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Reviewer - Practical Research 1

practical research (Bonga National High School)

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 b. Should be anchored on facts and free from

RESEARCH any bias or personal opinion.
 Came from “re” (prefix that means again) and
“search” (means to look for). 3. Research should be feasible.
 Not only about the discovery of something unknown, a. Consider the possibility and the practicality
but also about coming up with a new explanation of of the study.
something that is known. b. Significant factors like time, budget, and
 Is a process. It is a process of searching for a access to resources must be considered.
solution.
 Also understood as a systematic investigation or 4. Research should be empirical.
inquiry entailing collection of data, documentation of a. Employ appropriate methods, either
critical information, analysis, and interpretation of quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce
information (Williams 2007). evidence-based information.
 Follows a structure or method. b. Draw from concrete experimentation, direct
 Can also be viewed as the formation of new or indirect observation, and verifiable
knowledge and the employment of previous or experience.
existing knowledge into a new and creative way
(O’Donnell, 2012). 5. Research should be clear.
a. Use comprehensible language to present
IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF information and convey explanation.
RESEARCH b. Variables must be clarified during literature
1. The research aims for truth. from published and unpublished materials.
2. Research improves the quality of human life. They should be explained well from the
3. Research saves a life. introductory part of the paper to ensure a
4. Research gathers the necessary information. deeper understanding of the study.
5. Research explores humanity.

The main function of research is to obtain, evaluate, correct, PHASES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
expand knowledge to arrive at an information aimed to (Whittemore & Melkus, 2008)
improve the quality of life.
Identifying the problem, reviewing the
literature, formulating the hypothesis,
CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES OF Conceptual developing the research framework,
RESEARCH and determining the research purpose
and objective
Doing research follows the scientific method. It starts from an
observation of a phenomenon and ends with a conclusion.
Selecting a research design,
Design and developing study procedures, and
Characteristics of Research Planning determining the sampling and data
collection plan
1. Research should be systematic.
a. Carry out a series of interrelated steps in Collecting and preparing data for
conducting the study, it should be well- Empirical analysis
planned, sequential, and have an organized
structure from beginning to end. Analyzing data, interpreting the
b. The research paper is divided into the Analytic results, making conclusions
macrosystem and the microsystem.
i. Macrosystem – The different
Communicating results to appropriate
chapters labeled with main Dissemination audience, utilizing the findings
headings.
ii. Microsystem – Consists of various
elements detailing the contents of
each part.
Simplified steps you need to take in conducting a
study as presented by Rao (2017):
1. Define the research problem.
2. Research should be objective. 2. Review the literature.
a. Present information that are purely based on 3. Formulate hypothesis.
truths.

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PRACTICAL
4. Prepare theRESEARCH
research design. 1
5. Collect data.
6. Analyze data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
ETHICS OF RESEARCH
Ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals with moral
principles on governing a person’s behavior in the conduct
of any activity. Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is
Ethics in Research & Why is it important?”, as cited by
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the following
reasons why it is important to follow ethical principles in
writing and conducting research:
1. It promotes the aims of research. Ethics guides the
researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth, and avoidance
of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification, and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative
work. Many researchers who are working in different
disciplines and institutions cooperate and coordinate to
accomplish particular research. With ethics in mind, they
also maintain trust, accountability, mutual respect, and
fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable
to the public. Ethical norms guarantee the public that
researchers are deemed responsible for committing any
form of research misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research. People express
and lend their support by all means if they can trust the
quality and integrity of research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices that
can adversely harm the research subjects and the
community. Thus, it encourages social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law,
and public health and safety.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical
Research 1 for Senior High School”, lists the following
ethical codes and policies that the researcher needs to
consider in conducting a study:
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1. Honesty. The researcher should strive to truthfully
report data in whatever form of communication all
throughout the study.
2. Objectivity. The researcher should avoid being biased.
The study should not be influenced by his/her personal
motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. Integrity. The researcher should establish credibility
through the consistency of his/her thought and action.
He/she should act with sincerity especially on keeping
agreements.
4. Care. The researcher should never neglect even the
smallest detail of the study. All information should be
critically examined. Records of research activities should
be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness. The researcher should be willing to accept
criticisms and new ideas for the betterment of the study.
Research results and findings should be shared to the
public.
6. Respect for intellectual property. The researcher
should not plagiarize. Credit should be given to who
or where it is due. All authors cited and sources used
in the study should be properly acknowledged.
Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using
another person’s ideas, works, processes, and
results. Thus, it constitutes claiming an intellectual
property as one’s own that can be penalized through
Republic Act 8293 known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines.
7. Confidentiality. The researcher should take steps to
protect all confidential communications or documents from
being discovered by others.
8. Responsible publication. The researcher should ensure
that his/her work is clear, honest, complete, accurate, and
balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate publication.
It should likewise refrain from selective, misleading, or
ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring. The researcher should teach
responsible conduct of research and share professional
knowledge and skills especially to new or less experienced
researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues. The researcher should show
courtesy to his/her colleagues by treating them equally and
fairly.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH
11. Social responsibility. 1 should promote
The researcher
social good by working for the best interests and benefits
of the environment and society as a whole.
12. Non-discrimination. The researcher should not
discriminate based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any factor
relating to scientific competence and integrity. Thus,
research should be open to all people or entities who will
participate in research.
13. Competence. The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a study. He/she should
be equipped with a sense of professionalism and expertise
to ensure competent results.
especially when they are exposed and engaged in invasive
and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality. The research participants must be
assured of their privacy particularly on personal
information. The researcher must secure that all
information disclosed by them will not be used without
authorized access.
5. Anonymity. The research participants must remain
anonymous or unidentified throughout the study even to
the researchers themselves. They have the right to keep
their identities secret as they participate especially in case
sensitive studies.

14. Legality. The researcher should know and abide by

relevant laws, institutional and government policies
concerning the legal conduct of research.
15. Human Subject Protection. The researcher should
protect human lives by preventing and minimizing harms
and risks. He/she should always uphold the human dignity,
privacy, and autonomy of human subjects to be used in the
study.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
There are two broad categories of research
methodology: quantitative research and qualitative
research. The method to be used in conducting research
will determine the approach the researcher takes in
identifying relevant data and collecting and analyzing the
information gathered in the research. Choosing either a
quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the
components of the research.

In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are
inseparably linked to one another. This means that both the
researcher and the participant have necessary obligations to
perform as a prerequisite of their privileges in conducting
research. According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003) and
Polit (2006), the following are some of the rights of
research participants, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal
(2017):
1. Voluntary participation. The research participants
must be given the privilege to exercise their free will
whether to participate or not. They have the right to refuse
involvement in the study. Thus, any person should not be
forced to take part in any research undertaking.
For instance, a researcher may decide to
undertake scientific research. If he/she takes a quantitative
approach, he/she will use statistical data to provide an
explanation of the phenomenon. On the other hand, if the
researcher chooses qualitative approach, the goal of the
study will be to discuss and analyze the underlying
concepts and theories related to the research topic.
For you to easily understand the similarities and differences
between the two research methods, here is a short
definition of terms that you have to be familiar with.

2. Informed consent. The research participants must be

provided with sufficient information about the procedures
and risks involved in the research. It serves as an initial
guide on why and how the study will be conducted. Hence,
the researcher must ensure that they fully understood and
agreed upon the study.

3. Risk of harm. The research participants must be

protected from any type of harm whether it may be
physical, psychological, social, or economic. The
researcher must avoid, prevent, or minimize threats

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□ contact time – the period when the researcher interacts with the research subjects or participants to obtain relevant
information.
□ hypothesis – a statement usually predicting the relationship between variables that can be tested by scientific research.
□ outlier – a statistical observation in a set of data that is inconsistent with the majority of the data.

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□ output replicability – capable of repetition, imitation, or reproduction

□ research instrument – a measurement tool designed to obtain, measure, and analyze data from research subjects around
the research topic.
□ sample size – the number of subjects to be taken from the target population of the study.
□ trend – an assumed development in the future that will have a long-term and lasting effect, prevailing style,
or preference.
□ validity – the functional quality of research instrument on obtaining data and producing results based on the purpose of
the study.
□ variable – any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary across research participants.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s
Aims to characterize trends and patterns and the how’s) and produces in-depth and
holistic data

Usually starts with either a theory or hypothesis about Usually concerned with generating hypothesis from
the relationship between two or more variables data rather than testing a hypothesis

Uses structured research instruments like

Uses either unstructured or semi-structured instruments
questionnaires or schedules
Uses large sample sizes that are representatives of the
Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely
population

Has high output replicability Has high validity

Used to gain greater understanding of individual
Used to gain greater understanding of group similarities differences in terms of feelings, motives, and
experiences
Uses structured processes Uses more flexible processes

Methods include census, survey, experiment, and Methods include field research, case study, and
secondary analysis secondary analysis

Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differs on the type of data they produce. The former dwells on the
collection of numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the latter deals with descriptive, in-depth, and holistic data
analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting. On this note, you need to use quantitative research if you want to confirm
or test a theory or hypothesis and use qualitative research if you want to understand concepts, thoughts, and experiences.

Category Quantitative Qualitative

Question Domains Who, What, When, Where How, What, Why
Common Sample Size 150 to 200+ 10 to 15

Contact Time 10 to 20 minutes 45 to 240 minutes each

Must be true of most of the data or Must be true of each case or
Validity
nomothetic (law oriented) ideographic (case-oriented)

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Define relationships and establish general Describe relationship and establish meaning
Variables case structures and contexts

Unique positions lost to the weight of the Valuable descriptive cases with
Outliers average unique access to average cases

Surveys, numerical counts, statistical Interviews, literature content reviews, real world
Examples analyses, mathematical modeling observations, case studies, ethnographies

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