Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022

Marking Scheme

Section A: Source-Based Question

1 (a) Study Source A.

What can you infer from Source A about what life was like for people living in
rural villages in early 20th century Singapore? Use details from the source to
explain your answer. [4m]

L1: Restates the provenance [1m]

e.g. Source A is a photograph of a river scene and native huts in Singapore in the
early 20th century.

L2: Describes the source [2m]

e.g. Source A shows a woman washing something in the river.

L3: States a valid inference, unsupported [3m]

e.g. I can infer from Source A that life was difficult in rural villages at the that time in
Singapore.

L4: States a valid inference, supported with valid source use and explanation
[4m]
e.g. I can infer from Source A that life was difficult in rural villages at the that time in
Singapore. This can be seen from the source which shows a woman washing some
items in the river just outside / below her house. This suggests that there was no tap /
running water in the native huts.

Page 1 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme

1 (b) Study Source B.

What can you learn from Source B about going to the cinema in early 20th
century Singapore? Explain your answer. [5m]

L1: Describes the source [1m]

e.g. I can learn that Singapore’s first enclosed cinema was the Paris Cinematograph.

L2: States valid inference/s, unsupported [2-3m]

Award 2 marks for one valid inference without support of valid source use, and an
additional mark for a second valid inference, up to a maximum of 3 marks.

e.g. I can learn that people went to the cinema at night.

e.g. I can learn that people from all walks of life go to the cinema.

e.g. I can learn that mainly men went to watch movies.

L3: States a valid inference, supported with valid source use and explanation
[4-5m]
Award 4 marks for a valid inference supported by valid source use. Award 5 marks
for a more developed answer, OR 2 valid inferences supported by valid source use.

e.g. I can learn that people went to the cinema at night. This is evident from
“showings at 6.30 pm and 11.30 pm” / “screenings of short films were held nightly”.
[4m] This shows that cinemas operated only at night during the early 20th century.
[5m]

e.g. I can learn that people from all walks of life went to the cinema. This is evident
from “Seats were priced at 10 cents for third class and 50 cents for reserved seats,
while boxed seats were as much as a dollar.” [4m] This implies that going to the
cinema was an affordable recreation. [5m]

e.g. I can learn that mainly men went to watch movies. This is evident from “There
were even separate seats for ladies.” [4m] This suggests that the cinema owner
wanted to attract more women to go to the cinema. [5m]

Page 2 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme
1 (c) Study Sources C and D.

In what way are these sources similar about the state of healthcare in British
Singapore? Explain your answer. [6m]

L1: Generalised comments / Invalid matching [1m]

Award 1m for generalised comments with / without support.
Award 1m for invalid matching with / without common criteria.

e.g. Source C tells me that the hospitals were run down, and Source D tells me that
people only went to the hospital when they had no other choice.

L2: Similarity in source type / matching support [2m]

e.g. Sources C and D are both textual sources.

L3: States a valid similarity in content, unsupported / 1 support only [3-4m]

Award 3 marks for a valid similarity with common criteria but without support or valid
use of both sources. Award up to 4 marks for only 1 support / additional valid
similarities without support.

e.g. Sources C and D are similar in terms of showing that western medicine was not
easily available to the general public / the locals used traditional medicine / there was
a shortage of medical staff.

L4: States a valid similarity in content, supported with valid source use [5-6m]
Award 5 marks for a valid similarity with common criteria, supported by valid use of
both sources. Award 6 marks for a more developed answer OR for two
valid comparisons with supporting evidence.

e.g. Sources C and D are similar in showing that there was no healthcare system set
up in British Singapore. Source C says “There was no hospital for civilians … Nor
was there one for the local inhabitants.” Similarly, Source D states that “most of the
ethnic communities depended on their own traditional backgrounds.” [5m] Both
sources highlight that the British government did not do much to provide medical
services for the masses. [6m]

e.g. Sources C and D are similar in terms of showing that western medicine was not
easily available to the general public. Source C says “There was no hospital for
civilians … Nor was there one for the local inhabitants.” Similarly, Source D states
that “it was quite expensive to visit the western doctor.” [5m] Both sources highlight
that the people had limited access to western medical treatment. [6m]

the people had limited access to western medical treatment.

e.g. Sources C and D are similar in showing that the locals relied on traditional
medicine instead of western medicine. Source C states “Local inhabitants and
immigrants sought treatment from their traditional doctors and healers.” Likewise,
Source D states “most of the ethnic communities depended on their own traditional
backgrounds.” / “each ethnic group will only go to their own traditional medicine
Page 3 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme
places.” [5m] Both sources show that the Asian population preferred to use traditional
medicine. [6m]

e.g. Sources C and D are similar in showing that there were not enough medical staff.
Source C states “chronic shortage of trained healthcare staff.” Similarly, Source D
says “There were also not that many of them (western doctors).” [5m] Both sources
thus highlight the lack of healthcare workers. [6m]

Section B: Structured Question

2(a) State three external developments that affected Singapore’s development

as a port city in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
[3m]
Use point marking and award 1 mark per valid point, up to a total of 3 marks for
three valid points.

 Opening of the Suez Canal

 Expansion of the tin industry
 Expansion of the rubber industry

2(b) Describe how the British expanded Singapore’s port facilities from the
1850s to early 20th century. [7m]

L1: Describes Singapore’s port facilities [1-2m]

Describes the port facilities in Singapore without focus on the question.
Award 1 mark per undeveloped statement up to 2 marks.

e.g. The New Harbour was built in mid-19th century.

L2: Identifies the action(s) [3-4m]

Lists a valid action taken by the British, but without further elaboration.
Award the higher mark for a second valid action identified without elaboration.

e.g. The British built the New Harbour in mid-19th century. / The British set up the
Singapore Harbour Board in the early 20th century.

L3: Describes the identified action(s) [5-7m]

Award 5 marks for one valid action identified and described, and an additional
mark for additional detail(s).
Award 7 marks for two valid actions identified and described.

e.g.
The British expanded Singapore’s port facilities by building the New Harbour in
mid-19th century. It was situated in the strait between the southern coast of
Singapore island and two smaller islands – Pulau Brani and Pulau Blakang Mati.
Page 4 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme
The harbour was sheltered from strong winds and big waves by the two smaller
island. [5m] It also had deep waters which allowed steamships and sailing ships to
sail right up to it. [6m]

Later, the British government set up the Singapore Harbour Board to make further
improvements to the port. New wharves, docks, storehouses and machine shops
were built. [7m] Modern machinery such as forklifts, cranes and tractors, was used
for loading and unloading goods.

3(a) State three places of origin of migrants who came to Singapore in the 19th
century. [3m]
Use point marking and award 1 mark per valid point, up to a total of 3 marks for
three valid points.

Valid places of origin include, but are not limited to the following:
 Europe  Ceylon
 China  Arabia
 India  The Malay Archipelago (Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, Celebes)

3(b) Describe the pull factors that attracted migrants to Singapore in the 19th
and early 20th centuries. [7m]

L1: Describes the migrants who came to Singapore [1-2m]

Describes the migrants who came to Singapore without focus on the question.
Award 1 mark per undeveloped statement up to 2 marks.

e.g. The migrants included Europeans, Chinese and Indians. / The migrants came
places such as Europe, China and India.

L2: Identifies the pull factor(s) [3-4m]

Lists a valid pull factor, but without further elaboration.
Award the higher mark for a second valid pull factor identified without elaboration.

e.g. There were many trading and business opportunities in Singapore. /

Singapore had a free immigration policy / Availability of better job prospects in
Singapore.

L3: Describes the pull factor(s) [5-7m]

Award 5 marks for one valid pull factor identified and described, and an additional
mark for additional detail(s).
Award 7 marks for two valid pull factors identified and described.

e.g.
There were many trading and business opportunities in Singapore. With its
excellent geographical location, Singapore served as a convenient meeting point
for traders from all over the world stopping to replenish their fuel and food
supplies. [5m] Taking advantage of its good location and trading networks,
Page 5 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme
numerous traders came for the wide variety of goods that could be found and
traded in Singapore. They were also attracted by its free port status as they did not
have to pay taxes on trade. [6m]

In addition, Singapore’s free immigration policy allowed migrants to come and go

as they pleased. They were not required to pay for immigrant passes and papers
or apply for permission to enter and leave Singapore. [AND/OR]
Another pull factor was the availability of better job prospects in Singapore.
Different types of jobs were available because the British needed to build the
infrastructure to support the increase in port activities and provide for the growing
population. [7m]

4(a) State three types of defences set up all over Singapore by the British before
the Japanese invasion in early 1942.
[3m]
Use point marking and award 1 mark per valid point, up to a total of 3 marks for
three valid points.

 Naval base
 Gun positions
 Airfields

4(b) Describe how the Japanese prepared themselves for their invasion of
Singapore. [7m]

L1: Describes the Japanese invasion of Singapore [1-2m]

Describes the Japanese invasion of Singapore without focus on the question.
Award 1 mark per undeveloped statement up to 2 marks.

e.g. The Japanese invaded Singapore in 1942. / The Japanese captured

Singapore after only a few weeks of fighting.

L2: Identifies how the Japanese prepared themselves for their invasion of
Singapore. [3-4m]
Lists a valid way in which the Japanese prepared themselves, but without further
elaboration.
Award the higher mark for a second valid way identified without elaboration.

e.g. The Japanese carried out intelligence activities in Malaya and Singapore. /
The Japanese set up a special research unit.

L3: Describes how the Japanese prepared themselves for their invasion of
Singapore. [5-7m]
Award 5 marks for one valid way identified and described, and an additional mark
for additional detail(s).
Award 7 marks for two valid ways identified and described.

e.g.

Page 6 of 7
 Sec 1 Express History EOY 2022
Marking Scheme
The Japanese carried out intelligence activities in Malaya and Singapore. They
used spies disguised as tourists or barbers to gather information for the military.
[5m] When the Japanese learnt from their spies about Singapore’s defences, they
planned to attack from the north instead. [6m]

The Japanese also set up a special research unit to look into jungle warfare tactics
and the training the soldiers to fight in a terrain they were not accustomed to. [7m]
This training ensured that the Japanese forces were well-prepared for their
invasion of Singapore.

* If necessary, the LORMS will be adjusted based on students’ actual responses.

Page 7 of 7