Asphalt Pavement

Asphalt Pavements contains the proceedings of the International
Conference on Asphalt Pavements (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1-5 June

Volume 1
2014), and discusses recent advances in theory and practice in asphalt
Asphalt Pavements
materials and pavements. The contributions cover a wide range of topics:
- Environmental protection and socio-economic impacts

- Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete
- Maintenance and rehabilitation
- Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials
- Life cycle cost analysis/modeling of compaction in the laboratory and in
Asphalt
the field
- Perpetual pavements Pavements
- Pavement management systems
- Sustainable asphalt technologies
- Nondestructive testing of asphalt pavement
- Pavement condition survey/pavement smoothness/quality control/quality 1
assurance
- Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic
materials
- Long-term pavement performance prediction
- Mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete/mix design methodology/novel
methods to aid mix design
- Warm mix asphalt technologies
- Innovative pavement analysis and design
- Pavement response analysis under static and moving wheel loads
- Recycling
- Modeling of asphaltic materials and pavements
- Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphalt
materials
- Asphalt pavement and environment
- Performance-related specifications
Asphalt Pavements will be of interest to academics and professional

involved in asphalt engineering. Editor
Kim
Editor: Richard Y. Kim

an informa business
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb i 7/1/2014 5:37:49 PM

This page intentionally left blank
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA, USA, 1–5 JUNE 2014
Asphalt Pavements
Editor
Y. Richard Kim
Distinguished University Professor
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
VOLUME 1
ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb iii 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Printed and bound in the USA by Edwards Brothers Malloy, Lillington, NC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permis-
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Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or
the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

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e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-02693-3 (Set of two volumes Hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-02712-1 (Vol 1)
ISBN: 978-1-138-02713-8 (Vol 2)
ISBN: 978-1-315-73675-4 (eBook PDF)
ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb iv 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Asphalt Pavements – Kim (Ed)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02693-3
Table of contents
Welcoming remarks xix

ISAP 2014 committees xxi
Sponsors xxiii
VOLUME 1
Plenary papers
Plenary session on design
M-E flexible pavement design: Issues and challenges 3
M.R. Thompson
Plenary session on materials

Insights into binder chemistry, microstructure, properties relationships—usage
in the real world 13
J.-P. Planche
Plenary session on preservation

Why preservation-definitions, treatment types, benefits, and challenges 23
R.G. Hicks & D. Cheng
Podium papers
Environmental protection and socio-economic impacts
Urban heat island effect: Comparing thermal and radiation effects of asphalt
and concrete pavements on adjacent buildings using CFD methods 33
M. Swanson & A. Hobbs
Worker exposure to ultrafine particles in asphalt laboratory 41
S. Asadi & M.M. Hassan
Method for calculating warm mix energy saving based on stack
gas measurements 49
B. Frank & B. Prowell
Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—I

Surface energy measurements and wettability investigation of different minerals
and bitumen for cold asphalts 61
A. Khan, P. Redelius & N. Kringos
ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb v 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Damage in asphalt concrete during the dynamic complex modulus
and flow number tests 71
M.A. Elseifi, L.N. Mohammad, E. Kassem, H. Ying & E. Masad
The Universal Simple Aging Test (USAT): Simulating short- and long term hot
and warm mix oxidative aging in the laboratory 79
M.J. Farrar, J.-P. Planche, R.W. Grimes & Q. Qin
Maintenance and rehabilitation—I

Performance study of fog or rejuvenating seals on gap and open graded surfaces
for Caltrans 91
D. Cheng, L. Lane & P. Vacura
Evaluation of early aggregate retention performance of chip seals with
Polymer-Modified Emulsions 105
J.H. Im & Y.R. Kim
Pavement and Materials Technology Review for municipalities—including
a case study 115
L. Uzarowski & V. Henderson
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—I

Field applications of portable infrared spectroscopy to asphalt products 127
I. Yut, A. Bernier & A. Zofka
Experimental investigation of frost/thaw effects on bituminous mixes under
wet conditions 139
C. Mauduit, É. Crégut, S. Joly, S. Liandrat, O. Chupin, F. Hammoum & J.-M. Piau
Determination of discrete retardation spectra of asphalt binders using Modified
Windowing Method 147
Y. Sun, J. Chen, J. Liu & H. Xu
Life cycle cost analysis/modeling of compaction in the

laboratory and in the field
DAsphalt—Innovative asphalt mix for PPP projects
with increased lifetime 157
S. Pahirangan & N. Simmleit
Superpave Gyratory Compactor as a compaction predictor tool for unbound material 167
C. Kumpel, A. Bagriacik, R. Cohen, S. Rossi, C. Yurick, W.H. Ma,
A. Daouadji & M.B. Sukumaran
Including asphalt cooling and rolling regimes in laboratory compaction procedures 177
F.R. Bijleveld & A.G. Dorée
Perpetual pavements
Oxidative aging of long-life asphalt pavements in Hong Kong 191
Y. Wang, Y. Wen, K. Zhao, J. Wei, H. Wang & A.S.T. Wong
Mechanistic responses in perpetual pavement 201
D. Gedafa, M. Hossain & S. Romanoschi
Long life surfaces for busy roads 211
R. Elliott, C. Fergusson, J. Richardson, A. Stevenson & D. James
vi
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Optimising long life low noise porous asphalt 221
D. Alabaster, P. Herrington & J. Waters
Pavement management systems

A performance-based Pavement Management System for the road network
of Montreal city—a conceptual framework 233
Md. S.R. Amin & L.E. Amador-Jiménez
Noise related to pavement preservation surfaces in NJ 245
J. Hencken, Ed. Haas, M. Tulanowski & T. Bennert
Significance of non-load related distresses on airfield asphalt pavements:
Review of 25 years of pavement management data 253
J.F. Rushing, J.D. Doyle & A. Harrison
Analysis of rolling resistance models to analyse vehicle fuel consumption
as a function of pavement properties 263
J. Bryce, J. Santos, G. Flintsch, S. Katicha, K. McGhee & A. Ferreira
Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—II

Physicochemical characteristics of RAP binder blends 277
S.-C. Huang, A.T. Pauli & Q. Qin
Evaluation of test sections with Polymer Modified Bitumens 287
X. Lu, S. Said, H. Carlsson, H. Soenen, S. Heyrman & P. Redelius
The low temperature characterization of bio-modified shingles 297
D. Oldham, E.H. Fini & A. Onochie
Optical fiber sensors with flexible encapsulation for pavement behavior monitoring 309
W. Liu, X. Xing, Y. Zhao, Z. Wang & L. Kang
Sustainable asphalt technologies—I

New surface layers with low rolling resistance tested in Denmark 323
M. Pettinari, B. Schmidt, B. Bo Jensen & O. Hededal
Design alternative comparison system for pavements 333
D. Andrei
Development of water-based curing reactive cold asphalt repair material 343
H. Moriyasu, H. Taniguchi, K. Koshi & K. Hatakeyama
Effect of moisture on asphalt mastic tensile properties at ambient temperature 355
A.K. Apeagyei, J.R.A. Grenfell & G. Airey
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—II

Triaxial Cyclic Compression Testing of hot mix asphalt with cyclic confining pressure 367
B. Hofko, M. Hospodka & R. Blab
Impact of field ageing on low-temperature performance of binder
and hot mix asphalt 381
B. Hofko, M. Hospodka, R. Blab, L. Eberhardsteiner, J. Füssl,
H. Grothe & F. Handle
Advanced Shear Tester for solid and layered samples 397
A. Zofka, A. Bernier, R. Josen & M. Maliszewski
vii
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Effect of cooling rate on the thermo-volumetric, thermo-viscoelastic, and fracture
properties of asphalt mixtures 405
M.Z. Alavi & E.Y. Hajj
Nondestructive testing of asphalt pavement

Study of the cavity problem under the pavement caused by the earthquake in 2011 419
F. Kawana, K. Kubo, N. Ueda, Y. Takeuchi & K. Matsui
Performance of Permeable Friction Course (PFC) pavements over time 427
E. Arambula, C.K. Estakhri, A.E. Martin, M. Trevino, A. Smit & J. Prozzi
Implementation of algorithms for asphalt moduli temperature correction 439
C. Plati, V. Papavasiliou, A. Loizos & C. Tsaimou
Use of distributed fiber optic sensors to detect damage in a pavement 449
X. Chapeleau, J. Blanc, P. Hornych, J.-L. Gautier & J. Carroget
Pavement condition survey/pavement smoothness/quality control/quality assurance

Evaluation of fatigue damage in asphalt pavement using
FWD dissipated work 461
K. Maruyama & M. Kumagai
Estimation of a longitudinal true profile for expressway pavements by a mobile
profiling system 471
K. Tomiyama, A. Kawamura, T. Ohiro & S. Tozuka
A study on profile improvement in pavement repair 481
K. Kamiya, K. Yamaguchi, A. Kawamura & K. Tomiyama
Assess asphalt in-place density with Intelligent Compaction measurements 489
G.K. Chang, V.L. Gallivan & Q. Xu
Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic materials—I

Automatic generation of micromechanical numerical simulation model of asphalt
concrete with visco-elastic properties 515
X. Li, L. Li, Y. Huo, X. Wang & C. Shi
Understanding the microstructure of bitumen: A CLSM and fluorescence approach
to model bitumen ageing behavior 521
F. Handle, J. Füssl, S. Neudl, D. Grossegger, L. Eberhardsteiner, B. Hofko,
M. Hospodka, R. Blab & H. Grothe
A constitutive model for simulation of water to ice phase change
in asphalt mixtures 531
A. Varveri, S. Avgerinopoulos, C. Kasbergen, A. (Tom) Scarpas & A. Collop
Comparing image processing techniques for asphalt concrete X-ray CT images 541
T. Papagiannakis, H. Zelelew & S. Agaian
Long-term pavement performance prediction—I

Effect of saturated ageing on fatigue behavior of asphalt pavements 553
A. Bommerla & K.S. Reddy
Military pavement subgrade problems 561
R. Rollings, N. Rollings & M. Rollings
viii
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Influence of moisture on Resilient Deformation behaviour of Unbound
Granular Materials 571
M.S. Rahman & S. Erlingsson
Determination of the preferred intervention point for rehabilitation
of dense graded asphalt wearing courses on the sand sub-grades
of the Swan Coastal Plain in consideration of the triple bottom line
(ecological, economic and social impacts) 581
M. Glover
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—III

Discrete Element Modelling and experimental study on dilation behaviour
of asphalt mixtures 595
J. Zhang, J. Yang & K. Wang
Fatigue characters of asphalt multilayer surfacing system on steel bridge deck
based on the five-point bending tests 607
X. Liu, G. Tzimiris, T. Scarpas & J. Li
Determination of binder-aggregate adhesion by contact angle measurement 617
R. Aranowski, P. Wojewódka & K. Błażejowski
Investigation of asphalt mixture strength statistics at low temperature based
on size effect analysis 625
A.C. Falchetto, J.-L. Le & M. Marasteanu
Mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete/mix design methodology/novel methods

to aid mix design
Effect of fine aggregate form, angularity and texture on the viscoelastic
properties of asphalt mortar 637
Y. Tan, H. Zhang, H. Xu, Y. Wang & X. Yao
Research on fractal features of basalt aggregate surface topography 649
J. Pei, Y. Li, D. Zhang, Y. Liu & J. Zhang
Design of cement stabilized full depth reclaimed mixes using Superpave
Gyratory Compactor 661
I. Boz & M. Solaimanian
Hot Mix Asphalt for airfield pavements—moving from Marshall mix design
to Superpave 671
N. Garg, Q. Li, H. Brar & I. Song
Implementation of a static strength test for evaluating the rutting resistance
of asphalt mixtures and its application for quality controls 679
S. Angelone, M.C. Casaux & F. Martinez
Warm mix asphalt technologies—I

Moisture susceptibility of Warm-Mix Asphalt 691
L.G. Cucalon, A.E. Martin, E. Arambula, F. Yin, C.K. Estakhri, E.S. Park & J. Epps
Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt technology for surface mixtures 701
D. Ayyala, H. Malladi, N.P. Khosla & A.A. Tayebali
Study on the improved recycled asphalt mixtures by microbubble-foamed asphalt 709
K. Koshi, H. Moriyasu, K. Saito & Y. Shimizu
ix
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Workability and coatability of foamed Warm-Mix Asphalt 721
F. Yin, E. Arambula, D. Newcomb & A. Bhasin
Cleaner Warm-Mix Asphalt (CWMA) at macro level: Case study
for the United States 731
A. Jamshidi & M.O. Hamzah
Innovative pavement analysis and design—I

Retrofitted fully permeable shoulders as a stormwater management strategy on highways 745
D. Jones, H. Li & J. Harvey
Laboratory characterization of North Carolina base course aggregates
for permanent deformation model development and calibration 755
L.C. Chow, D. Mishra & E. Tutumluer
Towards a sustainable surfacing system for the long-spanned orthotropic steel
bridge deck in China Part I: State-of-the-practice 765
X. Chen, X. Liu, Z. Qian & J. Yang
Rutting and cracking modeling of asphalt pavements considering nonlinear
viscoelasticity and cohesive zone fracture 775
S. Im, H. Ban & Y.-R. Kim
The application of strain limit based design to heavy industrial pavements 785
D. Morian, G.W. Wang & D. Frith
Pavement response analysis under static and moving wheel loads—I

Determination of an equivalent elastic system to a multilayer viscoelastic
structure: Application to the case of thick flexible pavement 797
C. Olivier, C. Armelle, B. Didier & P. Jean-Michel
Best sensing location in pavement to compare loading conditions 805
W. Xue, L. Wang & E.J. Weaver
Structural and functional deterioration of porous asphalt pavement under
moving wheel load in laboratory 813
N. Yoshida & S. Tani
Heavy Vehicle Simulator tests at VTI 823
T. Saevarsdottir, S. Erlingsson & H. Carlsson
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—IV

Effect of asphalt binder oxidation on the modulus of asphalt concrete mixtures 837
B.S. Underwood, C.-M. Baek & Y.R. Kim
Evaluation of cracking resistance of Superpave mixtures in Kansas 849
S.R. Aziz, M. Hossain & G. Schieber
An experimental study on viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous mastics 859
M. Pasetto, S.D. Barbati & G. Giacomello
Viscoplastic strain modeling of asphalt binder based on repeated creep recovery test 871
C. Wang & J. Zhang
Fatigue performance and stiffness properties of Stone Mastic Asphalts
with steel slag and coal ash 881
M. Pasetto & N. Baldo
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Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—III
Comparison between SBS and crumb rubber modified asphalt—laboratory
and field study 893
E. Nielsen
Mechanical influence of mineral fillers on asphalt mixture cracking behaviour 903
E. Romeo, R. Roncella, S. Rastelli & A. Montepara
Decay law of Cement-Emulsified-Asphalt-Cold-Recycled Mixture (CEACRM)
in recycling process 913
L. Huang, Y. Gu, B. Tang & Z. Hao
Investigating effect of amine based additives on asphalt rubber
rheological properties 921
A. Bocoum, S. Hosseinnezhad & E.H. Fini
Microstructural characterization and micromechanics

of asphaltic materials—II
Micro-scale investigation of oxygen diffusion on bitumen surfaces 935
P.K. Das, N. Kringos & B. Birgisson
Multiscale modeling of asphaltic media considering heterogeneity, viscoelasticity,
and nonlinear fracture damage 943
J.E.S. Lutif, Y. Kim, F.V. Souza & D.H. Allen
Structuralization as characteristic to link the mechanical behaviours of asphalt
concrete at different length scales 953
B.S. Underwood & Y.R. Kim
Simulation of drying aggregate in asphalt plants 963
H. Wen, K. Zhang, A. Hobbs & S.L. Edburg
Author index 971
VOLUME 2
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—V
Evaluation of gradation-based criteria for cracking performance 977
M. Isola, J. Zou, R. Roque, S. Chun & G. Lopp
Characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic material properties of asphalt materials
in multiple length scales 987
S. Im, H. Ban & Y.-R. Kim
Usage of advanced functions of Dynamic Shear Rheometer for the selection
of a suitable binder for asphalt mixtures 995
O. Dašek, P. Hýzl, M. Varaus, P. Coufalík, P. Špaček & Z. Hegr
Possibilities of a hollow cylinder tester for asphalt mixtures 1005
E.J. Rueda, S. Caro, B. Caicedo & J. Monroy
Recycling—I
Rutting and cracking potential of HMA consisting of RAP 1017
G. Bharath, V. Tandon, M.A. Reddy & K.S. Reddy
xi
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Workability of WMA and WMA-RAP mixtures and relationship to field compaction 1027
M. Mejias-Santiago, J.D. Doyle & J.F. Rushing
Effect of lime on short-term bearing capacity of bitumen emulsion recycled mixtures 1037
G. Betti, A. Cocurullo, A. Marradi, G. Tebaldi, G. Airey & K. Jenkins
Performance evaluation of Cement Grouted Bituminous mixes 1047
G.M. Raju, D.S.R. Reddy & K.S. Reddy
Modeling of asphaltic materials and pavements

Aging and constitutive modeling of asphalt mixtures: Research developments
in Brazil 1059
L.F. de A.L. Babadopulos, J.B. Soares & V.T.F.C. Branco
Evaluation of the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures with high RAP content 1069
A. Norouzi, M. Sabouri & Y.R. Kim
Three dimensional behaviour of bituminous mixtures in the linear viscoelastic
and viscoplastic domains: The DBN model 1079
P. Gayte, H. Di Benedetto & C. Sauzeat
Accelerated pavement testing for verification of DARWin-ME models
for superpave pavements 1091
S. Romanoschi & M. Hossain
Power law viscoelastic contact model for Discrete Element Method simulation
of asphalt binder 1103
B. Peng & L. Wang
Pavement response analysis under static and moving wheel loads—II

Inverted pavement versus semi-rigid pavement: Comparison of dynamic response
in field test via mobile loading simulator 1115
J. Liu, J. Chen, Y. Liu & C. Zhou
Pavement responses as function of truck tire type 1125
J.A. Hernandez, I.L. Al-Qadi, H. Ozer, J. Greene, B. Choubane, R. Wu,
J. Harvey & E.J. Weaver
Effect of geotextile-reinforced base on fatigue life of Hot-Mix Asphalt pavement 1135
M. Saghebfar, M. Hossain & N. Sabahfar
Resilient modulus modeling of unsaturated subgrade soils with matric suction control 1145
F. Salour, S. Erlingsson & C.E. Zapata
Influence of saturation and repeated loading on mechanical behavior of permeable
asphalt pavement 1155
Y. Kawaguchi, S. Nakashima & N. Shimizu
Recycling—II
Utilization of municipal solid waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Aggregate
in asphalt mixture 1169
D. Liu, L. Li & H. Cui
An investigation into the effects of accelerated curing on Cold Recycled
Bituminous Mixes 1177
C. Ojum, K. Kuna, N.H. Thom & G. Airey
xii
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Forensic analysis of long term aged Hot Mix Asphalt field cores containing
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement 1189
K. Barry, J.S. Daniel & D. Boisvert
Resistance to permanent deformation of base courses asphalt concretes
made with RAP aggregate and steel slag 1199
M. Pasetto & N. Baldo
Effect of asphalt binder content and grade on transverse field cracking performance
of Minnesota’s Roadways 1209
E.V. Dave, C. Hanson, B. Helmer & L. Johanneck
Warm mix asphalt technologies—II

Temperature effects on Warm Mix Asphalt performance 1221
V. Jalali, J.R.A. Grenfell & A. Dawson
Evolution of bubble size distribution during foam bitumen formation and decay 1233
B.W. Hailesilassie, P. Schuetz, I. Jerjen, A. Bieder, M. Hugener & M.N. Partl
Evaluating the effects of Sasobit on characterization and workability
of asphalt mixes containing reclaimed asphalt binders 1241
F. Safazadeh & A. Vahabi
Towards a better understanding of Warm Mix Asphalt surface-active
additives mechanism 1253
G. Flavien, K. Philippe & L. Laurence
Study on integrated application and durability of two warm-mix
asphalt techniques 1261
L. Liu, X. Gao, Z. Xu & L. Sun
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—VI

Characterization of bituminous layers interfaces: From the mechanical behaviour
to the modelling 1271
K. Rahma, L. Ismaelle, M. Anne, F. Fazia, P. Ion-Octavian & P. Christophe
Comparison of asphalt fatigue characteristics under different control modes 1281
H. Zhang, L. Shan, Y. Tan, Y. Feng & H. He
Moisture sensitivity of interlayers between conventional and porous asphalt mixes 1291
E. Pasquini, F. Cardone & F. Canestrari
Fatigue behaviour of an asphalt concrete reinforced with glass fiber
grid with 4PB test 1301
I.M. Arsenie, C. Chazallon, J.L. Duchez & D. Doligez
An investigation into dynamic modulus of Western Australia Hot Mix Asphalt 1311
S. Kumlai, P. Jitsangiam & H. Nikraz
Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—IV

Composite stress analysis of fibre-reinforced Hot-Mix Asphalt mixtures 1323
P.J. Yoo, Y.-B. Kim & S.-M. Ham
Evaluation of Recycled Tire Rubber (RTR) modified binders to typical polymer
modified binders for performance specifications 1335
J.A. D’Angelo & G. Baumgardner
xiii
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Investigating the evolution of emulsified binder nanorheology using Atomic
Force Microscopy 1345
P. Kabir, M.S. Sakhaeifar & D.N. Little
Estimating the tensile strain at the bottom of the HMA layer using TSD deflection
slope measurements 1355
S. Katicha, J. Bryce & G. Flintsch
Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphalt materials

Modeling the effects of constituent properties on the mechanical behavior
of asphalt mixtures 1365
F.T.S. Aragão & Y.-R. Kim
Viscoelastic behavior of mastic phase of Asphalt Concrete 1375
M. Hossain, H. Faisal & R. Tarefder
Uniaxial fatigue testing of diverse asphalt concrete mixtures 1385
W.A. Zeiada, B.S. Underwood & K.E. Kaloush
Quantitative nanomechanical property mapping of bitumen micro-phases
by peak-force Atomic Force Microscopy 1397
S.N. Nahar, A.J.M. Schmets, G. Schitter & A. Scarpas
Sustainable asphalt technologies—II

Effective reduction of asphalt pavement temperatures 1409
R.B. Mallick, R.K. Worsman, H. Li, J. Harvey & S. Bhowmick
Evaluation of SMA containing RAP and RAS 1421
S. Diefenderfer
The model for induction-healing asphalt concrete 1431
A. Garcia, M. Bueno, J. Norambuena-Contreras, Q. Liu & M.N. Partl
Investigation on hardening mechanism and cement hydration of Cement
Asphalt Emulsion Composites 1441
X. Fang, A. Garcia, M.N. Partl & P. Lura
Long-term pavement performance prediction—II

Scottish Inspection Panel 1453
M. McHale, D. Millar & I. Carswell
The residual life of thin surfaced pavements 1461
D. Alabaster, T. Henning & D. Wilson
Comparison of rutting performance between the PURWheel and the NCAT test track 1469
Y. Tian, A. Hekmatfar & J.E. Haddock
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—VII

Alternative methodologies to evaluate storage stability of rubberised bitumens 1481
D. Lo Presti, N. Memon, J.R.A. Grenfell & G. Airey
Investigation of the effect of temperature on asphalt binder fatigue 1491
F. Safaei & C. Hintz
Effective temperature for permanent deformation testing of asphalt mixtures 1501
A. Mohseni & H. Azari
xiv
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Possibility to utilize new natural rock asphalt for guss asphalt 1513
A. Kawakami, I. Sasaki, K. Kubo, S. Ueno, M. Hermadi & W. Pravianto
Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—V

Improvement of asphalt concrete moisture damage resistance using Saline
Coupling Agent 1523
M. Guo, Y. Tan & R. Zhang
Estimation of the composition of rubber bitumen pellets using
Thermogravimetric Analysis 1535
I. Artamendi, P. Phillips, B. Allen & G. Evans
Innovative pavement analysis and design—II

Towards modeling rutting for asphalt pavements in hot climates 1547
A.D. Mwanza, M. Muya & P. Hao
Evaluation of low temperature stability of bitumen and hot mix
asphalt pavement 1557
B. Teltayev, Y. Kaganovich & Y. Amirbayev
Development of field-calibrated master curves for in-place modulus 1567
M. Robbins & D. Timm
The development of pavement rehabilitation design guidelines for increasing
the allowable axle load from 100 kN to 115 kN 1577
L. Petho & C. Toth
Maintenance and rehabilitation—II

The crack resistance potential of sand asphalts subjected to thermal loading 1589
O.M. Ogundipe, N.H. Thom & A.C. Collop
Sustainability metrics of flexible pavement preservation and rehabilitation in Canada 1601
S. Chan, B. Lane & T. Kazmierowski
Quantifying the pavement preservation value of chip seals 1611
A. Zeinali, P.B. Blankenship & K.C. Mahboub
Final evaluation of LTPP SPS-3 flexible maintenance performance 1621
D. Morian, G. Wang & D. Frith
Recycling—III
Rehabilitation of Ardebil-Khalkhal main road in Iran applying cold recycling
with foam bitumen and cement 1633
L. Hashemian, A. Kavussi & H. Abolmali
Temperature and confinement effects on the stiffness of a Cold Central-Plant
Recycled mixture 1641
B.K. Diefenderfer & S.D. Link
Laboratory performance evaluation of RAP/RAS mixtures designed with virgin
and blended binders 1651
A. Zeinali, P.B. Blankenship & K.C. Mahboub
Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high
RAP contents 1661
N. Tran, A. Taylor & R. Willis
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Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—VIII
Testing asphalt concrete in diametral tension-compression 1673
E. Levenberg
The Reflective Cracking Tester: A third-scale accelerated pavement tester
for reflective cracking 1685
A.D. Wargo, S. Islam & Y.R. Kim
Contact characterization of asphalt mixture using image process 1695
L. Jiao, N. Zuo & J. Yang
Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—VI

Reduction of low temperature asphalt binder stiffness using
a Renewable Additive 1707
G. Reinke, S. Glidden, S. Listberger & S. Stauduhar
Developing test methods for the determination of the performance and safety
of bio-sourced Asphalt Release Agents (ARAs) 1713
P. Mikhailenko, E. Ringot, A. Bertron & G. Escadeillas
Laboratory evaluation of Sulphur Extended Asphalt Modifier 1725
U. Meena, S. Chandra & A. Gupta
Moisture susceptibility of Nano-sized Hydrated Lime-modified foamed Warm
Mix Asphalt mixes 1735
A. Diab & Z. You
Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic materials—III

Microstructure-property relationships of Sasobit modified
Warm Mix Asphalts 1749
Q. Qin, A.T. Pauli & M.J. Farrar
Micromechanical and microstructure analysis of asphalt concrete under
triaxial load condition based on Discrete Element Method 1761
J. Yang, K. Wang, Q. Lu, J. Zhang & H. Wang
Effect of micro-scale morphological parameters on meso-scale response
of Asphalt Concrete 1775
I. Onifade, D. Jelagin, A. Guarin, B. Birgisson & N. Kringos
Combined effects of oxidative aging and moisture inclusion on asphalt binder
using Molecular Dynamic simulation 1785
J. Pan, M. Hossain & R. Tarefder
Asphalt pavement and environment

Use of Life Cycle Assessment for asphalt pavement at the network
and project levels 1797
J. Harvey, A. Kendall, N. Santero & T. Wang
Photocatalytic Warm Mix Asphalt laboratory performance testing 1807
M.M. Hassan, L.N. Mohammad, H. Dylla, S. Asadi & S. Cooper
Clear asphalt concrete for energy saving in road tunnels 1817
E. Bocci & M. Bocci
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Optimization of thermoelectric system for pavement energy harvesting 1827
P. Park, G.S. Choi, E. Rohani & I. Song
Performance-related specifications
Investigation of limiting criteria for asphalt mixture low temperature cracking 1841
A.C. Falchetto, K.H. Moon & M. Marasteanu
A simplified flexible pavement guide with analytical reliability analysis 1851
J. Uzan, S. Nesichi & N. Weinstein
Integration of Mechanistic-Empirical design and performance based
specifications: California experience to date 1861
J. Harvey, J. Signore, R. Wu, I. Basheer, S. Holikatti,
P. Vacura & T.J. Holland
The use of performance specifications to improve pavement design
and sustainability in the UK 1871
B. Hakim & R. Elliott
Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—IX

Impact on the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles on mixture and recovered
binder properties 1883
G. Reinke, S. Glidden, S. Engber, M. Ryan & D. Herlitzka
Mode II fatigue and reflective cracking performance of GlasGrid-reinforced
asphalt concrete under repeated loading 1893
A. Safavizadeh & Y.R. Kim
Evaluating the effects of volumetric properties on the electrical resistivity
characteristics of asphalt mixes 1903
S.A. Forough & F.M. Nejad
Author index 1915
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Welcoming remarks
It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 12th ISAP

Conference on Asphalt Pavements in Raleigh, North Carolina,
USA. ISAP conferences have been the premier forum for asphalt
engineers around the world to exchange their research and practice
on asphalt materials and pavements. We received over 250 papers
from 35 countries that resulted in 181 podium presentations, 29
poster presentations, and 19 student poster presentations. Four
main themes of the 12th ISAP conference are design, materials,
construction, and preservation, and I am pleased to introduce you
to the four excellent plenary speakers to cover these topics.
This program book contains the daily program, abstracts,
general information on the conference, maps, and other infor-
mation that will help you enjoy the conference and surrounding
areas. One of the approaches we have taken in this conference
is to publish the conference proceedings in an online e-book by
Talyor and Francis. You will be receiving instructions on how to access the e-book after the
conference.
In addition to the technical depth and breadth this conference will provide, we have inserted
a few fun events in the program. You will enjoy the welcoming reception and visit to the Hunt
Library in the Centennial Campus of North Carolina State University. We hope that you
enjoy North Carolina style barbeque on Monday evening at the Troxler Electronic Labora-
tory in Research Triangle Park. Tuesday evening’s time with the North Carolina Symphony
at the magnificent Meymandi Hall will give you some relaxation from the busy conference
schedule. Finally the Wednesday evening banquet and special performance will leave you
with a memory to cherish for years to come.
North Carolina is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States dur-
ing summer time due to its beautiful beaches, mountains, and historic attractions. Raleigh,
along with Durham and Chapel Hill, is one of the three vertices of the Research Triangle
Park, which is one of the largest research parks in the world. This area has been consistently
considered one of the best cities to live and one of the highest PhD per capita areas in the
USA. We hope you will enjoy the LEED Silver-certified Raleigh Convention Center with
stimulating design and enjoy our Southern style hospitality.
I would like to acknowledge and thank all of our sponsors, ISAP board members, con-
ference committee members, and volunteers from North Carolina Department of Trans-
portation and North Carolina State University. I look forward to a very successful ISAP
conference in Raleigh, North Carolina!
Best Regards,
Y. Richard Kim, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE
Distinguished University Professor, NC State University
Chair of the 12th ISAP Conference
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ISAP 2014 committees
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Y. Richard Kim North Carolina State University, USA

Michael Holder North Carolina Department of Transportation, USA
Ellis Powell Carolina Asphalt Pavement Association, USA
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Hervé di Benedetto ENTPE, University of Lyon, France

Audrey Copeland National Asphalt Pavement Association, USA
John A. D’Angelo D’Angelo Consulting LLC., USA
Frank Fee Frank Fee LLC., USA
John Harvey University of California-Davis, USA
Shin-Che Huang Western Research Institute, USA
Gerald Huber Heritage Research Group, USA
Manfred N. Partl Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science
and Technology, Switzerland
Jean-Pascal Planche Western Research Institute, USA
A. Tom Scarpas Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Shigeru Shimeno Nippon Expressway Research Institute Co. Ltd., Japan
Saied Solomons SABITA, South Africa
Gabriele Tebaldi University of Parma, Italy
Koji Yokota Japan Road Contractors Association, Japan
PROGRAMS COMMITTEE
John A. D’Angelo D’Angelo Consulting LLC., USA
David E. Newcomb Texas Transportation Institute, USA
Reynaldo Roque University of Florida, USA
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Jo Sias Daniel University of New Hampshire, USA

Amy Epps Martin Texas A&M University, USA
Gordon D. Airey University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Amit Bhasin The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Eshan V. Dave University of Minnesota-Duluth, USA
Elham H. Fini North Carolina A&T University, USA
Daba S. Gedafa University of North Dakota, USA
Nelson Gibson Federal Highway Administration, USA
Cassie Hintz North Carolina State University, USA
Nicole Kringos KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
M. Emin Kutay Michigan State University, USA
Eyal Levenberg Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Maryam S. Sakhaeifar Texas A&M University, USA
B. Shane Underwood Arizona State University, USA
Zhanping You Michigan Technological University, USA
Adam Zofka Road and Bridge Research Institute, Poland
LOCAL ARRANGEMENT COMMITTEE
Jennifer Bradenburg North Carolina Department of Transportation, USA

Tammy Jeffries Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitor’s Bureau, USA
Rhonda Johnson North Carolina Department of Transportation, USA
Ali Regimand InstroTek Inc., USA
Erin Tart Raleigh Convention Center, USA
Akhtarhusein A. Tayebali North Carolina State University, USA
Billy Troxler Troxler Electronic Laboratories Inc., USA
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Sponsors
Diamond sponsors Gold sponsors
Silver sponsors Bronze sponsors
Copper sponsors Other sponsors
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Plenary papers
Plenary session on design
ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb 1 7/1/2014 5:37:55 PM

M-E flexible pavement design: Issues and challenges
Marshall R. Thompson
Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
ABSTRACT: M-E flexible pavement design procedures have evolved since the late 50’s and
early 60’s. In the analyses of the AASHO Road Test data it was demonstrated that pavement
response (surface deflection) was a good indicator of pavement performance (equally as good
as the Structural Number)!! Significant advances have been achieved in the last 50+ years.
Current procedures and developments for materials characterization, structural modeling,
distress transfer functions, and other issues are considered in the presentation. Emphases
are placed on those concepts/approaches that support the development of readily useable/
implementable flexible pavement design procedures.
Keywords: Mechanistic-empirical design, flexible pavements
1 INTRODUCTION
The SHELL Pavement Design Manual was presented at the 4th International Conference
on Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements [1] and was published by Shell in 1978 [2]. USA
interest (AASHTO) in M-E design initiated in the md-1980s. Other agencies and groups
have also been engaged in developing M-E pavement design procedures. The development/
evolution of the current AASHTO procedure [3] is presented in the following sections.
“Mechanistic-Empirical Design Procedures” is the title of Part IV of the 1986 AASHTO
Guide [4]. The Introduction (Section 1.1) of Part IV, states:
For purposes of this Guide, the use of analytical methods refers to the numerical
capability to calculate the stress, strain, or deflection in a multi-layered system, such
as a pavement, when subjected to external loads, or the effects of temperature or
moisture. Mechanistic methods or procedures will refer to the ability to translate the
analytical calculations of pavement response to performance. Performance, for the
majority of procedures used, refers to physical distress such as cracking or rutting.
However, researchers recognize that pavement performance will likely be influ-
enced by a number of factors which will not be precisely modeled by mechanistic
methods. It is, therefore, necessary to calibrate the models with the observations of
performance, i.e. empirical correlations. Thus, the procedure is referred to in the
Guide as a mechanistic-empirical design procedure.
Activities associated with the development of the revised “AASHTO Guide for the
Design of Pavement Structures” [4] prompted the AASHTO Joint Task Force on Pavements
(JTFOP) to recommend that research should be initiated immediately with the objective of
developing mechanistic pavement analysis and design procedures suitable for use in future
versions of the AASHTO Guide. NCHRP Project 1-26 (Calibrated Mechanistic Structural
Analysis Procedures for Pavements/J. L. Brown—Texas DOT—Panel Chairman)) was
the first NCHRP Project to be sponsored. The M-E principles and concepts stated in the
86 AASHTO Guide were included in the NCHRP Project 1-26 Project Statement.
The University of Illinois cooperated with the Asphalt Institute and the Concrete Technology
Laboratories in the conduct of NCHRP 1-26. It was not the purpose of NCHRP Project 1-26

to devote significant effort to develop new technology, but rather to assess, evaluate, and
apply available M-E technology. Thus, the proposed processes/procedures were based on the
Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT). NCHRP Project 1-26 was completed in
December, 1992 and comprehensive reports [5,6,7] were prepared summarizing the study.
2 M-E DESIGN CONCEPTS
Figure 1 illustrates the general concepts of a M-E model as presented in NCHRP 1-26 [7].
The pavement design process is complex. The major components of the M-E procedure are:
INPUTS, STRUCTURAL MODELS, TRANSFER FUNCTIONS, and RELIABILITY.
These components were comprehensively discussed in the NCHRP 1-26 reports. Three of the
most significant components are MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION, STRUCTURAL
MODELS and TRANSFER FUNCTIONS.
Calculated pavement structural responses are for “given time,” “given climate,” “given pave-
ment structure,” “given material properties,” and “given loading” inputs. Pavement responses
change as these inputs vary throughout the pavement service life. Pavement performance is
a long term consideration and mechanistic analysis and design procedures must account for
the effect of the varying time-related inputs to the STRUCTURAL MODEL.
3 STRUCTURAL MODELS
A major task in Phase 1 of NCHRP 1-26 [5,6] was the review/evaluation of available mecha-
nistic analysis procedures. It was concluded that the available flexible pavement structural
models and computer codes for mechanistic analysis are adequate for supporting the devel-
opment and initiating implementation of M-E thickness design procedures. Stress depend-
ent finite element programs (like ILLI-PAVE, MICH-PAVE, and Texas ILLI-PAVE) and
elastic layer computer programs (like BISAR, WESLEA, JULEA, CHEVRON, ELSYM 5,
CIRCLY) were recommended for flexible pavements. The finite element programs are more
versatile and can accommodate stress dependent moduli properties (stress-hardening for
Figure 1. M-E flow chart.

granular materials; stress-softening for fine-grained soils) and also can incorporate failure
criteria (such as the Mohr-Coulomb model in ILLI-PAVE).
4 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
Transfer functions (distress models) relate the pavement responses determined from
mechanistic models to pavement performance as measured by the type and severity of dis-
tress (rutting—cracking—roughness—etc.). Transfer functions were extensively reviewed in
NCHRP 1-26. Modes of distress such as the fatigue and permanent deformation of paving
materials and subgrade soils can be characterized from extensive testing of specimens under
controlled laboratory conditions. The effects of such factors as stress level, frequency of load
repetitions, rest periods, mixture variables, moisture content/density factors, etc. can be read-
ily considered in laboratory-based studies.
The most common flexible pavement TRANSFER FUNCTIONS are a) Asphalt Concrete
(AC) flexural strain—fatigue life algorithms, b) subgrade vertical strain—pavement life rela-
tions (for a given level of pavement rutting), c) permissible subgrade stress ratios [subgrade
stress/subgrade strength] for various ESAL levels, and d) surface deflection—pavement life
relations (surface deflection is a reliable indicator of AC flexural strain, subgrade vertical
strain, and subgrade stress ratio).
Other flexible pavement distress phenomenon like AC block cracking and AC thermal
cracking are more complex and are generally studied/evaluated from actual field performance
data. In the field, the significant influencing factors can not be readily controlled/measured
as for laboratory-based conditions. Thus, it is more difficult to develop accurate/refined
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS for these distress modes.
The NCHRP 1-26 study concluded transfer functions are weak links in the M-E design
approach. Extensive field calibration and verification are required to establish reliable dis-
tress prediction models. The NCHRP 1-26 study indicated:
• Useable flexible pavement transfer functions (distress models) are available for AC fatigue
and subgrade rutting.
• The transfer functions for AC and granular material rutting are marginal.
• AC rutting is best considered by material selection and mixture design procedures and
practices. (NOTE: The SUPERPAVE Level I Mixture Design procedure is a good example
of this approach).
• Granular material rutting considerations can be accommodated by establishing “minimum”
AC surface thickness requirements for given classes (based on shear strength and moisture
sensitivity) of granular base/subbase materials.
5 NCHRP-1-26/PAVEMENT DESIGN
In NCHRP 1-26 working versions of M-E design processes and procedures were proposed for
flexible pavements (Conventional Flexible Pavements, FULL-DEPTH AC pavements, High
Strength-Stabilized-Base Pavements). The proposed procedures relate pavement responses
(stresses, strains, and deflections) to the development of specific pavement distresses. As
opposed to running a PC program, the responses can be predicted from pavement response
prediction algorithms [9,10,11] to accomplish routine pavement designs. The pavement
response algorithms were developed from comprehensive ILLI-PAVE data bases.
NCHRP 1-26 calibration activities were minimal due to the lack of adequate data. As an
alternative, the concept of “Design Confirmation” was suggested. In this approach, the M-E
procedure is utilized to explain pavement performance “SUCCESSES” and “FAILURES.”
(NOTE: Care should be taken to ensure that undue weighting is not given to “long term
survivor” sections and inadequate attention provided to “early life” failures.) Modifica-
tions and adjustments are made in the M-E procedure to reconcile identified discrepancies.
5

Confidence and improved accuracy/reliability are thus developed in the M-E procedure. The
design confirmation approach can be employed as a “check procedure” for the SHA’s cur-
rent pavement design procedure. In most cases, additional information and data (beyond
that required for the current SHA procedure) will be required. Frequently, the pavement
FAILURES associated with a section designed by the routine SHA procedure can be
explained by M-E analysis and design concepts/procedures.
NCHRP 1-26 emphasized that M-E pavement design is very important, but it is only a
segment of a larger scenario. A M-E design process can not realistically adequately address
all pertinent factors and issues associated with or related to load responses, distress develop-
ment, and ultimate pavement system performance. Thickness related factors are most readily
addressed by M-E pavement design and that was the emphasis of NCHRP 1-26. AC fatigue
and pavement rutting were the distresses that were considered. Some other significant and
important factors are material selection practices and material specifications, construction
policies and specifications, quality control/quality assurance procedures, maintenance and
rehabilitation practices.
6 NCHRP 1-37A
A follow-up project (NCHRP 1-37A—Development of the 2002 Guide for the Design
of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures: Phase II) was initiated in February, 1998
with ARA, Inc.—Eres Consultants Division. The Flexible Pavement Team was led by Dr.
Matt Witczak (University of Maryland/Arizona State University). The following excerpts
from “The Manual of Practice ([12] present the evolution and development of the MEPDG
(Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide).
From the early 1960s through 1993, all versions of the American Association for State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide for Design of Pavement
Structures were based on limited empirical performance equations developed at the
AASHO Road Test in the late 1950s. The need for and benefits of a mechanistically
based pavement design procedure were recognized when the 1986 AASHTO Guide
for Design of Pavement Structures was adopted. To meet that need, the AASHTO
Joint Task Force on Pavements, in cooperation with the National Cooperative
Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA), sponsored the development of an M-E pavement design procedure under
NCHRP Project 1-37A.
A key goal of NCHRP Project 1-37 A—Development of the 2002 Guide for
Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures: Phase II—was the develop-
ment of a design guide that utilized existing mechanistic-based models and data
reflecting the current state-of-the-art in pavement design. This guide was to address
all new (including lane reconstruction) and rehabilitation design issues, and provide
an equitable design basis for all pavement types.
The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), as it has now
become known, was completed in 2004 and released to the public for review and
evaluation. A formal review of the products from NCHRP Project 1-37 A was con-
ducted by the NCHRP under Project 1-40A. ‘This review has resulted in a number
of improvements, many of which have been incorporated into the MEPDG under
NCHRP Project 1-40D. Project 1-40D has resulted in Version 1.0 of the MEPDG
software and an updated design guide document.
Version 1.0 of the software was submitted in April 2007 to the NCHRP, FHWA,
and AASHTO for further consideration as an AASHTO provisional standard and
currently efforts are underway on Version 2.0 of the software. Simultaneously, a
group of state agencies, termed lead states, was formed to share knowledge regard-
ing the MEPDG and to expedite its implementation. The lead states and other
interested agencies have already begun implementation activities in terms of staff
6

training, collection of input data (materials library, traffic library, etc.), acquiring of
test equipment, and setting up field sections for local calibration.
The NCHRP 1-37A project was much more comprehensive and broad-based than NCHRP
1-26 and considered the development of the following distresses: HMA alligator cracking,
HMA longitudinal cracking, HMA transverse cracking, and pavement rutting. A consider-
able emphasis was placed on predicting pavement IRI (International Roughness Index). An
important feature of the MEPDG is that reliability estimates are provided for the distress
models and IRI.
The elastic layer program (JULEA—Jacob Uzan Linear Elastic Analysis) is the flexible
pavement structural model in the current version of the MEPDG. In the initial versions of
the MEPDG, a 2-D finite element program was included. However, the program was not
used in the calibration studies and it is not available for use in the current software. AASHTO
initially issued the MEPDG as “DARWIN-ME.” The most recent version of the MEPDG [3]
was issued as “AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design” in 2013. The software is periodically
modified as it is utilized.
Comprehensive reports on many topics/issues were prepared by the Flexible Pavements
Team during the conduct of NCHRP 1-37A. The major findings and recommendations were
presented in the March 2004—NCHRP 1-37A Final Report (Part 1. Introduction/Part 2.
Design Inputs/Part 3. Design Analysis/Part 4. Low Volume Roads).
7 NCHRP 1-37A CALIBRATION
GLOBAL CALIBRATIONS for pavement distress were developed in the NCHRP 1-37A
project. The calibration results [as presented in Ref.12] for fatigue, rutting, and IRI are shown
in Figures 2–4. The statistical summary data shown in the figures (R2, Se, Sy, Se/Sy) indicate
the difficulty in establishing accurate/precise transfer functions on a large scale.
Figure 2. Alligator cracking calibration.

Figure 3. Rutting calibration.
Figure 4. IRI calibration.
AASHTOWare [3] has indicated:

“AASHTO encourages each licensing agency to calibrate and validate using local
materials.”
Many agencies have conducted calibration studies and established “typical” input values
for routine pavement design. The distress prediction models are “tweeked” by adjusting the
model β factors to achieve better model statistics.
8

8 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY
It is important to note that both NCHRP 1-26 and NCHRP 1-37A were to utilize “currently
available technology.”
• It was not the purpose of NCHRP Project 1-26 to devote significant effort to develop new
technology, but rather to assess, evaluate, and apply available M-E technology.
• A key goal of NCHRP Project 1-37A was the development of a design guide that utilized
existing mechanistic-based models and data reflecting the current state-of-the-art in
pavement design.
As implementation issues emerge and new technology is developed, there are ongoing
efforts to incorporate the developments into AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design.
9 ISSUE AND CHALLENGES
M-E flexible pavement design has made significant progress since the late 50’s and early 60’s.
There are many examples of successful utilization of M-E procedures by various US and
international entities. However, as noted in previous sections of this paper, there are still
issues and challenges to be addressed that are common to many of the procedures.
Several important (per the author’s opinion) issues and challenges are noted below.
• Stress dependent moduli characterization of soils and granular materials.
• Stress dependent finite element models that can accommodate stress dependent soil/
material moduli and failure criteria should be further considered for implementation.
• Transfer functions (HMA fatigue/HMA fatigue endurance limit, HMA rutting, granular
material and subgrade soil rutting).
Progress continues in addressing these issues and challenges. The resources/ability to
develop/provide good inputs, ease of use/complexity, implementation potential, ability to
accommodate new technology/developments (particularly new materials and pavement
loading conditions) are some key factors that should be considered as M-E flexible pavement
design procedures continue to evolve and improve.
REFERENCES
[1] A.I.M. Claessen, J.M. Edwards, J.M. Sommer and P. Uge. Asphalt Pavement Design—The Shell
Method, Proceedings 4th International Conference on Structural design of Asphalt Pavements.
University of Michigan, Vol. 1, 1977.
[2] Shell Pavement Design Manual: Shell International Petroleum Company Limited, London 1978.
[3] AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC, 2013.
[4] Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures, American Association of State Highway And
Transportation Officials (First version, 1986; Second version, 1993).
[5] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedure for Pavement, Volume I—Final Report,
Phase 1—NCHRP Project 1-26, University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign/Construction
Technology Laboratories/Asphalt Institute, National Cooperative Highway Research Program,
Transportation Research Board, March, 1990.
[6] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedures for Pavements, Vol. II—APPENDICES,
Technology Laboratories (A Division of the Portland Cement Association)/Asphalt Institute,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, March,
1990.
[7] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedure for Pavements, Volume I—Final Report,
Technology Laboratories (A Division of the Portland Cement Association)/Asphalt Institute, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, December, 1992.

[8] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedures for Pavements, Vol. II—APPENDICES,
Technology Laboratories (A Division of the Portland Cement Association)/ Asphalt Institute,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, December,
1992.
[9] Mechanistic Pavement Design—Supplement to Section 7 of the Illinois Department of
Transportation Design Manual, Illinois DOT, Springfield, IL, August, 1989.
[10] Conventional Flexible Pavement Design for Local Agencies, Bureau of Local Roads and Streets,
Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL, August, 1995.
[11] Full-Depth Bituminous Concrete Pavement Design for Local Agencies, Bureau of Local Roads
and Streets, Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL, August, 1995.
[12] Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide—A Manual of Practice, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, July, 2008.
10

References
M-E flexible pavement design: Issues and

challenges
[1] A.I.M. Claessen, J.M. Edwards, J.M. Sommer and P. Uge.

Asphalt Pavement Design—The Shell Method, Proceedings 4th
International Conference on Structural design of Asphalt
Pavements. University of Michigan, Vol. 1, 1977.
[2] Shell Pavement Design Manual: Shell International

Petroleum Company Limited, London 1978.
[3] AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design, American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington,
DC, 2013.
[4] Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures, American

Association of State Highway And Transportation Officials
(First version, 1986; Second version, 1993).
[5] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedure

for Pavement, Volume I—Final Report, Phase 1—NCHRP Project
1-26, University of Illinois @
Urbana-Champaign/Construction Technology
Laboratories/Asphalt Institute, National Cooperative
Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board,
March, 1990.
[6] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedures

for Pavements, Vol. II—APPENDICES, Phase 1—NCHRP Project
Urbana-Champaign/Construction Technology Laboratories (A
Division of the Portland Cement Association)/Asphalt
Institute, National Cooperative Highway Research Program,
Transportation Research Board, March, 1990.
[7] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedure

for Pavements, Volume I—Final Report, Phase 2—NCHRP
Project 1-26, University of Illinois @
Division of the Portland Cement Association)/Asphalt
Transportation Research Board, December, 1992.
[8] Calibrated Mechanistic Structural Analysis Procedures

for Pavements, Vol. II—APPENDICES, Phase 2—NCHRP Project
Division of the Portland Cement Association)/ Asphalt
Transportation Research Board, December, 1992.
[9] Mechanistic Pavement Design—Supplement to Section 7 of

the Illinois Department of Transportation Design Manual,
Illinois DOT, Springfield, IL, August, 1989.
[10] Conventional Flexible Pavement Design for Local

Agencies, Bureau of Local Roads and Streets, Illinois
Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL, August,
1995.
[11] Full-Depth Bituminous Concrete Pavement Design for

Local Agencies, Bureau of Local Roads and Streets,
Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL,
August, 1995.
[12] Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide—A Manual

of Practice, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, July, 2008.
Insights into binder chemistry,
microstructure, properties
relationships—usage in the real
world
[1] PIARC International Workshop, Use of modified

bitumonous binders, special bitumens and bitumens with
additives in pavement applications, Rome. 1998.
[2] Transportation Research circular E-C160:

PolyPhosphoric Acid Modification of Asphalt Binders. 2012.
[3] D. Lesueur. The colloidal structure of bitumen:

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No. Modulus E i (MPa) Poisson’s coefficients v i

Viscosities n i (MPa ⋅ s) at tref Stress threshold s i +
(MPa) Stress threshold s i − (MPa)
0 36000 0,182
1 2200000 0,420 1,76E-06 22,6 −3,7
2 1365000 0,420 1,73E-05 20,5 −3,4
3 782100 0,420 1,57E-04 18 −3,0
4 448300 0,420 1,42E-03 15,7 −2,6
5 254800 0,420 1,28E-02 13,45 −2,2
6 141300 0,420 1,13E-01 11,1 −1,8
7 73330 0,420 9,27E-01 9,05 −1,5

8 32650 0,420 6,54E+00 7,3 −1,2
9 10930 0,420 3,47E+01 5,64 −0,9
10 3019 0,420 1,52E+02 4,65 −0,8
11 756 0,420 4,79E+02 3,55 −0,6
12 227 0,420 1,44E+03 2,85 −0,5
13 93 0,420 2,94E+03 2,35 −0,4
14 58 0,420 4,66E+03 1,6 −0,3
15 70 0,420 8,88E+03 0,65 −0,1
16 94 0,420 1,89E+04 0,42 −0,1
17 208 0,420 6,59E+04 0,26 −0,04
18 527 0,420 3,75E+05 0,17 −0,03
19 1679 0,420 2,67E+06 0,13 −0,02
ANNEX A
Calibration of the EPP version of the DBN model used to

perform compression and tension
simulations tests:
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after 676 load repetitions Section A 300 308 602,048
640,740 Section B 300 422 213,574 107,425 Section C 307.3
490 127,967 43,499 Section D 300 185 3,222,474 11,537,778
Section E 300 436 191,823 89,274 Section F 300 270 928,610
1,352,039 Section G 308 636 54,139 9,859 Section H 300 316
553,326 554,023 Remaining fatigue life after 250,000 load
repetitions Section A 300 293 709,562 850,446 Section B 300
364 347,430 248,455 Section C 313.3 750 31,012 3,718
Section D 314 679 42,939 6,500 Section E 366 484 114,782
30,862 Section F 325 582 69,247 14,363 Section G 325 664
44,876 6,801 Section H 325 569 74,592 16,326 Remaining
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577 76,282 18,223 Section F 310 619 58,862 11,322 Section G
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Small increase Small decrease in stiffness of ACor subbase
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Editor: Richard Y. Kim Editor Kim Asphalt Pavements Volume
1 1 Asphalt Pavements an informa business Asphalt Pavements
contains the proceedings of the International Conference
on Asphalt Pavements (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1-5
June 2014), and discusses recent advances in theory and
practice in asphalt materials and pavements. The
contributions cover a wide range of topics: - Environmental
protection and socio-economic impacts - Additives and
modifiers for asphalt concrete - Maintenance and
rehabilitation - Experimental characterization of asphaltic
materials - Life cycle cost analysis/modeling of compaction
in the laboratory and in the field - Perpetual pavements
- Pavement management systems - Sustainable asphalt
technologies - Nondestructive testing of asphalt pavement -
Pavement condition survey/pavement smoothness/quality
control/quality assurance - Microstructural
characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic
materials - Long-term pavement performance prediction -
Mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete/mix design
methodology/novel methods to aid mix design - Warm mix
asphalt technologies - Innovative pavement analysis and
design - Pavement response analysis under static and moving
wheel loads - Recycling - Modeling of asphaltic materials
and pavements - Microstructural characterization and
micromechanics of asphalt materials - Asphalt pavement and
environment - Performance-related specifications Asphalt
Pavements will be of interest to academics and professional
involved in asphalt engineering.

Asphalt Pavement

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Asphalt Pavement

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Asphalt Pavements contains the proceedings of the International

Conference on Asphalt Pavements (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1-5 June

- Environmental protection and socio-economic impacts

Asphalt Pavements will be of interest to academics and professional

Editor: Richard Y. Kim

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb i 7/1/2014 5:37:49 PM

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb iii 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

ISBN: 978-1-138-02693-3 (Set of two volumes Hbk)

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb iv 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Welcoming remarks xix

Plenary session on materials

Plenary session on preservation

Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—I

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb v 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Maintenance and rehabilitation—I

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—I

Life cycle cost analysis/modeling of compaction in the

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb vi 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Pavement management systems

Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—II

Sustainable asphalt technologies—I

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—II

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb vii 7/1/2014 5:37:50 PM

Nondestructive testing of asphalt pavement

Pavement condition survey/pavement smoothness/quality control/quality assurance

Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic materials—I

Long-term pavement performance prediction—I

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb viii 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—III

Mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete/mix design methodology/novel methods

Warm mix asphalt technologies—I

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb ix 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Innovative pavement analysis and design—I

Pavement response analysis under static and moving wheel loads—I

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—IV

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb x 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Microstructural characterization and micromechanics

Author index 971

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xi 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Modeling of asphaltic materials and pavements

Pavement response analysis under static and moving wheel loads—II

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xii 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Warm mix asphalt technologies—II

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—VI

Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—IV

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xiii 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphalt materials

Sustainable asphalt technologies—II

Long-term pavement performance prediction—II

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—VII

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xiv 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—V

Innovative pavement analysis and design—II

Maintenance and rehabilitation—II

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xv 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Additives and modifiers for asphalt concrete—VI

Microstructural characterization and micromechanics of asphaltic materials—III

Asphalt pavement and environment

ISAP000-1404_Vol-01_Book.indb xvi 7/1/2014 5:37:51 PM

Experimental characterization of asphaltic materials—IX

Author index 1915