12/19/2017

Mitosis and Meiosis

SCI.09.LSC.01.01
SCI.05.LSH.01.01

Outline
I. Review
1. Chromosome composition and function
II. Mitosis
III. Meiosis

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I. Review
• Chromosomes contain
genetic material
• Chromosomes are wound
DNA
• Not usually visible in a cell.

I. Review
• Point of chromosomes are to inherit genetic information.
• Cell  Cell
• Parent  Offspring

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Outline
I. Review
II. Mitosis
1. Overview
2. Cell Cycle
1. Interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase)
2. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
3. Cytokinesis
3. Controls on Cell Cycle
III. Meiosis

II. Mitosis
1. Overview
• People used to believe in spontaneous generation (? – late 1800’s)

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II. Mitosis
1. Overview
• Cells come from other cells
• Need to produce cells throughout
life
1. Development
2. Replacement

II. Mitosis
1. Overview
Why don’t cells just keep growing?
The bigger a cell gets, the harder it is to produce enough energy to run
cell operations.

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I. Mitosis
2. Cell Cycle
• Cell generation = cell cycle
Cell cycle : combination of interphase and mitosis.
1. Interphase
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
c. G2 phase
2. Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. telophase

II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
a. Interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase)
1. Interphase: non- reproducing stage,
where a cell spends most of its life (~
18 hours)
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase
• Begins when cell reproduction is
completed.
Chromatin: DNA that is tightly wound
around proteins but not supercoiled into
chromosomes.

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II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
a. Interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase)
a. Interphase: non- reproducing stage,
where a cell spends most of its life (~ 18
hours)
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase
Centrosome: organelle near the nucleus of
a cell that contains centrioles (animal cells).
Centrioles: occurring in pairs; involved in
the development of spindle fibers in cell
division.

II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
a. Interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase)
a. Interphase
1. G1 phase
• Cell replaces organelles and things needed for
next mitosis
• Metabolically active
• Non dividing cells stop here
• Growth
2. S phase
• DNA replicated in the nucleus
• Growth continues
3. G2 phase
• Growth continues
• Enzymes and proteins synthesized
• Centrosomes duplicated

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II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
a. Mitosis: two identical sets of chromosomes will be equally
distributed to daughter nuclei (2 hours).
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
5. Cytokinesis or Cell Plate

II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
a. Mitosis: two identical sets of
chromosomes will be equally distributed
to daughter nuclei (2 hours).
1. Prophase
• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
• Nuclear envelope disappears until nucleus is
gone.
• Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the
cell.
• Microtubules form between two pairs of
centrioles (spindle).
• Spindle: football shaped structure of
microtubules and centrioles.

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II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
a. Mitosis: two identical sets of
chromosomes will be equally
distributed to daughter nuclei (2
hours).
2. Metaphase
• Chromosomes attach to spindle at
centromere.
• Chromosomes migrate to the equator of
the cell.

II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
a. Mitosis: two identical sets of
chromosomes will be equally
distributed to daughter nuclei (2
hours).
3. Anaphase
• 2 sister chromatids separate of each
chromosome begin to separate at
centromere and move apart.
• One sister chromatid at each end of the
cell.

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II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
a. Mitosis: two identical sets of chromosomes
will be equally distributed to daughter
nuclei (2 hours).
4. Telophase
• Animal Cells
• Plasma membrane begins to pinch together at center
of cell (microfilaments on membrane contract).
• Plant Cells
• Cell plate begins to form
• Nucleoli reappear
• Nuclear membrane encloses chromatids
• Chromosomes again become chromatin

II. Mitosis
2. Cell cycle
b. Cytokinesis
a. Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division of a
cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis,
bringing about the separation into two
daughter cells.

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Check
If chromosomes condensed right after cytokinesis would they have one or
both chromatids?

If chromosomes condensed after the s-phase of interphase, how many

chromatids would there be?

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Give one difference between animal and plant cells.

What are steps make up the cell cycle?

II. Mitosis
3. Controls on Cell Cycle
• ~ 25 million cell divisions are occurring
every day in the human body!
• Some cells fast (1 – a few hours).
• Some never (nerve and muscular cells).
• If division isn’t controlled growth goes
out of control.
Cancer: rapid uncontrolled division of
one kind of cell

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II. Mitosis
3. Controls on Cell Cycle
• Several controls on cell cycle
1. Cell to cell contact.
• Once cell touch they stop dividing.
2. Chemical controls
• Proteins in interphase
• DNA (oncogenes)

II. Mitosis
3. Controls on Cell Cycle
• Several controls on cell cycle
1. Cell to cell contact.
• Once cell touch they stop dividing.
2. Chemical controls
• Proteins in interphase
• DNA (oncogenes)

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Outline
I. Review
II. Mitosis
III. Meiosis
1. Overview
2. Meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)
3. Meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)
4. Males Vs. Females

III. Meiosis
1. Overview
• Mitosis = cell production (diploid)
• Meiosis = human reproduction (haploid)
Homologues: Two members of each pair of
chromosomes.
• Have the same genes but don’t have the
identical traits (small or tall, blonde or
brown)

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III. Meiosis
1. Overview
• You get on homologue from mom and one
from dad from gametes.
Gametes: sex cell.
Sexual Reproduction: reproduction that
involves the production and subsequent
fusion of sex cells (n  2n)
Meiosis: haploid nuclei are formed from
diploid nuclei.
• Usu. Accompanied by cell division.
• Humans = sperm and egg.

III. Meiosis
1. Meiosis I(prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)

• Interphase I
• Identical to interphase in Mitosis.
a. Prophase I
• Chromosomes condense
• Homologous chromosomes move close together
• Matching sections lay side by side
• Tetrad of chromosomes forms
• Nucleus disappears.
• Centrioles move apart and spindle forms.
• Crossing Over

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III. Meiosis
1. Meiosis I(prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)

Crossing Over: homologous

chromosomes exchange different
segments of genetic material to form
recombinant chromosomes.

III. Meiosis
1. Meiosis I(prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)

• Interphase I exists only for Meiosis I.

• Identical to interphase in Mitosis.
b. Metaphase I
• Tetrads line up at the equator of the spindle

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III. Meiosis
2. Meiosis I(prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)

• Interphase I exists only for Meiosis I.

• Identical to interphase in Mitosis.
c. Anaphase I
• Centromeres DO NOT separate.
• One homologous chromosome from each
pair separates.
d. Telophase I
• Cell pinches together
• Sister chromatids still connected
e. Cytokinesis

III. Meiosis
2. Meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)

• Short interphase with no DNA

replication
a. Prophase II
• Centrioles form spindle
b. Metaphase II
• Chromosomes attach to spindle at
centromere and migrate to the
equator
c. Anaphase II
• Chromatids separate and go to
opposite poles

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III. Meiosis
2. Meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)

d. Telophase II
• Nuclear envelope forms
• Cells pinch together
e. Cytokinesis

• Results in four different cells

Genetic Recombination: reshuffling of
chromosomes and the genetic
information they carry.

III. Meiosis
4. Males vs. Females
• Males and females do have
small differences in Meiosis
II
• Male = 4 sperm
• Female = 1 ovum and 3polar
bodies

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III. Meiosis
4. Males vs. Females

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