MATH301

Fall 2022

Lecture# 5

Matrices
• Matrix operations
• Matrix Inverse

Larson, R. and Falvo, D. (2008) Elementary Linear Algebra. 6th Edition. Brooks Cole.
Matrices
Matrix Addition
Matrix Scalar Multiplication
 Zero Matrix

𝑶𝒎𝒏 is the 𝒎 × 𝒏 matrix consisting entirely of zeros.

0 0 0
𝑂23 =
0 0 0

0 0 0
𝑂33 = 0 0 0
0 0 0
Properties of Matrix Operations
Properties of Matrix Operations: Examples
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Multiplication
 Matrix Multiplication

Note:- If 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨, then 𝑨 and 𝑩 “commute”.

Properties of Matrix Operations
Matrix Operations: Exercises
 Identity Matrix

Identity matrix of order 𝒏

1 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 2
1 0 0 1 0 2 3 = 2 3
2 3 = 2 3
0 1 0 0 1 4 5 4 5
4 5 4 5
 Writing a linear system of equations in a matrix form

Example Write the following system of linear equations in a matrix form

1 2 3 𝑥1 0
4 5 6 𝑥2 = 3
7 8 9 𝑥3 6

𝐴 (Coefficient Matrix) 𝐵 (Right hand side)

𝑋
A system of linear equations may appear as:

• Ordinary system of linear equations (Lectures 1&2)

• A single vector equation involving several variables

• A single matrix equation

David Lay, Linear Algebra and its applications, Addison-Wesley, 2000

 Repeated Matrix Multiplication

2 −1 2 −1 2 −1 1 −2 2 −1 −4 −1
𝐴3 = = =
3 0 3 0 3 0 6 −3 3 0 3 −6
The Transpose of a Matrix

1 0
1 0 2 𝐴𝑇 = 0 −1
𝐴=
0 −1 3
2 3
The Transpose of a Matrix: Examples
 The Trace of a Matrix

The trace of a square matrix is the sum of elements on its main diagonal.

3 2 9
𝐴 = 2 4 −5
9 −5 −8

𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 3 + 4 + −8 = −1
 Symmetrical and Skew Symmetrical Matrices

 The matrix 𝐴𝑛×𝑛 is symmetric if and only if 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴

3 2 9 1 3 −8
1 2
Examples 2 4 −5 , 3 2 5 ,
2 −5
9 −5 −8 −8 5 0

 The matrix 𝐴𝑛×𝑛 is skew-symmetric if and only if

𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴
𝟎 −2 9 𝟎 −3 8
𝟎 2
Examples 2 𝟎 5 , 3 𝟎 −5 ,
−2 𝟎
−9 −5 𝟎 −8 5 𝟎
Symmetrical Matrices
Triangular Matrices
A Diagonal Matrix
Matrix Operations: Exercises
The Inverse of a Matrix

Prove that
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑰
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Elimination
 Writing a linear system of equations in a matrix form

Example Write the following system of linear equations in a matrix form

1 2 3 𝑥1 0
4 5 6 𝑥2 = 3
7 8 9 𝑥3 6

𝐴 (Coefficient Matrix) 𝐵 (Right hand side)

𝑋
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Elimination

Check: 𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Elimination
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Elimination
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Elimination
 Properties of the Inverse of a Matrix

R. Larson and D. C. Falvo, Elementary Linear Algebra, 6th edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2004
Using the Inverse of a Matrix to Solve a System of Linear Equations
 Matrix Equation: Examples

Solve for 𝑋, where 𝐵−1 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑇 given that: