CEE 306 - Lecture 02 - Aggregate Gradation

AGGREGATE COMPOSITION
AND GRADATION
CEE 306
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY
Lecture 02
1
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION
Lecture 02 2
1
DEFINITIONS
• Aggregate - fragments of rocks, combination of
minerals
– Portland cement concrete (PCC): 75%
– Asphalt concrete (AC): 90%
– Granular Base, Subgrade
– Mortar, Plaster, Grout
– Railroad Ballast
– Foundation / Fill
• Rock - aggregation of minerals
• Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline

substances 3
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials Lecture 02
EXAMPLE OF AGGREGATE USES
• Under foundations and pavements

– Stability
– Drainage
• As fillers
– Portland Cement Concrete
• 60-75% of volume
• 80-85% of weight
– Hot Mix Asphalt
• 80%-90% of volume
• 90-96% of weight
Lecture 02 4
2
SOURCES
• Natural • quarries = crushed
– igneous
– sedimentary • alluvial deposits = gravel &
– metamorphic sand
• Synthetic
– byproduct (blast furnace
slag)
– lightweight (expanded shale,
clay, slate)
• Recycled
Recycled
Concrete
Aggregate
Lecture 02
5
SOURCE:
MANUFACTURED AGGREGATE (CONT’D)
• FLY ASH & BOTTOM ASH AGGREGATES
Lecture 02 6
3
SOURCE:
MANUFACTURED AGGREGATE (CONT’D)
• SLAG AGGREGATE
Lecture 02
7
ROCK CYCLE
Lecture 02 8
4
ROCK TYPES
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
solidification of weathering & transformation of

Origin molten magma erosion of rocks rocks
crystallization of accumulation/ mineralogical,

minerals from textural & structural
Process liquid with consolidation of change of rocks due
decreasing temp. weathering & to heat/pressure/
Intrusive/Extrusive erosion products recrystallization
granite, basalt, limestone, marble, slate,

Example andesite sandstone, gravel metaquartzite
WEAKER STRONGER
Lecture 02
9
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials, Young, Mindess, Gray, Bentur, 1998,
Prentice Hall
Lecture 02 10
5
AGGREGATE TYPES
Aggregate = Combination of Minerals
• Sandstone (quartzite) – mainly quartz

• Limestone – mainly calcite
• Dolomitic Limestone – 10-30% dolomite + 90-70%
calcite
• Gravel – accumulation of different rock type
– SRG (siliceous river gravel): Quartz-rich rock
– CRG (calcareous river gravel): Calcite-rich rock
• Granite – quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende,
pyroxene, etc.
Lecture 02
11
MINERAL TYPES
Group of rock-forming Example Formula/Elements

mineral
Silicate Quartz, Chert, Opal SiO2
Feldspars Orthoclase, Albite KAlSi3O8, NaAlSi3O8
Hornblende Ca/Na/Al/Fe/Mg/SiO2
Mica Al/K/SiO2*nH2O
Pyroxene (Fe,Mg)SiO3
Olivine (Fe,Mg)2SiO4
Carbonate Calcite CaCO3
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Sulfate Gypsum CaSO4⸱2H2O
Opaque Magnetite Fe3O4

Hematite Fe2O3
Lecture 02 12
6
MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
• Hardness • Specific Gravity

– Mohs scale
• Crystal Structure
• HCI (hydrochloric acid) Reactivity – X-ray diffraction
– carbonate reactivity (XRD)
• Cleavage / Fracture • Other

– preferred plane surfaces / – color / striations
shape – light transmission
– between close-packed
Lecture 02
13
TUFF (TUFFACEOUS SANDSTONE)

XRD PATTERN
Image source: http://theloggingroadcyclist.com/?m=201312
Lecture 02 14
7
INDIRECT MINERAL COMPOSITION BY
COMPOSITE COTE
• Series Model
αc = α2V2+α1V1
Mineral CoTE
(10-6 / oC)
Calcite 05.58 • Parallel Model
Dolomite 09.62
 2 E2V2  1E1V1
Quartz 13.00 c 
E2V2  E1V1
Albite 06.52
Magnetite 06.86
Pyroxene 12.11 • Hirsch Model
ac  x  iVi  1  x   
  iVi Ei 
 
 V E i i 
Lecture 02
15
EFFECT OF PARENT ROCK ON PCC

/ AC PROPERTIES
Parent Rock PCC: Portland cement concrete
AC: Asphalt concrete
Prior Exposure &

Microstructure
Processing Factor
Mineralogical
Composition
Particle Characteristics Porosity / Density
Size
Shape
Crushing Stength
Texture
Abrasion Resistance
Elastic Modulus
Soundness
Properties of Plastic Properties of Hardened

Concrete Mix Concrete Concrete
Proportioning Consistency Ultimate strength
Cohesiveness Abrasion resistance
Unit Weight Dimensional stability
Durability
Lecture 02 16
8
AGGREGATE GRADATION
Lecture 02
17
AGGREGATE TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
• Source
– Natural
– Manufactured
– Recycled aggregate
barite
• Bulk density (DRUW)
– Normal-weight : 1522 – 1682 kg/m3 (95-105 lb/ft3)
– Lightweight: 160 – 1121 kg/m3 (10-70 lb/ft3)
– Heavyweight: > 2403 kg/m3 (> 150 lb/ft3 ) e.g. barite
• Size – coarse > #4 (4.75mm)
– Standard sieves – fine < #4 (4.75mm)
– Gradation – filler < #200 (0.075mm)
Lecture 02 18
9
AGGREGATE TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
(CONT’D)
• Shape
– Angularity – sharpness of edges & corners
• Rounded, sub-rounded, sub-angular, angular
– Sphericity – surface area to volume
• Equidimensional, flaky, flat & elongated
• Texture
– Very rough, rough,
smooth, polished
Lecture 02
19
AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION BY WEIGHT

(CONCRETE MADE OF AGGREGATE)
• Normal weight aggregate (ASTM C 33)
– Most common aggregates such as sand, gravel, crushed stone
– Produce normal-weight concrete − 2200 to 2400 kg/m3 (140 to 150 lb/ft3)
• Light weight aggregate (ASTM C 330)

– Expanded shale, clay, slate, slag
– Produce structural lightweight concrete − 1350 to 1850 kg/m3 (90 to 120
lb/ft3)
– Pumice, scoria, perlite, vermiculite, diatomite
– Produce lightweight insulating concrete − 250 to 1450 kg/m3 (15 to 90
lb/ft3)
• Heavyweight aggregate (ASTM C 637, C 638)

– Barite, limonite, magnetite, hematite, iron, steel punchings, or shot
– Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m3 (400 lb/ft3)
– Radiation Shielding
Lecture 02 20
10
AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION BY
SIZE/SIZE DISTRIBUTION
• Boulder are typically defined as aggregate than 75 mm (3

in.)
• Coarse aggregate (C.A.)
– Aggregate larger than 4.75mm (#4 sieve, 0.2in.)
– typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm (3/8 and 1½ in.)
• Fine aggregate (F.A.)

– Aggregate smaller than 4.75mm & larger than 75 µm (#200 sieve)
– F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total
aggregate
• Size, shape, & surface texture of aggregate can affect

the performance of concrete / asphalt concrete
Lecture 02
21
MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE &

WATER REQUIREMENT (ABSORPTION CAPACITY)
Lecture 02 22
11
MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE &
CEMENT REQUIREMENT
Lecture 02
23
RECYCLED-CONCRETE AGGREGATE:
WATER ABSORPTION
Virgin
aggregate
Lecture 02 24
12
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
•Physical
•Size / Gradation •Mechanical
•Shape •Modulus of elasticity
•Texture •Compressive strength
•Specific Gravity
•Absorption •Durability
•Moisture •Physical
•Porosity •Chemical
•Void Content
•Dry Unit Weight
Lecture 02
25
SAMPLING AGGREGATES
• Random and representative of
entire stockpile
– Sample from entire width of conveyor
belts at several locations
– Sample from top, middle, and bottom
of stockpile at several locations around
stockpile diameter
– Use larger sample for testing larger
max. size Sample Splitter
• Sample splitting or quartering

– Reduce sample size from large
stockpile to small 1-5 kg sample
Quartering
Lecture 02 26
13
SAMPLING AGGREGATES (CONT’D)
• ASTM C702/702M-11 Small Sample Splitters
for Fine Aggregate
Quartering on a Hard, Clean Level Surface
Large Sample Splitter for

Coarse Aggregate
Lecture 02
27
AGGREGATE SIZE/GRADATION
• Particle size distribution determined by sieve

analysis (ASTM C136, C117, D546)
– % passing by wt
• Plots
– Standard chart
– 0.45 power chart
• Specifications
– Specific to application
– Usually require blending
– Government, voluntary, private
Lecture 02 28
14
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Individual Sieve Stack of Sieves
Lecture 02
29
AGGREGATE SIZE DEFINITION
• TRADITIONAL 100%
– MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE (MSA)
• THE SMALLEST SIZE OF SIEVE OPENING THROUGH WHICH THE ENTIRE AMOUNT OF
AGGREGATE COMPLETELY PASSES
5 ~ 15%
– NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE (NMSA)
• THE SMALLEST SIZE OF SIEVE OPENING THROUGH WHICH MAJORITY OF
AGGREGATE PASSES
• IT IS ALSO ONE SIEVE SMALLER TO MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE
Lecture 02 30
15
Aggregate Size Definition (Cont’d)
100 • SUPERPAVE 100

100 99
91 • Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size 89
73 – one size larger than the first sieve to 72
65 retain equal & more than ≥ 10% 65
48 • Maximum Aggregate Size 48
36 – one size larger than nominal 36
22 maximum size 22
15 15
9 9
4 4
Lecture 02
31
AGGREGATE SIZE DEFINITION (CONT’D)
traditional Superpave (AC)
max agg size smallest w/ one larger than

100%Passing nom max
nominal max largest w/ one larger than

agg size some %Retained first w/ > 10%R
(≤10%)
Lecture 02 32
16
Aggregate Size Definitions (Cont’d):
EXAMPLE
Values indicate
Gradation % passing
Sieve Size No. 1 No. 2 No. 3

19.0 100 100 100
12.5 95 90 85
9.5 85 75 75
4.75 75 72 65
2.36 60 60 60
1.18 50 50 55
0.60 30 30 40
0.30 20 20 30
0.15 10 10 10
0.075 5 5 5
Max Agg Nominal Max >10% Retained
Lecture 02
33
SIEVE ANALYSIS
• A SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST WAS PERFORMED ON A SAMPLE

OF FINE AGGREGATE AND PRODUCED THE FOLLOWING
RESULTS:
Lecture 02 34
17
SIEVE ANALYSIS (CONT’D)
Lecture 02
35
SIEVE ANALYSIS (CONT’D)
Lecture 02 36
18
ASTM GRADATION SPECIFICATIONS
• PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE REQUIRES SEPARATE

SPECIFICATIONS FOR COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES
Lecture 02
37
ASTM GRADATION SPECIFICATIONS

(CONT’D)
Lecture 02 38
19
STANDARD GRADATION CHART:
GRADATION LIMITS
Lecture 02
39
STANDARD GRADATION CHART
Lecture 02 40
20
Fineness Modulus (FM)
• SPECIFIC SIEVES – ONLY FULL SIEVES

– NO. 100, NO. 50, NO. 30, NO. 16, NO. 8, NO. 4, 3/8” (9.5MM),
3/4” (19MM), 1.5” (37.5MM), 3” (76.2MM), AND 6” (152.4MM)
– FOR FINE AGGREGATE, DOES NOT INCLUDE SIEVES LARGER THAN
9.5MM, NO.200 SIEVE, AND PAN
• ADD CUMULATIVE % RETAINED VALUES FOR SPECIFIC SIEVES &
DIVIDE BY 100
• INDICATION OF AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE
• FM INCREASES FOR COARSER GRADATIONS (THE HIGHER THE
FM, THE COARSER THE AGGREGATE)
Lecture 02
41
FINENESS MODULUS (FM)

FM Calculation Example (Total materials: 523g)
Sieve # Wt sieve Wt sieve+Mtls Wt Ret % Ret % Cum Ret FM
3/8” 0 0 0
No. 4 10 2 2
No. 8 68 13 15
No. 16 131 25 40
No. 30 78 15 55
No. 50 115 22 77
No. 100 105 20 97
Pan 16 3 100
Total 523 100 286 2.86
Lecture 02 42
21
AGGREGATE GRADATION:
0.45 POWER GRADING CHART
• USE 0.45 POWER GRADATION CHART

• BLEND SIZE DEFINITIONS
– Maximum size
– Nominal maximum size
• GRADATION LIMITS
– Control points
– Restricted zone
Lecture 02
43
0.45 Power Grading Chart

(Cont’d)
.
=
Max size P = % finer than the

sieve
d = aggregate size
being considered
D = maximum
maximum density line aggregate size to
be used
Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA),
1988
Lecture 02 44
22
TYPES OF GRADATION
* Uniformly graded (one-size gradation)
- Few points of contact
- Poor interlock (shape dependent)
- High permeability
* Dense / Well graded

- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Gap graded (horizontal section of curve)

- Only limited sizes
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Open graded (missing small aggr.)
- Good interlock
- High permeability
Lecture 02
45
TYPES OF GRADATION ON 0.45

POWER GRAPH
Lecture 02 46
23
GRADATION CHART
TOTAL PERCENT PASSING
SIEVE NO.
Lecture 02
47
SUPERPAVE
(AC)
GRADATION
SPECIFICATION
Lecture 02 48
24
REDUCTION OF VOIDS
Lecture 02
49
EFFECT OF FINES ON THE RELATIVE

PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE BASED
MATERIALS
Characteristics No Fines Well-Graded Large Amount of Fines
(Open or (Dense) (Dirty or Rich)
Clean)
Stability Medium Excellent Poor
Density Low High Low
Permeability Permeable Low Impervious
Frost No Maybe Yes

Susceptibility
Handling Difficult Medium Easy
Cohesion Poor Medium Large
Lecture 02 50
25
EXAMPLE USING OPEN GRADED AGGREGATE
Porous asphalt concrete Pervious concrete
Lecture 02
51
Blending Stockpiles (Aggregate)
• REASONS FOR BLENDING

– OBTAIN DESIRABLE GRADATION
– SINGLE NATURAL OR QUARRIED MATERIAL NOT ENOUGH
– ECONOMICAL TO COMBINE NATURAL AND PROCESS MATERIALS
• METHODS OF BLENDING OF AGGREGATES
– BASIC FORMULA
– TRIAL AND ERROR
Lecture 02 52
26
Blending Stockpiles (Cont’d)
• BASIC FORMULA FOR COMBINING STOCKPILES TO ACHIEVE

A TARGET GRADATION IS:
P = Aa + Bb + Cc + ….
where:
P = % material passing given sieve size for blended aggr. A, B, C,....
A, B, C, .. = % passing given sieve for each aggr. A, B, C,....
a, b, c, … = proportions (decimal fraction) of aggr. A, B, C, … to be used
in blend
Lecture 02
53
Blending Stockpiles (Cont’d)
• PLOT INDIVIDUAL GRADATIONS

• PLOT SPECIFICATION LIMITS
• CAN BE USED FOR INITIAL ASSESSMENT
– CAN BLEND BE MADE FROM AVAILABLE MATERIALS?
– IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL SIEVES
– ESTIMATING TRIAL PROPORTIONS
Lecture 02 54
27
BLENDING STOCKPILES (Cont’d)
All possible combinations fall between A and B
Percent Passing, %
100
90 Gradation B
80 Control points for
70
12. 5 nominal max. size
60
50
40 Gradation A
30
20
10
0
0.075 0.3 1 .18 4.75 9.5 12.5 19
Sieve Size, mm
Lecture 02
55

No possible combination of A and B will meet spec
Percent Passing, %
100 Gradation B
Gradation A
90
80
70
60
50
Control points for
40
12. 5 nominal max. size
30
20
10
0
0.075 0.3 1 .18 4.75 9.5 12.5 19
Sieve Size, mm
Lecture 02 56
28
All poss. combinations pass through cross-over point
Blends containing more A than B will be closer to A
Percent Passing, %
100 Gradation A
90
80
70
Gradation B
60
50
40
30
20 Control points for 12. 5
10 nominal max. size
0
Sieve Size, mm
0.075 0.3 1 .18 4.75 9.5 12.5 19
Lecture 02
57
Trial and Error Steps
• SELECT CRITICAL SIEVES IN BLEND

• DETERMINE INITIAL PROPORTIONS WHICH WILL MEET
CRITICAL SIEVES
• CHECK CALC. BLEND AGAINST SPECIFICATION
• ADJUST IF NECESSARY AND REPEAT ABOVE STEPS
Lecture 02 58
29
Blending of Aggregate:
Example
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2
% Used Blend Target
U.S. % % % %
Sieve Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8” 100 100 100
No.4 90 100 80 – 100
No.8 30 100 65 – 100
No.16 7 88 40 – 80
No.30 3 47 20 – 65
No.50 1 32 7 – 40
No.100 0 24 3 – 20
No.200 0 10 2 - 10
Lecture 02
59
Example (Cont’d)
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2 First Try
% Used 50% 50% (remember trial & error)

Blend Target
U.S. % % % %
3/8” 100 50 100 50 100 100
100 * 0.5 = 50
No.4 90 45 100 50 95 80 – 100
90 * 0.5 = 45
No.8 30 15 100 * 0.5 = 50
30 15 65 65 – 100
No.16 7 3.5 788 * 0.5 = 44
3.5 47.5 40 – 80
3 * 0.5 = 1.5
No.30 3 1.5 47 23.5 25 20 – 65
1 * 0.5 = 0.5
No.50 1 0.5 32 16 16.5 7 – 40
0 * 0.5 = 50
No.100 0 0 024 * 0.5 =12
0 12 3 – 20
No.200 0 0 10 5 5 2 - 10
Lecture 02 60
30
Example (Cont’d)
% Used 50% 50% Blend Target
U.S. % % % %
3/8” 100 50 100 50 100 100
No.4 90 45 100 50 95 80 – 100
No.8 30 15 100 50 65 65 – 100
No.16 7 3.5 88 44 47.5 40 – 80
No.30 3 1.5 47 23.5 25 20 – 65
No.50 1 0.5 32 16 16.5 7 – 40
No.100 0 0 24 12 12 3 – 20
No.200 0 0 10 5 5 2 - 10
Lecture 02
61
Example (Cont’d)
U.S. % % % %
3/8” 100 50 100 50 100 100
No.4 90 45 100
100 Let’s Try50 50 95 80 – 100
No.8 30 15 100
100and get 50 50 65 65 – 100
No.16 7 3.5
100 50 44
a88little closer 47.5 40 – 80
88 44
No.30 3 1.5 to47the middle23.5
of 25 20 – 65
47 23.5
No.50 1 0.5 the32
target values.
16 16.5 7 – 40
No.100 0 0 24 12 12 3 – 20
No.200 0 0 10 5 5 2 - 10
Lecture 02 62
31
Example (Cont’d)
U.S. % % % %
3/8” 100 30 100 70 100 100
No.4 90 27 100 70 97 80 – 100
No.8 30 9 100 70 79 65 – 100
No.16 7 2.1 88 61.6 63.7 40 – 80
No.30 3 0.9 47 32.9 33.8 20 – 65
No.50 1 0.3 32 22.4 22.7 7 – 40
No.100 0 0 24 16.8 16.8 3 – 20
No.200 0 0 10 7 7 2 - 10
Lecture 02
63
Blended Aggregate Specific Gravities
• ONCE THE PERCENTAGES OF THE STOCKPILES HAVE BEEN

ESTABLISHED, THE COMBINED AGGREGATE SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES CAN ALSO BE CALCULATED
• COMBINED SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
Lecture 02 64
32
SUMMARY
• Aggregate composition
– Definition, sources, types, properties
• Aggregate gradation
– Shape and texture
– Types of gradation: Uniform, dense, gap, and open
gradations
– Sieve analysis
– 0.45 power chart, maximum aggregate size, nominal
maximum aggregate size
– Blending stockpiles
– Fineness modulus
Lecture 02
65
33

CEE 306 - Lecture 02 - Aggregate Gradation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

CEE 306 - Lecture 02 - Aggregate Gradation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CEE 306 - Lecture 02 - Aggregate Gradation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AGGREGATE COMPOSITION

CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• Rock - aggregation of minerals

• Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline

EXAMPLE OF AGGREGATE USES

• Under foundations and pavements

• FLY ASH & BOTTOM ASH AGGREGATES

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

solidification of weathering & transformation of

crystallization of accumulation/ mineralogical,

granite, basalt, limestone, marble, slate,

Aggregate = Combination of Minerals

• Sandstone (quartzite) – mainly quartz

Group of rock-forming Example Formula/Elements

Opaque Magnetite Fe3O4

• Hardness • Specific Gravity

• Cleavage / Fracture • Other

TUFF (TUFFACEOUS SANDSTONE)

Image source: http://theloggingroadcyclist.com/?m=201312

EFFECT OF PARENT ROCK ON PCC

Prior Exposure &

Properties of Plastic Properties of Hardened

AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION BY WEIGHT

• Light weight aggregate (ASTM C 330)

• Heavyweight aggregate (ASTM C 637, C 638)

• Boulder are typically defined as aggregate than 75 mm (3

• Fine aggregate (F.A.)

• Size, shape, & surface texture of aggregate can affect

MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE &

• Sample splitting or quartering

Quartering on a Hard, Clean Level Surface

Large Sample Splitter for

• Particle size distribution determined by sieve

Individual Sieve Stack of Sieves

AGGREGATE SIZE DEFINITION

100 • SUPERPAVE 100

AGGREGATE SIZE DEFINITION (CONT’D)

traditional Superpave (AC)

max agg size smallest w/ one larger than

nominal max largest w/ one larger than

Sieve Size No. 1 No. 2 No. 3

• A SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST WAS PERFORMED ON A SAMPLE

SIEVE ANALYSIS (CONT’D)

• PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE REQUIRES SEPARATE

ASTM GRADATION SPECIFICATIONS

STANDARD GRADATION CHART

• SPECIFIC SIEVES – ONLY FULL SIEVES

FINENESS MODULUS (FM)

• USE 0.45 POWER GRADATION CHART

0.45 Power Grading Chart

Max size P = % finer than the

* Dense / Well graded

* Gap graded (horizontal section of curve)

TYPES OF GRADATION ON 0.45

TOTAL PERCENT PASSING

EFFECT OF FINES ON THE RELATIVE

Density Low High Low

Permeability Permeable Low Impervious