Fever

Fever
Fever or pyrexia in humans is defined as

having a body temperature above the
normal range due to an increase in the
body's temperature set point in the
hypothalamus.[5][6][12][7] There is not a
single agreed-upon upper limit for normal
temperature with sources using values
between 37.2 and 38.3 °C (99.0 and
100.9 °F) in humans.[1][7][8] The increase in
set point triggers increased muscle
contractions and causes a feeling of cold
or chills.[2] This results in greater heat
production and efforts to conserve heat.[3]
When the set point temperature returns to
normal, a person feels hot, becomes
flushed, and may begin to sweat.[3] Rarely
a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with
this being more common in young
children.[4] Fevers do not typically go
higher than 41 to 42 °C (106 to 108 °F).[6]
Fever
Other names Pyrexia, febrile

response, febrile[1]
"The Sick Girl", 1882, National Gallery of

Denmark
Specialty Infectious disease,

pediatrics
Symptoms Initially: shivering,

feeling cold, chills[2]
Later: flushed,
sweating[3]
Complications Febrile seizure[4]
Causes Virus, bacteria,

increase in the body's
temperature set
point[5][6]
Diagnostic method Temperature >

between 37.2 and
44.8 °C (99.0 and
112.6 °F)[1][7][8]
Differential diagnosis Hyperthermia[1]
Treatment Based on underlying

cause, not required
for fever itself[2][9]
Medication Ibuprofen,
paracetamol
(acetaminophen)[9][10]
Frequency Common[2][11]
A fever can be caused by many medical

conditions ranging from non-serious to
life-threatening.[13] This includes viral,
bacterial, and parasitic infections—such as
influenza, the common cold, meningitis,
urinary tract infections, appendicitis,
Lassa, COVID-19, and malaria.[13][14] Non-
infectious causes include vasculitis, deep
vein thrombosis, connective tissue
disease, side effects of medication or
vaccination, and cancer.[13][15] It differs
from hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is
an increase in body temperature over the
temperature set point, due to either too
much heat production or not enough heat
loss.[1]
Treatment to reduce fever is generally not

required.[2][9] Treatment of associated pain
and inflammation, however, may be useful
and help a person rest.[9] Medications
such as ibuprofen or paracetamol
(acetaminophen) may help with this as
well as lower temperature.[9][10] Children
younger than three months require
medical attention, as might people with
serious medical problems such as a
compromised immune system or people
with other symptoms.[16] Hyperthermia
requires treatment.[2]
Fever is one of the most common medical

signs.[2] It is part of about 30% of
healthcare visits by children[2] and occurs
in up to 75% of adults who are seriously
sick.[11] While fever evolved as a defense
mechanism, treating a fever does not
appear to improve or worsen
outcomes.[17][18][19] Fever is often viewed
with greater concern by parents and
healthcare professionals than is usually
deserved, a phenomenon known as fever
phobia.[2][20]
Associated symptoms
A fever is usually accompanied by
sickness behavior, which consists of
lethargy, depression, loss of appetite,
sleepiness, hyperalgesia,
dehydration,[21][22] and the inability to
concentrate. Sleeping with a fever can
often cause intense or confusing
nightmares, commonly called "fever
dreams".[23] Mild to severe delirium (which
can also cause hallucinations) may also
present itself during high fevers.[24]
Diagnosis
A range for normal temperatures has been
found.[8] Central temperatures, such as
rectal temperatures, are more accurate
than peripheral temperatures.[30] Fever is
generally agreed to be present if the
elevated temperature[31] is caused by a
raised set point and:
Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal)

is at or over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–
100.9 °F)[1][8] An ear (tympanic) or
forehead (temporal) temperature may
also be used.[32][33]
Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or
over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) in the morning or
over 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in the
afternoon[7][34]
Temperature under the arm (axillary) is

usually about 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) below core
body temperature.[35]
In adults, the normal range of oral

temperatures in healthy individuals is
35.7–37.7 °C (96.3–99.9 °F) among men
and 33.2–38.1 °C (91.8–100.6 °F) among
women, while when taken rectally it is
36.7–37.5 °C (98.1–99.5 °F) among men
and 36.8–37.1 °C (98.2–98.8 °F) among
women, and for ear measurement it is
35.5–37.5 °C (95.9–99.5 °F) among men
and 35.7–37.5 °C (96.3–99.5 °F) among
women.[36]
Normal body temperatures vary depending

on many factors, including age, sex, time
of day, ambient temperature, activity level,
and more.[37][38] Normal daily temperature
variation has been described as 0.5 °C
(0.9 °F).[7]: 4012 A raised temperature is not
always a fever.[37] For example, the
temperature rises in healthy people when
they exercise, but this is not considered a
fever, as the set point is normal.[37] On the
other hand, a "normal" temperature may be
a fever, if it is unusually high for that
person; for example, medically frail elderly
people have a decreased ability to
generate body heat, so a "normal"
temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) may
represent a clinically significant
fever.[37][39]
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is an elevation of body

temperature over the temperature set
point, due to either too much heat
production or not enough heat loss.[1][7]
Hyperthermia is thus not considered
fever.[7]: 103 [40] Hyperthermia should not be
confused with hyperpyrexia (which is a
very high fever).[7]: 102
Clinically, it is important to distinguish

between fever and hyperthermia as
hyperthermia may quickly lead to death
and does not respond to antipyretic
medications. The distinction may however
be difficult to make in an emergency
setting, and is often established by
identifying possible causes.[7]: 103
Types
Different fever patterns observed in Plasmodium infections

Various patterns of measured patient
temperatures have been observed, some
of which may be indicative of a particular
medical diagnosis:
Continuous fever, where temperature

remains above normal and does not
fluctuate more than 1 °C in 24 hours[41]
(e.g. in bacterial pneumonia, typhoid,
infective endocarditis, tuberculosis, or
typhus.[42][43]
Intermittent fever is present only for a

certain period, later cycling back to
normal (e.g., in malaria, leishmaniasis,
pyemia, sepsis,[44] or African
trypanosomiasis.[45]
Remittent fever, where the temperature
remains above normal throughout the
day and fluctuates more than 1 °C in 24
hours (e.g., in infective endocarditis or
brucellosis).[46]
Pel–Ebstein fever is a cyclic fever that is

rarely seen in patients with Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
Undulant fever, seen in brucellosis.
Typhoid fever is a continuous fever

showing a characteristic step-ladder
pattern, a step-wise increase in
temperature with a high plateau.[47]
Among the types of intermittent fever are

ones specific to cases of malaria caused
by different pathogens. These are:[48][49]
Quotidian fever, with a 24-hour

periodicity, typical of malaria caused by
Plasmodium knowlesi (P.
knowlesi);[50][51]
Tertian fever, with a 48-hour periodicity,

typical of later course malaria caused by
P. falciparum, P. vivax, or P. ovale;[48]
Quartan fever, with a 72-hour periodicity,

typical of later course malaria caused by
P. malariae.[48]
In addition, there is disagreement

regarding whether a specific fever pattern
is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma—
the Pel–Ebstein fever, with patients argued
to present high temperature for one week,
followed by low for the next week, and so
on, where the generality of this pattern is
debated.[52][53]
Persistent fever that cannot be explained

after repeated routine clinical inquiries is
called fever of unknown origin.[7][54] A
neutropenic fever, also called febrile
neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of
normal immune system function.[55]
Because of the lack of infection-fighting
neutrophils, a bacterial infection can
spread rapidly; this fever is, therefore,
usually considered to require urgent
medical attention.[56] This kind of fever is
more commonly seen in people receiving
immune-suppressing chemotherapy than
in apparently healthy people.[55][57]
Hyperpyrexia
Hyperpyrexia is an extreme elevation of

body temperature which, depending upon
the source, is classified as a core body
temperature greater than or equal to 40 or
41 °C (104 or 106 °F); the range of
hyperpyrexias includes cases considered
severe (≥ 40 °C) and extreme (≥
42 °C).[7][58][59] It differs from hyperthermia
in that one's thermoregulatory system's set
point for body temperature is set above
normal, then heat is generated to achieve
it. In contrast, hyperthermia involves body
temperature rising above its set point due
to outside factors.[7][60] The high
temperatures of hyperpyrexia are
considered medical emergencies, as they
may indicate a serious underlying
condition or lead to severe morbidity
(including permanent brain damage), or to
death.[61] A common cause of
hyperpyrexia is an intracranial
hemorrhage.[7] Other causes in emergency
room settings include sepsis, Kawasaki
syndrome,[62] neuroleptic malignant
syndrome, drug overdose, serotonin
syndrome, and thyroid storm.[61]
Differential diagnosis
Fever is a common symptom of many
medical conditions:
Infectious disease, e.g., COVID-19,[14]

dengue, Ebola, gastroenteritis, HIV,
influenza, Lyme disease, rocky mountain
spotted fever, secondary syphilis,
malaria, mononucleosis, as well as
infections of the skin, e.g., abscesses
and boils.[63][64][65][66][67][68]
Immunological diseases, e.g., relapsing

polychondritis,[69] autoimmune hepatitis,
granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Horton
disease, inflammatory bowel diseases,
Kawasaki disease, lupus erythematosus,
sarcoidosis, and Still's disease;
Tissue destruction, as a result of

cerebral bleeding, crush syndrome,
hemolysis, infarction, rhabdomyolysis,
surgery, etc.;[70][71]
Cancers, particularly blood cancers such

as leukemia and lymphomas;[72]
Metabolic disorders, e.g., gout, and

porphyria;[73] and[74]
Inherited metabolic disorder, e.g., Fabry

disease.[7]
Adult and pediatric manifestations for the
same disease may differ; for instance, in
COVID-19, one metastudy describes 92.8%
of adults versus 43.9% of children
presenting with fever.[14]
In addition, fever can result from a reaction

to an incompatible blood product.[75]
Teething is not a cause of fever.[76]

Function
Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. Normal body

temperature (thermoregulatory set point) is shown in green,
while the hyperthermic temperature is shown in red. As can
be seen, hyperthermia can be conceptualized as an increase
above the thermoregulatory set point.
Hypothermia: Characterized in the center: Normal body
temperature is shown in green, while the hypothermic
temperature is shown in blue. As can be seen, hypothermia
can be conceptualized as a decrease below the
thermoregulatory set point.
Fever: Characterized on the right: Normal body temperature
is shown in green. It reads "New Normal" because the
thermoregulatory set point has risen. This has caused what
was the normal body temperature (in blue) to be considered
hypothermic.
Immune function
Fever is thought to contribute to host

defense,[17] as the reproduction of
pathogens with strict temperature
requirements can be hindered, and the
rates of some important immunological
reactions are increased by temperature.[77]
Fever has been described in teaching texts
as assisting the healing process in various
ways, including:
increased mobility of
leukocytes;[78]: 1044
enhanced leukocyte
phagocytosis;[78]: 1030
decreased endotoxin effects;[78]: 1029

and
increased proliferation of T
cells.[78]: 1030 [79]: 212
Advantages and disadvantages
Having a fever response in response to an

infectious disease is generally regarded as
protective, whereas fever in non-infections
may be maladaptive.[80][81] Studies have
not been consistent on whether treating
fever generally worsens or improves
mortality risk.[82] Benefits or harms may
depend on the type of infection, health
status of the patient and other factors.[80]
Studies using warm-blooded vertebrates
suggest that they recover more rapidly
from infections or critical illness due to
fever.[83] In sepsis, fever is associated with
reduced mortality.[84]
Pathophysiology of fever
induction
Hypothalamus
Temperature is regulated in the

hypothalamus. The trigger of a fever,
called a pyrogen, results in the release of
prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 in turn
acts on the hypothalamus, which creates a
systemic response in the body, causing
heat-generating effects to match a new
higher temperature set point. There are
four receptors in which PGE2 can bind
(EP1-4), with a previous study showing the
EP3 subtype is what mediates the fever
response.[85] Hence, the hypothalamus can
be seen as working like a thermostat.[7]
When the set point is raised, the body
increases its temperature through both
active generation of heat and retention of
heat. Peripheral vasoconstriction both
reduces heat loss through the skin and
causes the person to feel cold.
Norepinephrine increases thermogenesis
in brown adipose tissue, and muscle
contraction through shivering raises the
metabolic rate.[86]
If these measures are insufficient to make
the blood temperature in the brain match
the new set point in the hypothalamus, the
brain orchestrates heat effector
mechanisms via the autonomic nervous
system or primary motor center for
shivering. These may be:
Increased heat production by increased

muscle tone, shivering (muscle
movements to produce heat) and
release of hormones like epinephrine;
and
Prevention of heat loss, e.g., through

vasoconstriction.
When the hypothalamic set point moves
back to baseline—either spontaneously or
via medication—normal functions such as
sweating, and the reverse of the foregoing
processes (e.g., vasodilation, end of
shivering, and nonshivering heat
production) are used to cool the body to
the new, lower setting.
This contrasts with hyperthermia, in which

the normal setting remains, and the body
overheats through undesirable retention of
excess heat or over-production of heat.
Hyperthermia is usually the result of an
excessively hot environment (heat stroke)
or an adverse reaction to drugs. Fever can
be differentiated from hyperthermia by the
circumstances surrounding it and its
response to anti-pyretic medications.[7]
In infants, the autonomic nervous system

may also activate brown adipose tissue to
produce heat (non-exercise-associated
thermogenesis, also known as non-
shivering thermogenesis).
Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

contribute to increased blood pressure in
fever.
Pyrogens
A pyrogen is a substance that induces

fever.[87] In the presence of an infectious
agent, such as bacteria, viruses, viroids,
etc., the immune response of the body is
to inhibit their growth and eliminate them.
The most common pyrogens are
endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides
(LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria
such as E. coli. But pyrogens include non-
endotoxic substances (derived from
microorganisms other than gram-negative-
bacteria or from chemical substances) as
well.[88] The types of pyrogens include
internal (endogenous) and external
(exogenous) to the body.
The "pyrogenicity" of given pyrogens

varies: in extreme cases, bacterial
pyrogens can act as superantigens and
cause rapid and dangerous fevers.[89]
Endogenous
Endogenous pyrogens are cytokines

released from monocytes (which are part
of the immune system).[90] In general, they
stimulate chemical responses, often in the
presence of an antigen, leading to a fever.
Whilst they can be a product of external
factors like exogenous pyrogens, they can
also be induced by internal factors like
damage associated molecular patterns
such as cases like rheumatoid arthritis or
lupus.[91]
Major endogenous pyrogens are

interleukin 1 (α and β)[92]: 1237–1248 and
interleukin 6 (IL-6).[93] Minor endogenous
pyrogens include interleukin-8, tumor
necrosis factor-β, macrophage
inflammatory protein-α and macrophage
inflammatory protein-β as well as
interferon-α, interferon-β, and interferon-
γ.[92]: 1237–1248 Tumor necrosis factor-α
(TNF) also acts as a pyrogen, mediated by
interleukin 1 (IL-1) release.[94] These
cytokine factors are released into general
circulation, where they migrate to the
brain's circumventricular organs where
they are more easily absorbed than in
areas protected by the blood–brain barrier.
The cytokines then bind to endothelial
receptors on vessel walls to receptors on
microglial cells, resulting in activation of
the arachidonic acid pathway.
Of these, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 are able to

raise the temperature setpoint of an
organism and cause fever. These proteins
produce a cyclooxygenase which induces
the hypothalamic production of PGE2
which then stimulates the release of
neurotransmitters such as cyclic
adenosine monophosphate and increases
body temperature.[95]
Exogenous
Exogenous pyrogens are external to the

body and are of microbial origin. In
general, these pyrogens, including
bacterial cell wall products, may act on
Toll-like receptors in the hypothalamus
and elevate the thermoregulatory
setpoint.[96]
An example of a class of exogenous

pyrogens are bacterial lipopolysaccharides
(LPS) present in the cell wall of gram-
negative bacteria. According to one
mechanism of pyrogen action, an immune
system protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding
protein (LBP), binds to LPS, and the LBP–
LPS complex then binds to a CD14
receptor on a macrophage. The LBP-LPS
binding to CD14 results in cellular
synthesis and release of various
endogenous cytokines, e.g., interleukin 1
(IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). A further
downstream event is activation of the
arachidonic acid pathway.[97]
PGE2 release
PGE2 release comes from the arachidonic

acid pathway. This pathway (as it relates
to fever), is mediated by the enzymes
phospholipase A2 (PLA2),
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and
prostaglandin E2 synthase. These
enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis
and release of PGE2.
PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the

febrile response. The setpoint temperature
of the body will remain elevated until PGE2
is no longer present. PGE2 acts on
neurons in the preoptic area (POA) through
the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3). EP3-
expressing neurons in the POA innervate
the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the
rostral raphe pallidus nucleus in the
medulla oblongata (rRPa), and the
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the
hypothalamus. Fever signals sent to the
DMH and rRPa lead to stimulation of the
sympathetic output system, which evokes
non-shivering thermogenesis to produce
body heat and skin vasoconstriction to
decrease heat loss from the body surface.
It is presumed that the innervation from
the POA to the PVN mediates the
neuroendocrine effects of fever through
the pathway involving pituitary gland and
various endocrine organs.
Management
Fever does not necessarily need to be
treated,[98] and most people with a fever
recover without specific medical
attention.[99] Although it is unpleasant,
fever rarely rises to a dangerous level even
if untreated.[100] Damage to the brain
generally does not occur until
temperatures reach 42.0 °C (107.6 °F), and
it is rare for an untreated fever to exceed
40.6 °C (105.1 °F).[101] Treating fever in
people with sepsis does not affect
outcomes.[102] Small trials have shown no
benefit of treating fevers of 38.5 °C
(101.3 °F) or higher of critically ill patients
in ICUs, and one trial was terminated early
because patients receiving aggressive
fever treatment were dying more often.[19]
According to the NIH, the two

assumptions which are generally used to
argue in favor of treating fevers have not
been experimentally validated. These are
that (1) a fever is noxious, and (2)
suppression of a fever will reduce its
noxious effect. Most of the other studies
supporting the association of fever with
poorer outcomes have been observational
in nature. In theory, these critically ill
patients and those faced with additional
physiologic stress may benefit from fever
reduction, but the evidence on both sides
of the argument appears to be mostly
equivocal.[19]
Conservative measures
Limited evidence supports sponging or

bathing feverish children with tepid
water.[103] The use of a fan or air
conditioning may somewhat reduce the
temperature and increase comfort. If the
temperature reaches the extremely high
level of hyperpyrexia, aggressive cooling is
required (generally produced mechanically
via conduction by applying numerous ice
packs across most of the body or direct
submersion in ice water).[61] In general,
people are advised to keep adequately
hydrated.[104] Whether increased fluid
intake improves symptoms or shortens
respiratory illnesses such as the common
cold is not known.[105]
Medications
Medications that lower fevers are called

antipyretics.[106] The antipyretic ibuprofen
is effective in reducing fevers in
children.[107] It is more effective than
acetaminophen (paracetamol) in
children.[107] Ibuprofen and
acetaminophen may be safely used
together in children with fevers.[108][109]
The efficacy of acetaminophen by itself in
children with fevers has been
questioned.[110] Ibuprofen is also superior
to aspirin in children with fevers.[111]
Additionally, aspirin is not recommended
in children and young adults (those under
the age of 16 or 19 depending on the
country) due to the risk of Reye's
syndrome.[112]
Using both paracetamol and ibuprofen at

the same time or alternating between the
two is more effective at decreasing fever
than using only paracetamol or
ibuprofen.[113] It is not clear if it increases
child comfort.[113] Response or
nonresponse to medications does not
predict whether or not a child has a
serious illness.[114]
With respect to the effect of antipyretics

on the risk of death in those with infection,
studies have found mixed results as of
2019.[115] Animal models have found
worsened outcomes with the use of
antipyretics in influenza as of 2010 but
they have not been studied for this use in
humans.[116]
Epidemiology
Fever is one of the most common medical
signs.[2] It is part of about 30% of
healthcare visits by children,[2] and occurs
in up to 75% of adults who are seriously
sick.[11] About 5% of people who go to an
emergency room have a fever.[117]
History
A number of types of fever were known as
early as 460 BC to 370 BC when
Hippocrates was practicing medicine
including that due to malaria (tertian or
every 2 days and quartan or every 3
days).[118] It also became clear around this
time that fever was a symptom of disease
rather than a disease in and of itself.[118]
Infections presenting with fever were a

major source of mortality in humans for
about 200,000 years. Until the late
nineteenth century, approximately half of
all humans died from infections before the
age of fifteen.[119]
An older term, febricula (a diminutive form

of the Latin word for fever), was once used
to refer to a low-grade fever lasting only a
few days. This term fell out of use in the
early 20th century, and the symptoms it
referred to are now thought to have been
caused mainly by various minor viral
respiratory infections.[120]
Society and culture
Mythology
Febris
Febris (fever in Latin) is the goddess of

fever in Roman mythology. People with
fevers would visit her temples.
Tertiana and Quartana are the
goddesses of tertian and quartan fevers
of malaria in Roman mythology.[121]
Jvarasura (fever-demon in Hindi) is the

personification of fever and disease in
Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
Paediatrics
Fever is often viewed with greater concern

by parents and healthcare professionals
than might be deserved, a phenomenon
known as fever phobia,[2][122] which is
based in both caregiver's and parents'
misconceptions about fever in children.
Among them, many parents incorrectly
believe that fever is a disease rather than a
medical sign, that even low fevers are
harmful, and that any temperature even
briefly or slightly above the oversimplified
"normal" number marked on a
thermometer is a clinically significant
fever.[122] They are also afraid of harmless
side effects like febrile seizures and
dramatically overestimate the likelihood of
permanent damage from typical
fevers.[122] The underlying problem,
according to professor of pediatrics
Barton D. Schmitt, is that "as parents we
tend to suspect that our children's brains
may melt."[123] As a result of these
misconceptions parents are anxious, give
the child fever-reducing medicine when the
temperature is technically normal or only
slightly elevated, and interfere with the
child's sleep to give the child more
medicine.[122]
Other species
Fever is an important metric for the
diagnosis of disease in domestic animals.
The body temperature of animals, which is
taken rectally, is different from one
species to another. For example, a horse is
said to have a fever above 101 °F
(38.3 °C).[124] In species that allow the
body to have a wide range of "normal"
temperatures, such as camels,[125] whose
body temperature varies as the
environmental temperature varies,[126] the
body temperature which constitutes a
febrile state differs depending on the
environmental temperature.[127] Fever can
also be behaviorally induced by
invertebrates that do not have immune-
system based fever. For instance, some
species of grasshopper will
thermoregulate to achieve body
temperatures that are 2–5 °C higher than
normal in order to inhibit the growth of
fungal pathogens such as Beauveria
bassiana and Metarhizium acridum.[128]
Honeybee colonies are also able to induce
a fever in response to a fungal parasite
Ascosphaera apis.[128]
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tps://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1956.1
88.1.103) . PMID 13402948 (https://pubm
126. Leese A (March 1917). " "Tips" on camels,

for veterinary surgeons on active service"
(https://books.google.com/books?id=XcY
fAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA81) . The British
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127. Tefera M (July 2004). "Observations on
the clinical examination of the camel
(Camelus dromedarius) in the field".
Tropical Animal Health and Production. 36
(5): 435–49.
doi:10.1023/b:trop.0000035006.37928.cf
(https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fb%3Atrop.000
0035006.37928.cf) . PMID 15449833 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1544983
3) . S2CID 26358556 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:26358556) .
128. Thomas MB, Blanford S (July 2003).
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Further reading
Rhoades R, Pflanzer RG (1996). "Chapter
27: Regulation of Body Temperature
(Clinical Focus: Pathogenesis of Fever)".
Human Physiology (https://archive.org/
details/humanphysiology00rhoa)
(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders
College. ISBN 9780030051593.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Fever.
Fever and Taking Your Child's

Temperature (http://kidshealth.org/pare
nt/general/body/fever.html)
US National Institute of Health factsheet

(https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/e
ncy/article/003090.htm)
Drugs most commonly associated with

the adverse event Pyrexia (Fever) as
reported the FDA (http://www.drugcite.c
om/indi/?i=PYREXIA)
Fever (https://medlineplus.gov/fever.ht
ml) at MedlinePlus
Why are We So Afraid of Fevers? (http

s://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/wel
l/live/fever-benefits.html) at The New
York Times
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Fever&oldid=1180791658"
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21:27 (UTC). •
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Fever - Wikipedia

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Fever or pyrexia in humans is defined as

Other names Pyrexia, febrile

"The Sick Girl", 1882, National Gallery of

Specialty Infectious disease,

Symptoms Initially: shivering,

Complications Febrile seizure[4]

Causes Virus, bacteria,

Diagnostic method Temperature >

Differential diagnosis Hyperthermia[1]

Treatment Based on underlying

A fever can be caused by many medical

Treatment to reduce fever is generally not

Fever is one of the most common medical

Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal)

Temperature under the arm (axillary) is

In adults, the normal range of oral

Normal body temperatures vary depending

Hyperthermia is an elevation of body

Clinically, it is important to distinguish

Different fever patterns observed in Plasmodium infections

Continuous fever, where temperature

Intermittent fever is present only for a

Pel–Ebstein fever is a cyclic fever that is

Undulant fever, seen in brucellosis.

Typhoid fever is a continuous fever

Among the types of intermittent fever are

Quotidian fever, with a 24-hour

Tertian fever, with a 48-hour periodicity,

Quartan fever, with a 72-hour periodicity,

In addition, there is disagreement

Persistent fever that cannot be explained

Hyperpyrexia is an extreme elevation of

Infectious disease, e.g., COVID-19,[14]

Immunological diseases, e.g., relapsing

Tissue destruction, as a result of

Cancers, particularly blood cancers such

Metabolic disorders, e.g., gout, and

Inherited metabolic disorder, e.g., Fabry

In addition, fever can result from a reaction

Teething is not a cause of fever.[76]

Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. Normal body

Fever is thought to contribute to host

decreased endotoxin effects;[78]: 1029

Advantages and disadvantages

Having a fever response in response to an

Temperature is regulated in the

Increased heat production by increased

Prevention of heat loss, e.g., through

This contrasts with hyperthermia, in which

In infants, the autonomic nervous system

Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

A pyrogen is a substance that induces

The "pyrogenicity" of given pyrogens

Endogenous pyrogens are cytokines

Major endogenous pyrogens are

Of these, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 are able to

Exogenous pyrogens are external to the

An example of a class of exogenous

PGE2 release comes from the arachidonic

PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the

According to the NIH, the two

Limited evidence supports sponging or