THE

ECOSYSTEM
JM BAROLA • ASHLEY BOO • JEAN CABRAL • CHARILLE CINCO • ZANDRO EBORA • JUSTINE NUAS
GROUP 4 [ME-4104]
 REPORTERS

JM Barola Ashley Boo Jean Cabral

Charille Cinco Zandro Ebora Justine Nuas

 OBJECTIVES
Types of
Ecosystems Human Impact

Conservation
Biodiversity
Efforts

1. Food Chains and Climate Change and

Ecosystems
Webs
 HOW MANY OF YOU
HAVE PETS AT HOME?
🐶🐱🐰🐹🐦🦎
What is an
ECOSYSTEM?
The ecosystem is the structural and
functional unit of ecology where the
living organisms interact with each other
and the surrounding environment.

An ecosystem is a chain of interactions

between organisms and their
environment.

PRESENTED BY: ASHLEY SOFIA V. BOO

 types of ecosystem
An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an
ocean, spanning thousands of miles.

1 Terrestrial
2 Aquatic
 1 TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEM
A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms
and the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given
area. They are as follows:

FOREST . GRASSLAND . TUNDRA . DESERT

 Forest
A forest is an area of land
dominated by trees and animals
that live in coordination with the
abiotic factors of the environment.
Grassland
In a grassland ecosystem, the
vegetation is dominated by grasses
and herbs.
 Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a
type of biome where the tree growth
is hindered by low temperatures
and short growing seasons
Desert
A desert is a barren area of
landscape where little precipitation
occurs and, consequently, living
conditions are hostile for plant and
animal life.
 2 Aquatic
ecosystem

Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body of water.

These can be further divided into two types, namely:

Freshwater & Marine

FRESHWATER
ECOSYSTEM
The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic
ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers,
streams and wetlands. These have no salt
content in contrast with the marine ecosystem.
mARINE
ECOSYSTEM
The marine ecosystem includes seas and
oceans. These have a more substantial salt
content and greater biodiversity in comparison
to the freshwater ecosystem.
STRUCTURE OF THE
ECOSYSTEM?
The structure of an ecosystem is
characterised by the organisation of both
biotic and abiotic components. This
includes the distribution of energy in our
environment. It also includes the climatic
conditions prevailing in that particular
environment.

Biotic Components
Abiotic Components
 ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC BIOTIC

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS

PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

 FUNCTIONS OF THE ECOSYSTEM

It regulates the essential It is also responsible for the It maintains a balance among
ecological processes, supports cycling of nutrients between the various trophic levels in the
life systems and renders biotic and abiotic components. ecosystem.
stability.

It cycles the minerals The abiotic components help in the

through the biosphere. synthesis of organic components
that involves the exchange of
energy.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ECOSYSTEM
E - Energy flow
C - Cycling of nutrients
O - Organism interaction
S - Species diversity
Y - Year-round productivity
S - Stability and resilience
T - Trophic levels
E - Environmental balance
M - Mutual interdependence
BIODIVERSITY
PRSENTED BY: JUSTINE ISABELLA A. NUAS
BIODIVERSITY ?
It encompasses the wide
range of living organisms
found on our planet,
such as plants, animals,
bacteria, and fungi.
“Importance of
BIODIVERSITY”
“Importance of BIODIVERSITY”
1.Ecosystem 5. Climate
Stability Regulation

6. Offer environments
2. Food Security for recreation and
tourism

3. Medicine and 4. Ecological

Pharmaceuticals Services

7. Economic
benefits
 “Importance of BIODIVERSITY”
1.Ecosystem Stability
A diverse range of species ensures that
ecosystems can adapt to environmental
changes, such as climate fluctuations or
disease outbreaks.
 “Importance of BIODIVERSITY”
2. Food Security

Biodiversity is essential for

food production
 “Importance of BIODIVERSITY”
3. Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

Biodiversity provides a vast

array of potential sources
for new pharmaceuticals
and medical treatments.
 “Importance of
BIODIVERSITY”

5. Climate Regulation
Biodiverse ecosystems are often
more effective at sequestering
carbon and mitigating climate
change.
 “Importance of BIODIVERSITY”

5. Offer environments for

recreation and tourism
6. Ecological Services
Biodiversity has aesthetic Biodiversity provides essential services
and cultural significance. to humans, such as pollination of crops
by bees and other insects, water
purification, and nutrient cycling.
 “Importance of
BIODIVERSITY”

7. Economic Benefits

Biodiversity supports various

industries, including agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and tourism.
THE
FOOD CHAINS
AND WEBS
PRESENTED BY: JEAN ANDREY F. CABRAL
In ecology, the sequence
of transfers of matter and
energy in the form of food
from organism to
organism. Food chains
form interconnected food
webs as organisms
typically consume various
plants and animals, with
plants relying on solar
energy through
photosynthesis as the
primary food source. These
chains include predator-
prey relationships and
parasite interactions within
ecosystems.
 3

the food
4
2
chain
During this biological process,
light energy is converted into 1 5
chemical energy and is passed
6
on through successive levels.
The flow of energy from a
producer, to a consumer and
eventually, to an apex predator
or a detritivore is called the 1 - The grasshoppers eat the grass 5 - When the hawk die, fungi breaks the
2 - The mice eats the grasshoppers bodies down and turns into nutrients
food chain. 3 - The snake eats the mice 6 - The nutrients, along with sun and
4 - The eagle eats the snake water, cause the grass to grow
Energy flows through ecosystems
via food chains, linear pathways
that illustrate the transfer of
energy and nutrients from primary
producers like plants to primary
consumers, such as herbivores.
These chains represent essential
components of ecological
systems.

Food chains create interconnected

food webs as organisms consume a
variety of plants and animals, with
plants using solar energy in
photosynthesis as their primary food
source. These webs encompass both
predator-prey dynamics and parasite
interactions within ecosystems.
A fundamental ecological
concept, the food web illustrates
feeding relationships within a
community and the transfer of
food energy from plants to
herbivores and ultimately to
carnivores. Typically, food webs
comprise multiple interwoven
food chains, each represented as
a diagram with arrows indicating
the flow of food energy between
species within different feeding
groups.

There are two types of food

chains: grazing food chains,
which start with autotrophs and
transfer energy from plants to
herbivores and then to
carnivores or omnivores, and
detrital food chains, which
originate from dead organic
matter and involve
decomposition by decomposers
like bacteria and fungi before
reaching detritivores and
carnivores.
Food webs depict complex
consumption relationships in
ecosystems, interconnecting
numerous food chains. Organisms in a
food web are assigned specific trophic
levels based on their position in the
food chain, starting with primary
producers and progressing to primary
consumers, secondary consumers, and
beyond. Energy and nutrients flow
through the trophic levels as each level
consumes the one below it.
Primary producers like plants, algae, and
certain bacteria are fundamental to
ecosystems as they convert solar energy
into chemical energy through
photosynthesis, forming the foundation of
food chains and webs. Their role is vital for
sustaining entire ecosystems by providing
essential energy and nutrients.

Primary consumers, also known as

herbivores, like insects, rabbits, and
deer, play a crucial role in the ecosystem
by bridging the gap between primary
producers and higher trophic levels. They
channel plant-based energy into the food
web, initiating the transfer of energy up
the trophic hierarchy.
In the food web's higher trophic levels,
secondary consumers like snakes, foxes,
and hawks prey on primary consumers,
while tertiary consumers like eagles and
sharks feed on secondary consumers.
These top-tier predators play a crucial
role in regulating lower trophic levels by
controlling herbivore and primary
consumer populations.

Decomposers, like bacteria, fungi, and

worms, are the unseen recyclers in
ecosystems. They break down dead
organisms and organic matter,
replenishing essential nutrients into the
soil. This crucial process ensures that
primary producers have access to the
necessary nutrients, ultimately
sustaining the entire ecosystem.
Tertiary consumers are apex predators in
an ecosystem, residing at the highest
trophic level. They play a critical role in
regulating populations of secondary
consumers and contribute to the overall
balance of the ecosystem. Examples of
tertiary consumers include animals like
eagles, sharks, and killer whales, which
are known for their top-predator status in
various ecosystems.
In conclusion, food
chains and food webs
are fundamental
concepts in ecology
that provide
invaluable insights
into how energy flows
through ecosystems.
They offer a
comprehensive view
of the intricate
feeding relationships
among organisms and
the pivotal roles they
play in the transfer of
energy and nutrients.
THE
HUMAN IMPACT
PRESENTED BY: JM ROMANO E. BAROLA
 growth of human
POPULATION
Progress in technological innovation has conferred
upon humanity a distinct advantage unparalleled
by any other species on Earth: the capability to
mitigate the constraints associated with global
carrying capacity, defined as the maximum
population limit that the planet can sustain.
Consequently, human populations persist in their
expansion, leading to an escalating utilization of
resources. This phenomenon bears substantial
implications for the ecological well-being of our
planet.
 HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAN
HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS
ON ECOSYSTEMS
habitat
loss
Habitat depletion takes place due to alterations
in land utilization, like the conversion of forests
into agricultural fields, and through activities
such as mining that result in the direct
destruction of natural environments.
 pollution
Pollution arises when detrimental substances infiltrate
the natural surroundings. Examples of pollutants
encompass disturbing light and noise produced by
human actions, as well as harmful chemical residues. As
an illustration, the nitrogen present in fertilizer runoff can
trigger the rapid proliferation of algae in ocean
ecosystems. These algal blooms can suffocate nearby
waters by depleting oxygen, leading to the formation of
'dead zones'—areas where essential nutrients are
exhausted, rendering them incapable of sustaining plant
or animal life.
 invasive
species
Invasive species are organisms that have successfully
established themselves in a novel environment, usually
due to human activities like travel or trade. These
introduced species can either consume native species
or outcompete them for vital resources. What sets
invasive species apart is that they often lack natural
predators in their new habitat, leading to their
populations expanding significantly and disturbing the
equilibrium of the native ecosystem.
overexploitation of
natural resources
The excessive utilization of natural resources is closely
linked to the imperative of meeting the demands for
sustenance and shelter for a continually expanding
human populace. A case in point is the overharvesting
of fish, where the rate of removal from oceans exceeds
their capacity to replenish through natural reproduction,
thereby unsettling the ecological equilibrium. Additional
instances of overexploitation include the combustion of
fossil fuels and the deforestation of ancient forests, both
of which result in the depletion of resources that are
irreplaceable once exhausted.
 climate
change
Climate change refers to lasting alterations in worldwide
weather patterns, with noticeable regional impacts.
Some temperate areas have already experienced hotter
summers and reduced rainfall. These rapid changes,
largely driven by human activities like burning fossil
fuels, risk the extinction of species unable to adapt.
HUMANS CAN HAVE POSITIVE IMPACTS
ON THE ENVIRONMENT, TOO!
Human beings possess the capacity to make positive contributions to
the environment, and there are numerous avenues through which
this can be achieved. These efforts can be initiated at various levels,
including individual, community, organizational, and governmental.
Examples of these human activities are sustainable agriculture,
reforestation, habitat restoration, citizen science, wildlife corridors,
and biodiversity conservation.
CONSERVATION
EFFORTS
PRESENTED BY: CHARILLE CHRISTINE D. CINCO
ECOSYSTEM
CONSERVATION
The protections and sustainable
management of natural environments
and the biodiversity within them.

Practice of protecting and preserving

the natural environment, including
plants, animals, and other organisms,
to maintain a balanced and healthy
ecosystem.
 IMPORTANCE OF
ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION
IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION

1 Biodiversity
Preservation

Ecosystems host a wide variety

of species. The diversity is
maintained through conservation
efforts, which is vital for
resilience and adaptability.
IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION

2 Human
Well-being

Ensures the uninterrupted

services of ecosystem as an
essential source of clean water,
food, and climate regulation.
IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION

3 Scientific
Understanding

Ecosystems are living

laboratories. Conserving them
helps in scientific research and
understanding of life processes.
IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION

4 Cultural and
Recreational Values

Many ecosystems are also places

of beauty and inspiration, offering
recreational opportunities and
cultural significance.
 METHODS OF
ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION LAWS
AND REGULATIONS
Protect endangered species
Regulate land use
Control pollution
Manage natural resources
COMMUNITY-BASED
CONSERVATION
Involving local communities in decision
making
Providing education and resources
Encouraging sustainable practices
Recognizing and respecting traditional
knowledge
TECHNOLOGICAL
SOLUTIONS
Remote Sensing
GIS Mapping
Waste Management Technologies
SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES
Sustainable Agriculture
Green Building Practices
Renewable Energy
HOW CAN INDIVIDUALS
CONTRIBUTE?
HOW CAN INDIVIDUALS
CONTRIBUTE?
1. EVERYDAY PRACTICES

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Conserve Water
Use Eco-Friendly Products
Plant Trees / Gardening
Conserve energy
HOW CAN INDIVIDUALS
CONTRIBUTE?
2. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Join local conservation

groups
Participate in Clean-up
Drives
Educate others
HOW CAN INDIVIDUALS
CONTRIBUTE?
3. SUPPORTING RESPONSIBLE
ORGANIZATIONS

Buy from responsible

brands
Support conservation
charities
Advocate for conservation
policies
 REFERENCES

https://www.greenlivinganswers.com/ecosystem/conservation#methods
-of-ecosystem-conservation
https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/what-we-do/ecological-conservation
https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-
Guide/Understanding-Conservation/Ecosystem-Services
https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tool/iucn-red-list-
ecosystems
THE
CLIMATE CHANGE
AND ECOSYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY: ZANDRO ZEBASTIEN ZYN A. EBORA
What is a
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change refers to long-term shifts
in temperatures and weather patterns.
Such shifts can be natural, due to
changes in the sun’s activity or large
volcanic eruptions.
COMMON DRIVERS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 Common human activities
that causes climate change

1 Generating Power
2 Manufacturing Industry
 Common human activities
that causes climate change

3 Deforestation
4 Transportation
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect is the primary cause of
climate change. Some gases in the Earth's
atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a
greenhouse by trapping solar heat and
preventing it from escaping back into space,
which would otherwise contribute to global
warming.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
Hotter Temperatures
Severe Storms
Increased drought
A warming, rising ocean
Loss of species
SOLUTIONS TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
Invest in renewable energy
Halt deforestation and commit to rebuilding
damaged ecosystems
Subsidize low-carbon alternatives for urban
planning
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this report underscores the vital importance of
understanding ecosystems, not merely as a reservoir of facts and data,
but as a call to action. While acquiring knowledge about our
environment is undeniably essential, it must be complemented by a
commitment to preservation and responsible stewardship. Ultimately, it
is our collective responsibility to safeguard and nurture the delicate
balance of life within our ecosystems, recognizing that our well-being is
intricately linked to the health of the planet. Thus, fostering awareness
and taking meaningful steps to protect and sustain our environment are
equally vital pursuits that warrant our unwavering attention and
dedication.
 Thank you for
listening!
JM BAROLA • ASHLEY BOO • JEAN CABRAL • CHARILLE CINCO • ZANDRO EBORA • JUSTINE NUAS
GROUP 4 [ME-4104]