APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby

approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried
out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to
warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfillment
of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of
Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.
This is to certify that this student Mahima M. Bhat is a
bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed
this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as
undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University
& our Institute Thesis Committee.
It is understood that by this approval and certification the
Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse
or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or
conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for
the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the
requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Mahima M Bhat

Date: Monday, 21st December 2020

Approved By Principal College Seal

Ar. Prof. Suresh
Singh

Certified By Thesis Guide Certified Seal

Ar. Prof. Neha
Panchal

Examined By Examiner-1 Examiner-2

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission entitled

‘KRISHI-KENDRA |V’

represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from
the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations,
other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words
have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles,
internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are
acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation
references.
No material other than that cited and listed has been used.
I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand
that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious
offences in the university and accept the consequences should I
engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.
This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me
or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of
study.

Mahima Mohan Bhat

Roll No: 02 Place:
Date : 21/12/2020 Rachana Sansad’s
Academy Of Architecture

*The following defines plagiarism:

“Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work,
the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another
student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include:
• the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without
appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;
• the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words
or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly
presented acknowledgement;
• unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;
• the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s
own.
• “Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written
work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions
and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books,
dissertations and essays and online resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The thesis by no means is a ‘solo ride.’ This outcome has

resulted from several vital inputs, critical insights, and
unquestioned support from all around. I would like to take
this opportunity to extend my gratitude to everyone who
helped me throughout the process and kept me motivated.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis guide

Arch. Prof. Neha Panchal. With your patient guidance, I learned
how to critically analyze and structure the thesis. Thank you
for your constant support and insights that shaped my thesis.

To Arch. Prof. Yagnik Bhatija, with enthusiasm and questioning,

learned the technique and importance of asking the right
questions. Thank you for your detailed feedback and criticism.

To Mrs.Malini Krishnankutty, for taking time out for the

discussion. Thank you for patiently answering all my
doubts and all the thoughts you opened my mind to.

To my classmates, Pallavi, Akash, Esteline, Tejas, Abhijeet,

Chinmay for the long-distance company and interesting
discussions over the entire semester. Thank you all for keeping
me motivated when I was struggling with the project.

To Pallavi and her family, thank you for taking

time out for me and being hugely helpful in
the process of site data collection virtually.

To my family- especially my mom- for all the much-needed care

and encouragement in the past gloomy 6 months of uncertainty!
Figure-1 An agrarian
Imaginary ( Author)
 ABSTRACT

Food defines who we are and where we came from. Farming

not only produces food but also increases the efficiency of
collectivity and community. Can we imagine a world where
food is consumed in the form of capsules because of the
depletion of natural capable environments? If all of this sounds
utopic, then it is essential to know that if we continue to grow
our cities with current growth patterns, this utopia can become
a reality in no time.

India has 58% of its population involved in the agricultural

sector. With time, Indian cities are expanding swiftly.
Urbanization today is increasing the urban-rural divide while
continuously disturbing the peri-urban fringes and local
agrarian communities. The confinement of agriculture to the
rural area is adding to the unwillingness to agriculture. The
urban-rural gap is increasingly removing the population from
production sites and less aware of how the food is made. If
more and more people are shying away from agriculture and
expanding urban landscapes fail to address the currently
sustaining farming practices, where will our future food come
from? The answer lies in the reintegration of agriculture and
community building through the inclusive urban form.

“KRISHI-KENDRA | Re-centralizing the locale of agrarian

mindset in rapid urban expansion” will analyze the causes
and effects of persistent friction between the urban form
and the agricultural communities and the potential future of
farming in inclusive patterns of urban growth. Urbanization in
India is inevitable, while agriculture is necessary. Thus, the
project aims to initiate and catalyze the symbiotic relationship
between urbanization, agriculture, and communities through
architectural intervention. It questions the current agriculture-
related infrastructure and investigates its ability to act as
administrative buildings and as the power structures for
future farming; its administration, communal integration, and
economic rationalization.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. 2
INTRODUCTION 2 5. 46
1.1 BACKGROUND 3 PRECEDENTS 46
1.2 NEED OF STUDY 5 5.1 AGRICITE, PARIS 47
1.3 CONCERNS 7 5.2 THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, THAILAND 51
1.4 ARCHITECTURAL QUESTION 10 5.3 PASONA URBAN FARM 55
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 11
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 12

6. 58
2. 14 SITE AREA SELECTION 58
6.1.1 PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION 59
METHODOLOGY 14 URBAN - PERI-URBAN INTERFACE 59
2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15 6.2.1 MUMBAI-NAVI MUMBAI-NAINA: AN OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT 63
2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17 6.3 CONCLUSION 71

3. 20 7. 74
AGRICULTURE IN AN URBAN DRIVEN WORLD 20 SITE AREA ANALYSIS 74
3.1 HISTORY 21 7.1 SITE AREA SELECTION 75
3.2 UNDERSTANDING THE ANALOGY 22 7.2 SITE AREA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 77
3.3 ANALYZING THE GLOBAL PRESENT 23 7.4 CONCLUSION 93
3.4.TOWARDS THE RESILIENT FUTURE 27
3.5.CONCLUSION 30

8. 96
4. 32 PROGRAM CURATION 96
8.1 CONCERNS AND NECESSITIES 97
AGRICULTURE IN AN URBAN DRIVEN WORLD 32 8.2 TOWARDS DESIGN 99
4.1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE 34 8.3 DESIGN PREAMBLE 102
4.2. HISTORY AND TRANSFORMATION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE 35 8.4 INTENT OF DESIGN 103
4.3. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS 38 8.5 PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION 105
4.4. INQUIRY OF THE AGRICULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 39 8.5 PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION 107
4.5 CRUCIAL AREAS OF THE DISCORD 41 8.6 DESIGN PRINCIPLES 109
4.6 WHAT DOES A FARMER SAY? 42 LIST OF FIGURES 111
4.7 CONCLUSION 43 BIBILIOGRAPHY 113
 1. INTRODUCTION
Grasping the domain of an argument
Food, water, and shelter- Basic needs of human beings without which we
cannot survive. Agriculture is a core profession providing one of our basic
needs, i.e., food. The foundation of human settlements and community
formations was laid based on agriculture. This is where the association
between agriculture and architecture originated from.

This chapter will focus on building a foundation of an architectural argument

through an overview of complete concern.

1 2
 1.1 BACKGROUND

Over the years, human civilization has developed, and now the
world is rapidly moving towards urbanization. As per a global
prediction globally, 70% of the population will be living in cities
by 2050. The need for economic organization in the growing
rural areas leads to the formation of the urban regions. Even
though cities were never formed with an intentional inclusion
of agriculture, the scale and the city’s defined boundaries
always allowed people to share a sense of connectivity to
the food they were consuming. However, the formation of
megacities, urban domination, increasing urban crowd, and
the advancement of transportation have caused the elongation
of food chains, causing numerous problems related to food
security, consumption, sustainability, equality. Over the last
decade, this issue has led to many discussions seeking a
solution.

Figure-2 Evolution of agriculture

The majority of these discussions about the future of farming and food
secutiry revolve around ‘retrofitting agriculture in an urban setting’ rather
than ‘inclusion of agriculture in urban environments.’ With over 50% of
the population and the land still being engaged with agricultural activities,
India still has an opportunity to have inclusive urban development.
(Source:Author)
By treating mother earth as a god of the domain, agriculture
embodies respect towards the natural environment. The
culture in agriculture, knowledge, and wisdom is passed on
from generation to generation through practice. The agrarian
roots of Indian culture teach us the importance of responsible
consumption of food. Now, with agriculture being treated as
a profession of rural man, and with the rapid increase in rural
to urban migration, we are on the verge of losing this true
essence of agriculture and its relation to our daily life.

India is a country with a glorious agrarian past. With several

festivals following an agricultural calendar, Indian culture is
rooted deep in its agricultural history. Over the years, India
has changed from being an agrarian economy to now being
a mixed economy. Today, 58% of the Indian population is
employed in the agricultural sector, with more than half of its
Figure-3 Harvest festivals in
land dedicated to the same. However, with India’s urbanization India(Source:Author)
rate being among the highest globally, agricultural lands are
Agriculture in India faces various issues ranging from adverse effects of
predicted to undergo a significant decrease in the coming
exhaustive seeds, ineffective transportation, and storage to the educated
years.
young generation’s unwillingness to take on agriculture as a profession. Rapid
urbanization is one of the many reasons for putting the future of agriculture under
Agriculture, as a profession, involves direct engagement with
threat.
nature. It is an occupation in which hands-on experience
matters the most than the education acquired from the books.

3 4
 1.2 NEED OF STUDY

Agricultural land usage in India has reached its plateau. With no more forest
land to expand into and due to the increase in non-agricultural land, agricultural
lands are now approaching a decline phase. The currently slower growth rate of
transformation from agricultural to non-agricultural land is predicted to catch up
faster in the coming decades.

Over the years, agriculture in India is more and more confined

to the rural sector. Major Indian farmers have marginal
landholdings. Such marginal farms are more likely to fall
into a debt trap, leading to the profession’s termination. This
termination is forcing farmers to look for alternate ways of
earning. With government policies increasing the urban-
rural gap and treating urban areas as ‘smart’ areas, a desire
to migrate to the urban areas is rapidly growing. Metropolitan
regions in India, today, are planned to have no connection
to agriculture and add to its disconnection. This disrupts the
balance of the consumer to the producer to earth relationship.

Considering the predicted rise in rural to urban migration, the

need to conserve and channelize the agrarian knowledge to
the future generations while giving a positive social frame of
mind towards agriculture in the development is urgent.

Figure-4 Urgency of the

concern [Source: Author]

5 6
 1.3 CONCERNS

“We live in places like this as if they’re the most natural things in the
world, forgetting that because we’re animals and that we need to eat, we’re
actually as dependent on the natural world as our ancient ancestors were.”
-Carolyn steel

Today in India, the land is not an ecological entity but a bare

economic entity.

Now, the land is the most expensive resource. With the

government encouraging the conversion from agricultural to
non-agricultural land, the future of peri-urban agrarian lands is
in danger.

The expanding cities are pushing agricultural production

further away from them. As a result, food miles have been
increasing. This then makes already marginal farmers further
marginalized as the expenses of transportation, storage
increase. Urbanization is inevitable. This leads us to question
the relevance of agriculture to the cities and the urbanized
future.

Our agriculture is at the crossroads economically,

environmentally, socially, and technologically. Various types
of concerns are causing the loss of effective agricultural
practices in India. Some of these concerns which collide with
architecture and planning at multiple levels are as follows:

1. Absence of consideration given to agricultural practices

during urban expansion.
2. Land being looked at only in terms of its value in money
rather than its ecological significance.
3. Unwillingness to continue the agricultural profession.
4. Elongation of food supply chains.
5. Lack of youth engagement in agriculture.
6. Disassociation of urban areas with agricultural production
and culture.
7. Indirect association and tagging of farming practices as a Figure-5 List of concerns concurring
architecture and agriculture[Source:Author]
profession of a poor rural man.

The absence of agricultural practices in a ‘smart urban development’ policies

proposed by the government secondarily links and restricts agriculture as an
underdeveloped practice. The more people believe in this urban-centric agenda,
the more the threat of degradation and loss to India’s agriculture.

7 8
 1.4 ARCHITECTURAL QUESTION

In India’s rapid urbanization phase, how can we create a spatial system

linking urban areas to our agrarian roots, which then can catalyze the
process to regain and strengthen the agrarian identity?

A brief study of India’s current agricultural situation has lead to

the primary architectural research question.
The question sets a coarse boundary for the architectural
inquiry. However, the question itself comprises of various
problems, some of which are as written below:

Architectural:

“We know that the planning process of the 1. How can we improvise customers to production to earth
city takes time, and it has to - for it involves a connections through an architectural space?
multitude of the actors and the issues as well as 2. How can we create an opportunity to explore agriculture in
long-term guidelines. growing urban areas through architecture?
However, sometimes, a simply focused 3. Why is it essential to create a space for agrarian
intervention can create new energy knowledge transfer and channelization in urban areas?
demonstrating the possibilities of space in a 4. How can we achieve a balance between urban and rural
way that motivated others to engage with their areas which equate them?
5. What can be a new typology through which the agrarian
communities. “
mindset in an urban setting will be preserved and engaging
with competitive revenue generation?
-James Lerner, Urban acupuncture, 2014 6. To what extent did urban form affect agriculture in today’s
time, and how?

Agricultural:
1. What are the ways in which the younger generation can be
involved in the field of agriculture?
2. What effects does agricultural existence have on the
different user groups?
3. What role can the government play in today’s agricultural
situation?
4. What are the various stakeholders that can be engaged to
form an effective spatial system to sustain urbanization?
5. How has the urban, peri-urban, and rural lifestyle changed
due to rapid urbanization?

9 10
 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The problem of food for the future is vast and cannot solely • Agriculture in India has a vast scope spanning into various
be solved by architecture. Nevertheless, by observing the close studies arenas right from education to the economy.
relationship between agriculture and architecture in the past, However, the dissertation is curated by limiting the scope of
the change can indeed be triggered by architecture. research in alignment with architecture.
• The study relies heavily on secondary data due to physical
The study here aims to understand the constant conflict exploration’s inability on account of pandemics.
between agriculture and urbanization and its socio-cultural, • The study spans across India; however, the intervention
geographical, and epistemological effects. The study further proposed is based on and specific for the site selected.
extends to analyze and take actions to bridge the gaps for • The intervention has been devices based on the site’s
the betterment of existing farmers and newer generations’ social, cultural, epistemological, and economic realities.
engagement. The objectives of the study are as follows: • The study’s scope is not limited to the current time but is
developed to consider the permanent nature of architecture
• Study and analyze geographical and social changes in and its ability to impact the future. Hence necessary
Indian agriculture over the past decade. assumptions are made wherever needed
• Study and analyze the relationship between agriculture and
architecture and its evolution over the years.
• Understand the effects of urbanization on agriculture in
urban, peri-urban, and rural areas.
• Understand the role of government and stakeholders in
current agriculture and urban developments.
• Compare and contrast the situation in India to the global
domain to analyze the future better.
• Understand the cultural and lifestyle changes surrounding
agriculture.
• Study and understand the current urban form in cities and
their effect on agriculture and farmers.
• Understand the role of rural desires in the transformation of
agriculture.
• To devise a proper scope and phases of architectural
intervention through the site study and analysis.

11 12
 2. METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the methodology applied to an entire structure of

the research. This includes the types of references, category of precedent
studies, types of methods used for data collection.
The chapter would help in understanding the trajectory of the entire project
at any given stage.

13 14
 2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Figure-6 Stepwise formulation of a
research trajectory [Source:Author]

15 16
 2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Step 1: Formalizing an argument
An architectural argument in the agricultural arena of study is
partially based on the architectural concerns’ coarse analysis
and remaining through the Literature review.
Step 2: A literature review
A literature review is done in two stages :
Readings and reviews are done for a global understanding of
the concern.
Readings and reviews are done for the understanding of the
concern limited to India.
These reviews are applied to formalize and streamline the
argument. A further application is made to research the
correlation between architecture and agriculture.
Step 3: Research and analysis of the data
Research on the place of agriculture in urbanizing India by
understanding concerns and analyzing India’s socio-cultural
importance.
A site area study and analysis further strengthen research.
Methods used for data collection and analysis of site area
study are as follows:
Imagery and mapping
Statistical analysis
Primary data through Interviews
Observation through articles and other literature.
This step helps in finding understand the gaps that need to be
bridged through an architectural inquiry at the end.
17
Step 4: Case study
Case studies are categorized into two types :
To understand the importance of agricultural practices in an
urban setting through the socio-cultural lens. These case
studies will help understand the typology structure needed to
bridge the gaps with an architectural inquiry.
To understand and analyze the spatial requirements of the
possible programs on site. These case studies will help in
understanding the functioning and zoning of the program.
Step 5: Site selection and study
Based on the parameters derived from the site area study, the
site for the architectural inquiry will be selected.
This site will then be analyzed through mapping and statistical
data. The relational analysis of the site and the case studies
will lead to the design goals.
Step 6: Formulating a program
The design inquiry program will be formulated from the pooled
analysis of the site study, case study, and design goals.
The design proposal will be given at two scales, the latter
being the macro vision for the first:
At the scope of the selected site
At the scope of site area study
18
 3. AGRICULTURE
IN AN URBAN
DRIVEN WORLD
Understanding the global scenario
Agriculture is a primitive occupation and now has reached a scale where it
spans over almost all fields, from online trade to tourism. Hence, it becomes
crucial to understand and analyze the association between agriculture and
architecture to appropriately scale architectural study and inquiry.

This chapter discusses the analogy between agriculture and architecture,

the historical evolution of the correlation, global affairs in agriculture, and
an overview of the predicted future in detail to streamline the methodology
of research.

19 20
 3.1 HISTORY
“Let us not forget that the cultivation of the earth is the most important
labor of man. When tillage begins, other arts will follow. Farmers,
therefore, are the founders of civilization.”
-Daniel Webster
Figure-7 History of agriculture
[Source: Behance.in]
Agriculture is a primitive occupation because that is from
where the word Human Settlement originated from. The shift
from nomadic hunting to the settled communities was a slow
change and is the foundation of the world that we live in today.
Having no single-origin demarcated, agriculture is believed
to be developed over hundreds of years in various areas at
various times throughout the world.
As the years went by, humans started settling near a
water source and found more fertile lands. This led to the
development of communities and farming in terms of scale
and stability. The first recorded instance of the same in that
in 7000 B.C., agriculture reached Mesopotamia. In the super
fertile soil just north of the Persian Gulf, Sumerian ingenuity
systematized it scaled it up.
The stability in farming leads to the first instance of a permanent
form of architecture in the form of Sumerian architecture. This is
considered as a neolithic revolution period that holds the origins
of both agriculture and architecture.
21
3.2 UNDERSTANDING THE ANALOGY
Since the familiar timeline of origin, agriculture, and
architecture has developed hand in hand, man developed
agriculture through farming and pastoralism techniques. These
advancements then reflected into his lifestyle as the man
started building a culture around food production. On the other
hand, this cultural change helped man develop a sedentary
lifestyle that further enriched architecture through the thought
process. Through this collaborative development, both the
fields encouraged each other. The difference in one area
influenced the other significantly.
Over time, nearly 6000 to 5500 BCE is when the scales of
farming and communities changed hand in hand, giving
rise to some early expanded settlements called rural areas.
Fragments of these rural areas gave rise to the exchange
and trade forming a network, which helped communities grow
further. Agriculture and stability gave a sense of safety to
organizations, which reflected in the increase in populations. It
speeded up the process by almost 1000 times than before. To
cater to these growing populations, cities were formed.
From the early instances of cities in 3500 BCE to the time just
before the industrial revolution, i.e., the 17th century, the urban
form evolved. However, the connection between people and
food production was never lost.
In pre-industrial cities, the struggle to transport and acquire
food always kept people in touch with the production and land
in cities or peripheries.
Industrialization changed the urban form. With the evolution in transportation,
industries, the working class was evolved that shifted cities’ focus from
collaborative to a more hierarchical structure. This changed how to look at the
land from being valued in terms of fertility to being valued in the locality. This
contributed majorly to a devaluation of agriculture as an occupation.
22
 3.3 ANALYZING THE GLOBAL PRESENT
“Food is the most devalued commodity in the industrialized world because
we have lost touch with what it means.”
--Carolyn steel
Figure-8 Inhuman scale of agribusiness [Source:Bain.com]
3.3.1.INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrialization changed places where we produced
food and affected how we produce food and look at food
production. Before industrialization, urban and rural areas
were in collaboration with each other. Even though there
were advancements in organized government in the cities,
metropolitan areas were never treated as dominant over rural
areas. As the industrial revolution happened, it established a
strongly hierarchical organization in which urban areas were
always prioritized in terms of every system. This put urban
areas at the top of the chain, making them centers of demand,
and all the other regions became suppliers working for urban
areas. This dominance created a gap between urban and rural
areas, and this gap was never bridged further.
While describing a socio-cultural change in cities due to the
industrial revolution, Carolyn steel writes that,
“Living in cities, we have learned to behave as if we did not
belong to the natural world, as if we were somehow distinct
from ‘the environment.’ Rather than see ourselves as part of
23
it, we see it as something to exploit or control from the outside
or (once we have messed it up enough) to try and save. We
forget that we are animals bound to the land; that the food we
eat links us directly to nature.”
The industrial revolution also has its fair share in commercial
farming happening today all around the world.
3.3.2.AGRICULTURE TO AGRIBUSINESS
Today, cities are being portrayed as the ideal way of living due
to the amenities and employment opportunities. This change
has spiked the rural-to-urban migration. As a result, cities have
a significantly higher population density than rural areas. This
demands an equally more amount of food is provided in urban
areas. This rapid expansion, increased demand for food, and
transportation advancement created an incubating industrial
farming environment.
Industrial farming created monocultures in agriculture.
Fertilizers and seed gene modifying techniques started
gripping firmly as this type of farming prioritized quantity over
quality. Even though the initial results turned out successful,
over the longer run, the agribusiness system has weakened
the smaller farmers by making the monocultures richer and
more prosperous. Farmers are working hard and driving less.
As Vandana Shiva rightly said,
“The globalization of agriculture has led to the rapid destruction of diverse
farming systems and the displacement of small-scale farmers worldwide.
In an age of obsession with gigantism, we live under the illusion that big is
best. But when it comes to food, small is the big”
Agribusiness has affected the lifestyle surrounding farming
more than anything else. In the past, the farmer who used to
work in food production voluntarily and took pride in doing so;
was now only doing it for the sake of income . This elimination
of culture has led to the slow fading of farming culture, reducing
it merely to a job.
24
 3.3.3.GLOBAL
CONCERNS

Figure-9 Global facts

arounf modern food
chains[Source:Archdaily]

25 26
 3.4.TOWARDS THE RESILIENT FUTURE
Today, industrial agriculture is going through the critical phase
of shift, where people worldwide have started thinking about
urban resilience and are engaged in finding new solutions.
It is now clear that the gap between urban and rural is not
beneficial environmentally, physically, and economically.
Hence, we need to think about alternate food production and
food supply chain models differing from industrial agriculture.
The following are the prominent precedents that are trying to
shape the future:
URBAN FARMING:
Today, urban farming is the most talked-about future precedent
for urban food security. Urban farming includes both indoor
and outdoor farming. Vertical farming, farm high rises,
community farming, collaborative farming, terrace farming are
some of the branches of urban farming. Due to the helping
hand of advanced technology, urban farming is now being
explored for large scale production and being looked at as a
solution for urban food insecurity.
In recent years, the world has seen various startups regarding
urban farming namely, farmed here, gourmet greens, Gotham
greens, etc. Indoor farming i.e. vertical farming has various
advantages over traditional farming techniques. By moving
agricultural production to the city, the burden over the current
system can be reduced. This reduces the food miles and thus
helps in keeping the food chains sustainable. In turn, we no
longer need to be dependent upon arable soil. In addition,
due to the monitored climate and carefully sealed exterior, the
vertical farm reduces the concerns of adverse weather and
changing seasons.
It is possible to close the loops of the food web by using
indoor farms as they bring the production, consumption,
processing wastage all nearer to each other. However,
indoor farming needs skilled workers. The majority of the
farmers across the globe lack the level of skills required
to continue indoor farming. Due to this urban farming
seems far from reality to the existing farmers. The study
also shows that even if urban farming is carried out to its
fullest capacity, we will still be able to produce only 15%
of the required demand through it.
27
Incorporation Infiltration Negotiation
Secession
Figure-10 Sebastian Mayor’s four visions
of urban expantion [Source: Author]
SEBASTIAN MAYOR’S VISION FOR THE FUTURE:
In the exhibition, Agriculture and Architecture: Taking the Country’s
Side Sebastian studies the analogy between both fields. In the end,
he suggested 4 models of urban development which can give rise to
four entirely different urban configurations
Incorporation :
It is the metropolitan ethos, now dominant, which places all its hopes
in concentration as well as in technical progress and innovations.
Negotiation:
It considers the growth of metropolises as inevitable (even desirable)
but seeks the solution in hybrid metropolitan models that would
integrate agriculture, livestock, horticulture, even “nature” itself, as
components of its program.
Infiltration:
It is rather a reverse movement, much less planned, which goes
from agriculture or horticulture to the city and the existing urban
fabrics, taking advantage here and there of their vacations or they
are neglected.
Secession :
It is an idea where the city would not have a monopoly on civic-
mindedness and democracy, but that there would be other ways of
community life in rural areas.
28
 3.5.CONCLUSION

SITOPIA: Globally, discussions regarding the future of farming are

happening. Majority of the discussions are around the
Sitopia comes from the greek sitos, meaning food, and is play retrofitting of agriculture in already developed urban areas as
on the word Utopia. Where Utopia means ‘Good place’ or ‘No the western urbanization is at its peak.
place’, Sitopia means ‘Food Place’. The word ‘sitopia’ was
coined by Carolyn Steel, architect, lecturer and author of the
book Hungry City.

The Sitopia project aims to build sustainable communities with The author feels a need for India should take a note
universal access to high-quality nutrition. It believes that food through this. The stage of urbanization in India is far
is not a luxury item, but an essential part of life that deserves a behind as compared to global metropolitan areas. The
central role in civilization. author mentions the need to look at the global current
situation as our predicted future and take necessary steps
It aims to connect food producers with food consumers all over in such a direction that when we fully urbanize, there
the world and ensure that every human being can enjoy good shouln’t be a need to then give an afterthought to farming.
food while making the best use of our planet’s resources. That
means making efficient use of water and available arable land,
and also making sure that food is produced closer to where
it is consumed to minimize the environmental cost and the
financial costs due to transport. In addition, it hopes to look at Apart from the food production and security, farming prctises
cost effective and environmentally safe methods of producing have various benefits to offer. While developing, if these
food. benefits are tapped on to their fullest potential, agrarian areas
in a city have a full capacity to be the community building
Steel sketches a “Sitopian economics” that would put food cores for the urban areas.
and its intrinsic value at the heart of economic life. In the slow
food movement, “slow money” social investing, and “guerrilla
localism”, she sees the roots of new and democratic ways of
reorganizing commerce for a society whose new golden rule
would be “Feed thy neighbor as thyself”.

29 30
 4. AGRICULTURE
IN AN URBAN
DRIVEN WORLD
Understanding our country and farmers
This chapter will review Indian agriculture. It will talk about the evolution of
agriculture in Indian over the years. Along with discussing the architectural
past and present as a whole, this will also explore and analyze the current
agricultural infrastructure and its necessities. It will conclude by studying
India’s agrarian sphere’s concerns and needs while looking at it from
the perspective of urbanization, based on previous analysis and future
possibilities.

31 32
 4.1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

India is one of the fastest-growing G20 economies, mainly

reflecting an ambitious reform agenda under implementation
since 2014. Against this background, agriculture is a crucial
sector in its contribution to both employment and GDP.
Even though Agriculture’s share in India’s total GDP has
decreased over the years, it does not indicate a decrease in
agricultural production. Still, it is because of the overall growth
of the Industrial and service sectors. The agricultural output
has actually increased by three folds in the last two decades.

Currently, agriculture contributes to 6% of the entire GDP,

but almost 58% of the population is involved in farm-related
activities. Out of this, 58%, 85% of the farmers are marginal.
Marginal farmers are the ones who have been suffering the
most in the process of development.

Statistical facts about Indian agriculture

Figure-11Statistical facts of Indian
agriculture [Source:Author]
After the Industrial evolution in India, the marginal farmers
largely have fallen into a debt trap trying to achieve quantity
goals. The trap has to lead many of them to a more
impoverished lifestyle leading to further marginalization, and
the cycle continues. In an Indian culture where an individual’s
respect depends upon his occupation, Indian farmers have a
challenging path to embark on.
In the country’s current development phase, farmers are
increasingly constricted to rural areas. Considering the current
mass migration pattern from rural to urban areas, urbanization
is disconnecting more and more people from the process of
cultivation and food production, making them less aware and
responsible for food.

In the fast pace of urbanization and development, the role of the farmers has gone
unrecognized. To understand the cause, it is essential to comprehend how India
transformed from being an agricultural farmhouse of the continent to now being a
country that alienated farming from development?

33 34
 4.2. HISTORY AND TRANSFORMATION OF
INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Figure-12 Evolution of spatial
organisation in India [Source:Author]
A brief history of Indian Agriculture will help us understand
today’s farming and concern in furthermore depth. The
agricultural evolution in India can be characterized into four
critical junctures:
Ancient India:
Up until the 16th century, India was a prosperous agricultural
country. Majorly consisting of the interdependent smaller
clusters of the farmers, the agrarian community was
well balanced with each other and also with nature. The
communities were self-sufficient, and farmers, non-farmers
used to barter their produce with a symbiotic relationship.
This is the era of India, where agriculture was celebrated. The
entire year was planned around the farming activities, and so
the origin of Indian festivals.
35
British rule :
The previously booming chain of interdependent villages was
disturbed by introducing towns or the word ‘Urban’ by the
British rule.
For Britishers, India was a market of raw material. They gave
targets to the farmers, and those who failed to meet the
requirements would lose their land to the govt. They were sent
into a Debt Trap.
Apart from disturbing the barter system, this era introduced
urban dominance, and the idea that the urban is superior
continues today.
Green revolution :
Indian farmers left behind after the British left was wounded,
landless, exploited, and poor. The newly introduced landless
agrarians eventually became wage workers in agriculture, and
agriculture transformed from a livelihood to a daily job.
In 1965, the Green revolution was launched to revive the
country from these wounds, and the phase did help the
government restore its agricultural production.
But, in this process of revival, the quantity was preferred over
quality. The marginal farmers struggled to produce mass
quantities, and thus this era gave birth to the agribusiness in
India, indebting the farmers more and more.
Developing India:
The current phase of urbanization reinforces urban dominance.
In urban expansion, the agricultural land is always referred to as
the ‘not developed’ land available for development. This makes
an author question the definition of the development.
According to the Indian ministry of agriculture, India lost 16000
sq. km. of farmland in ten years from 2000 to 2010.
By referring to cultivated land as an underdeveloped region
and by the rural confinement of farmers, the process of
urbanization is demeaning the value of occupation and
disconnecting it from the communities and the cultures. This
cycle is severely damaging for the future and accordingly
needs to be re-thought upon.
36
 4.3. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS

Government policies govern the path for future development.

Considering the number of populations involved in agriculture,
India has numerous agricultural policies to promote farming for
better efficiency. Few of the aims in the direction of which the
policies are designed are as follows:

1. Raising the productivity of inputs.

2. Protecting the interest of the poor farmers
3. Modernizing the agricultural setting in India
4. Reducing environment degradation
5. Agricultural research and training

On the face of it, all the efforts seem flawless. But in reality,
despite the actions, the farmer suicides are increasing rapidly,
indicating the lucid failure of execution.

Government policies show ambivalence. On the one hand, the government

promotes intensive farming in rural areas, leaving them with very few non-farm
options, and on the other hand, it promotes the ‘smart cities’ as the ideal way of
living. This duality leaves agricultural communities in a circumstance where they
are forced to choose between an ideal lifestyle or agriculture.

It is vital to view agriculture and urbanization through the

coadjuvant lens of development rather than treating them
isolated. Both of them are interdependent. The Urban-Rural
gap in India needs to be shortened, and for that, the peri-urban
fringes (current connectors of urban and rural areas) requires
separate consideration.

Apart from the void of addressing agriculture in urbanizing

India, several infrastructural lackings make a food chain
inefficient.
Figure-13 Gray areas in Governmental
policies [Source:Author]

37 38
 4.4. INQUIRY OF THE AGRICULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The population of India is increasing at an alarming rate. The

urban population has also seen a surge due to massive rural-
urban migration.
The report projects that as much as 70% of this increase will
be in urban areas. India’s urban population will increase from
377 million in 2011 to 594 million in 2036 – 57%. So, while
31% of Indians living in urban India in 2011, that will grow to
39% by 2036.

The surge in urban population is in proportion to the rise in

demand for food. This massive demand for food has resulted
in an increase of enormous food processing and storage
industries over the acrtes and acres of land, lifeless. In India,
food is now getting transformed into a mere industrial product.

The larger the demand for food, the longer the food chains.
System introduces a new mediator for a percentage of
demand. Every morning almost 1000 trucks enter Mumbai
APMC for the daily supply of food, which is ever increasing.
Figure-14 Food processing chain structure in
Overview of the infrastructure: India : Who really earns?[Source:Author]

Agriculture being a major contributor to the workforce in a

country, Indian government and Ministry of Agriculture has
developed several policies for farmers over the years. Right
from Krishi Utpanna Bazar Samiti to the apmc, the list of
infrastructure funded by the government is unending.
Even then, the infrastructural supplies lack the deman. Why is
it so?
The longitivity of the food chains decreases the profit margin
for a farmer. Marginal farmers have to either sell their produce
locally by themselves or they have to sell it wholesale to the
trader. Considering most production is in lesser demand
areas, farmers are left with no choice but to sell the produce
to intermediaries. This makes agriculture less profitable for the
producer.

It is because most of the funded programmes are fragmented
and irregular throughout the country. Some of the funds are for
the following programmes:
Farm schools | Krishi vigyan kendra | Krishi udyog vidnyan
kendra | producer organizations| Rural knowledge center
| distress center and so on. The list includes similar
programmes with various names and thus the irregularity.
The monocentric approach towrds the metropoliton areas
results into the demand for massive scale of inftastructure and
transportation. Localization holds the key to direct the food chain
towards food webs and reduce the scale of infrastructure simply
by dividing them into multinodal systems of humane scale.

In the report ‘serving farmers saving farmers’ of a commitee lead by M.S.

swaminathan it is stated that, India doesn’t need more funds or strategies to
resolve agrarian crisis, we just need to identify the need and form a regular
framework through culmination of already funded programmes.
Figure-15 Alternative structures for
revival of food web [Source:Author]

39 40
 4.5 CRUCIAL AREAS OF THE DISCORD

Figure-16 Crucial areas of dynamic development:Peri-

urban areas [Source:Author]

The peri-urban growth depends mainly on its interrelationship with the urban on
4.6 WHAT DOES A FARMER SAY?
one side and rural on the other side. However, if not comprehended and perceived,
this interrelationship can lead to the failure of these areas’ adequate planning
measures.
Today, 76% of farmers do not want to continue the profession. Agro-brain-drain is a
In major Indian cities, the peri-urban areas mostly comprise crucial reason of the agricultural static state of development.
of the sparsely situated settlements practicing agriculture in
clusters, Industrial areas, and vast open lands and forests.

As compared to the rural areas, the peri-urban areas The day agriculture was distanced from its culture, its
are immensely dynamic in nature. Ravetz, Fertner, and community relations, the downfall started. Commercialization
Nielsen describe peri-urban regions as “a new kind of multi- has damaged farming coteries to their roots. For marginal
functional territory.” The locations are frequently in a phase farmers, agriculture today in India does not have the ability to
of shifting either towards the rural or the urban sides. Urban lead a financially stable life.
growth affects these areas the most. The National Capital
Region (NCR) plan for 2021, for example, refers to the non- The saturation of agriculture needs a refresh. An economical,
existence of proper legislation, planning, and development technological, and social refresh. For this refresh to happen,
controls in rural areas close to Delhi, which has led to the there need to be younger brains getting engaged in agriculture
unauthorized conversion of rural land to urban use and the continuously. However, Indian youth is reluctant to do
growth of unplanned urban/industrial activities. Such activities agriculture due to the lack of its relevance to the urbanized
demonstrate the lack of focused governance to address both future.
urban expansion and agro-activities simultaneously.

In various Indian peri-urban areas, due to the sudden surge

in the housing demands, the lands get legally acquired by On the balance of the economy, the day job paying a stable income weighs heavier
real estate developers. This practice forcibly throws the native than food production. To sustain future generations, traditional agriculture must be
clusters into unemployment due to the change in land users. reformed for economic, techno logical betterment, and advanced engagement.

41 42
 4.7 CONCLUSION

Indian agrarian crisis is way different than compared to any

other country. Governance and policies for the agriculture are
just too confusing and unnecessarily complex. The structure
is so complex that even the intended user i.e.a farmer fails to
understand what is actually good for him and what is not.

Younger generation migrating towards the urban areas is

costing a lot to the agrarian sector. While migration is another
set of complex issue to be resolved by architecture, the
efforts should be made to acknowledge the needs of younger
generation and then mend the framework in a way that is
attracts the youth.

A social stigma surrounding farming in India comes down

to a single point that agriculture today is not financially
viable. The need for the boost to the farming sector of
India through all agencies is much needed now than ever
before.

Lastly, If everyone is desiring the urban ideal imaginary then

giving agriculture a place of belonging in this imaginary would
catalize the change to its fullest.

43 44
 5. PRECEDENTS
This chapter includes study and analysis of already exicuted projects
to understand the working and the practical quotient of the project in
depth. Analsysis of this part would help in curating a programme for the
intervention.

45 46
5.1 AGRICITE, PARIS

Where?

Colombes, Paris

Colombes is a suburban town near Paris with a population

of 80,000, with a high rate of unemployment but a vibrant
culture of civic activity – there are 450 non-profit organizations,
showing a strong civic engagement and the fact that the
inhabitants’ are willing to contribute.

What?

The three pilot Units of agricite include:

- a Recycling and Eco-construction Unit which consists of a
number of facilities that will generate a series of changes in the Figure-18 Framework of Agricite [Source:Author]
daily habits of local residents and the urban administration in
terms of recycling
R-Urban interprets the production and consumption chain
- an Ecological Cooperative Housing Unit which consists of a
broadly, well beyond the material aspects to include cultural,
number of experimental dwellings, partly self-built
cognitive and affective dimensions..
- a Civic Agriculture Unit, which consist of a micro-farm aimed
at collective and familial use

Figure-17Agricite by R urban [Source:Urbantactics.org]

Figure-19 stakeholders and their

roles:Agricite [Source:Author]

The project sets a precedent for a participative retrofitting of

metropolitan suburbs where the relationship between the
urban and rural is reconsidered.

It endeavours to demonstrate what citizens can achieve if they

change their work routines and lifestyles to collectively address
the challenges of the future.

47 48
 Figure-20 Urban Resilience through
Agricite [Source:Author]
R-Urban maintains that urban sustainability is a civic right
and creates the conditions for this ‘right to sustainability’
to be exercised, not only as a right to rely on and consume
sustainability (provided by the remains of the welfare state
or bought from private providers), but as a right to produce it
(allowing citizens’ involvement in decision-making and action).
Project gives its self-organised constituency the means to act
locally on a neighbourhood scale, and creates opportunities for
actions and activities that could change their future. It affirms
their ‘right to resilience’.
By integrating the three intervention prototypes, Agricite tries
to revive the food web in a town. The system is in the Multi
nodal pattern where the production unit acts as a primary node
keeping the other two secondary. The concept and execution
both reinforce the idea of bottom to top approach where each
step is in collaboration with the citizens.
49
Figure-21 Framework and working
of agricite [Source:R-urban.com]
Takeaways
Scale as a threat
The current scale of agricite is fragmented.
This fragmentation exposes sites to further threat of being
overtaken by urbanization. To establish a permenant system,
the size of the intervention should be reconsidered.
Rapid changes
The project is highly affected by the rapid urbanization and
scarcity of land in colombes.
Project engages various practises for revenue generation
and economic sustainability. However, the scale of these
programmes is small which leads to a little to nothing as a
revenue generation.
50
 5.2 THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, THAILAND
Where?
Rangsit, Thailand
A century ago, the peri-urban of Bangkok, the Rangsit field
once filled with paddy fields and swamps, envisioned by
King Rama 5 to be the most productive rice-farming area in
the world. But after years of unstoppable urban sprawl, the
marshlands have turned to paralyzed concrete cities, no longer
able to breathe, absorb water, or grow food.
What?
To revive the land on which it stands on, Thammasat
University, one of Thailand’s leading universities, has created
the innovative architecture by transforming an unused rooftop
into a solution to climate, food, and pollution crisis.
Main programme for the site is the university. But the younger
generation inflow into the university is utilized to its maximum
to revive the identity of the former agrarian area through urban
built form.
Figure-22 Thammasat University Rooftop
Agriculture [Source:coconuts.co]
51
Figure-23 Harmonious amalgamation
of Urban agriculture and University
buiding [Source:Author]
Produce:
Project harnesses readily-available solar energy at zero
production cost and produces 500,000 watts (equivalent to
25,000 electric light) per hour.
It can grow up to approximate 135,000 rice meals each year to
feed the community from 3,565 sq. m.
Consume:
The green canteen in project completes its intended purpose
of creating a truly holistic and sustainable model for business
and conservation by localizing the food cycle.
Recycle:
Any food leftover from the plate and the kitchen–once edible
food is distributed to the local community–is composted
and sent back to feed the farm as organic fertilizer to grow
nutritious crops for the next harvest.
Rainwater collected from the massive roof is stored and used
later.
Figure-24 Vision for thammasat
University [Source:Author]
52
 Figure-25 Improvising Social quotient by offering
balanced opportunities [Source:Author]
Introduction of massive urban rooftop offers opportunity to
the neighbouring residents to engage with the agricultural
production and chain while also enjoying urban amenities.
The rooftop is utilized to engage communities in the
different activities related to the agriculture through various
programmes; both permanant and temporary in nature. The
variety of programmes shows the benefits of agricultural
setting even outside the arena of food production.
The project has induced a new enthusiasm in the community
regarding the agrarian culture and this has helped in engaging
the budding younger mind towards the occupation in
agricultural sector.
An establishment of large roof emitating the past leads to the
induction of power in agriculture in the urban environments
surrounding the building.
53
Figure-26 Stakeholders and programmatic configuration at Thammasat
University for economic and ecological sustainability [Source:Author]
Takeaways
The project is a good example of attempt to achieve urban
resilience through integration of agriculture and architecture.
However, the project is an execution by a private body. If
compared to the context like mumbai where the projects are
majorly governed by the builder and real estate agents, the
question arises on the regularisation of such structures and
their production.
To encourage the builders, planners, civic minds to imagine
and execute such projects in the urban areas is possible only if
everyone understands the importance of agricultural production
and food systems in first place. Thus it is important to empower
the existing systems through agriculture and planning in a way
that they lay the foundations of the future of farming.
54
 5.3 PASONA URBAN FARM

Where?

Nerima, Japan

The project is designed and executed by Kono designs, Japan.

What?

Pasona urban farms is primarily a commercial office space

but doubles up as the space for community engagement with
agriculture. The building has 20,000 sq.m. of built-up out
of which almost 1/4th of the area is dedicated to the urban Figure-28 Achievements by Pasona Figure-29 Concept behind
farming. Urban Farm [Source:Author] Pasona H.Q.[Source:Author]

The space offers a platform for younger generations to come

50 year old building was renovated in order to have
and experience the essence of farming.The area given to the
commercial as well as public engagement areas. Along with
farming could have costed a loss to Pasona but it believed in
the commercial areas, Pasona has auditoriums, Urban farming
community engagement through urban farming.
facilities, cafeteria and rooftop garden. It has almost 200
different types of vegetation including fresh vegetables, fruits
Pasona dedicated itself to creating this urban farm in part
and even rice
because of the growing reliance of foreign food. With a shortage
of arable land in Japan (roughly only 12%, compared to 20% in
Figure-27 Pasona Urban Farm the US and over 50% in Denmark), the country’s food supply is
H.Q. [Source:dezeen.com] highly unsustainable.

By having this urban farm, Pasona is working to encourage

and educate new farmers, while exposing urban people to food
while it is growing. Pasona also engages its employees with
the process and has proved the improved work efficiency by
doing so.

Takeaways:

Due to the lack of variety in the programmatic configuration of

the building, the project lacks the unintended regular visitors
except for the commercial space employees.

The project as intended does engage urban population but it

fails to connect to the rural roots. The project fails to connect to
the existing supply food chain thus limiting the possibilities of a
positive change.

Even though Pasona envisions the building as a hub for

community, the appearance of the built is majorly commercial.

55 56
 6. SITE AREA SELECTION
This chapter is a practical culmination of the study previously done and
observations made. It is divide into two sections:

Section 1: Selection and analysis of the Urban-Peri-urban interface and

studying the current overall development pattern of the same.
Section 2: Detailed analysis of the peri-urban area through selection
and examination of the concentrated zone of study. This section is
a demonstration of the previous research and newer zone-specific
observations on the parameter of reality.

57 58
6.1.1 PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION
URBAN - PERI-URBAN INTERFACE

In India, the degree of Urbanization varies throughout the

country. States like Maharashtra and Delhi show higher rates
of urbanization compared to the remaining. The varying
degrees of urbanization, pattern, and timeline will have
different effects on the fringes and eventually on the agro
communities in the areas. This makes it essential to conduct a
concentrated study of a particular edge to formulate a suitable
intervention.

Three selected urban areas for the study were Mumbai, Pune,
and Ahmadabad due to
Varied degree of urbanization
Varied timeline and causes of developments
Availability of secondary information and feasibility to visit
primarily

To select an appropriate Urban-Peri-urban interface, the

comparative analysis of three interfaces was done based
on the following parameters:

The degree of urbanization

Pattern of urbanization
Overview of the effects of past development on agricultural
activities

Figure-30 Varied rates of urbanization

throughout the country [Source:Urbanet]

59 60
 6.1.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

PUNE MUMBAI AHMEDABAD

Figure-31 Figure-32 Urbanization in Figure-33 Urbanization in

Urbanization in Pune Mumbai[Source:Author] Ahmadabad[Source:Author]
[Source:Author]

Pace of development Fast Medium Slow

Cause of development Inflow of IT sector Development of setellite town Ring road and expantion of TOD

Proposed for year---- 2035 2035 2021

Existing land-use in area Agricultural Agricultural and forest land Agricultural

Proposed change Commercial and residential Mixed use typology Agricultural and industrial

Consideration for agriculture No No Yes

Vegetables and jowar Vegetables Cash crops and grains

Type of agriculture

Agricultural practises in last two -3% -56% -86%

decades

61 62
6.2.1 MUMBAI-NAVI MUMBAI-NAINA: AN OVER-
VIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region is the largest urban

agglomeration in the country. With almost half of the urban
population being a migrated population from various regions
in the country, the people of the area under MMRDA is ever
increasing.

In 1970, CIDCO was formed to develop a new satellite town

to the greater Mumbai metropolitan area, NAVI MUMBAI. Navi
Mumbai was meant to release urban stress on Mumbai and
develop into a new metro center. From 1970 to 2013, CIDCO
acquired almost 34400 Ha of agricultural and marshy land and
transformed it into an urban area with 14 prominent nodes.
(CIDCO)

Figure-34 Area under Municiple corporations

and planning bodies [Source:Draft DP NAINA]
In 2012, CIDCO announced the commencement and plan for
the NMIA. After that, in 2014, the NAINA- Navi Mumbai airport-
influenced area was declared, and a separate committee was Major Municipal Corporations Involved:
formed to develop the same. The initial area of approx.600
sq. km. is now reduced to the 320sq.km. According to the MMRDA: Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
development plan, the area is planned to be developed into a
high density mixed-use urban area until 2035. (CIDCO
NMMC: Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation

Navi mumbai CIDCO: Navi Mumbai Area Developed Under

CIDCO
The area under NAINA comprises 270 villages, out of which 23
will be developed immediately under the Interim Development
PMC: Panvel Municipal Corporation
Plan. The site is predominantly agricultural, and the proposed
planning is reluctant to mention the area’s agricultural
NAINA: Navi mumbai Airport Influenced Notified Area
character. This makes it crucial to understand and analyze the
effects of development on the local communities like Agri and
JNPT: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Koli samaj now and take swift actions to prevent another area
from destroying the cultivable, fertile lands for urban imaginary.
MESZ: Maharashtra Ecologically Sensitive Zone
(peepli)

63 64
 6.2.2 VISION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
In India, peri-urban fringes are either classified as
the ‘census towns’ or ‘very large villages.’ Both of the
definitions do not justify the dynamic nature of the peri-
urban area. Whenever urban expansion happens. It
could be either planned or unplanned. While there
are no graphic patterns to the unplanned growth, the
planned development is no different. Due to the failure
to recognize the peri-urban areas in policymaking and
planning, the planning happens in a fragmented pattern.
This fragmentation is visible in the expansion of Mumbai such that there
are too many bodies that govern and regulate the planning. The actual
future thus seems to happen in a gray. To understand the direction of
future development in the fringes, it is essential to analyze all the visions
directed for the area comparatively.
MMRDA vision 2037:
MMRDA is essentially the governing body under which the
new government bodies form for focused expansion.
MMRDA envisions the development in the fringe area outside
the Navi Mumbai by:
Formation of 8 growth centers. To have a uniform development
in the region increasing the quality of life and network of open
areas and regional infrastructure.
Agricultural area under irrigation has been recognized as the
area important for food security and has been expected to not
be urbanised.
Formations of LDC for encouraging local agricultural produce
and supporting local communities.
65
NAINA vision 2035:
According to the development vision of NAINA:
Overall development of the areas surrounding Navi Mumbai
area is planned in the direction of forming a smart city. This
development is planned to happen according to the principles
of TOD.
Agricultural area is planned to get transformed into built up
completely. Current agricultural areas are to be converted
into NA plots by acquiring them making it easy for further
development.
The recognition towards the local communities nears to zero.
An overview of an already developed region of Navi Mumbai
;the visions and the reality; could help grasp the practical
speculation of the proposed future.
CIDCO:
Overall development of the Navi Mumbai areawas envisioned
as Twin City to greater Mumbai by forming CBD, all types of
housing, Commercial District and industrial area.
The agricultural land and the communities were completely
diregarded. This has erased the trace of local agriculture and
the social quotient of the local communitiesfrom the areas.
There is a clear contrast in the visions by MMRDA and NAINA.
Formation of the draft development plan by the MMRDA is
based upon the draft for National Land Utilization Policy which
envisions the inclusive development with the help of providing
infrastructural assistance to the local residents in the form of
LDC.
A nodal development architectural interventions identifying and assisting in
fulfilling the needs of the local agrarian communities, while being in the guidelines
by NAINA can help bridge the gap between the two visions at an architectural level.
66
 6.2.3 NAINA AND LOCAL RESIDENTS

As mentioned earlier in 6.3, NAINA includes almost 270

villages and around 320 sq. km. Out of the total area covered,
43% of the area that comes to nearly 270 sq. km is agricultural
land upon which cultivation is practiced to date by various
villages’ clusters. This area under cultivation forms 80% of the
area that will be developed eventually.

As mentioned in the NAINA development plan 2035, the

development pattern focuses on the Transit-Oriented
Development by planning major mixed-use and residential
development. The development plan fails to address the local
communities and forces the change of urban form upon them.

Figure-35 NAINA land use comparison

[Source:Draft DP NAINA]
Total agricultural land to be developed is around 270
sq.mt.which forms 43% of the total area.
Due to the lack of acknowledgement towards the agricultural sector
in this development, we will not only loose the agricultural land
producing food but also the agrarian knowledge of approx. 60000
people whose livelihood is dependent upon these lands.
Figure-36 NAINA land use
comparison [Source:Author]
‘Once again, what is visible here is a superimposition of a vision of a city
on these villages, a view of urbanization that is a foregone conclusion,
and a lack of engagement with the future of the villagers, once they are
divorced from their lands and livelihoods. There is also no engagement of
planners with an idea of conservation, tangible or intangible, or productive
farmlands’.
-Malini Krishnankutty, An architect and Urban Planner

Agricultural land Developable land

Forest land Forest land
Water bodies Water bodies
Other Other

The area demands development in terms of employment

opportunities and infrastructural betterment to sustain in the
future economically. But currently proposed changes are the
form of invasion more than a collaborative transition that fail to
address agriculture undergoing the drastic elimination.

67 68
 6.2.4 WHAT’S THE HARM?

“Growth is inevitable and desirable, but the destruction of the community
character is not. The question is not whether your part of the world is
going to change or not; the question is HOW? “
--Edward T. McMahon, Urban land institute
For farmers, land is not only the tool to gain their produce
from, their entire livelihood revolves around the land.
Moreover, their existance is defined by the land as their
is no other framework in the cities where they can fit in.
Development of Navi Mumbai under CIDCO seems reluctant
to the acknowledgement of this fact.

According to the draft development plan for NAINA, out of

1,13,000 workers, 52% are employed in the agricultural sector.
The number comes to around 60,000 people.

The proposed development plan does not have a space

for farmers in the development, which will turn these
60000 people jobless. The farmer is majorly uneducated
and unskilled as per the urban dictionary. Thus the only
opportunities left for him after agriculture is snatched from him
is to be a cheap unskilled laborer.

While the lost land value can always be returned in

money, the value of lost knowledge is irreversible.

Due to the lack of consideration to the agricultural sector

in the development, we will not only lose the agricultural Figure-37Decline of occupation of farmers to
fit in urban environments [Source:Author]
land producing food but also the agrarian knowledge of
approximately sixty thousand people who have been practicing
agriculture for years.
“The local communities were agri and Koli communities. We used to live in
harmony. After CIDCO took away our land, there is no opportunity left to practice
Apart from the farmers being at a loss, this also poses a threat
agriculture even if we want to. We now have to buy food that we once used to
to the elongation of the already long food chain, which will take
produce.”
consumers much more away from the producer. The cycle will
--Old Resident of Khairane
continue elongating the chain further. It is crucial to take steps
towards the reintegration of agriculture and urban areas.

6.2.5 THE CASE OF NAVI-MUMBAI
CIDCO was formed in 1970 to develop a then peri-urban area
of the grater Mumbai into a satellite town. Around 340 sq. km.
was then a landscape of self-sustaining villages used to feed
the Greater Mumbai. In the development process, from 1970
to 2013, all these rural communities were forced to sell their
lands under cultivation to the CIDCO in return for which they
got capital and amenities.
In reality, the lands were not the only thing that was lost
forever. Livelihood was lost. The majority of the residents were
uneducated and failed to manage the money. When the capital
was spent, they were left to choose between cheap unskilled
labor in urban settings and joblessness. Either of the ways
left them disconnected from the urban environment that was
supposed to benefit them.
The cycle repeats itself in the form of development under IDP
NAINA, pushing the production areas further.

69 70
 6.3 CONCLUSION

Compared to the total area of Maharashtra(307,713 sq.km.),

the area under development(300sq.km.) seems negligible.
But here, it is essential to know that several urban centers
are growing simultaneously at the growth rates increasing
day by day. The entire urbanization process could take a few
decades, but that could be used to advantage by initiating the
symbiotic change at early stages, which is NOW.

Thus, the project argues that architecture and urban design hold the potential to
initiate and catalyze the change towards reinforcing economically sustainable
agriculture in growing urban areas while ensuring food security for the future.

The infrastructural lackings are real. As our cities are growing ,

the demand for the infrastructure will surge. Here, author aska
the crucial question that why does these infrastructures always
have to be mundane warehouses spanning across acres and
acres of land? If agriculture and the process of food production
have so much to offer to the community how can we make
them engaging as well as functional ?

71 72
 7. SITE AREA ANALYSIS
This chapter includes the site area selection and the study of the selected
area of study. This chapter analyses the chosen location and the stages
of urban development and agricultural activities through geographical,
epistemological, and relational lenses to observe the necessities of the
same.

73 74
 7.1 SITE AREA SELECTION

The primary criterion to choose the site area for the study was
that the site should demonstrate the transformation in the area
under the NAINA.

Primary criterion

1. Site should be a part of the peri-urban fringe outside Navi

Mumbai, which is part of NAINA.

2. Site should have a substantial scope of development in

recent years.

Palidevad Palaspe Taloja

near Panvel phata Near MIDC
sector 10 Near Ongc taloja
colony

Secondary criterion:

1. Location
2. Phase of development
3. Connectivity
4. Surrounding fabric
5. Proposed land use
6. The current state of agriculture

Figure-38 Site area locations in the

IDP NAINA plan [Source:Author]

75 76
7.2 SITE AREA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

SELECTION PARAMETERS PALIDEVAD PA L A S P E TALOJE

PHATA

Location: Site area should be under NAINA( navi

Municipal planning mumbai airport influenced area)

Location: Site area should have a prime location for

Impact maximum impact.

Phase of development Site area should be in the phase of

development from peri-urban to urban.

Overall connectivity Site area should have a good connectivity

via all mediums.

Road transport connectivity Site area should be surrounded by a well

connected road network.

Surrounding fabric : Typology Site area should be surrounded with

residential as well as mixed typology.

Surrounding fabric : Income groups Site area should beinclusive of maximum

income groups.

Proposed development Site area should have a potential for mixed

use development in future.

Existing agricultural fabric Site area should demonstrate agrarian

communities and practises.

Based on the analysis, Palaspe showed highest potential for

the study and intervention due to current rate of urbanization in
area, its connectivity and interesting agrarian fabric.

77 78
 7.3.1 DEMOGRAPHICS AND DENSITY

Palaspe phata

Palaspe phata is a junction that lies just 4 km away from

Panvel’s central city towards the southern side. Palaspe phata
is a well-known junction due to its connectivity. It is where
two highways and the JNPT road meet. The intersection has
bloomed as an industrial and commercial hub over the past
years.

After the Navi Mumbai International Airport declaration, just 6

km away from the palaspe phata, this area has seen a new
bloom in residential properties. This is the next area to get
developed after Karanjade. With five ongoing mega residential
projects and many more on the way to commence, the area
is expected to transform from a self-sustainable agricultural
village to a new residential and commercial hub.

Governance

The area comes mainly under two gram panchayats, namely

Kolkhe and Palaspe. Both panchayats, including other
panchayats in the area, have seen significant recent growth in
population and land prices.

Figure-39 Demofraphy and

density Map [Source:Author]

“After the airport’s commencement and the establishment of the Interim

development Plan by NAINA, the area is now urbanizing at a higher rate.
The farming community is going to get damaged. The panchayat setup
fails to handle this efficiently. The farmers need self-united governance to
sustain through this.”

-----Talathi, Kolkhe panchayat

79 80
 7.3.2 CONNECTIVITY

Connectivity has played an essential role in the development

of the Palaspe phata. Due to its connectivity, it forms one of
the major junctions of the IDP area of NAINA. Palaspe phata is
a junction where the following roads meet:

1. NH4: 30 M wide
2. JNPT ROAD: 50 M wide
3. NH48: 21 M wide
4. NH66: 30 M wide

“The construction of highways and widening was done from 2005 to 2010.
This was when the area transformed first from the village to the road fronts
swept by the industrial sheds.”

-----Mr. Anil Rane, The resident of Palaspe Village

Phata is also on the immediate fringe of the already developed

Navi Mumbai area. Distances of the area from the critical
landmarks nearby are as follows:

1. From Panvel station: 6 km

2. From NMIA site: 7km
3. From Old Panvel: 4km
4. From New Panvel: 6km
5. From Kamothe: 7km

Figure-40 Map for

connectivity[Source:Author]

81 82
 7.3.3 TIMELINE OF CHANGES

Figure-41 Timeline of changes at

Palaspe Phata [Source:Author]

83 84
 7.3.4 FACTORS OF CHANGE

While looking at the transformation process, it is crucial to

understand both pull (the factors created by various bodies
to initiate the change purposefully) and push ( the elements
that indirectly make people lean towards change due to gaps)
factors.

In the case of the area selected, the factors are as follows:

PULL FACTORS: PUSH FACTORS:

Money Lack of infrastructure

The promoted desire for a Struggle to find a niche to fit in
better and sophisticated an urban transformation
Lifestyle Pollution
Employment The desire to fit into the urban
Stable income Identity
Amenities Alienation
Urban bias

The economy is a significant factor for convincing towards

change. The money given in return for the lands is always
used as a weapon. Still, it is essential to note that this capital is
a temporary illusion created by the development body for ease
of transformation.
Figure-42 typological difference shown
via photographs [Source:Author]

Failure to keep up with the rampant speed of development reinforces the need for
a place of belonging for the agrarian communities after the area turns urbanized to
avoid them from becoming urban poor.
Figure-43 Map of typologies in the
site area of study[Source:Author]

85 86
 7.3.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

The plan envisages the area to be developed into a residential

and commercial mixed-use fabric with higher densities and
better amenities. The gaothan areas which currently hold the
residential G and G+1 structures have been preserved in the
proposed plan. However, the entire agrarian area is planned to
be “Developed.”

Commencement of the plan has led to the rise in land prices,

leading to more and more lands kept fallow.

Figure-44 Recent developments in the area of

the phata [Source:Marathon.nexzone.in]

“ The biggest flaw in the development is that they are not in coordination
with the residents of the place. The development plans severely damage
the village settlements, but what the farmers here don’t realize is their
right to fight back for their consideration. This happens mainly due to the
broken agrarian community structure and aspirations, which lead to the
decreasing unity in farmers.”

-----Ms. Malini Krishnankutty

Figure-45 Map for future development
under IDP NAINA[Source:Author]

87 88
 7.3.5 AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

Cultivated Fallow lands

lands
“ Today, most of the agrarian lands are kept fallow in the hope of a rise in
the land prices. Farming in the previous times was far easy because the
entire community was well-knit and used to support each other, and thus
farming was economically viable. Now, the community is no more. Almost
all of us would love to do farming again, but the question of how remains
unanswered.”

---------Ms. Parnika Bagade, Resident of Palaspe

Collaborating
a g r a r i a n
communities
In and near Palaspe phata, approximately 70% of the agrarian
Figure-46 Collaborative agrarian communities in lands are kept fallow, either due to economic losses or mostly
past in and near Palaspe phata[source: Author]
in the hope of the sale at a reasonable return price.
Until early 2000, Palaspe was a socially agrarian
neighbourhood. Agriculture thrives by a community
surrounding it. The sharing and barter induces by such a
community reduces the production cost by larger margins, Employment opportunities
making it easy for farmers to sustain and grow.
Unsustainable agriculture is increasing, forcing people
Currently, with almost 70% of the lands being fallow, Plaspe to look for alternative employment options offering stable
shows clear indications of a broken community. This income. The significant population, especially the younger
socially urbanized neighbourhood is induced with an urban generation, travels to the nearby well-established urban
individualism making its difficult for the reamining farmers to areas for employment. This is because there is a lack of non-
sustain on their own. farm activities in the area, and the farm-related activities are
Figure-47 CToday’s broken structure of
communities in and near Palaspe phata and
slowly finding alternatives themselves due to the possibility of
its effects on agriculture[source: Author] depletion.

The nearby urban areas include Panvel, Vashi, Kharghar, etc.,

along with the areas of Greater Mumbai.
“Since most of us, farmers, are uneducated or have basic education, once
we are separated from our lands, there is minimal scope for us to sustain
in this urban setting. We would then either become cheap unskilled labor
or will have to migrate to the villages.”

-----Mr. Anil Rane, The resident of Palaspe Village

Approx.70%
fallow lands
The proposed plan offers employment for non-farm activities
in mixed-use development, but there isn’t sufficient scope for
farm-related jobs.
U r b a n
individualism

89 90
 7.3.5 AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

Alienation of agrarian communities

The rural communities here are highly interdependent in

nature. A single change in this chain thus affects several other
communal factors. Even if one farmer decides to preserve
his land, the invisible push and pull factors in the surrounding
community will ultimately make it difficult for him to do so.
Eventually, the entire system collapses.

This alienation or the idea of them not belonging to the

Urban environment indirectly pushes them further in the Figure-48 employment pattern mapping
direction of change. in the site area [source: Author]

The collapse can be seen slowly as various farmers keep their Previously, farmer from Palaspe used to sell directly at
lands fallow. athwada bazars near the area and even at the greater mumbai
and surroundings.
Now, majority of the farmers sell their produce to the trader for
guarenteed income and increase in the competition due to the
increased no. of secondary vendors.

Type of agricultural production

Area currently produces rice and other perishable vegetables.

The focus has turned from rice being the only crop to now
cropping patterns as per the demand. Some farmers are also
practising the crops like broccolli which are in demand at the
urban markets.

“The inconsiderate development not only causes the change in the urban
form but simultaneously results in the disruption of existing communities
and their interdependent systems ”

------Ms. Malini Krishnankutty

Figure-49 Change in food and trade chains on the

site area over the past years [source: Author]

91 92
 8. PROGRAM CURATION
This chapter culminates the entire on and off-site study and research into
formulating an architectural intervention based upon the observations
made, gaps analyzed and concerns noted. This grounds the analysis in
architectural terms and sets a base for the development of the design.

93 94
 8.1 TOWARDS DESIGN

Can agriculture be used as a deterrent to urban encroachment on good agricultural
land? It can; if agriculture is economically viable to offset the market value of
urban utilisation.
While culminating the entire research process it is realized
that, there is a need of a new structure which will address
the changes in urbanization and agriculture simultaneously,
equitably. The new design should hold equal benefits for
both, the agrarian community and the newly growing urban
population. It is vital to have a system that addresses both a
constant symbiosis between them; any bias would lead to a
failure.
enthusiastic about the process and can help prevent
agriculture from dying.
• Apart from the food security and public engagement,
the framework can act as a foundation for the research
in the direction of making agriculture more and more
sustainable; both economically and ecologically; in a phase
of urbanization.
Lastly, the author acknowledges that a singular intervention with such a
framework is undoubtedly not enough to offset the urban forces. However,
the change has to start somewhere. It can begin through this intervention
(at the place of most density in the study zone for maximum impact). It then
can be expanded throughout the peri-urban areas changing with the well
informed and justified changes suitable for each node.

• The agrarian community over a fringe is broken. The

farmers are marginal and lack an economic capacity to
sustain in urban setting. Formation of a framework where
farmers act as a stakeholders and form a community in
a form a co-operative would rejuvenate the benefits of
community comfort. These co-operatives would incubate
the farmers in the phase of transformation and shared
spaces in a collaborative manner would insulate them to
economic hazards.

• Ever elongating food chains need to be converted into

nodal food web to help encourage a sustainable change.
Localization of food production would slowly strengthen
food traceability in urban areas and offer various other
benefits for future such as lesser carbon emissions, no
need for mega food parks, lesser food wastage, and the
list. The urban setting then wouldn’t be reluctant to admit
its food demands. It would help farmers find a place of
belonging in the same neighborhood without giving up the
occupation and livelihood.

• Provision of the platform where the architecturally directed

spaces enhance the conscious and unconscious interaction
between the educated professionals, existing farmers
and the young curious minds would help get more people

95 96
 8.2 DESIGN PREAMBLE

After a thorough understanding of the peri-urban fringes and

the conflict between the urbanization and food production
areas, both onsite and offsite, the author puts forth the
proposal for “an agricultural hub: Krishi-Kendra” in the core of
urban expansion.

The design proposal aims to establish a coadjuvant

relationship between agriculture and urban expansion while
offering balanced advantages for both through a formulated
framework. The project aims to optimize the ability of
architecture to connect people and initiate change.

The project aims to start off the conversation for the future
of farming and agriculture in a developing area and with the
integration of experts, enthusiasts, and existing farmers in the
present. It also envisions a future projection; after the area
is wholly urbanized; to be a powerhouse for agriculture and
community building in the urbanized world.

The program works to build a foundational core upon

which future farming in an urban setting would be
built, thus “centralizing the agrarian mindset.”
Figure-50Multi Nodal vision for
the area under IDP :Conceptual
[source: Author]

97 98
 8.3 INTENT OF DESIGN

The project will create a hybrid structure of buildings

establishing the center for establishing the harmonious
interdependence between the agro-communities and
urban expansion.

The intent can be simplified into the following points:

• ASSIST AND INCUBATE

The marginal agrarians to form a community
The marginal farmers to retain them from economical failure
The new generation of enthusiasts to start with agrarian
activities.
The marginal farmers continue their occupation despite the
rapid urbanization of the area.

• EDUCATE
The farmer community about modern techniques
The younger generations about the process of production and
manufacturing
The city about the significance of food and the procedures
behind that

• EMPOWER
The social quotient of agriculture and primary producers in
Urbanization
The unification of the currently fragmented section of farmers
The willingness to voluntarily choose primary food production
as a profession
The ‘culture’ in agri’culture.’

• ENGAGE
Chance interactions between the urban residents and primary
producers
The users to connect with the origin of food through varied
activities

• DEVELOP
The core of research for the future of farming
The employment index in both farm and non-farm related tasks
The modular framework for inclusive urban growth Figure-51 Intent of the design [source: Author]

99 100
 8.4 PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION
FPO
Figure-52 programmatic outline for the
intervention [source: Author]
The proposed program here is aimed to primarily accomplish
following goals:
1. To bridge the infrastructural gap in the food chain
2. To offer a place of inclusion to the existing farmers
where they can continue to practise their occupation while
enjoying the ‘ideal’ urban lifestyle.
3. To bridge the epistemological gap between the
agriculture and the younger generations that migrated to
the urban areas.
4. To engage the public of all age and categories and offer
them an opportunity to participate in a process of food
production from their homes.
The primary program selected for the intervention is FPO
which are known as Farmer producer organisations. The
framework of the FPO is made by the farmers for the farmers
to fill in an economic and infrastructural gap by providing
common facilities for food storage, processing, aggregation
and distribution.
This primary program of Farmer Producer Organisation is then supported with
the number of secondary programms which together form a robust system of
economic, societal and epistemological sustainability.
101
FPO[Farmer producer organizations]:
It is one type of PO where the members are farmers. Small
Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is providing
support for promotion of FPOs. PO is a generic name for an
organization of producers of any produce, e.g., agricultural,
non-farm products, artisan products, etc.
This will bridge the infrastructural gap and also provide
farmers a place of inclusion.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra:
It is a type of institution where farmers are educated about
the modernizations in agriculture. Proposed Krishi vigyan
kendra tries to break the formal structure suggested by
the government to make it inclusive and attractive to the
younger generations offering workshops and internship
based programmes through the formation of innovetion and
incubation lab.
This would bridge the epistemological and generational
gap while also forming the foundation of the research for
the future of farming.
Agri Clinic:
This forms comparatively smaller part of the program where it
would offer the equipments and the materials needed for the
agricultural activities .
Retail market and food plaza:
Introduction of these two functions closes the loop of the
localized food web . Apart from localizing the food web and
generating a revenue, this would also offer the project a
set of new visitors everyday leading to more and more
public engagements.
Rental farms and Edible gardens:
This would give existing farmers an opportunity to
continue the occupation while also offering recreational
benefits to the growing urban setting around.
102
 Figure-53Necessities of the intervention
8.5 PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION and corrosponding program
formulation [source: Author]

103 104
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1 An agrarian Imaginary ( Author)
Figure-2 Evolution of agriculture (Source:Author)
Figure-3 Harvest festivals in India(Source:Author)
Figure-4 Urgency of the concern [Source: Author]
Figure-5 List of concerns concurring architecture and
agriculture[Source:Author]
Figure-6 Stepwise formulation of a research trajectory [Source:Author]
Figure-7 History of agriculture [Source: Behance.in]
Figure-8 Inhuman scale of agribusiness [Source:Bain.com]
Figure-9 Global facts arounf modern food chains[Source:Archdaily]
Figure-10 Sebastian Mayor’s four visions of urban expantion [Source:
Author]
Figure-11Statistical facts of Indian agriculture [Source:Author]
Figure-12 Evolution of spatial organisation in India [Source:Author]
Figure-13 Gray areas in Governmental policies [Source:Author]
Figure-14 Food processing chain structure in India : Who really
earns?[Source:Author]
Figure-15 Alternative structures for revival of food web [Source:Author]
Figure-16 Crucial areas of dynamic development:Peri-urban areas
[Source:Author]
Figure-17Agricite by R urban [Source:Urbantactics.org]
Figure-18 Framework of Agricite [Source:Author]
Figure-19 stakeholders and their roles:Agricite [Source:Author]
Figure-20 Urban Resilience through Agricite [Source:Author]
Figure-21 Framework and working of agricite [Source:R-urban.com]
Figure-22 Thammasat University Rooftop Agriculture [Source:coconuts.
co]
Figure-23 Harmonious amalgamation of Urban agriculture and
University buiding [Source:Author]
Figure-24 Vision for thammasat University [Source:Author]
Figure-25 Improvising Social quotient by offering balanced opportunities
[Source:Author]
Figure-26 Stakeholders and programmatic configuration at Thammasat
University for economic and ecological sustainability [Source:Author]
Figure-27 Pasona Urban Farm H.Q. [Source:dezeen.com]
Figure-28 Achievements by Pasona Urban Farm [Source:Author]
Figure-29 Concept behind Pasona H.Q.[Source:Author]
105
Figure-30 Varied rates of urbanization throughout the country
[Source:Urbanet]
Figure-31 Urbanization in Pune [Source:Author]
Figure-32 Urbanization in Mumbai[Source:Author]
Figure-33 Urbanization in Ahmadabad[Source:Author]
Figure-34 Area under Municiple corporations and planning bodies
[Source:Draft DP NAINA]
Figure-35 NAINA land use comparison [Source:Draft DP NAINA]
Figure-36 NAINA land use comparison [Source:Author]
Figure-37Decline of occupation of farmers to fit in urban environments
[Source:Author]
Figure-38 Site area locations in the IDP NAINA plan [Source:Author]
Figure-39 Demofraphy and density Map [Source:Author]
Figure-40 Map for connectivity[Source:Author]
Figure-41 Timeline of changes at Palaspe Phata [Source:Author]
Figure-43 Map of typologies in the site area of study[Source:Author]
Figure-42 typological difference shown via photographs [Source:Author]
Figure-44 Recent developments in the area of the phata
[Source:Marathon.nexzone.in]
Figure-45 Map for future development under IDP NAINA[Source:Author]
Figure-46 Collaborative agrarian communities in past in and near
Palaspe phata[source: Author]
Figure-47 CToday’s broken structure of communities in and near
Palaspe phata and its effects on agriculture[source: Author]
Figure-48 employment pattern mapping in the site area [source: Author]
Figure-49 Change in food and trade chains on the site area over the
past years [source: Author]
Figure-50Multi Nodal vision for the area under IDP :Conceptual [source:
Author]
Figure-51 Intent of the design [source: Author]
Figure-52 programmatic outline for the intervention [source: Author]
Figure-53Necessities of the intervention and corrosponding program
formulation [source: Author]
106
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