame {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. The Υ’s velocity
vectors are given by

√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 −1 𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎 𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2

Υ𝜗𝜗 = � � 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + � � 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + � � 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),
√2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 √2𝜎𝜎 (24)
Υ𝜐𝜐 = 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗).

By using (24), we get the components of the first fundamental form and the unit normal vector
field of Υ are given by:
1 2 2
𝐸𝐸Υ = ��√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1� − �𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� + (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 )2 �,
2
𝐹𝐹Υ =
𝜎𝜎
�√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1�, (25)
√2
2
𝐺𝐺Υ = 𝜎𝜎 ,

(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 )𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗)−�𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗)

ℕΥ = . (26)
√2𝜎𝜎 �𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)

Using (2) and differentiating (24) again with respect to 𝜗𝜗 and 𝜐𝜐 respectively, we get

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Υ𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = 𝛼𝛼1 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝛼𝛼2 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗) + 𝛼𝛼3 𝐵𝐵(𝜗𝜗),

Υ𝜗𝜗𝜗𝜗 = 𝑘𝑘1 𝑇𝑇(𝜗𝜗) + 𝑁𝑁(𝜗𝜗), (27)
Υ𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐 = 0,

where
1
𝛼𝛼1 = �𝑘𝑘1 �√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1� + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1′ − 1) − 𝑘𝑘1 − 𝑘𝑘2 �,
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝛼𝛼2 = �𝑘𝑘1′ + 𝑘𝑘2′ + 𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� + 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 ) + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1�, (28)
√2𝜎𝜎
1
𝛼𝛼3 = �𝑘𝑘1′ + 𝑘𝑘2′ + 𝑘𝑘1 �𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎� + 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 )�.
√2𝜎𝜎

From (26) and (27), the quantities of the second fundamental form of Υ are given by:

𝜎𝜎�𝛼𝛼2 (𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 )+𝛼𝛼3 �𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎��

𝑒𝑒Υ = − ,
√2 �𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)

𝑓𝑓Υ = −
𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 )
, (29)
√2𝜎𝜎 �𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)
𝑔𝑔Υ = 0.

Then, from (25) and (29), the equiform Gaussian curvature Κ Υ and the equiform mean curvature
ΗΥ of Υ are given by
(𝑘𝑘 +𝑘𝑘2 )2
Κ Υ = 2𝜎𝜎2 𝜐𝜐2 (𝑘𝑘1 2
,
1 +𝑘𝑘2 +𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)
√2𝜎𝜎�𝛼𝛼2 (𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 )+𝛼𝛼3 �𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎��+2(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 )�√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 −1� (30)
ΗΥ = 3 .
2[𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎(𝑘𝑘1 +𝑘𝑘2 +𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)]2
As a consequence of the above results, we complete the proof. ■

Corollary 3.4.

Let Υ = Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform Smarandache ruled surface in E13 defined by (23). Then Υ is
equiform minimal surface if and only if the equiform curvatures satisfy the following differential
equation

𝜎𝜎�𝛼𝛼2 (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 ) + 𝛼𝛼3 �𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�� + √2(𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 )�√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1� = 0,

where 𝛼𝛼2 and 𝛼𝛼3 are given by (28).

Proof:

Let Υ = Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) be 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform Smarandache ruled surface defined by (23) in E13 via the
equiform frame {𝑇𝑇, 𝑁𝑁, 𝐵𝐵}. As the above way, the equiform mean curvature ΗΥ of Υ is given by
(30). Then, ΗΥ = 0 means the equiform surface Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) is equiform minimal surface. Then, from
(30), we have
𝜎𝜎�𝛼𝛼2 (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 ) + 𝛼𝛼3 �𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + √2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎�� + √2(𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 )�√2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑘𝑘1 − 1� = 0,
where 𝛼𝛼2 and 𝛼𝛼3 are given by (28) which complete the proof. ■

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10 E. Solouma

3.4 Example

Consider the case of a regular spacelike curve 𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚) with a timelike principal normal in E13 (see
Figure 1)
𝜚𝜚 𝜚𝜚 𝜚𝜚
𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚) = � cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� , sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, � . (31)
√2 √2 √2
Then, the Frenet apparatus are given as the following

Figure 1: Spacelike curve 𝜑𝜑 = 𝜑𝜑(𝜚𝜚)

1 1 1
𝑡𝑡(𝜚𝜚) = � cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, �,
√2 √2 √2
𝑛𝑛(𝜚𝜚) = �√2cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, √2sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, 0�,
1
𝜅𝜅 = 𝜚𝜚 , 𝜎𝜎 = 𝜚𝜚, 𝑘𝑘1 = 1,
1 1 −1
𝑏𝑏(𝜚𝜚) = � cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� , sinh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚� + cosh�√2 ln 𝜚𝜚�, �,
√2 √2 √2
1
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜚𝜚 , 𝑘𝑘2 = 1.

𝜚𝜚
Then, the equiform parameter is 𝜗𝜗 = ∫0 𝜅𝜅 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝜚𝜚, so we have 𝜚𝜚 = 𝜎𝜎 = 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 . Now, the equiform
spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) is define as (see Figure 2)

𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗
𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗) = � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� , sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�, �. (32)
√2 √2 √2

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Figure 2: Equiform spacelike curve 𝜁𝜁 = 𝜁𝜁(𝜗𝜗)

It is easy to show that the vectors of equiform Frenet frame are given as:

1 1 1
𝑇𝑇(𝜚𝜚) = 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�, sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� + cosh�√2𝜗𝜗�, �,
√2 √2 √2
𝑁𝑁(𝜚𝜚) = 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 �√2cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�, √2sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� + cosh�√2𝜗𝜗�, 0�,
1 1 −1
𝐵𝐵(𝜚𝜚) = 𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� , sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� + cosh�√2𝜗𝜗�, �.
√2 √2 √2

Thus, the equiform Smarandache ruled surfaces Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐), Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) and Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) are respectively given
as (see Figures 3, 4 and 5)

Figure 3: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache developable ruled surface Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐)

3+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 1+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 3+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗

Λ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = �� � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + � � sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� , � � sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�
2 √2 2

1+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 1−𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗
+� � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� , �.
√2 √2
(33)

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Figure 4: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇-equiform Smarandache developable ruled surface Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐)

1+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗
Θ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = �1 + √2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 � �cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�, sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� + � � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� , 0�.
√2
(34)

3+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 1+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 3+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗

Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐) = �� � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� + � � sinh�√2𝜗𝜗� , � � sinh�√2𝜗𝜗�
2 √2 2

1+√2𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 𝜐𝜐𝑒𝑒 𝜗𝜗 −1
+� � cosh�√2𝜗𝜗� , �.
√2 √2
(35)

4. Conclusion
Using an equiform frame, various geometric characteristics of equiform Smarandache ruled
surfaces in Minkowski space Minkowski 3-space are studied. We also provide the necessary
requirements for these surfaces to be equiform developable and equiform minimal in relation to
equiform curvatures, as well as when the equiform base curve is located in a plane or general helix.

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Figure 5: 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁-equiform Smarandache ruled surface Υ(𝜗𝜗, 𝜐𝜐)

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