1.

Introduction

Geographically, archipelago of Indonesia is located in between 6° LU and 110 LS, 95°

ST and 141° ST and located in collision three crust plate, that is plate of Eurasia, Pacific
plate, and Australian India plate.
Geologisly, archipelago of Indonesia is located in crossing of two (2) especial earthquake
line, that is earthquake line of Circum Pacific and earthquake line of Alpide Trarisasiatic.
In consequence, the archipelago of Indonesia is located in area having earthquake activity
high enough.

At the last some years, the natural disaster caused by earthquake more and more often
happened in Indonesia. Cannot be forgotten the earthquake in Sea of Flores 12
December 1992 ( M5=7,5), Float 16 Februari 1994 ( M5=7,2), Banyuwangi 3 June 1994,
Bengkulu 4 June 2000, Island of Alor 24 October - 15 November 2004 ( M5=7,3),
Nabire 6 February 2004 ( M3=6,9) and 26 November 2004 ( M=6,4), will effect to
mortality and financial loss big enough.
Last earthquake happened at 26 December 2004 with earthquake center in west offshore
of Nangroe Acheh Darussalam Province ( Ms=8,9).
The earthquake have aroused Tsunami wave which impact in Asian state with amount of
mortality more than 80.000
The root cause disaster and damage of environment is inertia force generated by
earthquake convulsion and cause to topple buildings which is designed without
earthquake. Whereas other effect of earthquake are:
a) Tsunami which breaking and sweeping away the light buildings around the beach.
b) Change of geology structure to illustrate the degradation and liquefaction process.
c) Slide in hilly area.

Based on the type damage caused by earthquake, which at most generating mortality is
tsunami and inertia forces generated by earthquake. Referring to above mentioned
description, hence to overcome caused by earthquake and other effects of earthquake,
require to be compiled a guide controlling technique of earthquake disaster in Indonesia.
Included in review of Map of Earthquake Zone which have been used by various
institution in Indonesia for infrastructure design with earthquake resistance.

2. Map of Earthquake Zone

Based on the analysis result of earthquakes data during 100 last perception year, can be
compiled map of earthquake zone included the frequency earthquake occurence and
value of earthquake scale according to the earthquake zone.
Map of Earthquake Zone is map to illustrate the level of earthquake coefficient at one
particular area matching with its earthquake level.
For planning and infrastructure design in Indonesia, have been compiled Map of
Earthquake Zone by applying creep function of earthquake wave Fukushima and of
Tanaka ( 1990):

log PHA = 0.41 Ms − log r + 0.030 x100.41Ms )− 0.0033 + 1.28

also Joyner and Boore (1993):

logY = b1 + b2 (M − 6 )+ b3 (M − 6)2 + b4 r + b5 log(r) + b6 GB + b7 GC

r = √(d + h2)
where:
PHA = maximum acceleration of horizontal earthquake (gals),
Ms = magnitudo,
b1 = -0,105; b2 = 0,229; b3 =0; b4 = 0 ; b5 = -0,778 ; b6 = 0,162; b7 = 0,251
d, Δ = epicenter distance(km),
h = earthquake deepness, taken 30 km.
r = minimum hypocenter distance.

Table 1, Class of rock depending on creep velocity of rock shear waving

Class of Rock Vs (m/s) in 30 m deepness GB GC

A - Solid > 750 0 0
B - Medium 360 - 750 1 0
C - Soft 180 - 360 0 1
For the cartography of Indonesia Zone Map used by rock of C-class because rock in
Indonesia is included in soft rock generally.
In cartography, source of earthquake at subduction zone is obtained by using occurence
of earthquake data for interval of M = 4,5; M = 5,5; M= 6,5; M 7,5 perceived by during
100 perception year. Active fault data which used for the analysis of earthquake risk
consist of 14 segment for Sumatra, 2 segment for Java and 8 segment for Papua.

Hereinafter, calculation done by various important co-ordinate in region Sumatra, Java,

Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Timor Timur, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya, to get
map of contour of maximum earthquake acceleration may become on the ground surface
or bedrock for return period of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 year.
Result of calculation for each co-ordinate in the map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone
yielded still in the form of maximum earthquake acceleration which not yet been
corrected by influence of local rock type. For application in the design of structure
against earthquake still require to correct by influence of local rock type by use the
following equation:

ad = v x ag
where :
v = correction factor of local rock layer type
ag = acceleration of maximum earthquake from result of calculation at the
co-ordinate and return period certainly.

To facilitate usage, have been compiled the Map Of Indonesia Earthquake Zone as a
basis map for design of structure against earthquake . This map is obtained by applying
the value of maximum earthquake acceleration on the ground surface for all co-ordinate
of analysed islands with return period of T = 10, 20. 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and
10000 year. In analysis as acceleration of basis earthquake is used the value of maximum
earthquake acceleration on the ground surface of Jakarta town residing in co-ordinate of
06,8° Bt and 5,8° LS.

Result of analysis illustrated in 2 Map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone and presented at

Figure 2 and 3. Figure 2 representing result of analysis by using the equation of
earthquake waving creep of Fukushima and of Tanaka ( 1990), while the Fogure 3
representing result of analysis by use the equation of earthquake waving creep of Joyner
Boore den ( 1993).

The map at Figure 2 yielding the value of acceleration for earthquake coefficient more
than ( 10—15%) compared the value of acceleration for earthquake coefficient by
utilizing map at Figure 3 for the same zone

Therefore suggested to use Map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone as shown on Figure 2

because assigning the value of acceleration for earthquake coefficient which is
conservative and safe but in moderation to result of design
3. Way of Usage of Indonesia Earthquake Zone Map

1). In the map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone at Figures 2 and 3, Unity State Republic
Of Indonesia region divided into 6 Earthquake Zone of A, B, C, D, E and F.
Division is conducted by paying attention condition of the level of earthquake scale
which possible happened. Beside that, at the map is also given the contour lines of
earthquake zone coefficient.
2). Design Earthquake Acceleration for a structure at the location in Indonesia can be
obtained beforehand to determine the co-ordinate of planning structure location in
map to get the earthquake zone coefficient, Z. Z can be obtained directly from the
earthquake zone coefficient contour or can be determined also from gyration
( average value or maximum) of earthquake zone coefficient which as described at
tables of zone coefficient at the map.
3). Determining the value of basis earthquake acceleration ( g) according to the return
period T ( year) which is required in the design criteria for structure.
4). Determining the rock type in planning structure location to get the value of
predominant period, Ts and than the correction factor value of rock type, V which is
matching to the rock type in design location. To determine the rock type, use the
result of geotechnical investigation (Standard Penetration Test, SPT or Geophysic).

As guidance, the value of predominant period can be calculated by using the

following equation:

Ts = 1,25 Tp

Tp =

with vs is calculated by using the equation below, or tested in laboratory by use the
resonant column test, or field test.

vs = 100 N1/3 for cohesive soil,

vs = 80 N1/3 for non-cohesive soil

where:

Tp : predominant period for each layer of soil with small strain (second),
Hi : thickness of layer no.i (m),
vsi : creep velocity of shear waving at the soil layer no.i (m/second),
N : value of Standard Penetration Test (SPT),
n : number of layer.
5). Calculate the earthquake acceleration corrected a d by using the formula ad = Z. a c.v,
while earthquake coefficient of k = ac/g with g = acceleration of gravity. This
coefficient value of earthquake acceleration which must be used for the stability and
structural calculation of structure against earthquake.
4. Tsunami Wave

Like have been explained in former description, Tsunami wave caused by earthquake is
the next (following) danger able to break and sweeping away buildings ashore. Relate to
potency of Tsunami disaster, at Figure 4 is illustrated the Map of Indonesia Tsunami
Zone. The map is compiled by paying attention location an area in bearing to opportunity
the happening of Tsunami caused by earthquake with earthquake return period of 100
year. In map, Regional of Indonesia divided into 5 Disaster of Tsunami Anxious Zone
compiled pursuant to the analysis data collected till year 1996.
The map will be immediately innovated as according to the newest data of Earthquake
and Tsunami.

To decrease the danger caused by the energy of Tsunami wave, for the development of
areas residing in zone 1,2,3 and 4 suggested that placing of settlement at the higher farm
than boundary of safety elevation. The safety elevation is:

Safety elevation = Mean water sea level + Design of Tsunami creep high

If with certain reason at the area of Tsunami anxious require to be built an infrastructure
which is located ashore, hence the building and its facilities and also each element to be
designed safe from the design high of Tsunami wave according to Danger Zone of
Tsunami for the area.

To lessen the danger of Tsunami, at the developed area require to provide with the
following alternative facilities:

1). Green belt around the beach

The grove fence is suggested to be planted at distance of ± 100 m from coastal

edge, distance between tree is about 1~1,5 m .The next distance of green-belt line
is about 50 m, the trees are planted randomly. The crop type is parrenial crop with
able to grow in coastal environment.

2) To construct the Dyke against Tsunami creep

Based on the result of physical model test in laboratory can know that with the
dyke high of 2 ~ 3 m parallel with coastal edge at 75 ~ 100 m distance, and
coastal edge can arrest the creep of Tsunami wave of 4 m high with small
overflow.
5. Conclusion

In development of Map of this Indonesia Earthquake Zone have analysed by

considering the happening of earthquake with various return period between 10
to10.000 year. This matter give amenity in usage for all structure type, hydraulic
structure( barrage, dam etcetera), building, bridge and road, and also sea and
airport.
Beside the excess, in compilation of map have also been used the data of active
fault and recorded data of earthquake happened at subduction zone in the range of
1900 – 2002 year. Based on that result of the analysis can be phrased that
developed Map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone expected not left behind till more
less 10 year later.
Result of comparison analysis to maps of former earthquake zone show that
developed Map of Indonesia Earthquake Zone assign value of maximum
earthquake acceleration in the moderating bedrock. This matter can be interpreted
that usage of the map for design will not yield under design or over design.
But require to be understood that empirical formula which used to determining
acceleration of maximum earthquake on the ground surface or bedrock still come
to the condition of earthquake in Japan and United States. This matter to be done
because there is no formula to the condition of earthquake in Indonesia. If amount
of accelerograph in Indonesia have quite a lot, hence the empirical formula which
needed to determine acceleration of maximum earthquake on the ground surface
or bedrock can be formulated based on the actual condition in Indonesia and Map
of Indonesia Earthquake Zone can be completed.