Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear Fusion

. Splitting of a heavy nucleus . Combining two lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucle us.
into or more lighter nucler. Nuclear 1 1
→ 21 H +e + +v +0.42 (energy )
235 n1 141 92 n1 1H+ 1H
e.g ⇒ 92 U +0 → 56 Ba + 36 kr + 30 + 200Mev
Application
. Uncontrolled chain reaction: principle of atomic bank. Nuclear fussion is the source of energy in the sun and stars.
. Contralled chain reation: principle of nuclear reactors.
Fusion
Nuclear of an atom onsists of proton and
Nuclear Fission neutrons collectively called nucleons. Nuclei can be

. Isotoper (same Z but different A)

Representation . Isobars (same A but different Z)
. Isotores (same N but different A) discoverd by henri
Becquerel in 1896
zxA
A = mass number
z = Atomic number

Radio activity
Nuclear Force theory
. Nuclear force is a force which
holds the nucleons together. Phenomenon of Disintegrakon
of heavy elements into
n
comparatively lighter elements
Rodius of a nucleus by emission of α, β, & γ radiations.
R = R0 A 1/3 { R0 = 1-2fm}
Binding Energy of Nucleus
. Density of Nucleus (S)
⇒ B .E = Dmc 2
⇒ B .E = [zmp + (A - Z ) m n - m n ]c 2 Mass Mass of 1 nucleon × A α decay β− decay γ decay
=
Volume 4 1 . radiations are the two types
(Where, c is the speed of light π R 3 = π R 03A z γ -decay office an α or
3 2 helium nuclei. These
c = 3 × 108 m/sec) - decay, nucleus vibrates
. Nuclear density is constant its . For atomic number < 20, most are emitted as β + (positron) β (Electrons)
B .E with the energy shared
⇒ B .E per nucleon = value is nearly 2.38 × 1017 kg/m3 stable nuclei have n:p ratio A-4 A →0 β + A Y + ν by it and electromagnetic
No . of nucleons A 4 z X
z X → 2 He + z − 2 Y
nearly 1:1 −1 z+1 ↓
waves of very high
. Mass of nucleus is measured . For atomic number > 83, there (electron) (antineutrina)
Nuclear binding energy is maximum for α-particle frequency (α-radition) are
in atomic mass unit (u) or (amu) are no stable nuclei. (Product)
mass number 50-60. Daughter emitted
1 amu (or u) = 1/12 (mass of C12) atom . A nucleus is stable when its A
→ +01 β + zA− 1 Y + V
nuclei z X least ionizing power but
= 1.6 × 10-27 kg Binding energy per nucleus (nutrino)
(Position) highest penetrating power.
value is around 8 mev per . highest ionizing power
nucleon or more. but least penetrating . less ionizing power than α
. Mass defect
. Following are observations from power. -particle and moderate
The difference (∆m) between mars of
Binding energy per penetrating power.
constituent nucleons and nucleus is
called mass defect of nucleus. nucleon versus mass number cerve.
Mass and energy [∆m = sum of the masles of nucleons
. Mass m of a particle is equivalent ∆Ebn
- mass of nucleus]
to energy given by E = mc2 Law of radio activity
= {zmp + (A - Z)mn} – Mn
. Also known as rest mass energy.
− dn
4He = λn
dt
7Li N = n 0e - λ t
mean life or any life
Q-Value
56 z 1 T1/2
A+B - C + D + Energy τ = = = 1.44 T1/2
mA mB mc md λ 0.693
Reactants product + Q- Value . B.E. per nucleon is more for some
Fraction of nuclei left
Q value = B.E of product - B.E. OF reactants nuclei than their neighbours.
undcayed after n half
Q-value = [(mA + mB) - (mC + mD)] C2 This andicates a shell type structure
Half - life lives is
Q-value = [(k.EC + k.ED) -(K.EA + K.EB)] of nucleus. N t decay rate or activity
. B.E. per nucleon is around 8meV N N  1  1 t1 2
where N = 0 =  =  dn
FOR 30 ∠A ∠120, these are 2 N0  2   2 R=-
dt
stable elements. ln 2 0.693
T1 = = Where, t = nT1/2
2 λ λ R = λ N 0 e - λt or R = R 0 e - λt