Socio - Current Affairs (Mains2023)

SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL
CURRENT AFFAIRS
(Important Articles for Mains)
Raj Rai Sir

SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL Current Affairs (IMPORTANT ARTICLES FOR MAINS)
1. Marriage Equality in India

A Road Map for Inclusive Lawyering, Activism, and Policymaking
• India may become the second Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage if the Supreme Court favors the petitioners
in the ongoing trials. This controversial issue has seen limited political discourse in recent years, with the ruling National
Democratic Alliance (NDA) consistently opposing marriage equality. The government argues that marriage is between
a “biological” man and woman, and any change should be left to the legislature.
• The trial involves various parties, including same-sex couples, rights activists, transgender and intersex individuals, and
state-level child protection bodies, supporting the right to marriage equality. On the other side, religious groups, the
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, and some state governments oppose the petitioners’ claims.
• The core question before the Supreme Court is whether existing civil marriage laws discriminate based on biological
sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity and whether such discrimination is constitutionally prohibited. This
determination will impact various constitutional and legal issues, including the rights of transgender and intersex
individuals, family structure, socio-economic rights, social recognition, and the intersection of civil and personal laws.
• Possible outcomes are uncertain, with potential compromises, alternative family structures, or even civil partnerships
being considered. Regardless of the judgment, activists and policymakers need to focus on the substance of the
constitutional right to marriage equality, ensuring it benefits a broader spectrum of the LGBTIQ+ community beyond
privileged, cisgender, middle-class individuals.
• The ongoing struggle for formal marriage equality may not address all the challenges faced by diverse LGBTIQ+ groups,
including issues related to housing, employment, healthcare, violence, and discrimination. Legislative reforms must
address issues like honor crimes, conversion therapy, domestic violence, and the criminal justice system’s treatment of
LGBTIQ+ individuals.
In conclusion, while a Supreme Court ruling in favor of marriage equality in India could be a significant step, achieving
full equality and inclusion requires a more comprehensive, grassroots-level approach involving systemic legislative
reforms, public consultation, and ongoing research into the challenges faced by LGBTIQ+ individuals and families.
2. A Welcome Change in Legal Language

• Supreme Court’s Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes emphasizes the significance of using appropriate
language in judicial decisions. The handbook underscores that judges’ language can reinforce outdated societal
stereotypes and undermine an individual’s dignity and individuality before the Court. Language also reflects a judge’s
perception of society.
• The handbook identifies prevalent stereotypes, particularly against women, that judges and the legal community should
avoid in judicial decision-making. It recommends gender-just terms, advocating for the use of neutral language, such
as “woman” instead of derogatory terms like “slut” or “whore.”
• Furthermore, the handbook extends beyond women to address gender-unjust terms for all genders. It suggests
replacing terms like “biological sex” with “sex assigned at birth” and encourages more inclusive language. For example,
it recommends using “child who has been trafficked” instead of “child prostitute.”
Raj Rai Sir 2|Page

• The handbook challenges stereotypes related to marriage, parenthood, and gender roles. It clarifies that marriage and
parenthood are individual choices and not universally desired by all women. It criticizes gendered expectations that
burden women with both career responsibilities and domestic chores.
• The handbook cites instances where the court’s reasoning unintentionally reinforced gender biases. It highlights the
need for judges to use language that promotes gender equality and challenges deeply ingrained stereotypes.
While the handbook is a commendable initiative by the Supreme Court, its long-term impact on societal change remains
uncertain. It remains to be seen whether the recommended changes in language will gradually permeate society and
lead to lasting transformations in attitudes and perceptions.
3. Elderly Abuse
• Elder abuse, defined by the World Health Organization as harmful actions or neglect towards elderly individuals within
a trust-based relationship, is a global issue affecting approximately 16% of the elderly population worldwide. India is no
exception, experiencing a rise in elder abuse, primarily involving physical, psychological, and neglectful mistreatment.
• This problem persists due to the absence of clear policies, laws, or support programs to deter abusers. Reports indicate
that elder abuse cases are increasing, with sons and daughters-in-law being common perpetrators. The prevalent forms
of abuse include disrespect, verbal abuse, and neglect, with higher rates among those aged 80 and above and those
with limited economic resources and education.
• The growing elderly population in India is likely to exacerbate the issue. The fastest-growing demographic group is
individuals aged 60 and above, leading to an urgent need to address elder abuse.
• While the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act of 2007 was a significant step in
elder care, it inadequately addresses elder abuse, primarily focusing on neglect. Amendments to this act, proposed in
the MWPSC (Amendment) Bill, 2019, aim to address elder abuse more effectively. However, this bill has not yet been
passed.
• States and union territories in India have been slow to create policies or legal frameworks to combat elder abuse. Odisha
is an exception, having implemented the Odisha State Policy for Senior Citizens in 2016, which focuses on reporting,
recording, and taking action against abusers. It also promotes awareness programs and provides support in domestic
and institutional settings.
• To effectively combat elder abuse, India needs a federal law, such as the “Prohibition of Elder Abuse Act,” which holds
perpetrators accountable for various forms of abuse. This act should also empower local self-governing institutions to
address elder abuse complaints.
The key requirements for elderly individuals include economic protection through social insurance and assistance and
personal safety and protection against abuse. The proposed law aims to reinforce social security rights for the elderly,
considering the challenges posed by modern societal changes like migration and family structure disintegration.
The above idea can be summarized in following points
1. Elder Abuse Prevalence: Globally, about 16% of elderly individuals suffer abuse, with India experiencing a
significant rise in such cases, including physical, psychological, and neglectful mistreatment.
2. Rising Elder Abuse in India: India is witnessing a surge in elder abuse, particularly affecting its elderly population.
Cases of physical abuse, psychological mistreatment, and neglect are on the rise.
Raj Rai Sir 3|Page

3. Lack of Deterrent Policies: Elder abuse in India is escalating due to the absence of clear policies, laws, or support
programs to deter abusers. This lack of legal framework contributes to the growing issue.
4. Common Perpetrators: Elderly individuals in India face abuse mainly from their sons (52%) and daughters-in-law
(34%). Common forms of abuse include disrespect (56%), verbal abuse (49%), and neglect (33%).
5. High-Risk Groups: The elderly population aged 80 and above, as well as those with limited economic resources
and education, are at a higher risk of elder abuse in India.
6. Growing Elderly Population: India’s elderly population, especially those aged 60 and above, is rapidly expanding.
This demographic shift highlights the pressing need to address elder abuse effectively.
7. Limitations of the MWPSC Act: The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act of
2007, while a significant step, inadequately addresses elder abuse, primarily focusing on neglect.
8. Proposed Amendments: The MWPSC (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to address elder abuse more
comprehensively by proposing amendments. However, the bill has not been passed in Parliament yet.
9. State Initiatives: Odisha stands out as the only state in India to address elder abuse through the Odisha State
Policy for Senior Citizens 2016. It aims to develop a comprehensive system to report and combat abuse.
10. Reinforcing Social Security: To combat elder abuse effectively, India needs a federal law, such as the “Prohibition
of Elder Abuse Act,” to hold perpetrators accountable and reinforce social security rights for the elderly in light of
modern societal challenges.
4. Compensation for Victims of

Oral Polio Vaccine-Induced Polio Disease
1. UK Model for Compensation: Advocating for compensation to victims of oral polio vaccine (OPV)-induced polio
disease, drawing parallels with the UK government’s compensation for HIV and hepatitis patients infected through
tainted blood during the 1970s and 1980s.
2. Author’s Background: The author, appointed as Rajasthan state coordinator for the polio eradication program,
has actively observed and engaged in the National Polio Surveillance Project.
3. Long-Standing Concern: Since 2005, the author has been highlighting the issue of compensation for children who
developed polio disease due to OPV failure or vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). The government
has consistently rejected compensation requests.
4. Legal Liability: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, should be held liable for
compensating children with disabilities resulting from OPV administered under the National Polio Eradication
Programme.
5. Historical Context: The World Health Assembly’s 1988 resolution emphasized OPV for global polio eradication,
even though scientific evidence acknowledged VAPP as a potential side effect.
6. Inadequate Compensation: Neither the World Health Assembly nor WHO considered compensating children who
developed polio due to vaccine failure or VAPP during the program.
7. UK Compensation Case: In the UK, thousands who contracted HIV or hepatitis from tainted blood in the 1970s
and 1980s will receive £100,000 in compensation, setting a precedent for addressing vaccine-related harm.
8. Ethical Concerns: The victims of VAPP deserve compensation due to ethical concerns surrounding the polio
eradication program’s implementation.
Raj Rai Sir 4|Page

9. Lack of Informed Consent: Informed consent was not obtained from parents or caretakers for child participants,
violating ethical medical standards.
10. Coercion and False Claims: Coercion was used, and false claims regarding the effectiveness and safety of OPV
were made, jeopardizing the well-being of children participating in the program.
5. Land Subsidence and

the Sinking City Dynamics in Joshimath
1. Background: Joshimath, a town in Uttarakhand, has garnered attention due to houses sinking and cracking, leading
to city evacuation. This problem results from excessive infrastructure development for tourism, surpassing the
region’s carrying capacity.
2. Significance of Joshimath: Joshimath holds strategic importance as a gateway to pilgrimage sites, cultural
heritage, and geopolitical significance. It is renowned for natural beauty, pilgrimage sites, adventure sports, and
wildlife reserves.
3. Tourism-Carrying Capacity (TCC): TCC represents the maximum tourists a destination can accommodate without
damaging its resources. Balancing tourism development and environmental conservation is crucial for sustainable
tourism.
4. TCC Assessment in Joshimath: Uttarakhand’s increasing tourism poses infrastructure and environmental
challenges. The rise in tourism numbers has strained infrastructure and triggered environmental concerns, such as
land sinking.
5. Causes of Land Sinking: Land subsidence in Joshimath is attributed to natural factors (tectonic activity,
earthquakes) and human-induced factors (uncontrolled construction, unsustainable groundwater extraction).
Infrastructure projects and poor waste management also contribute.
6. Urgent Concerns: The town’s vulnerability to subsidence is exacerbated by human activities like obstructing natural
drainage and lacking sewage systems. Urgent intervention is needed to protect infrastructure and the ecosystem.
7. Conclusions and Recommendations: Sustainable tourism practices, regulation of activities, improved
infrastructure and services, and involving local communities are recommended to ensure sustainable tourism
development. Balancing tourism and environmental preservation is crucial for Joshimath’s future.
In Summary: Joshimath’s sinking and cracking houses result from unsustainable tourism development, highlighting
the need for sustainable practices, regulation, infrastructure improvement, and community involvement to ensure its
long-term viability.
6. Exploring Alternative Stratification Variables

for Sampling of Households in the PLFS
1. Background: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) provides employment-unemployment statistics for both
rural and urban areas annually, with quarterly estimates for urban areas. Households in the survey are selected
through stratification. This article examines alternative stratification variables for the PLFS and assesses the
allocation of sample households in different strata.
2. Comparability Concerns: Critics questioned the comparability of PLFS results with previous Employment-
Unemployment Survey (EUS) results due to the change in the stratification variable. PLFS used the number of
household members with secondary education instead of an income-based criterion.
Raj Rai Sir 5|Page
3. Methodology: PLFS employs a stratified multistage design, selecting first-stage units (villages and urban blocks)
and households. Strata are formed based on the number of household members with secondary or higher
education. The article assesses sample allocations using both proportional and optimum allocation methods.
4. Sample Size and Allocation: Sample allocations based on both methods are similar, but differences emerge for
rural areas. Suggested allocations allocate more households to strata with no members with secondary education.
5. Alternative Stratification Variables: The article explores alternative stratification variables that may correlate
better with PLFS study variables. Variables considered include education levels, literacy, household size, age
groups, and youth not attending educational institutions.
6. Correlation Analysis: Correlation coefficients (r) between the study variables and alternative stratification variables
are examined. Variables representing the number of household members in the age group of 15 years and above
(K) and the number of members in the age group of 15-59 years (L) show significant correlations.
7. Heterogeneity Assessment: The study evaluates strata formed based on alternative stratification variables for
heterogeneity by analyzing differences in stratum means for the average number of employed and unemployed
individuals per household.
8. In Conclusion, it can be said that the analysis suggests that using either K or L as the stratification variable may
improve the sampling of households in the PLFS compared to the existing variable, M (number of members with
secondary or higher education). The article recommends reallocating sample households accordingly.
7. Protecting Employees’ Personal Data:

Analyzing India’s Digital Data Protection Bill, 2022
• India’s Digital Data Protection Bill, 2022, has sparked concerns regarding its potential impact on employee data
protection. The bill, which has since become the Digital Data Protection Act, 2023, is criticized for diluting privacy
provisions and introducing “deemed consent” for employment purposes. This article analyzes the implications of the bill
from an employment perspective, focusing on Section 8(7) and its consequences for gig economy workers. It also
highlights the risks associated with the extensive access employers have to employee data on government websites
and the need for stronger safeguards. The article argues that the bill’s provisions raise questions about informed
consent, data minimization, and privacy, especially in the context of the gig economy, and calls for revisions to better
protect employees’ personal data and ensure greater accountability for data fiduciaries.
• The article discusses India’s Digital Data Protection Bill, 2022, and its implications for protecting employees’ personal
data. While the bill has now become the Digital Data Protection Act, 2023, the concerns raised in the article are still
relevant. The author analyzes the bill from an employment perspective, highlighting the provision of deemed consent
for employment purposes, which raises questions about data privacy and accountability. The article also addresses
concerns about data mining practices, especially in the gig economy, and the potential exploitation of workers.
• The Digital Data Protection Bill defines personal data and introduces the concepts of data principals and data fiduciaries.
While it emphasizes the importance of seeking consent for data processing, it also includes Section 8(7), which exempts
consent requirements for most employment purposes, leading to ambiguity and potential misuse of employee data.
• The article argues that this exemption violates key principles of informed consent and data minimization. It expresses
concerns about data collection and processing practices, particularly in the gig economy, where personal data is
extensively used for profiling and management control, potentially putting gig workers at a disadvantage.
Raj Rai Sir 6|Page

• Furthermore, the article criticizes the bill for diluting privacy provisions compared to previous drafts. It provides examples
of government websites lacking safeguards to protect employees’ data privacy, which could lead to identity theft and
other security risks.
• The author also discusses the issue of employer access to the Employees’ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO)
website, which raises concerns about potential misuse of employee data for background verification.
In conclusion, the article argues that India’s Digital Data Protection Bill, 2022, poses significant risks to employees’
personal data and raises concerns about data mining practices and privacy in the gig economy. To address these
issues, the author calls for stronger provisions to protect employees’ personal data and ensure accountability for data
fiduciaries.
8. From 25 Years Ago:

Mahbub-Ul-Haq and Human Development: A Tribute
• Mahbub ul Haq’s profound belief in human potential and purpose is encapsulated in his closing statement: “Human
destiny is a choice, not a chance.’’ He worked tirelessly throughout his life with this conviction until his passing in
1998.
• Born in 1934 in pre-partition India, Mahbub ul Haq was an economist, politician, diplomat, and advocate. His educational
journey took him from Lahore to Cambridge and Yale, where he formed lifelong friendships with notable figures like
Amartya Sen and Manmohan Singh. Haq’s association with Indian economists, politicians, and media professionals
was extensive.
• Haq’s legacy is most prominently linked to his contribution to the concept of ‘human development,’ particularly in South
Asia. His career began at Pakistan’s Planning Commission and evolved as he gained government experience and
international exposure. Haq’s pivotal work on human development is outlined in his book “The Poverty Curtain” (1976),
which laid the foundation for his later work.
• During his tenure at the World Bank from 1970 to 1982, Haq played a significant role in shaping the institution’s annual
publication, the World Development Report. Upon his return to Pakistan in 1982, he held various ministerial positions
and attempted to establish economic connections with India while also contributing to Pakistan’s nuclear program.
Despite facing criticism for certain decisions during his tenure, Haq emphasized his contributions to the human
development agenda.
• In 1989, Haq relocated to New York and became a special advisor to the UNDP administrator. He established the
Human Development Report Office, responsible for producing the annual Human Development Report (HDR). The
HDR garnered unprecedented attention and controversy, largely attributed to Haq’s efforts.
In conclusion, Mahbub ul Haq’s enduring legacy is tied to his dedication to the concept of human development, his
influential role at the World Bank, and his pioneering work on the Human Development Report. His commitment to fostering
a better understanding of human potential and choice in shaping destiny remains a lasting tribute to his life’s work.
Raj Rai Sir 7|Page


Green Revolution: Halting in Mid–Track?
• The ‘Green Revolution,’ once celebrated for its promise of agricultural abundance, now faces doubts and concerns.
Recent droughts and food shortages have cast shadows over the initial optimism. Studies addressing ‘second
generation’ problems of the Green Revolution have highlighted issues related to income distribution and cautioned that
these problems might impede its progress.
• More recent concerns have arisen regarding the high-yield potential of new seeds, particularly in the context of high-
yielding variety (HYV) wheat in Punjab and Haryana, where yields have declined. The Punjab Government has initiated
investigations into these issues.
• Initially, some dismissed reports of declining wheat yield as attempts to hide either rich farmers’ reluctance to share
surpluses or the government’s failure to meet procurement targets. These suspicions coincided with controversies
surrounding the state takeover of wheat trade. It’s acknowledged that not all studies showing a decline in wheat yields
are trustworthy, as some rely on limited data.
• If the decline in wheat yields is genuine, it could have serious consequences. However, if it’s a result of faulty estimates
or political motivations, the concerns may be less significant.
10. Justice, Awaited

• The book “Syed Mahmood: Colonial India’s Dissenting Judge” is reviewed, focusing on the biography of Justice
Syed Mahmood (1850---1903). The authors were inspired by the Prime Minister’s call to study lesser-known national
heroes as India approached 75 years of independence. Justice Mahmood, the son of the founder of Aligarh Muslim
University (AMU), is a significant subject for exploration due to his diverse achievements, including being colonial India’s
youngest, first native, and Muslim high court judge.
• The review lauds the book for highlighting Justice Mahmood’s accomplishments, including his significant judgments,
contributions to the legal profession, and role in education. It also emphasizes his dissenting opinions, which were
eventually adopted by the Supreme Court of India, and his “litigant-friendly” approach to jurisprudence.
• However, the review criticizes the biography for failing to provide a more critical and contextualized account of Justice
Mahmood’s life. It points out the omission of crucial details, such as his resignation from judicial office, his alleged
addiction to alcohol, and his work habits. The review also highlights the need for a more in-depth exploration of his
personal life, including his marital relationship and his interactions with his father beyond the mentor-mentee dynamic.
In conclusion, the review suggests that a more thorough and critical examination of Justice Mahmood’s life is still
awaited, despite the book’s contribution to highlighting his achievements and contributions.
11. A New Touchstone for Kinship and Queer Studies

• Vaibhav Saria’s ethnographic study, “Hijras, Lovers, Brothers: Surviving Sex and Poverty in Rural India,”
explores the lives of hijras in South Asia, offering a rich and nuanced perspective on their experiences. The study is
driven by the author’s desire to understand how hijras navigate their lives and desires amidst the backdrop of the AIDS
epidemic, stigma, and fear. Saria delves into the intricacies of hijra life, providing a compelling narrative filled with
theoretical insights and methodological innovations.
Raj Rai Sir 8|Page
• The study challenges prevailing global discourses on HIV prevention, health, and human rights, focusing instead on the
everyday experiences of hijras, including laughter, kinship, struggles, and desires. Saria’s work not only contributes to
anthropological and sociological discussions but also serves as a precedent for articulating ideas and concepts related
to queer sexuality.
• Saria conducted extensive fieldwork over 24 months, including 16 months of living with hijras in impoverished districts
of India. This immersive approach allowed the author to capture the rhythm and essence of hijra life intimately, blurring
the lines between observer and participant. The book is structured into five chapters, each delving into different aspects
of hijra life, from love and kinship to economic activities and sexual transactions.
• Methodologically, Saria employs an “empathetic anthropology” that incorporates first-person narratives and empathetic
language. This approach facilitates a deep understanding of hijras’ lives and experiences, emphasizing the importance
of being with them rather than observing from a distance. Additionally, Saria brings both an insider’s and an outsider’s
perspective, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of hijra life.
• The study challenges conventional kinship models, focusing on hijras’ relationships with their “brothers” rather than
fathers. Saria examines how these relationships evolve over time, encompassing tenderness, transformation, and
material desires. The disputes over land and property highlight the significance of kinship in hijra life.
• Saria also sheds light on hijras’ experiences with begging and their linguistic approach to it. Begging is viewed as a
form of claiming their rights, and the author questions the state’s role in pushing hijras into further vulnerability rather
than destigmatizing them.
• The book delves into hijras’ love affairs, highlighting the shifts from customers to lovers and the complex nature of their
relationships. Saria draws parallels between hijras’ love and Sufi romance, emphasizing the transformative power of
love among hijras.
In conclusion, Vaibhav Saria’s ethnographic study offers a profound understanding of hijra life in South Asia, challenging
established discourses and opening new avenues for kinship and queer studies. The study refashions hijras as active
participants in domestic life and provides a fresh perspective on their struggles, negotiations, and intimacies. It serves as a
significant touchstone for the flourishing prfields of kinship and queer studies in South Asian anthropology, emphasizing the
importance of human flourishing over stereotypes and stigmatization.
12. Inflation Targeting (IT) Regime on Households’ Inflation

The article discusses the role and impact of the Inflation Targeting (IT) regime on households’ inflation expectations. It finds
that the IT regime has almost no impact on how households form their expectations about inflation. The article highlights
the following key points:
1. High Correlation: There is a very high correlation (0.98) between households’ current perception of inflation and their
inflation expectations. This suggests that households’ expectations are primarily based on their perception of current
inflation rather than being influenced by other factors like the implementation of the IT regime.
2. IT Implementation in India: The article mentions that India formally adopted the IT regime in August 2016, with an
inflation target of 4% and a tolerance band of 2% on both sides. The IT regime aims to anchor inflation expectations to
lower levels to ensure price stability.
Raj Rai Sir 9|Page

3. Ineffectiveness of IT: The article argues that despite the implementation of the IT regime, households’ inflation
expectations have remained consistently higher than the target band of 2%-6%. This challenges the effectiveness of
the IT regime in influencing households’ expectations.
4. Current Inflation Perception: The article emphasizes the importance of households’ current inflation perception, which
is often overlooked in the literature. It suggests that households form their inflation expectations based on their
perception of current inflation.
5. Relative Expectation: The article introduces the concept of “relative expectation,” which represents the gap between
households’ inflation perception and their inflation expectations. It notes that this relative expectation has mostly
remained positive, indicating that households’ expectations tend to be higher than their perception of current inflation.
6. Unawareness Among the Public: The article highlights the issue of public awareness about the IT regime and the
actions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It argues that unawareness among the public about the IT regime can make
the regime ineffective in shaping households’ inflation expectations.
7. Survey Data Limitations: The article criticizes the limitations of the Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH)
data, suggesting that the sample size is small and does not represent the entire population. It also notes that the survey
primarily covers urban areas, leaving out the rural population.
8. Recommendation for CPI-Core: The article suggests that India should consider revisiting its inflation anchor and
assess whether targeting CPI-core inflation could provide more stability and credibility to the IT regime.
In conclusion, the article asserts that the IT regime in India has not had a significant impact on households’ inflation
expectations. It attributes households’ expectations primarily to their perception of current inflation and raises concerns
about the lack of awareness among the public regarding the IT regime and its objectives.
13. India’s E-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM)

• The paper examines the effectiveness of India’s e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) in integrating food commodity
prices, focusing on the onion market. e-NAM is an electronic trading portal aimed at creating a unified national market
for agricultural products. The study utilizes the maximum likelihood method of co-integration to assess the spatial
integration of onion markets in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and West Bengal with the average wholesale onion
price of India. The analysis covers the periods of 2010-16 (pre-e-NAM) and 2016-19 (post-e-NAM).
• The findings indicate that market integration improved significantly in the period of 2016-19, following the introduction
of e-NAM. In contrast, during 2010-16, multiple relationships influenced onion prices across different states. This
evidence suggests that e-NAM has had a positive impact on enhancing the integration of onion market prices in India.
Educational Deprivation of the Tribes
• The paper explores the issue of educational deprivation among tribal communities in India, with a particular focus on
the supply and demand factors affecting education in these regions. It highlights the failure of uniform tribal development
programs to address the diverse needs of tribal societies and emphasizes the importance of region-specific policies to
address the issue effectively.
• The study analyzes various indicators related to educational infrastructure and performance in tribal and non-tribal
blocks across several Indian states, including Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. The research
reveals significant disparities in educational deprivation between tribal and non-tribal blocks, with tribal areas
experiencing higher levels of marginalization, particularly in terms of performance-related factors.
Raj Rai Sir 10 | P a g e

Key findings include:

1. Tribal Blocks’ Deprivation: The study finds that tribal blocks, especially in states like Jharkhand, exhibit high levels of
deprivation, primarily related to performance indicators, despite having adequate infrastructure.
2. Regional Disparities: Substantial regional disparities exist, with some tribal blocks experiencing greater deprivation
than others within the same state. Factors contributing to these disparities include population density, historical context,
and local awareness and demand for education.
3. Supply-Side and Demand-Side Factors: The paper discusses various supply-side factors such as infrastructure,
teacher-student ratios, and access to facilities. It also highlights demand-side factors, including food and income
security, cultural alienation, and the need for culturally sensitive curricula.
4. Policy Implications: The research underscores the need for decentralized education systems that can adapt to the
unique needs of tribal communities. It calls for region-specific policies, culturally sensitive curricula, and a focus on
addressing demand-side obstacles to education, such as food and income security.
In conclusion, the study emphasizes the complex nature of educational deprivation among tribal communities in India and
calls for a more nuanced and region-specific approach to address this issue effectively. It underscores the importance of
recognizing the diversity within tribal societies and tailoring policies to their unique circumstances to promote inclusive and
equitable education.
14. Global Education Monitoring Report 2023

• The “Global Education Monitoring Report 2023” by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) assesses the evolution of education and technology over the past four decades. It reflects on
issues of equality, sustainability, and the impact of technology on learning across age groups. The report acknowledges
the growing influence of technology in education as the world becomes increasingly digitized.
• The report emphasizes the importance of not viewing technology as a neutral tool but recognizing that it carries biases
and implications. It cautions against uncritical acceptance or rejection of technology in education and advocates for
placing teachers and learners at the center of educational processes.
• While digitization has improved information storage and sharing and expanded access to education for disadvantaged
groups, it has also highlighted disparities. Inequalities persist, particularly in developing countries with inadequate
infrastructure and electricity supply, leaving marginalized populations further behind. Gender and intergenerational
education gaps affect digital competencies even in developed nations.
• Defining digital literacy becomes essential for shaping future digital literacy policies. The report suggests a broader
definition that includes digital citizenship, focusing on responsible and empowered use of technology. Identifying fake
from real information and addressing adverse effects on physical and emotional health due to increased screen time
are important challenges.
• The report warns against the perception that technology alone can solve educational challenges and highlights the
influence of ed-tech companies on education policies. It calls for prioritizing learners’ interests within a rights-based
framework and considering the long-term economic and environmental costs of technology in education.
15. ECI Appointments: Constitutional and Moral Imperatives

• The Supreme Court of India, in March 2023, directed the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and
other election commissioners (ECs) through a three-member committee, consisting of the Prime Minister, leader of the
opposition in the Lok Sabha (or leader of the largest opposition party), and the Chief Justice of India. This was in
response to writ petitions questioning the constitutional implications of Article 324 and its application in appointments.
• Previously, the President made these appointments in the absence of a law governing the process. The court’s
directions aimed to fill this legislative gap while considering the constitutional history of Article 324, focusing on the
principles embedded in the Constitution.
• In August 2023, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of
Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023 was introduced. It proposed a procedure involving a search committee and a
selection committee with the cabinet secretary, Prime Minister, leader of the opposition, and a union cabinet minister.
Although the inclusion of a search committee and the leader of the opposition is seen as positive, the involvement of a
union cabinet minister raises concerns about executive control over appointments, potentially compromising the
autonomy of the Election Commission of India (ECI).
• The Constituent Assembly aimed to establish the ECI as an independent institution free from political influence, as
reflected in its debates and discussions. The proposed bill fulfills the constitutional imperative but deviates from the
moral imperative outlined during the Constituent Assembly discussions, favoring executive power over the integrity of
the electoral process.
• The Constituent Assembly’s vision was to entrench the ECI as an autonomous body, distinct from political power
structures, to ensure impartiality in conducting elections. The proposed bill, with a significant executive presence in the
selection committee, falls short of upholding the checks intended by the Constituent Assembly, potentially undermining
electoral integrity, the right to vote, and the fundamental principles of constitutional democracy.
16. Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation

• Over the past 10-15 years, the world has witnessed significant changes, leading to a profound reconfiguration of the
established international order that had prevailed during the 45-year Cold War era. Eastern European communist
regimes were overthrown through popular democratic uprisings, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed, marking the end
of communism in Europe. Most non-European communist nations, including China, began adapting their economies to
align with the demands of the global market economy.
• These transformations in the political landscape triggered domestic, regional, and global shifts of great magnitude.
Nationalism, which had long been believed to be dormant, experienced a resurgence in regions where it was once
considered extinguished. Ethno-national groups that had not played a significant role in 19th-century nationalist
movements started asserting their demands for independent statehood.
• Central and Eastern Europe, especially the former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union, were engulfed in a whirlwind
of redefining and self-defining the concept of the nation-state. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, despite the
establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a feeble attempt to preserve the Soviet structure,
led to the unstoppable emergence of independent states in regions such as Kazakhstan and Ukraine, as well as in
Central Asia.
• This wave of national awakening extended not only to Central Asia, where diverse ethnic groups with millennia-old
historical identities rekindled their suppressed national pride but also within Russia itself. Several non-Russian

ethnicities in Russia’s hinterland, including Chechnya, Dagestan, Tatarstan, and Moldova, expressed dissatisfaction
with their dependence on Moscow and sought greater political autonomy in the post-communist era. The sudden
disintegration of central authority, after centuries of Czarist rule and seven decades of communist control, signaled a
resurgence of national identities among various ethnic groups, whether they had a historical legacy as nations or a
shared identity based on their unique historical experiences.

Emerging Farmer-Labour Relations in Kuttanad
• In the past, farmer-labour relations in Kuttanad resembled those found in other parts of India, where agriculture relied
on attached labourers, primarily Harijans. These labourers received occasional gifts from farmers during festivals and
other significant life events. In return, they were paid less than the market wage rate and expected to be available
whenever needed. This system was akin to a form of “slavery.”
• Traditional farmer-labour dynamics were dominated by farmers who dictated wage rates, working conditions, payment
methods, and discipline. As most labourers belonged to lower castes and farmers to higher castes, these relationships
were influenced by caste hierarchies, demanding extreme deference from labourers.
• Additionally, many labourers did not own land and lived on higher-caste farmers’ lands as hutment dwellers, making
them vulnerable to eviction. Communism and labor unionism began to develop among agricultural labourers in response
to these conditions.
• Post-independence, the right of landowners to evict hutment dwellers was abolished, strengthening the labourers’ ability
to challenge farmers through strikes and agitations. The communist-led government’s rise to power in 1957 further
empowered the workers and altered their relations with the farmers.
• One significant change was the demand to increase the wage rate for harvesting from one-eleventh to one-ninth of the
harvested grain. This led to strikes and conflicts between the Travancore Agricultural Workers’ Union and farmers.
While the government initially hesitated to intervene, the farmers ultimately suppressed the workers in most parts of
Kuttanad. Nevertheless, the communist government later established one-ninth of the produce as the minimum wage
for harvesting under the Minimum Wages Act.
18. Brics De-Dollarization

• In recent times, the global shift away from the United States dollar as a dominant currency for trade has gained
momentum, primarily due to geopolitical conflicts and sanctions. Countries like Russia and China have taken steps
towards de-dollarization by engaging in trade using national currencies and exploring alternative payment systems like
SWIFT. This move reflects a broader desire for financial sovereignty among nations.
• The BRICS group, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has also been considering the
establishment of a common currency backed by gold and precious metals to reduce dependence on the US dollar in
international trade. However, significant challenges remain, including disparities among BRICS nations in terms of GDP,
balance of payments, and per capita income.
• India’s stance on de-dollarization is complex, influenced by its border disputes with China, trade imbalances, and a
desire to avoid antagonizing the US and Europe. While India has engaged in trade agreements with several countries

to use the rupee as a medium of exchange, its limited international convertibility poses challenges. As a result, India is
exploring options to diversify its payments for international trade.
• To move towards de-dollarization and financial autonomy, the BRICS nations should focus on trade in local currencies,
develop an alternative to the SWIFT payment system, consider a BRICS currency based on equitable principles, reduce
holdings of US debt, prioritize industrial capitalism over financial capitalism, and promote greater regional integration.
In conclusion, the global shift away from the US dollar in international trade is gaining momentum, and the BRICS
countries are considering options to reduce dependence on the dollar. Achieving financial autonomy and diversifying
payment methods are crucial steps toward creating a more equitable international economic order.
19. Political Economy of (De)Carbonisation

• The article titled “Political Economy of (De) Carbonization” discusses the intricate relationship between wealth,
greenhouse gas emissions, and the shifting geopolitics of clean energy. It highlights the role of fossil fuels in global
power structures and characterizes climate change as a new form of colonialism. The article also emphasizes the
continued significance of fossil fuels in national and international politics.
• The Anthropocene era, starting with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, is described as a period marked by
exponential human pressure on the planet and an addiction to carbon dependency. Fossil fuels are identified as the
driving force behind this hydrocarbon-based economy and are linked to the rise of capitalism and modern international
business.
• The article notes that fossil fuels, which took centuries to form, are nearing depletion. Efforts to reduce fossil fuel
combustion are gaining momentum globally due to concerns about irreversible climate change and environmental
degradation. However, it is acknowledged that developed economies, accustomed to hydrocarbon-dependent lifestyles,
are reluctant to give up their modern conveniences. This sets the stage for a potential clash between developed and
developing nations.
• The article delves into alarming statistics regarding greenhouse gas emissions, with particular focus on China’s
significant contribution. Despite international climate agreements and warnings from scientists, global emissions have
continued to rise, posing a threat to achieving climate targets such as limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
• The relationship between wealth and emissions is explored, revealing disparities in per capita emissions between
developed and developing countries. The challenges of achieving economic growth while reducing emissions in
developing nations are discussed.
• The article criticizes the credibility of net-zero emission pledges made by countries, pointing out that many are
insufficient and lack concrete actions. It highlights the inadequacy of climate finance and the failure to meet
commitments to support developing countries in mitigating and adapting to climate change.
• Environmental racism is addressed, emphasizing the disproportionate impact of pollution on non-White communities.
Historical root causes of climate change and environmental degradation are attributed to colonialism and capitalism.
The article argues that the refusal of wealthy nations to compensate developing countries for the effects of climate
change reflects a form of modern colonialism.

• The article predicts that environmental threats will redefine national security, leading to conflicts over resources,
particularly in regions like the Arctic. The potential for conflicts related to transboundary water resources is also
discussed.
• Changing geopolitics in the transition to clean energy are examined, with a focus on the role of technology, supply
chains for critical minerals, and competition between major powers like the United States and China. The article
suggests that clean energy could become a new source of national power, affecting global geopolitics.
In conclusion, the article highlights the urgent need for addressing climate change and its geopolitical implications. It
emphasizes the complexity of the transition to clean energy and the potential for conflicts and competition in this new
landscape. The article underscores the importance of international cooperation and transformative societal changes to
mitigate the climate crisis effectively.
20. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 - A Death Knell

• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 (FCAA 2023) has been criticized for its incoherence, conflicts with
other laws, and vague terminology. Instead of promoting forest conservation, it appears to facilitate forest exploitation.
The act purports to enhance forest conservation but actually prioritizes economic, defense, and infrastructure interests
over conservation objectives.
• The FCAA 2023 changes the name of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, to the “Forest (Conservation and
Augmentation) Act,” reflecting a desire to move beyond conservation to forest enrichment. However, it falls short of
demonstrating a clear commitment to this objective by maintaining the existing structure of the FCA. The FCAA primarily
aims to achieve augmentation by excluding silviculture and regeneration operations from the definition of “non-forest
purpose.”
• The act fails to consider the vital role forest communities play in forest management and overlooks the rights of
Scheduled Tribes and other forest dwellers to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage community forest resources
as mandated by the Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
• The FCAA’s preamble mentions multiple objectives, including ecological security, biodiversity preservation, cultural
values, and carbon neutrality. However, the substantive provisions of the act prioritize development over these
conservation goals. The act lacks specific mechanisms to achieve these objectives, and it curtails the requirement of
compensatory afforestation.
• The FCAA introduces three significant changes that undermine forest conservation. First, it restricts the definition of
“forest” to land declared and recorded as forest, excluding forests converted for non-forest use before December 12,
1996. This limits the scope of forest conservation and reverses the Supreme Court’s decision on the matter.
• Second, the act excludes various categories of forestland from its applicability, such as forests along borders, railways,
or roads, and forests proposed for security-related infrastructure or public utility projects. These exclusions weaken the
protection of existing forests.
• Third, the FCAA expands the definition of “non-forest purpose” to include activities like establishing zoos, safaris, and
ecotourism facilities, which promotes economic growth at the expense of forest preservation. This expansion opens the
door to various exploitative operations in forests.

In conclusion, the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, appears to prioritize development interests over forest
conservation. It restricts the definition of forests, excludes certain forest categories, and broadens the definition of non-
forest purpose, all of which contribute to a diminished commitment to forest preservation. This raises concerns about the
act’s true intentions and its potential negative impact on India’s forests and biodiversity.
21. In Defence of the Affiliated College System

• The article argues in favor of preserving the Affiliated College System (ACS) in Indian higher education, which is under
threat of being dismantled according to the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The ACS, characterized by
universities affiliating numerous colleges, is praised for its role in providing easy access, equity, and affordability in
higher education. The article defends the ACS by highlighting its historical context, contributions to nation-building,
supply of quality graduates, and alignment with India’s constitutional values.
• The ACS is portrayed as a response to India’s post-independence needs for expanding access to education, particularly
in rural areas, promoting equity among various social groups, and ensuring affordability for students. It allowed India to
quickly produce professionals and educators required for nation-building. The ACS has been instrumental in supplying
graduates to both central and state universities, thus supporting the higher education ecosystem.
• The article argues that the proposed dismantling of the ACS lacks a comprehensive evaluation of its impact and
suggests that reforming the system is a more prudent approach than replacing it. The challenges facing the ACS, such
as management issues and concerns about quality, are attributed to factors other than its structure, and the article calls
for addressing these issues rather than dismantling the system.
• The ACS is seen as an integral part of India’s education legacy, tracing back to British colonial institutions, and the
article contends that dismantling it would be unwarranted and potentially detrimental. It emphasizes the need for reforms
in higher education management and administration while preserving the strengths of the ACS in promoting access,
equity, and affordability.
In conclusion, the article defends the Affiliated College System in Indian higher education and argues against its
dismantling as proposed in the National Education Policy 2020. It suggests that reforms are necessary to address
challenges but cautions against abandoning a system that has played a significant role in India’s educational development
and adherence to constitutional values.
22. Character of the Indian Farmers’ Movement

• The book “The Emerging Face of Transformative Politics in India: Farmers’ Movement” by Amit Bhaduri explores
the character and significance of the Indian Farmers’ Movement (IFM) that emerged in response to the government’s
announcement of three Farm Laws in 2020. The movement, commonly known as the IFM, garnered widespread
attention and support both within India and internationally for its successful efforts in reversing the controversial farm
laws.
• Amit Bhaduri’s book is a collection of 11 articles written between December 2020 and February 2022, originally
published in various newspapers and social media outlets as opinion pieces. These articles were written with the aim
of generating popular awareness and support for the IFM.
• The book begins by analyzing the nature of the ruling political regime in India, highlighting concerns about
authoritarianism and corporate influence. It discusses the interconnectedness between big business and the
government and characterizes it as a form of “majoritarianism.” The author argues that this regime seeks to eliminate
differences in the name of a unified national culture.
• The book also delves into issues of wealth disparity and inequality in India, attributing them to corporate-driven economic
policies that have been followed by various political regimes over the past three decades. Bhaduri emphasizes the role
of corporate control over democratic institutions and media in perpetuating this inequality.
• A significant portion of the book is dedicated to examining the characteristics of the IFM. Bhaduri identifies three unique
features: the absence of political party involvement in organizing and leading the movement, a commitment to non-
violence, and the spontaneity of the movement’s organization and operation.
• However, the reviewer expresses a desire for a more critical investigation into the IFM’s origins, context, constituent
elements, spread, and demands. They argue that the book lacks an in-depth analysis of the differentiation and inequality
within rural India, which are essential aspects of understanding the IFM as an emerging transformative political force.
• The book’s articles discuss the demands of the IFM, with a particular focus on the legal minimum support price (MSP)
for agricultural commodities. Bhaduri argues that MSP is a crucial instrument for setting fair prices for farmers and plays
a role in income support, price stabilization, and promoting specific cropping patterns.
• The reviewer notes that the book does not address why the demand for MSP was prioritized and suggests that this
demand primarily benefits wealthier farmers who have greater surpluses and market access. The book also fails to
discuss the interconnected issue of procurement.
In conclusion, Amit Bhaduri’s book provides valuable insights into the Indian Farmers’ Movement, its unique
characteristics, and its demands, with a focus on MSP. However, the reviewer highlights the need for a more critical
examination of the movement’s origins and internal dynamics, as well as a broader discussion of agrarian issues and
inequalities in rural India. The book serves as a thought-provoking addition to the literature on Indian agrarian politics and
the contradictions within the Indian countryside.
23. Spatial and Regional Disparities in Economic Activities

• The paper discusses spatial and regional disparities in economic activities, income, employment, and social indicators
in low- and middle-income countries, with a focus on India’s Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) program. It
highlights the rise in disparities and the efforts by governments to address them through place-based policies. The
paper reviews existing research on the welfare implications of such policies, noting that while they may benefit targeted
areas, they can also have negative effects on other regions. Theoretical arguments suggest that spatial market failures
justify targeting poor areas for policy interventions.
• The paper explores various place-based policies, including enterprise zones, discretionary grant-based policies, cluster
policies, special economic zones, and infrastructure investments, and presents empirical evidence of their effects in
different contexts, including the United States. It discusses how these policies can lead to both positive and negative
outcomes, depending on the specific circumstances.
• The paper then shifts its focus to India, highlighting the significant regional disparities in the country and the
government’s initiatives, such as the BRGF program, aimed at reducing these disparities. It describes the BRGF
program’s objectives, including improving infrastructure in poor districts and enhancing local development. The paper
uses data from the Indian Census and other sources to assess the impact of the BRGF program on public goods access,
household income, and consumption expenditure.

• The analysis finds that the BRGF program did not significantly improve public goods access in less developed areas
and did not lead to substantial increases in household income or consumption expenditure. The paper suggests several
reasons for the program’s ineffectiveness, including delays in fund allocation and implementation, insufficient funding,
poor district selection, corruption, and political interference.
In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the need for more targeted and effective policies to address regional disparities in
India. It calls for better identification of backward areas, increased funding, and improved governance to ensure that place-
based policies lead to meaningful development in disadvantaged regions. The paper highlights the complex challenges
faced by policymakers in addressing regional disparities and underscores the importance of continued research in this area.
24. Farmer Profitability

• This research paper analyzes farmer profitability, the cost of food production, and associated issues related to nutri-
cereals over a 35-year period. It highlights the skewed food policies in India, which have led to distortions in inter-crop
parity, resulting in reduced profitability, increased costs, and lower prices for nutri-cereals. The paper emphasizes the
need for corrective measures in various aspects, including technology adoption, pricing, input provision, processing,
storage, and distribution policies to promote nutri-cereal production and consumption in India.
• The study recognizes the persistent challenges of malnutrition, hidden hunger, livelihood concerns, and climate change
imperatives, alongside global commitments under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It
underscores the neglect of nutri-cereals like pearl millet, sorghum, and finger millet due to historical food policies that
favored wheat and paddy. Despite their traits such as drought tolerance, climate resilience, diet diversity, and nutritional
superiority, nutri-cereals were labeled as “inferior goods.”
• The paper discusses the need for policies that support the production and consumption of nutri-cereals in India,
including initiatives announced in the 2023–2024 budget. These initiatives aim to accelerate nutri-cereal production and
consumption, establish centers of excellence, promote value addition, and brand nutri-cereals to make India a global
hub for millets. Several states, including Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh, have also been
making efforts to promote nutri-cereals.
• The study leverages data from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) reports to analyze costs,
returns, prices, and yields for nutri-cereals, maize, wheat, and paddy. It calculates net income over variable costs, net
income over total costs, and the cost of production per quintal. The analysis reveals that nutri-cereal farmers face
challenges such as stagnant prices, rising cultivation costs, and lower profitability compared to wheat and paddy
farmers.
• The paper highlights the importance of addressing these challenges to support nutri-cereal farmers and ensure food
security. It calls for policy interventions, technological advancements, and marketing strategies to promote nutri-cereals
and improve the livelihoods of farmers in this sector. The research underscores the need for a more balanced approach
to agricultural policies that consider the unique benefits of nutri-cereals in addressing nutritional, environmental, and
economic challenges.
25. Parity for the Military Nursing Service in Indian Army

• The article highlights the persisting gender-based disparities within the Indian Army, focusing on the challenges faced
by the Military Nursing Service (MNS) officers, the largest women’s corps in the army. While recent judicial decisions
have favored women in the armed forces, MNS officers continue to encounter systemic injustices.
• The article begins by pointing out that MNS officers are not allowed to write their annual confidential reports, a task
carried out by doctors, leading to bias in decision-making processes. Additionally, it highlights the objection raised by
the chief of army staff against the Sixth Central Pay Commission’s recommendation for pay parity with other army
branches, despite global examples of nurses successfully managing medical personnel.
• The denial of weapons training for MNS officers since 1996, even in sensitive locations, is noted, resulting in their
classification as non-combatants, unlike equivalent non-combatant wings. Pay discrepancies, lack of night allowances
despite demanding duties, and inadequate resting facilities further contribute to the discrimination faced by MNS
officers.
• The article also cites derogatory comments made by a medical officer about MNS officers in an official medical journal,
reflecting underlying misogyny. It highlights that other countries like Britain and Nepal have eliminated distinctions
between nursing and medical officers, contrasting with India’s regressive approach.
• The critical role played by MNS officers during the COVID-19 pandemic is acknowledged, emphasizing the need for
recognition and rectification of disparities in pay, promotion, and working conditions. The article calls for urgent action
to create a fair and equitable environment within the armed forces, acknowledging the invaluable contributions of MNS
officers.
26. Criminalising Necrophilia in India

• The Karnataka High Court’s recent decision in June 2023, acquitting individuals accused of necrophilia (having sex with
a dead body), and their request for legislative amendment is discussed in this content. The court justified its decision
by interpreting Sections 375 and 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), arguing that these sections do not apply to a dead
body, and therefore, necrophilia is not a criminal act under current law.
• The article emphasizes that necrophilia is a morally repugnant practice that violates human dignity and the right to
dignity, even after death. While it is not explicitly defined as a crime in the IPC, it is recognized as such in many other
jurisdictions globally, and several countries have specific laws criminalizing it.
• The article highlights the need for India to address this legal gap by enacting a law explicitly criminalizing necrophilia,
irrespective of gender, as the existing provisions only apply to offenses involving women. It cites previous court rulings,
such as the Supreme Court’s stance on the respectful treatment of the deceased and the right to a dignified cremation,
as well as the Allahabad High Court’s assertion that the right to life includes treating a dead body with respect.
• Furthermore, the article underscores that necrophilia violates principles of natural justice, as it involves sexual acts
without the consent of the deceased, which is impossible to obtain. The absence of a specific clause criminalizing
necrophilia in the IPC leaves serious injustices unpunished, necessitating prompt legislative action to address this issue
and align the law with evolving societal norms and principles of justice.
27. Mapping the Startup Ecosystem in India

The article discusses the growth of India’s startup ecosystem over the past decade, its current ranking in the global startup
ecosystem, and the various trends and challenges within the Indian startup landscape. It highlights several key points:
1. Startup Ecosystem Ranking: India has experienced significant growth in entrepreneurial activity, making it one of the
leading startup ecosystems globally. According to the Global Startup Ecosystem Index ranking, India ranks 20th in the
world, considering factors such as the quantity and quality of startups and the overall business environment.
2. Major Startup Clusters: The article identifies three major startup clusters in India: Bengaluru, Delhi National Capital
Region (NCR), and Mumbai. These cities have a significant concentration of startups, with the highest number of
unicorns (startups valued at $1 billion or more).
3. Startup India Initiative: The Indian government launched the “Startup India” initiative in 2016 to foster a culture of
innovation and entrepreneurship, further strengthening the startup ecosystem.
4. Resilience Amidst Challenges: Despite the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian startup
ecosystem exhibited resilience. It saw substantial growth in terms of the number of unicorns and fundraising activities
in 2021.
5. Geographic Distribution: The geographic distribution of startups in India reveals that these three primary clusters
continue to dominate, with Delhi NCR leading in the number of unicorns, followed by Bengaluru and Mumbai.
6. Startup Team Composition: The article discusses the composition of founding teams, highlighting the significance of
institutional backgrounds. It notes that founders from a select few prestigious institutions, such as IITs and IIMs, account
for a significant portion of startup founders in India.
7. Gender Representation: The representation of women in the Indian startup ecosystem is low, both in founding teams
and among venture capitalists. Policy initiatives aim to promote women entrepreneurs, but there is still work to be done.
8. Startup Exits: The article focuses on entrepreneurial exits, particularly through acquisitions, as a popular exit route for
Indian startups. The data suggests that startups outside the major clusters are more likely to be acquired, potentially
due to fundraising challenges they face.
9. Policy Recommendations: The article concludes by suggesting that startups outside the primary clusters need more
policy support, and special provisions are required to encourage women entrepreneurs. Additionally, the article
emphasizes the need for research and support for startups beyond the major clusters.
In summary, the article provides insights into the growth, challenges, and trends within India’s dynamic startup ecosystem,
highlighting the need for policies and support to foster entrepreneurship in a more inclusive and geographically diverse
manner.
28. Dimensions of Rural Transformation in India

• The book “Dynamics of Difference: Inequality and Transformation in Rural India,” edited by Narendar Pani,
examines the multidimensional aspects of rural transformation and inequality in contemporary India. It focuses on the
evolving dynamics of economic, social, and gender-related disparities in the context of rural changes.
• The book begins by highlighting the concept of “pluriactivity” in contemporary agriculture, where rural households
engage in multiple income sources alongside traditional farming. It emphasizes the blurring lines between primary and
subsidiary income sources, particularly in the context of India’s shift towards smallholder agriculture. This transformation
is seen as both a cause and effect of economic growth, marked by changes such as declining agricultural employment,
rural-to-urban migration, urbanization, demographic shifts, and the growth of the secondary and tertiary sectors.

• The text discusses how non-economic factors, including aspirations for a better life, play a significant role in driving rural
change. The book underscores the scarcity of agricultural labor due to the allure of urban jobs, driven by income
disparities between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The neglect of the farming sector, coupled with income
inequality, contributes to rural indebtedness and poses challenges to farmers’ well-being.
• The book is divided into four sections, each delving into a different facet of inequality and rural transformation. These
sections cover topics such as “visualizing inequality,” “inter-personal and inter-group inequalities,” “intra-personal
inequalities,” and “negotiations of inequality.” The essays within these sections explore how deep-rooted social
inequalities impact various aspects of rural life, leading to disparities in areas like politics, economics, religion, and
gender.
• Economic inequalities are a central focus, but the book also highlights the importance of perceived “differences” and a
sense of “injustice” as key dimensions of inequality. The concept of “intrapersonal” inequality, referring to inequalities
experienced within an individual’s life, is introduced. The book discusses how these inequalities are influenced by factors
like rural-urban disparities and aspirations for urban migration.
• The book analyzes rural transformation through theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, shedding light on the role
of factors such as irrigation, vulnerability, and asset-based indicators in shaping rural changes. It explores the impact
of rural transitions on different societal groups, including those marginalized due to caste identities.
• A significant portion of the book is dedicated to examining the issue of farmer suicides, portraying them as outcomes of
“intrapersonal inequalities.” The text discusses how agrarian crises, economic pressures, indebtedness, crop failures,
and limited alternative income sources contribute to farmer suicides. The book emphasizes that while there is no
universal explanation for farmer suicides, these tragic events are often rooted in the changing agrarian landscape and
the struggles faced by small and marginal landholders.
In conclusion, ‘‘Dynamics of Difference: Inequality and Transformation in Rural India” provides a comprehensive
exploration of rural transformation and inequality in contemporary India. It delves into multidimensional aspects of inequality,
shedding light on both economic and non-economic factors that drive rural changes. The book contributes valuable insights
to the sociological and psychological understanding of rural transformation, making it a valuable resource for students and
researchers in the social sciences.
29. Aragalaya Movement:

A New Equilibrium within the Sri Lankan Social Formation?
• In July 1983, violence erupted against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka, leading to significant socio-political
consequences. This event, described as one of Sri Lanka’s pivotal moments by political economist Newton Gunasinghe,
shattered an existing social equilibrium, giving rise to ethnic nationalism and decades-long conflicts. The violence was
influenced by Sinhala Buddhist nationalism, which divided the population into patriots and non-patriots.
• Simultaneously, Sri Lanka was undergoing economic reforms initiated in 1977, shifting towards neoliberal policies.
These reforms limited state welfare provisions and regulations, marking a significant transformation.
• Almost four decades later, from April to July 2022, a transformative political movement called the Aragalaya movement
emerged, demanding a new social contract and creating conditions for a new equilibrium within Sri Lankan society. The
movement successfully ousted President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and inspired diverse groups of activists from different
ethnic and religious backgrounds, transcending previous divisions.
• One key aspect of this movement was its ability to make previously unthinkable actions possible. It enabled the
commemoration of Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day on 18 May, which marks the end of the civil war in 2009, a day that
had been fraught with tension and suppression.
• While the Aragalaya movement had limitations, including its limited agenda, it brought diverse communities together
and challenged the elite political establishment. The movement was triggered by an economic crisis exacerbated by
factors such as global price increases and the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on tourism and remittances.
• The Aragalaya movement’s success indicated a shift in societal dynamics, redefining the boundaries between the
people and the establishment. Despite its challenges, it offered a glimpse of progressive change and the potential for a
new social order in Sri Lanka. The movement emphasized the importance of addressing diverse forms of subordination
and social justice, promoting unity among the masses.
In conclusion, the Aragalaya movement in Sri Lanka represented a significant moment in the country’s history, driven by
economic hardship and the desire for change. While it had limitations, it offered hope for a more inclusive and just society,
challenging the status quo and creating conditions for a new social equilibrium.
30. Biodiversity and Green Industry Greening Methods should

Maintain the Native Flora and Fauna to Prevent Biodiversity Loss
• In the discourse on biodiversity conservation and its relationship with the green industry, it is imperative to consider the
consequences of urbanization and industrialization on climate change and the loss of biodiversity. This article
underscores the need to adopt greening methods that prioritize the preservation of native flora and fauna to counteract
this alarming trend.
• The conventional trajectory of urbanization often entails the replacement of expansive natural ecosystems with concrete
urban landscapes. In the remaining open areas, there is a tendency to create manicured parks dominated by lawns and
ornamental trees, while native shrubs and herbs are marginalized. This transformation leads to homogenized habitats
that favor only a limited number of adaptable species. The State of India’s Birds (SoIB) 2023 report reveals that 60% of
assessed bird species exhibit a decline in numbers. This report highlights 101 species of high conservation concern in
India, with 34 of them not categorized as globally threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Nevertheless, certain species like the Asian koel, Indian peafowl, feral rock pigeon, house crow, and ashy prinia are
thriving in urban environments, crowding out other avian species due to the compatibility of urban landscapes with their
diet and habitat.
• Birds serve as crucial indicators of the planet’s ecological health, playing roles in seed dispersal, pollination, scavenging,
and predation. However, they face a plethora of threats in recent decades, including habitat loss, diseases, predation
by free-ranging domestic animals, illegal hunting, pollution, dietary imbalances, and diminishing tropical rainforests.
Afforestation programs, though well-intentioned, often replace grasslands with plantations, exacerbating the plight of
“specialist” birds like the blue rock thrush, bustards, hornbills, and storks. This trend results in a shift in species
composition, further threatening avian diversity.
• Rising temperatures disrupt the synchrony of annual avian events like migration and nesting, causing bird populations
to move to higher latitudes. This puts additional stress on Arctic ecosystems. Coastal and migratory shorebirds face
threats from extreme weather events, predation, food scarcity, hunting, and habitat disruption due to human activities
such as aquaculture and mangrove plantations.

• The green energy sector, particularly wind and solar energy, contributes to avian mortality through collisions with
turbines and electrocution. Large birds like bustards, floricans, cranes, vultures, and raptors are particularly vulnerable
to wind turbine blades. Small birds also suffer from collisions with transmission lines, pylons, and high-rise buildings
with glass facades. Additionally, the installation of solar panels often clears grasslands, which are critical specialist
habitats for bustards.
• Agricultural intensification involving the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics contaminates the prey of raptors,
causing their populations to decline significantly. Vector-borne pathogens exacerbate the situation by affecting avian
populations, especially in instances of longer transmission seasons and the introduction of new pathogens. Exclusion
of indigenous communities from forest resource management fosters illegal hunting, selective logging, and
unsustainable biomass extraction, both by state and non-state actors.
• Comparing the SoIB 2020 and 2023 reports highlights the scarcity of data, often due to dwindling populations. The SoIB
2023 report, relying on citizen science data from birdwatchers and enthusiasts on the eBird platform, underscores the
need for improved data collection and conservation efforts. Preserving natural flora and fauna, addressing local
concerns related to poverty and employment, and adopting responsible greening practices are essential steps forward.
The promotion of Miyawaki forests over monocultures, along with increased awareness, sensitization, and legal
protection, are key elements in the conservation equation.
• Furthermore, the article raises concern about three parliamentary acts passed in July and August 2023. The Offshore
Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act could deplete specialist habitats like estuaries, mudflats,
and mangroves due to auctions for private players. The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act potentially denies local
communities their share in access and benefit sharing, incentivizing illegal resource exploitation. The Forest
Conservation (Amendment) Act, which prioritizes “development through forests” over the development of forests,
requires urgent remedial measures. Given the dynamic nature of the planet and its myriad challenges, continuous
monitoring and adaptive policy evolution are indispensable.
31. Is this a Necessary Overhauling? Criminal Jurisprudence

Reforms, suggested through the Three Bills, fail to Address the
Implementation Concerns
• The article critiques three recently introduced bills aimed at reforming the criminal justice system in India, suggesting
that they fail to address crucial implementation concerns. The bills, comprising around a thousand sections, are
compared to a reheated meal with minor additions.
• The author questions the necessity of rewriting existing enactments, such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Indian
Evidence Act, and Code of Criminal Procedure, which have been in use for over a century and are well understood by
legal professionals. The proposed laws, it is argued, do not tackle the critical issue of judicious implementation, with
examples of laws like sedition being misused and the selective enforcement of hate speech and hate crime legislation.
• The article emphasizes that the mindset of law enforcement and prosecution must prioritize citizens over the state for
effective implementation. It highlights the phenomenon of “bulldozer justice” and the need to hold errant officers
accountable, which the proposed bills do not adequately address.

• The author also raises concerns about the lodging of first information reports (FIRs) and the codification of zero FIRs,
pointing to recent incidents in Manipur as examples of flawed implementation. The proposed laws are criticized for not
offering solutions to address such issues.
• Regarding the investigative process, the article notes that the bills aim to extend police custody up to 90 days, potentially
subjecting accused individuals to extended periods of detention, which could be considered a form of torture.
• Finally, the article questions whether changes in the law can expedite justice delivery, given the existing challenges in
the judicial system, including delays in appointing judges.
In conclusion, the article calls for a thorough debate and discussion of the proposed bills, rather than their quick
enactment, and questions whether these bills were truly needed.
32. From 25 Years Ago: Rating Agencies and

Capital Market Reform: A Plea for Self-Regulation
• This article discusses the vulnerability of rating agencies in the context of capital market reform, emphasizing the
inherent risks in their business, which have become more pronounced in an era of growing uncertainty and volatility.
The article mentions the backlash faced by international rating agencies in the aftermath of the East Asian financial
crisis, with governments and businesses reacting emotionally to downgrades. South Korea’s rating, for instance, shifted
from high investment grade to speculative grade in a short period, leading to accusations that the agencies had been
wrong either initially or subsequently.
• The author notes that while rating agencies argue that their ratings should not change as frequently as market dynamics,
they must also consider providing warning signals to assess default risks. However, the mere hint of an adverse signal
often prompts issuers to take an aggressive stance against the rating agencies. Examples of such instances are cited,
including the condemnation of a rating agency for downgrading Thai debt in 1996, as well as criticism from the Malaysian
prime minister regarding US-based agencies’ failure to predict the Asian financial crisis.
• The article also discusses domestic cases where the market reacted unfavorably to rating agency actions. It highlights
the divergence in perceptions and the reasons why rating agencies are susceptible to criticism, emphasizing the need
for self-regulation within the industry.
33. From 50 Years Ago: History and Nationalism:

A Personal Response to the Indian Situation
• This article discusses the dual nature of history, serving as both a branch of knowledge and the collective memory of a
society. The distinction between these forms is complex, as corporate memory tends to adopt myth-like characteristics
based on the society’s desires and needs. The society selectively remembers and forgets facts, shaping historical

awareness and inquiry. Corporate memory, influenced by changing societal requirements, may even imagine facts
when necessary.
• The article highlights the role of corporate memory in fostering social cohesion, as human beings derive meaning from
the past, influencing their understanding of the present. This interplay between past and present contributes to the
creation of myths, which subtly influence people’s thinking. Myths, whether unconscious or consciously propagated
through history for propaganda, can deeply affect a society’s collective consciousness.
• The article poses the question of what responsibilities historians have in the face of this distinction between history as
knowledge and corporate memory. Historians aim to liberate the past from the influence of the present and vice versa,
seeking a deeper understanding of historical events. While the study of history may serve extraneous purposes,
historians must prioritize their commitment to the pursuit of truth and avoid modifying their findings to align with the
interests of their society. This stance, the article argues, is not merely idealistic but essential to maintain the integrity of
historical inquiry, as research driven by predetermined ends can compromise the validity of its results.
34. From Formation to Transformation of FPOS Drivers for Success

• This article examines the formation and transformation of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in India, focusing on
their drivers for success. It identifies several key factors that contribute to the success of FPOs in terms of outreach,
operations, and financial performance. The article highlights the importance of robust institution-building and the
continuous capacity building of stakeholders in the development and growth of FPOs.
• The article discusses how FPOs have emerged as an alternative to traditional cooperatives, combining cooperative
principles with corporate strategies to strengthen agricultural value and supply chains. It outlines recent policy support
for FPOs in India, including financial incentives and tax deductions, aimed at promoting their growth.
• The study involved a detailed field survey of 24 FPOs in four states and analyzed their performance based on various
criteria, including membership composition, management structure, size, institution building, paid-up share capital, and
business turnover. The findings indicate that successful FPOs often have a diverse membership, professional
management, adequate paid-up share capital, and a focus on market access.
• External factors such as agroecological and geographical location, access to irrigation, proximity to markets, and
government subsidy schemes were also examined. The results suggest that irrigation and market proximity positively
influence FPO performance, while government subsidies had less impact.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of strong institution building within FPOs, the need for professional
human resources, and continuous capacity building of stakeholders as essential elements for their successful development
and transformation. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners working to promote FPOs in
India’s agricultural sector.
35. The Sixteenth Finance Commission Challenges and Possibilities

The article discusses the challenges and possibilities associated with the Sixteenth Finance Commission. The Finance
Commission is constitutionally mandated to recommend the distribution of taxes collected by the Union to the states and
grants to states in need of assistance. While presidential acceptance of tax distribution recommendations has been
consistent, some grant recommendations have not been accepted in the past.
The article highlights the changing landscape of tax distribution, particularly the rise in surcharges and cesses, which has
reduced the divisible pool available for distribution. It suggests several recommendations for the Sixteenth Finance
Commission:
1. Maintaining Vertical Share: The Finance Commission could suggest a band within which the distribution share of
taxes will fluctuate during the award period, based on the percentage change in surcharges and cesses. This would
help protect states’ shares in case surcharges and cesses increase.
2. Flexibility in Determining Share: Instead of fixing a specific share of taxes for distribution among states, the Finance
Commission should retain flexibility in determining the share. This flexibility should be linked to changes in the proportion
of surcharges and cesses.
3. Publication of Net Proceeds: The government should publish the net proceeds, which is the denominator used to
calculate the tax distribution share, along with the budget. This transparency can prevent disputes and ensure a fair
distribution.
4. Higher Distribution Share: Some states have demanded a higher distribution share of 50% of the net proceeds. The
Sixteenth Finance Commission should assess fiscal imbalances between the Union and states, especially in the post-
GST scenario, and make appropriate recommendations.
Regarding the inter-state distribution of tax shares, the article notes that taxes make up a significant portion of the transfers
recommended by finance commissions. The distribution is based on a formula that considers population and income
distance. Over time, the weightage given to income distance in the formula has reduced, potentially impacting horizontal
equity.
The article emphasizes that the Finance Commission should consider compensating states facing a significant decline in
their tax share. To address this, it suggests the creation of a horizontal equity stabilisation fund, which would provide grants
to states experiencing a notable drop in their tax share.
In conclusion, the article recommends that the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the Sixteenth Finance Commission should
focus on core constitutional obligations, striking a balance between equity and fiscal stability in resource distribution.
36. Penetrating Caste Water in a Broken Pot:

A Memoir by Yogesh Maitreya, New Delhi
• “Water in a Broken Pot: A Memoir’’ by Yogesh Maitreya is a powerful and introspective account of the author’s life
as a Dalit youth in India. Maitreya’s memoir challenges the predefined expectations and paths set for Dalits within the
caste hierarchy, highlighting the struggles they face in asserting their identities and finding their voices.
• The book reflects on the practice of the publishing industry seeking Dalit stories as commodities for profit, often from a
voyeuristic perspective. Maitreya, however, refuses to conform to these industry norms, presenting his narrative with a
unique and unapologetic Dalit perspective. He writes with passion and candor, emphasizing the responsibility of readers
to engage with and understand the Dalit experience.

• Maitreya explores the complex nature of caste, portraying it as a substance that both empowers and entraps individuals.
He critiques the Western Buddhist order’s influence on Dalit professionals, highlighting their attempts to shed their
lower-caste identity and adapt Buddhist values.
• The memoir delves into Maitreya’s upbringing in Nagpur, a city with a rich history of Dalit empowerment and activism.
He emphasizes the confidence and assertiveness instilled in the Dalits of Nagpur, particularly those from urban areas.
• The memoir explores themes of loneliness, emotional suppression, and escapism through literary texts, shedding light
on Maitreya’s journey from a factory worker to a writer and poet. His narrative offers ethnographic insights, revealing
the complexities of his relationships and personal struggles.
• Maitreya’s story is seen as a significant addition to the genre of Dalit autobiographies, offering a unique perspective on
Dalit life and culture. He emphasizes the importance of love, compassion, and imagination in overcoming the burdens
of caste-based discrimination. The memoir highlights the deep sense of loneliness and exile experienced by Dalits,
emphasizing the need for understanding and empathy from society.
In summary, ‘‘Water in a Broken Pot: A Memoir” by Yogesh Maitreya is a thought-provoking exploration of the Dalit
experience in India, challenging stereotypes and inviting readers to engage with the complexities of caste-based
discrimination and identity.
37. Rising India–China Trade Deficit Policy for Bridging the Gap
• The article discusses the rising trade deficit between India and China and explores potential policies to address this
imbalance. The trade deficit has grown significantly over the years, with India exporting low-value-added products to
China while importing technology-intensive goods. Despite India’s efforts to curb imports from China, the deficit
continues to increase, raising concerns about its long-term sustainability.
• The key reasons contributing to India’s trade deficit with China are highlighted. India mainly imports electrical machinery
and equipment, nuclear reactors, organic chemicals, plastic articles, and fertilizers from China, which together constitute
a significant portion of its total imports. In contrast, India’s major exports to China include mineral fuels, chemicals, and
fish products. This trade imbalance is further exacerbated by India’s heavy dependence on China for capital and
intermediate goods, such as electronics and machinery components.
• China’s export-driven growth strategy, its integration into global production chains, and its domestic indigenization
policies have enabled it to gain a substantial share in high-value sectors globally. India lags significantly behind China
in high-value sectors like nuclear reactors, chemicals, electrical machinery, and equipment. Despite India’s
competitiveness in some areas, non-tariff barriers in China, such as in the pharmaceutical and IT sectors, have hindered
export growth.
• The article explores the possibility of India increasing its exports to China by leveraging its comparative advantages.
However, it notes that mere competitiveness may not be sufficient, as India lacks direct access to the Chinese market.
The article also suggests alternative sources of imports for India, particularly from ASEAN countries and other nations
that facilitate Chinese demand. These countries play a crucial role in supplying capital-intensive products to China.
• To bridge the trade deficit, India is encouraged to boost its domestic production in sectors where it is reliant on Chinese
imports. The article recommends inviting anchor investors, including foreign investors and multinational corporations,
to establish production bases in India. It also emphasizes the need to learn from China’s trade model, which has reduced

foreign dependence in certain sectors through policies promoting vertical foreign direct investment, research and
development incentives, and a favorable business environment.
In conclusion, the article highlights the challenges posed by India’s growing trade deficit with China and suggests a
multifaceted approach to address this issue. This includes exploring alternative sources of imports, improving
competitiveness, and boosting domestic production in critical sectors, while also being mindful of potential counteractions
from China.
38. Thieves of Identity Baburao Bagul’s short Story,

“Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti,”
Reveals How Caste Fundamentally Perpetuates different kinds of Theft
• The short story “Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti’’ (When I Hid My Caste) by Baburao Bagul explores how caste
perpetuates various forms of theft. The story, translated into English by Jerry Pinto, centers around the unnamed
protagonist, who is an Untouchable. When his colleagues at the Indian Railways in Gujarat discover his caste, it triggers
a series of events that reveal the pervasive influence of caste in society.
• The story uses the metaphor of theft to highlight the impact of caste on individuals. The protagonist feels robbed of his
identity when his colleagues learn about his caste. Bagul raises a thought-provoking question: Who is the real thief in
this scenario—the protagonist, who hides his caste out of fear, or his colleagues, who are obsessed with discovering
his caste?
• The narrative unfolds as the protagonist, initially thought to be from a higher caste due to his eloquent Gujarati, faces
inquiries about his caste from his colleagues. Caste prejudice and discrimination become evident when Devji advises
him to avoid associating with a Dalit colleague named Kashinath Sakpal, whom he derogatorily refers to as “thieves.”
The turning point comes when the protagonist’s true caste is exposed during a dinner invitation, leading to him being
violently assaulted by his colleagues, including Ramcharan Tiwari, who previously admired his poetry.
• The story underscores how caste functions as a metaphorical thief, robbing Dalits of their self-respect and compelling
them to hide their true identities to avoid discrimination. Bagul portrays the anguish and anxiety that arise from
concealing one’s caste, contrasting it with the pride that high-caste individuals openly exhibit. The story suggests that
this pride is built upon the theft of dignity and respect from Dalits.
• Bagul’s narrative also highlights the ethical dimension of revealing one’s caste, emphasizing the trust and solidarity
between the protagonist and Sakpal, who is the only openly Dalit colleague. The protagonist believes that Sakpal will
not use his caste identity to disrespect or harm him.
• Ultimately, the story remains relevant today, serving as a reminder of how caste functions as a form of theft in a society
where identity can be commodified and exploited. Bagul’s work underscores that caste remains a profitable enterprise,
perpetuating inequality and discrimination.
In summary, ‘‘Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti” is a powerful exploration of caste-based theft and its impact on individuals’
identities and self-respect. Baburao Bagul’s narrative sheds light on the enduring relevance of caste-related issues in
contemporary society.
39. An In-Depth Analysis of Water Scarcity

• The paper titled “Mapping Water Scarcity across Major States of India” authored by Ashish Chopra and
Parthasarathy Ramachandran provides a comprehensive analysis of water scarcity in India, emphasizing its
multifaceted nature and the urgent need for a holistic approach to address this critical issue.
• The paper employs a robust framework that considers 20 factors to assess water scarcity, resulting in the creation of a
water poverty index. This approach offers a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by 11 major Indian
states due to inadequate water availability. The findings reveal that these states are grappling with varying degrees of
moderate to severe water scarcity, highlighting the significance of socio-economic and environmental factors in shaping
the future of the water sector.
• The escalating problem of water scarcity has led to conflicts at various levels, from local to international, necessitating
a swift and comprehensive response. Access to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is recognized as
a fundamental human right by the United Nations, incorporated into the Sustainable Development Goals. India, with
approximately 600 million people experiencing water stress, faces an alarming situation exacerbated by poor water
quality, as indicated by its low ranking on the water quality index.
• However, the paper acknowledges that the challenges posed by water scarcity vary across Indian states, influenced by
factors such as geopolitics, historical legacies, and unique population dynamics. Water management policies must
consider both the quantity and quality of available water resources, and the complex interplay of economic growth,
political dynamics, and state-level water policies in India.
In conclusion, the paper underscores the pressing need for nuanced and region-specific policies to address water scarcity
in India. Collaborative efforts involving governments, institutions, and communities are crucial to ensuring sustainable
access to water resources for current and future generations. By recognizing the pivotal role of water in development and
implementing integrated solutions, countries can work towards a water-secure future that safeguards the well-being of their
populations.
40. On the IIMS (Amendment) Bill, 2023

• The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) (Amendment) Bill, 2023, is part of the government’s higher education
transformation agenda aimed at enhancing transparency, accountability, and societal inclusivity. The amendment seeks
to align the IIM Act with regulations governing other institutes of national importance, potentially impacting the autonomy
and accountability of IIMs.
• Under this amendment, the President is designated as the visitor of each IIM, granting the President the authority to
appoint the chairperson of the Board of Governors (BOG) for each IIM and allowing federal government oversight. The
bill also intends to modify the IIM coordination forum structure. The key question is whether these changes are
necessary and how they will affect the administration and academic excellence of IIMs.
• Traditionally, chairpersons of the BOG, typically industrialists, played a crucial role in directing the institution but did not
actively participate in academic matters. However, there were concerns about how directors and BOGs were chosen
and operated, with some directors misusing the selection process over the years.
• The 2023 act now requires the board to obtain the visitor’s permission for choosing an institute director and the visitor’s
nomination for selecting the chairperson of the BOG. While emphasizing government involvement in IIM governance,
the act aims to increase transparency through managerial responsibility without diluting autonomy.

• The government’s defense is that the bill does not seek to take away the academic autonomy of IIMs but ensures
greater transparency and accountability. However, this move appears to contradict the autonomy granted to educational
institutions under the National Education Policy 2020.
• While IIMs will still have autonomy over academic matters, the bill introduces more oversight in selecting their leaders.
This change may affect IIMs’ academic excellence, as evidenced by their drop in global rankings. Therefore, the
amendment seeks to establish a framework for accountability and responsibility among stakeholders while preserving
academic autonomy.
41. Dissent in a Democracy: Political Imprisonment under the UAPA

in India this Reading List Explores the History, Impact and
Implications of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
• The reading list examines the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in India, exploring its historical background,
impacts, and implications.
• The UAPA, initially a colonial legacy, was used by the British to suppress dissent against colonial rule. Despite India’s
transition to a democracy emphasizing liberty and tolerance, the UAPA has persisted, raising questions about its role
in stifling dissent within a democratic framework.
• Historically, colonial authorities used similar laws to target those opposing British rule. Over time, these laws evolved
into the UAPA, impacting freedom of expression, association, and assembly. The UAPA has been amended multiple
times, broadening its scope and powers. These amendments have blurred the line between political dissent and criminal
activity, leading to concerns about its impact on fundamental rights.
• The UAPA’s extensive powers include arrest, search, and seizure, extended pre-charge detention, denial of bail,
presumption of guilt, in-camera trials, and the use of intercepted communications as evidence. These provisions grant
significant authority to the executive, raising concerns about the abuse of power.
• People targeted under the UAPA are often from marginalized groups, with caste and class playing significant roles in
their prosecution. The UAPA disproportionately impacts those who challenge existing hierarchies and power structures.
• The UAPA’s amendments have been used to suppress dissent and target activists, making it challenging for individuals
accused under the act to secure bail or receive a fair trial. Additionally, custodial deaths and poor conditions in prisons
have raised further human rights concerns.
In conclusion, the UAPA’s historical baggage and multiple amendments have made it a potent tool for stifling dissent and
curbing fundamental rights, particularly among marginalized groups. It raises questions about the compatibility of such laws
with the principles of democracy, freedom of expression, and social justice.
42. Feminism in the Last Decade: An Interactive

• In the last decade, the focus of the feminist movement has evolved to address various intersecting systems of
oppression beyond just patriarchy. While feminism has made significant strides in advocating for women’s rights and
gender equality, it has also faced resistance and backlash. In the digital age, feminism has been associated with
negative stereotypes like “man-hating,” making some reluctant to identify as feminists. However, feminists continue to
demand rights and challenge power structures.
• Governments and organizations worldwide have recognized the importance of women’s empowerment, but they often
prioritize superficial measures over dismantling patriarchal structures. Schemes like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao and
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana in India primarily target visible gender disparities without addressing underlying issues.
• Women’s studies programs in universities have played a crucial role in investigating exclusionary structures and
advocating for their dismantling. Feminist methodology has expanded its reach into various fields, providing a more
comprehensive understanding of social, political, economic, and cultural processes. Feminists also analyze how
patriarchy intersects with capitalism, caste structures, religion, and heteronormativity.
• While progress has been made, dominant feminist circles still primarily consist of cis-heterosexual, upper-caste, middle-
class, able-bodied women. This lack of diversity is being challenged by young Dalit, transgender, and Adivasi feminist
scholars and activists. On the other hand, there has been a resurgence of backlash from Savarna cis males, including
protests by men’s rights groups and increased violence to maintain their dominance.
• This interactive platform maps the diverse issues addressed by Indian feminists in the last decade, showcasing articles
from the Economic and Political Weekly published since 2010.
43. Reservations in India: A Resource Kit

• The resource kit discusses the contentious issue of reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in educational
institutions and government jobs in India, a topic that has sparked debate for over three decades. In March 2020, an
expert committee proposed redefining and simplifying the “creamy layer” concept, which identifies individuals with
higher incomes who may be excluded from reservations.
• The content reflects recent assertions from various caste-groups advocating for reservations, while those from
privileged caste backgrounds have asserted their castelessness. Caste significantly influences India’s social, cultural,
economic, and political landscape. Propertied classes use caste to maintain their status, acquire political power, secure
jobs, and access loans. In contrast, Dalits, tribes, and backward castes and classes face discrimination in accessing
resources and opportunities due to their caste, limiting their upward mobility.
• The living standards in SC, ST, and OBC households are notably lower than in the rest of the population. Studies
suggest that the economic disadvantages faced by OBCs are similar to those experienced by SCs and STs, warranting
targeted welfare and affirmative action programs.
• The kit compiles over 130 articles published in the Economic & Political Weekly over the last 35 years, focusing on eight
facets of the debate surrounding the Mandal Commission and OBC reservations in India.
• The special series aims to explore and assess contemporary environmentalism trends, which encompass various
approaches such as corporate investments in ESG bonds, tech companies adopting eco-friendly coding, alterations in
production processes, carbon footprint reduction, e-waste assessment, veganism, and opting out of cutlery from food
delivery apps. These approaches appear to be technocentric and largely depoliticized, serving the goals of capital
accumulation and profit-making. They shift the responsibility for environmental action from conglomerates and
institutions to individuals and consumers, aligning with neoliberal and libertarian economic values.

• In contrast, the degrowth paradigm opposes the concept of development itself, advocating for a global reduction in
consumption and production. However, this approach lacks a comprehensive critique of the hegemonic systems
underlying the ecological crisis and appears detached from social and economic justice and decent living conditions. It
disregards the importance of improving human lives and the fact that sustainability is a social ideal, not a natural
attribute.
• The series seeks to explore possibilities for ecological efficiency within a world influenced by capitalist structures. It
intends to highlight and critique various forms of environmentalism, including green capitalism, ethical consumption,
degrowth rhetoric, neo-Malthusian trends (a subset of degrowth), and primordialist or religiously oriented
environmentalism. The series also aims to examine the influence of neoliberal principles in specific sectors, notably
forests and water, where commercialization often goes unaddressed in policy discussions.
44. Environment Justice and Caste after Liberalisation

• This article explores the intersection of environmental justice, caste, and liberalization, with a specific focus on the brick
kiln industry in the Jhajjar district of Haryana, India. It highlights how liberalization impacts both the use of labor and the
environment in a caste-capitalist economy, either reinforcing or challenging hierarchical structures. The migration of
people and capital, driven by liberalization, affects labor rights, dignity, and sustainable natural resource use. The article
underscores that liberalization perpetuates discrimination and economic disparity while exacerbating climate injustices,
particularly affecting Dalits who experience rising emissions and heat in their working and living areas.
• Historically, environmental justice discussions have focused on categories such as race, gender, and ethnicity, often
overlooking the role of caste in India’s context. This article argues that it is crucial to recognize the deep-rooted natural,
social, and cultural processes that shape environmental and labor dynamics within a caste-capitalist economy. It
emphasizes the role of caste in regulating the economy and how caste-based local economies serve the interests of
larger capital and markets under global liberal regimes.
• The article uses the brick kiln industry as a case study to address questions related to liberalization’s impact on labor
and the environment, the effects of migration driven by liberalization, and how Dalits and low-caste individuals are
treated within the context of liberalization. It delves into the conditions faced by Dalit laborers in the brick kilns, including
extreme heat and hazardous emissions, shedding light on their vulnerability to climate change’s adverse impacts.
In conclusion, the article highlights how liberalization has affected both labor and the environment in the brick kiln industry,
with a particular focus on the experiences of Dalit laborers. It underscores the need to incorporate caste dynamics into
discussions of environmental justice in the post-liberalization era, emphasizing the intricate interplay between caste,
capitalism, and the environment in shaping the lives and livelihoods of marginalized communities.
45. Towards a 21st-Century Socialist Green Programme

• The article discusses the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to address climate change while also addressing
issues of global inequality and injustice. It explores two main frameworks: Green Growth, which focuses on transitioning
to a sustainable future within the capitalist system, and Degrowth/Post-Growth, which envisions a post-capitalist world
but lacks a clear transitional path. The author proposes a “Socialist Green Growth” framework that combines elements
of both approaches.

• The article emphasizes the limited time available to prevent climate tipping points and highlights the alarming rate at
which carbon emissions have increased, with a significant portion emitted in recent decades. It points out the dual
challenges of addressing the stock of carbon already in the atmosphere and reducing the flow of emissions.
• Climate injustice is a key theme, with the global North having disproportionately contributed to carbon emissions while
the global South bears the brunt of the crisis due to its geographical location. The concept of “differentiated
responsibility” is discussed, with a consensus on the North taking the lead in mitigating climate change.
• The article also explores the idea of a “right to burn” in the global South and the dilemma of achieving climate justice
without exacerbating the crisis. It proposes a global net-zero (GNZ) strategy with differentiated responsibility, where the
North not only achieves net-zero emissions but also helps the South balance its emissions through funding.
• The importance of distinguishing between emissions and carbon removal is highlighted, with a focus on achieving net-
zero emissions by reducing emissions and increasing removal. The article acknowledges the differences between
Green Growth and Degrowth approaches in achieving emissions reduction but suggests a middle ground.
• The need to challenge the capitalist system and address wealth and income inequality is emphasized. The article
proposes policies such as carbon taxes, restrictions on advertising, and a focus on essential commodities. It also
discusses strategies for inclusive and green development in countries like China and India.
In conclusion, the article advocates for a political project that questions the fundamentals of capitalism while garnering
public support to address climate change and inequality. It calls for a transitional path of green growth within the capitalist
framework while imagining a new socialist future.
46. Water Scarcity is the Reality of Our Times

and faced by People all around the Globe
• The passage discusses the issue of water scarcity, particularly in India, and introduces the use of the Water Poverty
Index (WPI) as a tool for evaluating and comparing water scarcity in different states. The author emphasizes the
multidimensional nature of water scarcity and the need for a comprehensive approach to address the problem. The
passage provides insights into the components of the WPI, such as resources, access, capacity, use, and environment,
which are used to assess water scarcity. It also describes the methodology for calculating the WPI, including data
normalization and sensitivity analysis.
• The study focuses on 11 major states in India and ranks them based on their WPI scores. Punjab and Haryana are
identified as the states with the lowest water scarcity, while states like Karnataka, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh face severe
water scarcity issues. The passage highlights the importance of socio-economic factors, infrastructure, and investment
in water and sanitation in determining water scarcity.
• The author concludes by emphasizing the significance of the resource, capacity, and environment components in
improving water scarcity rankings and suggests that policymakers should prioritize these areas for better water resource
management.
In summary, the passage discusses the global issue of water scarcity, particularly in India, and introduces the Water
Poverty Index (WPI) as a tool for assessing and comparing water scarcity in different states. It emphasizes the
multidimensional nature of the problem and the importance of socio-economic factors in addressing water scarcity.

47. State of Vaccine Manufacturing in

India Structure, Size, and Competitiveness
• The precis of “State of Vaccine Manufacturing in India: Structure, Size, and Competitiveness” provides an
overview of the historical context, manufacturing landscape, and challenges faced by India in vaccine production:
• Historically, India was self-sufficient and a global leader in producing conventional vaccines. However, the emergence
of technologically advanced vaccines led to import dependence. The public sector’s manufacturing capacity was
dismantled in the 2000s, causing adverse effects on exports.
• Vaccines have been cost-effective in reducing infectious disease-related deaths. Countries with strong vaccine
manufacturing have achieved high vaccination rates. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the need for local vaccine
production. High-income countries support vaccine R&D.
• India’s vaccine landscape has evolved from the WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation. The National Vaccine
Policy 2011 aimed to enhance manufacturing capacity, but import reliance remained, affecting price and supply.
• This paper aims to assess India’s manufacturing capacity for UIP and non-UIP vaccines, analyze its global market
position, and review policy initiatives affecting vaccine manufacturing.
• Data from the National Health Profile and Annual Survey of Industries are used to assess manufacturing capacity and
size. Import penetration rate and export efforts are evaluated to gauge India’s competitiveness.
• India has a rich history in vaccine development. Public sector entities played a significant role in vaccine research and
production. Private sector manufacturers, including multinational and indigenous companies, produce a wide range of
vaccines.
• Installed capacity for UIP vaccines declined, while IHR/newer vaccine capacity increased. Public sector’s share in
production significantly decreased, while the private sector expanded.
• Public sector contributions to UIP vaccines reduced, and the government shifted purchasing towards private firms,
concentrating manufacturing capacity in the private sector.
• Public sector PSEs faced challenges and closures. Revived units received insufficient funding, and a critical vaccination
complex remained defunct.
• The vaccine industry’s share of the pharmaceutical sector remained around 2-3.5%. The sale of indigenously produced
vaccines increased significantly, driven by high-priced non-UIP vaccines.
• In 2018-19, India’s domestic vaccine consumption measured through the domestic market size (DMS) reached
approximately 60.52 billion, a significant increase from 1.71 billion in 1999-2000. The growth in DMS remained stagnant
between 2001 and 2009 but saw substantial growth at a CAGR of nearly 18.7% from 2009-10 to 2018-19. The share of
domestically produced vaccines fulfilling the demand was around 90.97% in 2001-02, with the remaining demand met
through imported vaccines. However, the share of imported vaccines increased almost fourfold from 2001-02 to 2018-
19, with approximately 59% of domestic vaccine requirements being met through domestic production in recent years.
• The article also highlights the Import Penetration Rate (IPR), indicating a rise in the import of vaccines in India. IPR
increased significantly from 9.05% in 2001-02 to a peak of 62.47% in 2013-14, showing a growing dependency on
imported vaccines.

• Vaccine-wise import dependency analysis reveals that while basic/traditional vaccines had a low import share, non-
basic Universal Immunization Program (UIP) vaccines, such as the polio vaccine, had a high import share. The import
of other single vaccines also increased from around 20% in 2012-13 to approximately 45.68% in 2018-19. India’s import
dependency on hepatitis, polio, and other newer generation vaccines grew significantly.
• Regarding export performance, Indian vaccine manufacturers made progress in listing their vaccines on the WHO
Prequalification platform. Indian exports grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2011
and 2020, outpacing the global export growth rate of 4.14%. India’s share in the world vaccine export market increased
from 1.55% between 2000 and 2005 to 2.58% between 2014 and 2020, though it experienced fluctuations.
• Despite a lower export share in value, India’s vaccines were the fourth-largest in terms of volume supplied to the world,
with an 11% share. This suggests that Indian vaccines are more affordable and accessible. India also played a
significant role in supplying vaccines to Low-Income Countries (LICs) and Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
• The article emphasizes the need for India to revive its public sector institutions for vaccine research and manufacturing.
It notes that the private sector has dominated vaccine production, leading to a monopoly or oligopolistic market, often
resulting in higher prices. The neglect of the public sector and the dependence on imported vaccines have raised
concerns. The article suggests that India should invest more in research and development (R&D) to become self-
sufficient in vaccine technology and manufacturing.
In summary, India’s vaccine manufacturing landscape has shifted towards the private sector, impacting public sector
contributions and self-sufficiency. High-priced vaccines have driven recent growth, but challenges in funding and utilization
persist.
48. Unveiling Gender Negotiation in

Everyday Life Sports and Society in Rural Haryana
• The article “Unveiling Gender Negotiation in Everyday Life: Sports and Society in Rural Haryana” explores how women’s
experiences in sports challenge and reshape notions of femininity and gender roles in a rural village in Haryana, India.
Drawing on the concept of “doing” gender as a situated accomplishment within everyday interactions, the study
investigates how women’s entry into the world of sports impacts social structures and cultural expectations.
• The article begins by highlighting the idea that gender is not a fixed trait but rather a product of social interactions. It
emphasizes the importance of examining gender within the context of everyday life and societal structures. The study
aims to understand how the entry of women into sports challenges traditional gender norms and constructs.
• The article reviews the theoretical underpinnings related to the construction of gender and explores the sociological
aspects of sports in Haryana. It discusses how sports can challenge and redefine masculinity and femininity. The article
also delves into the historical significance of sports in Indian society and its role in promoting nationalism and countering
colonial stereotypes.
• The article points out that despite economic transformations in Haryana, rigid patriarchal norms persist, leading to issues
such as gender bias, female foeticide, and gender-based violence. However, there are signs of change in the social
milieu, driven by factors like education and social activism.

• The study focuses on the experiences of female sportspersons in Haryana, particularly in wrestling and kabaddi. It notes
that successful athletes like the Phogat sisters have played a pivotal role in changing societal perceptions about women
in sports. Women’s participation in sports is viewed as a means to achieve financial independence and prestige.
• The article also discusses how women’s involvement in sports affects perceptions of masculinity among male players.
While male players may be supportive of women entering sports, there is resistance to women being stronger or more
competent. This reflects broader societal attitudes about gender.
• While women’s participation in sports provides them with greater access to public spaces and challenges traditional
clothing norms, it doesn’t eliminate all societal constraints. Women still face surveillance and policing within their own
villages. Success in sports can grant some autonomy, but it’s typically measured by the medals won.
• The article also touches on the role of caste and class in women’s sports. It highlights the importance of financial
background in accessing resources and achieving success. There’s a debate about reservation policies and financial
incentives for women players, which can lead to resentment among some players.
In conclusion, the article explores how women’s participation in sports challenges and transforms gender norms and
cultural expectations in rural Haryana. It emphasizes that while there are positive changes, they are more pronounced for
highly successful athletes. The broader social and political context still presents challenges for women in sports and society
as a whole.
49. Viability of Small Farmers in India how do Small Farmers Fare?

Evidence from Village Studies in India edited by Madhura
Swaminathan and Sandipan Baksi
• The book “How Do Small Farmers Fare? Evidence from Village Studies in India’’ edited by Madhura
Swaminathan and Sandipan Baksi, explores the viability and socio-economic conditions of small farmers in India.
The Indian agriculture sector has seen the development of capitalism without significant changes in agrarian relations,
leading to the strengthening of control by capitalist farmers. Small farmers have faced unfair disadvantages,
exacerbated by neoliberal policies implemented in the 1990s, such as reduced public investment, declining input
subsidies, and trade liberalization, which have intensified capitalist intervention in agriculture.
• The book is a result of the Project on Agrarian Relations in India (PARI) and is based on surveys conducted in 17
villages across different agroecological regions of India. It aims to analyze the income, livelihoods, and characteristics
of small farmers, placing them in the broader context of capitalist development in Indian agriculture.
• The production structure of small farming households is primarily focused on meeting consumption needs, with a higher
emphasis on foodgrain production compared to large farmers. Income from crop cultivation varies widely, with irrigation
facilities being a key factor. Self-employment in agriculture remains a significant income source for small farmer
households, but it is often insufficient to meet their needs, leading to engagement in manual wage work and a gradual
shift toward proletarianization.
• Low income from crop cultivation can be attributed to increased input costs following the deregulation of the agriculture
input market. The cost of cultivation depends on cropping intensity and crop mix. Small farmers face challenges in
accessing inputs and markets for their output, making them vulnerable.
• Small farmers often engage family members, including children and women, in economic activities, contributing to higher
labor force participation than landlords and large farmers. Many small farmers also participate in the rural wage labor
market, indicating their economic struggles.
• The majority of small farmers face low income and vulnerability, leading to varying levels of poverty, particularly among
marginalized groups like Dalits, Adivasis, and Muslims. Access to formal credit remains limited for small farmers, and
land reforms are suggested to provide collateral for credit access. Education deprivation is also a concern, with lower
literacy rates among small farmer households, especially females.
• Housing and basic amenities are insufficient, with disparities within the small farmer class and significant deprivation
among SC, ST, and Muslim households. The final chapter of the book highlights that the crisis faced by small farmers
is more related to income rather than productivity, characterized by high costs and low, fluctuating prices.
In conclusion, ‘‘How Do Small Farmers Fare?” offers empirical insights into the challenges faced by small farmers in
India, emphasizing the need for urgent policy support to address their socio-economic conditions and ensure their viability
in the context of globalization.
50. Cultivating a Democratic Self the Social

Life of Democracy by Sundar Sarukkai, Kolkata
• In “Cultivating a Democratic Self: The Social Life of Democracy’’ by Sundar Sarukkai, the author explores the
concept of what it means to be a democratic self. Drawing on B.R. Ambedkar’s ideas expressed in “Riddles in Hinduism,”
Sarukkai argues that democracy is not merely a political system but a “philosophy of life.” While values like equality and
liberty are essential to democracy, the concept of fraternity, or fellow-feeling, plays a crucial role in shaping democratic
relationships among individuals and groups in society.
• Sarukkai delves into various aspects of democracy, examining how different cultures and societies perceive and
experience it. He discusses the notion of “the people” and the challenges in defining this collective term. He emphasizes
that democracy is culturally specific and may have different meanings and interpretations in various contexts.
• The author also explores how democracy is a social process that extends beyond politics and government. He
emphasizes the importance of self-rule and self-respect, which are essential for cultivating a democratic self. Labor is
seen as a central element in displaying democratic values, as how we value labor defines our democratic character.
• Sarukkai’s work delves into the relationship between democracy and religion, highlighting Ambedkar’s views on how
religious thought can contribute to social democracy. He also examines the role of truth in politics, particularly in the
context of actions that promote fellow-feeling and ethical conduct.
• The author considers the role of freedom in democracy and suggests that the idea of freedom emerged from the
experience of slavery. He argues that individual freedom should not be prioritized over the collective aspect of
democracy.
In conclusion, Sundar Sarukkai’s essay challenges conventional understandings of democracy by emphasizing the
importance of self-rule, self-respect, labor, and fellow-feeling in cultivating a democratic self. He draws on the ideas of
Gandhi and Ambedkar to broaden the scope of what it means to be a democratic individual in various cultural contexts.
51. Imtiaz Ahmad (1940-2023):

An Extraordinary Scholar and Teacher
• Imtiaz Ahmad (1940–2023) was a distinguished political sociologist, scholar, and teacher known for his significant
contributions to the field. His research and teaching career spanned three decades at the Centre for Political Studies
(CPS) of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), where he left a lasting impact.
• Ahmad’s academic journey was marked by his commitment to social justice, secularism, pluralism, and inter-communal
harmony, even in a time of increasing social divisions and violence in India. He passed away on June 19, 2023, leaving
behind a legacy of insightful research and dedication to his students.
• During his tenure at JNU, Ahmad played a pivotal role in defining the field of sociology in India. He bridged the gap
between social anthropology and political sociology, establishing himself as an interdisciplinary political sociologist. His
teaching methods emphasized interdisciplinarity, with courses covering political sociology, social stratification, and
group relations in India, among others.
• One of Ahmad’s significant contributions was his research on the Muslim caste question in India. His work shed light
on the marginalized Pasmanda community within the Muslim population, advocating for their recognition and rights. He
argued for reservations for this community under India’s affirmative action policies, aligning with principles of equality
and justice.
• Ahmad’s research also explored the intersection of caste and religion among Muslims, challenging prevailing notions
and highlighting the need for a more comprehensive sociology of India. He emphasized the importance of understanding
the structure and sociocultural processes of non-Hindu communities in India.
• Methodologically, Ahmad employed innovative approaches, including observer/observed and participant observation,
to capture the reality of his research subjects. He believed that concepts and methods should arise from within the
society being studied, promoting macro sociological generalizations grounded in social realities.
• Throughout his career, Ahmad remained committed to the values of secularism and democracy. He advocated for
internal reforms within the Muslim community, suggesting that communities themselves should rationalize aspects of
personal laws that contradict constitutional provisions of equity, justice, and conscience.
• As a teacher and mentor, Ahmad inspired generations of students with his wisdom, wit, and humor. He believed in the
democracy of ideas and encouraged fearless discussions. Ahmad’s optimism about secularism and peaceful
reconciliation between communities persisted even in times of communal polarization.
• Imtiaz Ahmad’s passing is a significant loss for India’s academic community, and his contributions to sociology and his
commitment to democratic values will be remembered and cherished.
52. A Moral Economy Crisis is Post-Covid-19 Capitalism Predatory?

• The article discusses the emergence of a moral economy crisis in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly
focusing on its impact on migrant workers in India. The author argues that global capitalism, despite facing setbacks
due to the pandemic, is likely to become more predatory, aided by a corporate-friendly Indian state. The article highlights
the violation of rights and harsh conditions faced by migrant workers during the pandemic, drawing parallels with
historical instances of economic hardship and social struggles.
• The author emphasizes the need for moral economy solutions to address the crisis. These solutions include providing
subsistence food supplies to all workers, regardless of their status, and ensuring financial remittances to workers’
families back home. The article also calls for the adoption of a redistributive state approach, including a wealth tax, to
address economic inequality. Additionally, the restoration of labor rights is considered crucial, along with the portability
of political rights for migrants.
• The article concludes by suggesting that the realization of these moral economy remedies depends on ongoing
struggles and conscientization of the state from below, as the dominant corporate interests continue to shape economic
policies and practices.
• Overall, the article discusses the moral economy crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes a set of
policy responses to mitigate its impact on vulnerable populations, particularly migrant workers in India.
53. Issues and Challenges in Conceptualisation

and Implementation of Nyuntam Aay Yojana
The article discusses the issues and challenges related to the conceptualization and implementation of Nyuntam Aay Yojana
(NYAY), a proposed universal basic income (UBI) program in India.
The major challenges highlighted in the article include:

1. Identification of Poor Households: One of the primary challenges is accurately identifying poor households to target
with the benefits of NYAY. The article questions the accuracy and reliability of existing methods for identifying the
poorest of the poor.
2. Multidimensional Poverty: The article emphasizes that poverty is a multidimensional issue, encompassing factors
such as health, education, and standard of living. It argues that NYAY should consider these dimensions in its poverty
eradication efforts.
3. Fiscal Viability: The fiscal feasibility of NYAY is a significant concern. The article raises questions about how the
program would be funded and whether it would be sustainable in the long term without compromising the country’s fiscal
goals.
4. Implementation Challenges: Implementing NYAY at scale poses several difficulties, including the need for a reliable
beneficiary database, potential inaccuracies in identifying beneficiaries, and the challenge of de-identifying families as
their income levels change.
5. Missing Multidimensional Approach: The article argues that NYAY’s focus on providing a monetary increase may
not address the broader aspects of poverty, such as access to healthcare, education, and basic services.
6. Inflation Consideration: The article highlights the need to consider the impact of inflation on the purchasing power of
the beneficiaries over time. It suggests that NYAY might become insufficient to support families in the face of rising
prices.

7. Fiscal Responsibility: The article discusses the potential negative consequences of financing NYAY through taxation,
subsidy reduction, or debt financing, suggesting that it could compromise India’s fiscal discipline and growth potential.
8. Economic Growth: The article argues that economic development, including investments in manufacturing and trade,
is a more sustainable way to reduce poverty in the long run.
In conclusion, the article raises several valid concerns about the viability and effectiveness of Nyuntam Aay Yojana (NYAY)
as a poverty eradication program in India. It emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive and multidimensional approach
to addressing poverty and highlights the challenges in implementing a targeted income distribution scheme. Additionally, it
suggests that sustainable economic growth may be a more effective strategy for poverty reduction in the country.
54. The ChatGPT Phenomenon will we become Jobless?

• The emergence of the chatbot ChatGPT, a product of OpenAI, has garnered immense attention and popularity. With
over 100 million users, ChatGPT has become a valuable AI tool for various tasks such as word processing, content
creation, and coding. Tech giant Alphabet has also introduced its chatbot called Bard, further indicating the growth of
AI technology in society (Duarte 2023).
• However, alongside the excitement surrounding ChatGPT and similar AI technologies, concerns about the potential
negative consequences have arisen. These concerns encompass issues such as misinformation, cybersecurity, and
the possibility of widespread job displacement. The central question is whether AI will lead to significant unemployment
and what this means for the future of humanity.
• Artificial intelligence, as defined by Investopedia, involves the emulation of human intelligence through software-coded
heuristics. Essentially, AI enables machines to perform tasks that were once exclusive to humans, including language
comprehension and pattern recognition.
• The historical context of technology as a tool is crucial. Throughout history, tools have consistently reduced the manual
effort required for tasks, from the invention of the wheel to the present-day AI, machine learning, and automation. These
technologies have greatly improved efficiency and safety across various industries, from manufacturing to finance.
• In recent years, technology has advanced at an exponential rate, blurring the lines between tasks that were traditionally
human-exclusive and those that AI tools can now perform. This includes AI-generated content, legal documents, and
even voice cloning. The question remains: will AI lead to mass job displacement, similar to previous industrial
revolutions, or will it create entirely new job opportunities?
• The potential consequences of AI are at the heart of the debate. The worst-case scenario involves AI replacing existing
jobs and failing to create an adequate number of new ones. The critical issue is not merely the replacement of human
labor but the exacerbation of existing societal inequalities. The rapid development of AI has evoked both hope and
concern. U.S. President Joe Biden has cautioned tech companies about the economic risks associated with AI (S
Sharma 2023).
• Experts hold varying views on the matter. Some, like AI researcher Ben Goertzel, predict an 80% job loss due to AI,
while others, like Geoffrey Hinton, a prominent computer scientist at Google, fear the societal disruption caused by
misinformation and job displacement (Khan 2023). Conversely, some view AI as an augmentation rather than
automation tool, emphasizing its role in assisting human intelligence. Figures such as N R Narayana Murthy, co-founder
of Infosys, and Milind Lakkad, Chief Human Resource Officer at Tata Consultancy Services, see AI platforms like
ChatGPT as collaborators rather than replacements (Sengupta 2023).

• Nevertheless, concerns about job loss persist. Companies like IBM have already replaced humans with machines for
non-customer-facing roles (Reuters 2023). According to Goldman Sachs, AI could adversely affect nearly 300 million
jobs (Kelly 2023). While some argue against complete job loss due to AI, they acknowledge the potential for job
displacement in offshore locations. Service-oriented economies, like India, heavily dependent on the IT sector for
employment and foreign exchange, are particularly vulnerable to AI-related disruptions (Patel 2022).
• Interestingly, AI’s impact varies across job categories. White-collar employees may face more severe consequences
than blue-collar workers. Occupations such as financial analysts and tax preparers have a high exposure to AI, while
certain blue-collar jobs remain less susceptible. However, job transitions are complex, depending on supply and demand
dynamics. Failure to adapt to new roles could result in significant joblessness, potentially impacting tax revenues and
foreign exchange reserves in affected nations (Brookings Institute; Eloundou et al. 2023).
• AI’s potential implications extend to the concept of universal basic income (UBI). Some envision a future where AI
diminishes the value of human labor to the point where UBI becomes necessary. Advocates like Sam Altman, co-
founder of OpenAI, propose taxing AI-using companies and distributing the revenue among citizens—a concept akin to
UBI. However, the feasibility of UBI in resource-constrained, densely populated countries like India remains uncertain
(Altman; Christopher Pissarides; Antony Atkinson).
• Additionally, addressing the taxation of global companies operating in the post-AI world poses a challenge. Existing
international taxation rules need updating to accommodate the complexities of digital economies. A global consensus
on taxing post-AI corporations, especially those operating in developing nations, is essential to prevent tax evasion
(Faulhaber).
• The rise of AI may lead to the dominance of a few tech giants, reminiscent of historical colonization by technologically
superior powers. Regulation and governance of AI and related technologies are paramount, requiring a balance
between public and private interests. Founders of OpenAI have expressed concerns about the unchecked supremacy
of AI and advocate for global regulation to avoid undue influence from existing players (OpenAI blog post).
• While AI optimists foresee a golden age for humanity, pessimists fear an impending apocalypse. The reality likely lies
between these extremes. Education systems must adapt to equip individuals with the skills needed in a post-AI world.
Furthermore, measures to address historical inequalities must be preserved in the context of AI’s transformative effects
(Johnson 2019).
In conclusion, the advent of AI, particularly ChatGPT, has sparked significant discussions about its potential impact on
society, including concerns about job displacement and inequality. The future of AI remains uncertain, and policymakers
must navigate complex challenges related to regulation, taxation, and education to ensure a fair and prosperous post-AI
world.
53. RBI’s Scale-Based Regulations for NBFCs A Bevy of Anomalies

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced scale-based regulations (SBR) for non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)
in October 2021 to adapt regulations to the changing risk profiles of NBFCs. This framework divides NBFCs into four layers
based on size, activity, and perceived riskiness. However, several anomalies in the regulatory framework have been
identified:

1. Divergence in Terminology: The RBI uses the term “systemically important,” which differs from the global practice of
“systemically important financial institution” (SIFI). The terminology mismatch raises concern about systemic risk
assessment.
2. Irregularities in Risk Measurement: The RBI’s framework lacks defined thresholds for measuring perceived riskiness,
making it difficult to gauge the actual risk posed by NBFCs. In contrast, global practices set clear quantitative thresholds.
3. Binary vs. Continuum Concept: The RBI’s framework uses a binary approach, categorizing NBFCs based on asset
size into upper or lower layers. This binary distinction contrasts with the global continuum concept, where SIFI status
can change over time.
4. Minimum Designation Period: NBFCs designated as systemically significant in India face a minimum designation
period of five years, which deviates from the annual re-evaluation practiced in the US, potentially limiting growth
opportunities.
5. Supervision on Business Growth: The RBI’s transition period for NBFCs moving to the upper layer includes
supervised and calibrated business growth, discouraging NBFCs from taking risks and stifling innovation.
6. Relevance of the Top Layer: The framework introduces a top layer without clear parameters for inclusion, leading to
uncertainty about the criteria for companies in this layer. This raises questions about the need for both systemically
significant and top layers.
In conclusion, the RBI’s scale-based regulation framework for NBFCs deviates from global practices in terminology,
risk measurement, designation periods, and supervision, potentially impacting the growth and risk management capabilities
of NBFCs. Clarifications and adjustments may be needed to align with international standards.
56. Perpetuating Illegality in ‘National Interest’

• The Supreme Court’s decision to extend the illegal tenure of the director of the Directorate of Enforcement until
September 15, 2023, has raised concerns about the credibility of the Court and its commitment to the rule of law.
Despite previous judgments limiting the director’s term, the Court modified its orders, citing “national interest” as a
justification without providing clear reasons for the change.
• S.K. Mishra, the director of the enforcement directorate, had already received multiple extensions to his term, which
were challenged in court. To circumvent these legal challenges, an amendment was made to the Central Vigilance
Commission (CVC) Act, allowing further extensions. The Court upheld the amendment but deemed previous extensions
illegal, ordering Mishra to vacate office by July 31, 2023.
• The government then requested another extension until October 15, 2023, citing India’s certification under the Financial
Action Task Force (FATF) review as a reason. However, the Court’s previous order had already addressed this
argument, allowing an extension only until the end of July. The Court’s decision to modify its order without clear legal
justification raises questions about the use of “national interest” to serve the government’s convenience.
• This case is not just an administrative issue but has implications for the independence and credibility of the enforcement
directorate, which has faced allegations of partisan behavior and selective targeting of opposition leaders. The Court’s
failure to ensure that the directorate operates within a legal mandate reflects poorly on its credibility.
In summary, the Supreme Court’s decision to extend the director’s tenure without clear legal grounds undermines its own
credibility and raises concerns about the enforcement directorate’s independence and impartiality.

57. Environmental Injustice and Public Health in India: Towards a

“Decolonial Intersectional Environmental Justice” Framework
• This article discusses the shortcomings of current environmental policies in India, particularly in safeguarding the health
and well-being of marginalized communities. It advocates for the adoption of a “decolonial intersectional environmental
justice” framework for developing and implementing more inclusive environmental policies in the country.
• The article highlights how vulnerable populations, especially those in developed and developing nations, bear the brunt
of global environmental crises and climate change impacts. In India, environmental challenges encompass issues such
as inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, as well as pollution from hazardous waste generated by a consumer
society. Despite the existence of various environmental policies and legal frameworks, these policies often fail to
address the health disparities and specific needs of marginalized groups in the country.
• The article emphasizes that environmental policies in India largely overlook and disregard the diverse social groups’
unique health disparities. It also points out that toxic waste management rules have not effectively reduced
environmental violations. Furthermore, it discusses how inadequate access to clean water, increased water
contamination, and other environmental factors disproportionately affect marginalized communities, including
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other vulnerable groups.
• To address these issues, the article proposes a “decolonial intersectional environmental justice” framework. This
framework calls for a more inclusive approach to environmental policy development, involving not only environmental
and natural scientists but also social scientists. It advocates for a holistic understanding of environmental and health
disparities, taking into account multiple intersecting factors like class, caste, gender, race, and more. The article argues
that this approach should go beyond economic redistribution, cultural recognition, and political representation to include
reinforcing ecological resources.
• The article also stresses the importance of a decolonial perspective in environmental policies. This perspective seeks
to challenge and dismantle systems of power and exploitation, particularly as they pertain to indigenous communities
and marginalized populations. A decolonial approach aims to restore land rights, sovereignty, and indigenous voices in
policy-making, ultimately leading to more sustainable and equitable environmental policies.
In conclusion, this article underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive and inclusive approach to environmental policy
in India that considers the unique challenges faced by marginalized communities. It advocates for a framework that
combines intersectional analysis with decolonial principles to address environmental injustices and protect both the well-
being of marginalized populations and the ecosystem as a whole.
58. Discarding or Limiting the Essential Religious Practices Test

• This content discusses the Essential Religious Practices (ERP) test used by the Indian judiciary in cases concerning
freedom of religion. The author argues that while this test has been criticized, it has its merits within the Indian legal and
social context. The split verdict in the Supreme Court’s recent case involving Muslim girl students’ right to wear hijab
highlights the complexity of this issue. Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia’s opinion in the case balances the merits and demerits
of the ERP test, proposing a middle ground.
• In the Aishat Shifa v State of Karnataka case, the Karnataka government issued an order prohibiting Muslim girl
students from wearing hijabs in state-funded academic institutes. The Supreme Court’s split verdict upheld the order by

Justice Hemant Gupta while Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia declared it unconstitutional. Interestingly, neither justice relied
on the ERP test, a standard method to determine if a religious practice is constitutionally protected.
• The ERP test involves two steps: first, determining if the practice is religious or secular, and second, deciding if it is an
essential part of the religion. The author highlights criticisms of this test, including concerns about courts interpreting
religion and making normative judgments about religious practices. Critics argue that this approach goes beyond the
court’s expertise and intrudes into the domain of Parliament, which is constitutionally empowered to bring about social
reforms.
• The ERP test’s application has also led to an increased scope of state regulation over religion, particularly in Hinduism.
The courts have often tried to modernize and rationalize religious practices, even delegitimizing some usages of popular
Hinduism as superstition. Additionally, temple entry laws have allowed the state to regulate religious institutions.
In conclusion, the content discusses the need for caution when discarding or limiting the ERP test. While there are strong
arguments against it, the test has had its utilities. Justice Dhulia’s approach strikes a balance, but concerns, both social and
legal, must be addressed if the Supreme Court decides to adopt it.
Doing away with the ERP Test:

Why the Supreme Court must be cautious?
• The author discusses the ERP (Essential Religious Practices) test in the context of freedom of religion and its application
by the Supreme Court. While some argue for its removal, the author presents the argument that completely discarding
the ERP test might not be advisable. The ERP test has been used to determine whether certain religious customs are
essential to a religion and, therefore, protected by the Constitution. It has been used in cases like Sabarimala and triple
talaq verdicts.
• The author highlights the importance of social reform in a country as diverse as India and how the ERP test has been
used to limit the scope of religious practices that may obstruct social reform. They reference B.R. Ambedkar’s vision of
limiting the definition of religion to beliefs and essential rituals. The author also discusses the need for credible
spokespeople in religions and how the ERP test helps in the absence of such figures.
• The article introduces Justice Dhulia’s approach, suggesting a middle ground that protects freedom of religion against
state actions. Justice Dhulia argues that when the state interferes with an individual’s freedom of religion, the ERP test
should not apply. Instead, the state’s actions should be scrutinized based on specified grounds like public order, health,
morality, and violation of other fundamental rights. This approach, according to Justice Dhulia, protects an individual’s
conviction in a religious custom.
• The article also addresses concerns about Justice Dhulia’s approach. It raises questions about the state’s ability to
regulate uniforms in state institutions, public policy challenges, and the subjectivity of individual religious convictions.
In conclusion, the article discusses the pros and cons of completely removing the ERP test versus limiting its scope. It
suggests that finding a balance is crucial, and the Supreme Court needs to carefully consider the ramifications of its decision
on the ERP test’s applicability in cases involving freedom of religion.

59. Crimes against Humanity in Manipur the Government’s Failures

have made Women in Manipur Especially Vulnerable to Patriarchal
Passions
• The vulnerability of women in Manipur to patriarchal violence has been exacerbated by government failures. An incident
that occurred over two months ago, where two Kuki-Zomi women were sexually harassed and paraded by a group of
men, gained international attention when a video of the incident went viral. Despite an FIR filed in May, which charged
“unknown armed miscreants” with kidnapping, gang rape, and murder, no arrests were made until the video’s circulation.
Tragically, the group allegedly killed the father and brother of one of the victims. The police’s lack of urgency or
government intervention in the face of such incidents is alarming.
• The state and union governments only acknowledged the situation in Manipur after the video’s widespread
dissemination, raising questions about their awareness of ongoing violence within their jurisdiction. The union Ministry
of Home Affairs’ response was tokenistic, appointing a chief minister from a neighboring state to monitor the law and
order situation.
• Media played a crucial role in bringing the issue to light, but one organization falsely claimed that a Muslim man was
involved, inciting communal tension. The incident itself was partially triggered by fake news, as a photo from a Delhi
“honour killing” case was misattributed to Manipur, leading to further violence. While the media played a role in raising
awareness, it must exercise caution to prevent the spread of fake news.
• The response to the violence in Manipur exposes a refusal to acknowledge the root causes of the problem and a lack
of intent to resolve it. The Prime Minister’s response came late, prompted by the video’s viral nature and the Supreme
Court’s intervention. However, it is insensitive to compare the Manipur incident to violence in opposition-ruled states,
as what is happening in Manipur resembles war crimes and ethnic cleansing, with mass rapes and sexual assaults used
to humiliate communities. Manipur appears to be spiraling toward a situation akin to civil war, with a breakdown of law
and order exacerbated by government indifference and complicity.
60. Opposition Political Parties in Search of a Viable alternative the

Task of Defending Democracy makes the Broadest Unity of the
Opposition an Imperative
• Defending democracy necessitates the unity of the opposition in India. The formation of the Indian National
Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) has perturbed the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led National
Democratic Alliance (NDA). The Prime Minister’s aggressive response to this opposition alliance signifies its perceived
threat to the BJP’s electoral calculations. The hurried NDA meeting in Delhi, coinciding with the opposition’s meeting in
Bengaluru, reflects the ruling party’s anxiety. Despite claims of a 38-party coalition in the NDA, many have negligible
electoral influence, while INDIA comprises parties with substantial presence and governance experience.
• The ruling party resorts to ridicule, defection attempts, and central agency pressure tactics, banking on opposition
alliance internal divisions. The Nationalist Congress Party’s split exemplifies BJP’s efforts to hinder support
consolidation behind the Maha Vikas Aghadi, a significant part of INDIA. Though splits may weaken the opposition’s
electoral strength, growing polarization may lead anti-BJP voters to rally behind a credible opposition, regardless of
party affiliation.

• The opposition must maintain credibility to achieve electoral success, necessitating the smooth resolution of internal
contradictions. Seat-sharing discussions may pose challenges due to Congress’s claim to pre-eminence and adversarial
relations among constituent parties in certain states.
• Regarding the first challenge, the Congress’s willingness to forgo the prime ministership suggests a willingness to take
a back seat. It should acknowledge its multiregional status among other regional forces, focusing on states where it’s
the primary challenger and accepting a junior partner role elsewhere.
• Sharp differences among INDIA constituents in states like West Bengal, Kerala, Punjab, and Delhi must be delicately
addressed. The Left-Congress in West Bengal and the Congress in the other three states should accept junior roles.
The Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Aam Aadmi Party must also reduce their adversarial approach. Addressing these
differences involves patient negotiations and persuasion of cadre and support bases.
• Opposition parties must realize that their contradictions pale in comparison to their fundamental disagreement with the
BJP on India’s republic’s character. Engaging in friendly fights or contests among themselves risks casting doubt on
their intent and can be exploited by the ruling party. All opposition parties must prioritize unity to safeguard democracy.
61. “The Nuclear Triangle and the World” by Nirmal Bose

• In the context of the nuclear age, the custodians of two opposing socio-economic systems, despite deep-seated distrust
and prejudice, found common ground in their mutual need for survival. The realization that a nuclear confrontation could
lead to the demise of both superpowers prompted them to present their objectives as serving not just their interests but
the well-being of all humanity.
• This nuclear dynamic challenges orthodox Marxist interpretations of global contradictions. The decision by China to
develop its nuclear capabilities, despite denials from both China and the Soviet Union, has contributed significantly to
the current schism between the two. The United States calculates that as long as China maintains its nuclear complex,
the Soviet Union and China are unlikely to unite against it. Time is a crucial factor in the strategic maneuvering of these
three powers, each vying for the upper hand in the complex game of international relations.
62. To Regulate or Strangulate?

An Ethics-based Framework for NBFC Regulation
• This article discusses the regulatory framework for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India and argues
for an ethics-based approach instead of stringent regulations. While acknowledging the importance of regulating
NBFCs, the authors express concerns that the current regulatory approach may hinder their growth and lending
capacity, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced a “scale-based approach” to regulate NBFCs, emphasizing
proportionality in regulation based on the entity’s risk to the financial system. The authors commend the RBI’s
commitment to regulating the sector to restore trust but raise concerns about certain aspects of the framework that
could discourage NBFC operations.

• Critiques include the treatment of NBFCs similar to Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) without similar benefits, the
inflexibility of the upper limit for eligible NBFCs, and the shortened recognition cycle for bad loans, which may affect
NBFCs catering to underserved segments.
• The article suggests an alternative approach that incentivizes ethical behavior among NBFCs. This framework promotes
transparency, governance, and positive behavior through a rewards system. It outlines potential rewards, such as
reduced deposit holding periods, increased deposits from non-resident Indians, and lower reserve requirements for
well-managed NBFCs.
• The authors propose using blockchain technology for transparency and information sharing between regulators and
NBFCs. They argue that the rewards-based system, combined with technology, would create a self-regulating
mechanism that benefits both NBFCs and the financial system as a whole.
In conclusion, the article advocates for an ethics-driven, rewards-based framework for regulating NBFCs to foster ethical
practices, market trust, and system stability. It envisions a system where incentives lead to positive behavior and self-
governance within the sector.
63. Politics on Memes and Memes on Politics

The article titled “Politics on Memes and Memes on Politics” explores the multifaceted role of memes in the realm of
politics and public discourse. Memes, typically associated with humor and popular culture, have evolved into a powerful tool
for political communication, shaping the dynamics of contemporary democracies. The author delves into several key
aspects:
1. The Expanding Role of Memes: Memes, initially considered a form of humor associated with millennials, have
expanded beyond their conventional boundaries. They now encompass various forms, including visual, textual, audio,
and vocal expressions, contributing significantly to political communication.
2. Memes as Instruments of Political Change: Memes are depicted as active agents in shaping the political landscape,
often creating “invented communities” and playing a transformative role in contemporary politics.
3. Political Communication and Memes: Political battles, campaigns, and debates increasingly feature memes, making
it challenging to determine whether memes respond to political events or vice versa. Memes have replaced traditional
forms of political communication like lengthy speeches and letters, becoming integral to political campaigns.
4. Memes as Political Literature: The article explores whether memes can be considered a form of political literature,
raising questions about their potential to convey complex political ideas and shape public perceptions.
5. Memes as Catalysts of Public Participation: Memes are shown to encourage public engagement in politics,
particularly in countries like India. They become tools for political parties to engage with the electorate, targeting rivals
and amplifying their messages. The virality of memes facilitates mass participation in political discussions and
movements.
6. Memes and Political Reality: Memes play a role in constructing and manipulating public memory, influencing
perceptions of “political reality.” They are portrayed as instruments for molding political opinions and public discourse.
7. Conclusion: The article concludes that memes have evolved into a form of political literature and serve as essential
channels for political deliberation. They bridge the gap between the public and private spheres, although their impact
on democratic deliberation may vary.
In summary, the article explores the multifaceted role of memes in contemporary politics, highlighting their potential to
influence public opinion, political discourse, and the perception of political reality. Memes are portrayed as dynamic tools
that have become integral to the political landscape in the digital age.
64. Does access to Educational Institutions signify

Gaining Quality Education?
• The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2022 has been instrumental in tracking rural education trends in
India, shedding light on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary and middle school education. While the report
shows an increase in enrolment rates, it also reveals a decline in foundational learning abilities, raising concerns about
the quality of education. This article emphasizes the need for collective efforts from the state, teachers, parents, and
the community to address the challenges facing rural education.
• The overall enrolment rate for the 6–14 age group has risen from 95% in 2018 to 98.4% in 2022, indicating progress in
making education accessible. However, the decline in foundational learning abilities suggests that improving access
alone is insufficient to ensure quality education. Persistent concerns include attendance rates, pupil-teacher ratios, and
multigrade classrooms. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these issues by disrupting traditional learning methods,
particularly in rural areas with limited access to digital resources.
• Foundational learning encompasses basic literacy, numeracy, and socio-emotional skills. The report highlights that
reading abilities have been more adversely affected than numerical skills, impacting students’ intellectual growth and
ability to comprehend information. The rise in students seeking paid tuition classes further underscores the inadequacy
of the school system in meeting educational needs. Gender disparities persist, with boys more likely to enroll in private
schools, reflecting traditional societal biases.
• The article calls for practical solutions to improve rural education quality, emphasizing community participation. It
suggests addressing students’ holistic needs, including physical, emotional, and nutritional aspects, alongside investing
in school infrastructure. Teachers play a critical role in this process, and their training and empowerment should be
prioritized. Parent-teacher associations and School Management Committees need to function effectively, fostering
collaboration between parents and teachers. Gender equality in education can be promoted by challenging gender
stereotypes and equalizing domestic responsibilities.
• Despite concerning findings, some positive aspects emerge, such as students who can read at a higher level than
expected, often due to support from family and community. The article concludes by stressing the importance of
understanding students’ specific needs, adopting student-centered pedagogy, promoting experiential and participative
learning, and increasing public investment in education. It highlights the need for shared accountability among
governments, schools, and communities to create a conducive learning environment for all students.
65. Delhi’s Conundrum and the need for Collaborative Federalism

• The content discusses the complexities of India’s federal structure, focusing on the unique status of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (NCTD) and the ongoing conflict between the Delhi government and the Union government. It
highlights the historical trajectory of Delhi’s special status and the constitutional framework governing its administration.

• The recent attempt by the Union government to pass an ordinance to override a judicial ruling regarding the NCTD’s
administrative powers has raised concerns about the future of federalism in India. The article emphasizes the need for
collaboration and cooperation between the Union and Delhi governments instead of resorting to confrontation.
• The piece also delves into the legal and constitutional history of Delhi’s special status, including its transition from a
Part C state to a Union Territory and the establishment of a legislative assembly. It discusses the ongoing disputes over
the distribution of executive powers, particularly in areas such as public order, police, and land.
• The content suggests that instead of granting full statehood to Delhi, a power structure should be established to enhance
local government’s jurisdiction over legislative, financial, and administrative matters, promoting collaborative federalism
for efficient governance.
In summary, the content explores the complexities of India’s federalism, with a focus on Delhi’s unique status and the need
for collaboration between different levels of government to address jurisdictional conflicts and ensure effective governance.
66. Unravelling the Interplay between

Agriculture, Livelihood, and Identity
• The book “Apple Is Our Livelihood” explores the significance of apple production in India, particularly in regions such
as Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. It emphasizes the economic importance of apple farming, supporting
the livelihoods of millions of people and contributing significantly to the region’s gross domestic product. The book
highlights the challenges faced by apple farmers, including economic disruptions caused by events like demonetization,
GST implementation, and the COVID-19 lockdown.
• The authors discuss how these disruptions, along with issues such as the shortage of fertilizers, lack of technological
advancements, and political instability, have negatively impacted apple production in India. They contrast the low returns
received by farmers with the substantial profits earned by various stakeholders in the apple value chain.
• The book also delves into the role of corporate actors in appropriating the surplus in the apple value chain, leading to
exploitation of apple growers. It advocates for the protection of the interests of agricultural and farm workers,
emphasizing the need for sustainable employment and fair wages.
• Additionally, the authors discuss the decline in apple production in Himachal Pradesh due to factors like natural
disasters, market exploitation, and rising input costs. They highlight the absence of state assistance in marketing,
storage, and transportation, leading to losses for apple producers.
• The book provides insights into the challenges faced by apple farmers in different regions and emphasizes the need for
organized efforts and cooperative production relationships to improve the apple industry’s economic viability. It suggests
the formation of farmer-producer cooperatives to collectively contribute products, develop supply chains, and ensure
fair prices, ultimately benefiting those involved in the apple industry’s supply and value chain.
67. Intertwining Affect(s) of Sociality uneasy Translations:

Self, Experience and Indian Literature by Rita Kothari

• Uneasy Translations: Self, Experience and Indian Literature’’ by Rita Kothari explores the often-overlooked field
of translation studies within Indian academia. The book delves into the complexities of translation, highlighting the
importance of understanding not just the process of language transition but also what is being conveyed through
translation.
• Rita Kothari’s work is considered a significant contribution to translation studies and the broader field of humanities. It
challenges the patriarchal and hegemonic structures prevalent in Indian academia and offers a unique perspective on
translation, incorporating personal and professional experiences into the analysis. The book combines analytical tools
like auto-ethnographic elaborations and textual interpretations to explore the effects of translation on individuals and
society.
• The text draws on the concept of “sociality’’ and ‘‘socialities” as discussed by Gopal Guru and Sundar Sarukkai,
emphasizing the multiplicity of social experiences and their impact on language and knowledge hierarchies.
• The book comprises seven chapters that examine various aspects of translation and its relationship with self,
experience, and Indian literature. It sheds light on the hidden narratives within translations, emphasizing that there is a
world that remains untranslatable. Kothari uses auto-ethnographic anecdotes to illustrate her points, highlighting the
multilingual socialities and experiences she encountered while growing up.
• Kothari’s book goes beyond traditional paradigms of translation, prompting readers to consider the ethical dimensions
of translation and its connection to personal and professional experiences. It explores the intersection of language,
gender, caste, and shame, highlighting how language privileges can shape one’s experiences and sense of belonging.
• The book also delves into the symbolic language of Hindi film songs and how they create a unique linguistic universe
to convey emotions. Kothari argues that the language of songs demonstrates the challenge of translation, particularly
in conveying emotions.
• In the closing chapter, the author reflects on the purpose of the book and its themes of othering and uneasy memory,
emphasizing that translation remains inconclusive and that experiencing language is an integral part of one’s identity.
• “Uneasy Translations” is praised for its institutional assertion and its power to bring attention to the experiences of
different socialities. It is recommended reading for scholars in interdisciplinary studies, offering valuable insights into
the complexities of translation and its impact on individuals and society.
68. The Disruptor who Ignited Hope for

the Marginalised: Vishwanath Pratap Singh
• “The Disruptor: How Vishwanath Pratap Singh Shook India’’ by Debashish Mukerji is a comprehensive political
biography that sheds light on the life and career of Vishwanath Pratap Singh, a significant figure in Indian politics.
The book delves into Singh’s early life, his political journey, his tenure as Prime Minister of India, and his impact on the
country’s political landscape.
• Vishwanath Pratap Singh’s controversial decisions, particularly related to the implementation of the Mandal
Commission report on job reservations, made him a polarizing figure in Indian politics. Despite the criticism and
vilification he faced, Singh is recognized as an iconic and influential leader whose decisions played a pivotal role in
shaping India’s political trajectory.

• The biography explores Singh’s upbringing, which was marked by the influence of both his adoptive and biological
fathers and the dichotomy of his feudal background. It highlights his early involvement in social and political activities,
including his association with Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan movement and his donation of land to the cause. Singh’s political
journey took him from local activism to the state assembly, and eventually to the Lok Sabha.
• The book emphasizes Singh’s association with prominent political figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur
Shastri, showcasing his commitment to the causes he believed in. His meticulous approach to understanding and
addressing the issues faced by his constituents is detailed, including his use of index cards to document problems in
different departments and villages.
• Mukerji’s biography also discusses Singh’s tenure as Union Finance Minister, where he implemented economic policies
aimed at liberalizing the Indian economy, including tax reforms and the introduction of modified value-added tax.
However, his efforts to address corruption within industrial houses and his engagement with private detective agencies
led to tensions with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
• The book highlights Singh’s commitment to political morality and ethics, particularly his role in exposing corruption in
high offices and his willingness to confront issues of integrity. Singh’s renunciation of power and his refusal of the Prime
Ministership during the formation of the United Progressive Alliance underscore his principled approach to politics.
• The biography delves into Singh’s involvement in various social and political movements, such as the right to information
campaign and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. It also touches upon his role in advocating for the
Mandal Commission report’s implementation, which led to debates and legal battles.
• While the book provides valuable insights into Singh’s life and contributions to Indian politics, it also raises questions
about certain aspects that may warrant further exploration. The author’s meticulous research and interviews with close
associates contribute to a comprehensive understanding of Singh’s political journey.
In conclusion, ‘‘The Disruptor’’ offers a detailed and engaging account of Vishwanath Pratap Singh’s life and
political career, highlighting his integrity, commitment to ethical governance, and significant impact on India’s political
landscape. The biography encourages scholars to delve deeper into Singh’s ideological beliefs and political choices, further
enhancing our understanding of this influential figure in Indian politics.
69. Explaining the U-Curve Trend of

Female Labour Force Participation in Bihar
• There are reflection of the U-curve trend in Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) in Bihar despite the
state’s economic growth over the past 15 years. It utilizes data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and
the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) to analyze this phenomenon.
• The FLFPR in Bihar experienced a decline between 2004–05 and 2018–19, with a modest increase observed after
2018–19, creating a U-shaped curve. The content highlights the contrasting trends in rural and urban areas, with rural
Bihar experiencing a more significant decline. This decline is attributed to factors such as unreported activities, like
household chores, and a shift towards non-measured or unreported labor activities by females.
• The content emphasizes that these changes have influenced the gender gap in Bihar’s labor market. It notes that while
the gap between male and female LFPR increased between 2004–05 and 2018–19, it slightly declined between 2018–
19 and 2019–20 in rural areas. In urban areas, the gap showed variations over time.

• To explain the U-curve phenomenon, the content explores the contribution of both demand-side and supply-side factors.
It observes that Bihar’s economy exhibited significant growth after 2005, yet the FLFPR declined. The paper suggests
investigating the reasons for this decline and links the post-2019 trajectory to supply-side scenarios and government
initiatives aimed at improving labor market conditions for women.
In conclusion, the content addresses the perplexing U-curve trend in FLFPR in Bihar despite economic growth. It highlights
the need to consider both demand-side and supply-side factors and government policies to understand the dynamics of
female labor force participation in the state.


Socio - Current Affairs (Mains2023)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Socio - Current Affairs (Mains2023)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Socio - Current Affairs (Mains2023)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL

Raj Rai Sir

1. Marriage Equality in India

2. A Welcome Change in Legal Language

Raj Rai Sir 2|Page

Raj Rai Sir 3|Page

4. Compensation for Victims of

Raj Rai Sir 4|Page

5. Land Subsidence and

6. Exploring Alternative Stratification Variables

7. Protecting Employees’ Personal Data:

Raj Rai Sir 6|Page

8. From 25 Years Ago:

Raj Rai Sir 7|Page

9. From 50 Years Ago:

10. Justice, Awaited

11. A New Touchstone for Kinship and Queer Studies

12. Inflation Targeting (IT) Regime on Households’ Inflation

Raj Rai Sir 9|Page

13. India’s E-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM)

Educational Deprivation of the Tribes

Raj Rai Sir 10 | P a g e

Key findings include:

14. Global Education Monitoring Report 2023

15. ECI Appointments: Constitutional and Moral Imperatives

Raj Rai Sir 11 | P a g e

16. Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation

Raj Rai Sir 12 | P a g e

17. From 50 Years Ago:

18. Brics De-Dollarization

Raj Rai Sir 13 | P a g e

19. Political Economy of (De)Carbonisation

Raj Rai Sir 14 | P a g e

20. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 - A Death Knell

Raj Rai Sir 15 | P a g e

21. In Defence of the Affiliated College System

22. Character of the Indian Farmers’ Movement

23. Spatial and Regional Disparities in Economic Activities

Raj Rai Sir 17 | P a g e

24. Farmer Profitability

25. Parity for the Military Nursing Service in Indian Army

Raj Rai Sir 18 | P a g e

26. Criminalising Necrophilia in India

27. Mapping the Startup Ecosystem in India

Raj Rai Sir 19 | P a g e

28. Dimensions of Rural Transformation in India

Raj Rai Sir 20 | P a g e

29. Aragalaya Movement:

30. Biodiversity and Green Industry Greening Methods should

Raj Rai Sir 22 | P a g e

31. Is this a Necessary Overhauling? Criminal Jurisprudence

Raj Rai Sir 23 | P a g e

32. From 25 Years Ago: Rating Agencies and

33. From 50 Years Ago: History and Nationalism:

Raj Rai Sir 24 | P a g e

34. From Formation to Transformation of FPOS Drivers for Success

35. The Sixteenth Finance Commission Challenges and Possibilities