Practice2.

Solutions

1. a. Find the axial force 𝑁 inside each

portion of the bar and draw a diagram
showing the variation of this force
along 𝑥 (the axial direction).
In each portion, imagine a cut in the
middle and determine the internal
tensile axial force 𝑁(𝑥). In the figure,
the cut is represented by the pink
dashed line:

In each portion, ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0. All the forces before the cut are taken into account to find the
axial force 𝑁(𝑥). The distribution of the internal axial force 𝑁(𝑥) is as follows:

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿: 𝑁(𝑥) − 𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑃
𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝐿: 𝑁(𝑥) + 2𝑃 − 𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁(𝑥) = −𝑃
2𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝐿: 𝑁(𝑥) + 2𝑃 + 3𝑃 − 𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁(𝑥) = −4𝑃
2𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝐿: 𝑁(𝑥) − 𝑃 + 2𝑃 + 3𝑃 − 𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁(𝑥) = −3𝑃
So the axial force diagram (𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)) is drawn as follows:
 𝑁
b. The critical section is the section of the bar in which the normal stress 𝜎 = is maximum
𝐴
(in absolute value). As the cross-sectional area 𝐴 is constant, then the critical section is
the one that has the highest axial force 𝑁. Based on the axial force diagram, the section
that has the highest axial force is BC.

𝑁𝑖 𝜎𝑖 𝑁 𝑖 𝐿𝑖
c. In each section of the bar, the stress is 𝜎𝑖 = , the strain is 𝜀𝑖 = = . Find the
𝐴𝑖 𝐸 𝐸𝐴
deformation ∆𝐿𝑖 in each portion and do the sum to find the total deformation.
1 𝐿
Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Δ𝐿𝐴𝐵 + Δ𝐿𝐵𝐶 + Δ𝐿𝐶𝐷 + Δ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = (𝑃. 𝐿 + (−𝑃)𝐿 + (−4𝑃)(2𝐿) + (−3𝑃)( )
𝐸𝐴 2
9.5𝑃𝐿 −9.5 × 50 × 103 × 1
→ 𝛥𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − = → Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −2.88 × 10−4 𝑚
𝐸𝐴 210.109 × 𝜋(0.052 )

Solution: ∆𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −2.88 × 10−4 𝑚

2. a. Drawing the axial force diagram. First, the reaction at the support should be
determined. The only external force applied on the structure is the horizontal force 𝑃
directed to the right, so the reaction force is equl to 𝑃 and directed to the left. The reaction
force is also an external force. The internal axial force 𝑁(𝑥) is then determined as in
problem 1.

As seen, the change of the cross-section of the bar doesn’t change the methodology. In
both portions of the bar, when a cut is imagined, the only force before the cut was 𝑃.
𝑁𝑖
b. The normal stress is calculated as 𝜎𝑖 = .
𝐴𝑖
In the whole bar, 𝑁 = 𝑃 = 10 000𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (diagram)
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 10 000 𝑁
The cross-sectional areas are given 𝐴1 = 50 𝑐𝑚2 and 𝐴2 = 100 𝑐𝑚2 , so:
𝑁1 10 000 𝑁2
𝜎1 = = −4
= 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝜎2 = = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴1 50 × 10 𝐴2
 c. The total change of length in the bar is:
1 𝑁1 𝐿1 𝑁2 𝐿2 1 𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2
Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Δ𝐿𝐴𝐵 + Δ𝐿𝐵𝐶 = ( + )= ( + )
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2
→ Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1.9 × 10−5 𝑚

Solution: ∆𝐿 = 1.9 × 10−5 𝑚

3. Draw the Free body diagram of the system ABCDE. The equilibrium equations are:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐸 = 100
As all the forces are horizontal, then the other two equations ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 and ∑ 𝑀 = 0 are
not useful.
Solving the static equilibrium equations is not sufficient to find the two unknowns 𝑅𝐴 and
𝑅𝐸 so the system is hyperstatic. An additional equation should be introduced. As the beam
is embedded at its two ends so ∆𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0. This can be used to add a new equation.
Similar to problems 1 and 2, ∆𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∆𝐿𝐴𝐵 + ∆𝐿𝐵𝐶 + ∆𝐿𝐶𝐷 + ∆𝐿𝐷𝐸 can be calculated. To
do that, the axial force in each portion as a function of 𝑅𝐴 (or 𝑅𝐸 ) should be determined.
(In the figure the directions of 𝑅𝐴 and 𝑅𝐸 are chosen arbitrarily)

Calculating the change of length in each portion based on the calculated axial force:
𝑁𝐴𝐵 × 0.18 𝑅𝐴 × 0.18 𝑁𝐵𝐶 × 0.12 (𝑅𝐴 − 60) × 0.12
Δ𝐿𝐴𝐵 = = , Δ𝐿𝐵𝐶 = = ,
𝐸𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠
(𝑅𝐴 − 60) × 0.1 (𝑅𝐴 − 100) × 0.1
Δ𝐿𝐶𝐷 = , Δ𝐿𝐷𝐸 =
𝐸𝑏 × 𝐴𝑏 𝐸𝑏 × 𝐴𝑏
𝜋𝑑12
The cross-sectional areas are: 𝐴𝑠 = = 1.256 × 10−3 𝑚2 & 𝐴𝑏 = 0.706 × 10−3 𝑚2 :
4
Δ𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 7.16 × 10−10 𝑅𝐴 , Δ𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 4.77 × 10−10 (𝑅𝐴 − 60),
Δ𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 13.48 × 10−10 (𝑅𝐴 − 60), Δ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = 13.48 × 10−10 (𝑅𝐴 − 100)
 As the rods are embedded on both ends, then the total change of length is zero
Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0 → 7.16𝑅𝐴 + 4.77(𝑅𝐴 − 60) + 13.48(𝑅𝐴 − 60) + 13.48(𝑅𝐴 − 100) = 0
→ 38.89 𝑅𝐴 − 2443 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 62.8 𝑘𝑁
Then the reaction at E is:
𝑅𝐸 = 100 − 𝑅𝐴 → 𝑅𝐸 = 37.2 𝑘𝑁
Solution: 𝑅𝐴 = 62.8 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑅𝐸 = 37.2 𝑘𝑁.

4. a. 𝛼 is the coefficient of thermal expansion. If the bar is allowed to extend under the effect
of temperature, then the change of its length is ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇. As the bar is embedded from
both sides, then it’s prevented from extending, which creates normal stresses 𝜎𝑥 inside
the bar along the axial direction, such as:
𝜎𝑥
Δ𝐿 = 𝜖𝑥 𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇 → 𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸𝛼Δ𝑇
𝐸
Based on the given data, the normal stress is then:
𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸𝛼Δ𝑇 = (210 × 109 )(12 × 10−6 )(450) = 1134 × 106 → 𝜎𝑥 = 1134 𝑀𝑃𝑎
All the other normal and shear stresses are zero, then the stress tensor is:
1134 0 0
𝜎=( 0 0 0)
0 0 0
b. To find the strain tensor, as the material is linear elastic, then the Hooke’s law relations
𝜎𝑖 𝜈 𝜏𝑖𝑗
can be used :𝜀𝑖 = − 𝐸 (𝜎𝑗 + 𝜎𝑘 ), 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 2𝐺
𝐸
So:
𝜎𝑥 𝜈 1134 × 106 𝜈
𝜀𝑥 = − (𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ) = − (0 + 0) → 𝜀𝑥 = 0.0054
𝐸 𝐸 210 × 109 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 𝜈 0 0.3
𝜀𝑦 = − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ) = − 9
(1134 × 106 + 0) → 𝜀𝑦 = −0.0016
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 210 × 10
𝜀𝑧 = −0.0016
𝜏𝑖𝑗
All the shear stresses are zero, so the shear strains are also zero (𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 2𝐺 ). The strain
tensor is:
0.0054 0 0
𝜀=( 0 −0.0016 0 )
0 0 −0.0016

1134 0 0 0.0054 0 0
Solutions: 𝜎 = ( 0 0 0) and 𝜀 = ( 0 −0.0016 0 )
0 0 0 0 0 −0.0016

5. The yield stress is given as 𝜎𝑌 = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎. In order to prevent plastic deformation, the
maximum normal stress 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 should be less than 𝜎𝑌 : 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜎𝑌 .
The maximum normal stress occurs near the circular notch and is equal to:
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑡 . 𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚
 𝑃
With 𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = is the nominal or average stress and 𝐾𝑡 is the stress concentration factor
𝑡𝑑
that can be determined from the diagram, based on the dimensions of the bar. The x-axis
𝑟
of the diagram represents 𝑑, and each curve corresponds to a different value of 𝐷/𝑑. First,
𝑑 should be determined
𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑟 = 1.25 𝑚𝑚, → 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 2𝑟 = 17.5 𝑚𝑚.
𝑟 1.25 𝐷 20
= 17.5 = 0.07 and 𝑑 = 17.5 = 1.14 ≈ 1.15 → 𝐾𝑡 ≈ 2.6 (diagram).
𝑑

The nominal stress is

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃. 106
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = = =
𝑡𝑑 1.5 × 17.5 × 10−6 26.25
Therefore, the maximum stress is
𝑃. 106
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑡 𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 2.6 = 0.099 𝑃. 106
26.25
To prevent plastic deformation:
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜎𝑌 → 0.099 𝑃. 106 < 350 × 106 𝑃𝑎 → 𝑃 < 3535.35 𝑁
So the applied force 𝑃 should be less than 3535.35 𝑁 in order to prevent plastic
deformation.
3535.35
The safety factor is 𝑆𝐹 = 2, so the maximum force is 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 1767.6
2
(To have more safety, the maximum force is divided by the safety factor)
Solution: 𝑃 = 1.767 𝑘𝑁