AGENDA :

➢Introduction
➢Types of Voltage stability.
➢Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem.
➢Relationship between Voltage and Reactive power.
➢Ways to improve the stability of Voltage in networks.
Introduction

Voltage ratings of the various buses in the power

system which includes generating station buses,
switching substation buses, receiving substation
buses and distribution substation buses should
be within the permissible limits for satisfactory
operation of all electrical equipments.
Introduction

The task of voltage control is closely associated with

fluctuating load conditions and corresponding requirements of.
Therefore several methods are employed in power system to
keep the voltage levels within the desirable limits.
Voltage Collapse Following voltage instability, a power system
undergoes voltage collapse if the post-disturbance equilibrium voltages near
loads are below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse may be total (blackout)
or partial. Voltage security is the ability of a system, not only to operate
stably, but also to remain stable following credible contingencies or load
increases. Although voltage stability involves dynamics, power flow based
static analysis methods often serve the purpose of quick and approximate
analysis.
Types of Voltage stability:

1. Dynamic voltage stability is a fluctuation in the voltage resulting from the entry of fast-
acting devices such as Motors Induction or HVDC devices and the time available to
accommodate these Tremors in the range of 10-20 seconds, and this is classified as a
short term phenomenon.
2. Static Voltage stability if the change in voltage results from a slow change in the load or
as a result of a load Plus, for example, or a change in Tap Changing Transformers , in
these cases we will have time of about Several minutes to deal with the long term
phenomenon.
 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem
To study this type of stability, we always need to study some types of curves, the most
important of which are V-Q and V-P . To study this topic, we start with a small system,
as in Figure 1

The value of the effective power transmitted through this line that will reach the load,
as well as the connecting Reactive Power For pregnancy, they will be equal,
respectively:
By solving the previous two equations in search of the value of VR, which is the value of the voltage on the load, we
obtain the equation:
This equation has two solutions, and this is clear from drawing the V-P curve in 1 which is
called in most References with curve nose. Meaning that for every value of the power
connecting the load (the wither it is Load1 or Load2 )We will have two values for the expected
voltage at the load side, one of which is in the upper part of The curve and the other in the
lower part.
 From the previous equation we arrive at:

From this relationship, it is possible to draw a curve representing the relationship between VR
and Q, as in Figure:
From which it is clear that any decrease in the values of Q available from the source will be accompanied by a
decrease in the value The voltage supplied to the loads can also cause collapse voltage.
The curve in Figure in below represents several levels of load, and the previous relationship between voltage appears
And the Q available from the source, from which it becomes clear that the voltage increases with the increase in the
value of the Q available from the source And it decreases with its decrease when the value of P remains constant,
and the problem always lies in the occurrence of a critical decrease in P. Unavailable from the source, meaning the
inability of the supply to provide the required Q while the effective drawn capacity remains constant Then a collapse
of voltage will inevitably occur. Compare this with the relationship curves between the Active Power and voltage
previously, in which we saw that the collapse of voltage occurs with an increase in the load for P.
Figure in below, summarizes the role of the Q, which we control using capacitors C or coils L in order to control
In fixing the value of the voltage V.

The previous equation has a simplified form as follows:

Where Qr=Qs-QL
Where From it, several concepts can be derived:

1. If QS = QL then 0 = Qr and Vr = Vs
2. If QS > QL then + = Qr and Vr > Vs
3. If QS < QL then - = Qr and Vr < Vs

From it, several conceptsb can be derived :

• The first case represents the typical situation
• The second case represents a situation where what is required is more than what
is available, and this represents the reality during the day and results from it
Voltage Dip occurs.
• The third case represents the case that what is required is less than what is
available, and this represents the reality during the night and its consequences
Ferranti Effect occurs, i.e. the voltage at the load rises and becomes higher than
the voltage at the source.
 Ways to improve the stability of Voltage in networks:
• First in high voltage networks:
1. Changing the Exciter feed to the generating units in service, which leads to an increase or
decrease Ineffective power generated.
2. Separating and connecting the reactors to the network with a voltage of 500 kV. There are
seven capacitive resistors in Egypt. Unit/MVAR 165: Two units in the High Dam - two units
in Nag Hammadi - three units in Samalution.
3. Operating synchronous condensers (as in the 500 kV Cairo transformer station, where
there are 3 capacity units). )65 MVAR/Unit.
4. Adjusting voltage converters in transformer stations 500/220 – 220/66 kV.
5. The Changer Tap is used to raise and lower the voltage in transformers with a voltage of
66/11 kV.
 6. Use the Compensation Capacitive Series as in the diagram Figure 29- 19. Note the Curve Q-P of the generator:
Adding any new Q will help feed a new additional P at Same power factor.
7. Use tools that help Dynamic Voltage support by using The Dynamic Reactive Power Support is clear and the
result in figure below :
 Second: in medium and low voltage :
This is done in several ways, including:
1. Use of fixed capacitors: one or more units of capacitors are used, connected directly and
continuously on the distribution rails Main to give a fixed level of compensation for
ineffective power.
2. Automatic capacitors. However, determining the use of either of the previous two
methods and avoiding the possibility of problems occurring when connecting capacitors
to the network with no loads depends on both the capacity of the distribution transformer
and the capacity of the capacitors according to the following rule: The use of automatic
capacitor batteries: They are used in most places where the rate of change in both active
and passive capacity is relatively large as a result of changing loads, and the use of fixed
capacitors is more economical and technically simpler than batteries. if it was
(Qc/Sn)<= 15%, then a fixed capacitor can be used . Otherwise it is enough (Qc/Sn)> 15%,
Then the automatic capacitor batteries can be used where
Qc: Capacity of capacitors (KVAR) .
Sn: Distribution transformer capacity (KVA).
3- Load shedding. If none of the previous methods are possible, there will be no solution to
maintain voltage stability as loads increase and the operating point approaches the edge of
the Nose Curve except by disconnecting some of the loads or what is known as With Load
Shedding .
4- Redistribution of loads There is a fifth solution, but it is a slow-term solution, and its idea
is to redistribute loads within the network to reduce pressure on heavily loaded distributors or
transformers, which is called Network Reconfiguration.
5- Other solutions Of course, there are other solutions, such as making a mixture of two or
three of the previous solutions together, such as using DG capacitors for example.