what are the reasons that makes the earth habitable?

- it has the right distance from the sun, it kept warm by an insulating atmosphere and it has the the right
chemical ingredients for life like water and carbon. The Earth is habitable because it lies within a very
specific zone in the solar system where life can flourish.

how do volcanoes support life on earth?

-Volcanic materials ultimately break down and weather to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth,
cultivation of which has produced abundant food and fostered civilizations.

difference between felsic and mafic

-felsic is light in colors while mafic is dark in colors

Granite- a light colored plutonic rock found in continental crust.

halite is formed- from the evaporation of sea salt water.

intrusive igneous rock

- it cools slowly beneath the earth surface and are created by magma.

sedimentary rock- provide information about the surface condition in the Earth's past.

metamorphic rock- forms form pre existing rocks either sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.

difference between volcanic and plutonic rock

- volcanic rock is form when the magma make its way to the earth surface as lava and cools down while
plutonic rock are cooling slowly beneath the earth surface and are created by magma.

thermal engine - is the process of transferring heat from a high temperature reservoir to the low
temperature reservoir.

subduction is a process in which one edge of one lithospheric plate is forced below the edge of another.
relative dating- determining how old something is compared to something else, uses the word younger
or older.

absolute dating- determining how old somethings is, uses numbers.

law of superposition- when sedimentary rock layers are deposited, younger layers on top of older
deposits.

law of original horizontally- sedimentary rock layers are deposited horizontally.

law of cross cutting relationship- if an igneous rock or a fault cuts through existing rocks the
intrusion/fault is younger than the rocks it cuts through.

geologic time scale- is the calendar for events in Earth's history. the importance of geologic time scale is
it served as a standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks, fossils and the events that formed
them.

erosion- the geological process in which earthen materials are transported by natural forces such as
wind or water.

fauna- animals
flora- plants

Geologic Time Scale

Age (mya)
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Palezoic
Pre Cambrian

relative time- can be established usually based on fossils. (physical aspects)

absolute time - refers to the numerical ages in million of years or some other measurement.

GTS DIVISIONS
EONS
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH

relevance of relative dating to GTS- it give the division in the geologic time scale,helps learn which one is
older or younger than the other.

ground shaking- vibration of the ground during earthquakes.

landslides- a mass movement of materials such as rock down a slope.

liquefaction-a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gasor that generates a non-liquid phase
which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.

tsunami-giant waves causes by earthquake or volcanic eruption in the sea.

volcanic hazard- are any potentially dangerous volcanic process that put the living organism at risk of
harm.

hazard map- map used to identify a place that is prone to disaster.

how does blasting technique used by mining operation triggers a landslide?

- mining operations used explosives in their blasting technique to break rocks and gather ore deposits.
they cause land areas to slides due to vibration from the blast.

how are quarrying and wash and burn methods similar?

-they produce materials that overload the soil.
why is the Philippines frequently visited by typhoons all year round?
- due to its geographical location which generally produce heavy rains.

what activities in coastal areas can trigger hazard to the natural balance of coastal areas?
-erosion, flooding, sea level rise.

why does coastal zones are setting grounds

-because of its abundant marine system

how can you help in coping with salt water intrusion?

- by monitoring

how can you help to prevent coastal erosion?

- by planting beach friendly vegetation along the shore.

what will the salt water erosion effect the land?

- it hinders natural processes in wetlands such as denitrification and water quality management.

Properties of quartz
-mohs hardness 7, crystals are vitreous massive form is dull and waxy

what is halite mineral?

- type of salt, form of sodium chloride

what physical property of quartz is not a reliable indicator of its authenticity?

-color

what is the movement of the central block during the formation of a rift valley?
-tectonic plate movement`
Where is the location of the most recently formed bedrock?
-c
Types of melting
-decompression melting and flux melting.
What is radioactive dating?
-Radioactive dating is a method of dating rocks and minerals using radioactive isotopes.
why do earth considered as thermal engine?
-the very high temperature of the inner parts of the Earth are very high, and the other is the result of
heat generated due to radioactive decay of material in the deep Earth.
why does earth internal heat build up due to gravitational pressure?
-because rocks are good insulators, the escape of heat from Earth's surface is less than the heat
generated from internal gravitational attraction or squeezing of rock, so heat builds up within.

Igneous rocks vs sedimentary

-igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth. Sedimentary rocks are formed from
layers of sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons

What melting process or processes could have most likely formed the magmas in the Philippines?
-Flux melting

What type of rock formation process that results in the formation of natural gas, oil, coal, uranium,
and other energy resources?

-sedimentary rocks