DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

SRI CHAITANYA TECHNO SCHOOL

No. 79, Athipalayam Road , Near JAS college of education,
Chinnavedampatti , Coimbatore - 641049

A PROJECT REPORT ON THE TITLE

[…..TITLE….]
FOR
AISSCE 2023 -2024 EXAMINATION

As a part of the
“PHYSICS”

SUBMITTEDBY

[…NAME…]

` Under the guidance of

[Give some space for faculty name & designation]

 This is to certify that the project report entitled {} is a
bonafide work done by {NAME} of grade 12 is submitted in partial
fulfillmentof the requirements for the completion of CBSE’s AISSCE
Examination 2023-2024 and has been carried out under my direct
supervision and guidance. This report or a similar report on the topic
has not been submitted for any other examination and does notmfor
a
part of any other course undergone by the candidate.

InternalExaminer ExternalExaminer
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that my project on the title {Title} is

submitted in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE
Examination 2023-24 and has been carried out by me
under the guidance and supervision of Physics Teacher.

Chinnavedampatti,Coimbatore. {STUDENT NAME}

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 At the outset, I bow down before the God Almighty
for his blessings without which I would not have
completed this endeavor successfully.

I am thankful to Dr. Gladis Diana Sivakumar,

Principal, Sri Chaitanya Techno School,
Chinnavedampatti, for her approval of the project and
her valuable guidance.

I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to my

guide Physics teacher for his meticulous guidance and
constant encouragement throughout my project. I would
like to extend my wholehearted gratitude to the
Management and all those who have directly and
indirectly helped me during the course of my work.

{STUDENT NAME}
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Declaration
4. Objective
5. Introduction
6. Principle
7. Construction
8. Materials
9. Experimental procedure
10. Observation
11. Result
12. Sources of error
 13. Precautions
14. Bibliography

To investigate the relation between

(i) Output and input voltage

 (ii) Number of turns in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-
designed transformer.

A transformer is an electrical device which is

used for changing the A.C. voltages.
A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weighs only a few tens of
grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called

a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
Principle
 A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced
in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a
varying current is set up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighboring magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
 A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated
from one another. Two coils p1&p2 and s1&s2 are
wound on same core, but are well insulated with each
other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from
the core, the source of alternating e.m.f.is connected
to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.
Thus there can be no current through the secondary
coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that that the resistance of
primary and secondary winding is negligible. Further
the energy losses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may
have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulated y
joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. And the output

circuit is called secondary.
 When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in
it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage
in the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary. Thus if Vp and Vs be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary, secondary coils of the transformer
and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn
off the coil at this instant,
we have,

Vp = - Np dф/dt ----------- (1)

And
Vs = - Ns dф/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get
Vs / Vp = - Ns / Np --------- (3)
As Vp is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (V– Vp )
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = V– Vp / Rp

Rp V– Vp = Ip
When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can
be neglected so therefore
V– Vp = 0 or Vp = V
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written
as
Vs / Vp= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio
1. IRON ROD 2.COPPER
WIRE

3. VOLTMETER 4.AMMETER
 Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000 ] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving two
free ends P1 P2.

 Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100] of thin

insulated copper wire on the opposite arm of the
core leaving two free end S1 & S2.

 Connect the primary coil to a variable

a.c. supply source and secondary to a.c. voltmeter
of suitable range .

 Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to

measure the input voltage
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the
two coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns in
the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns --------------- (1)
2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is
Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is
induced) is called the secondary.
3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the
power in the primary is transferred into the
secondary through mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate
choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a
higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to
that in P.
Following are the major sources of energy loss
in a transformer:
1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This
is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core.
It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite of
best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: humming noise
of a transformer
 Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect

 Eddy current can change the readings

 Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

 While taking the readings of current and

voltage the A.C should remain constant.
 • Ncert text book
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.scrib.com
• www.academia.edu