Chordates – are animals with a notochord

Notochord – is a flexible rod-shaped cartilage found inside the embryo of a chordate

Vertebrates – are groups of animals that have a backbone or a spinal column

Vertebrates are divided into five:

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Cold Blooded animals – are groups of animals that cannot maintain their body temperature

Fishes – they are aquatic animals that have fins and tails which they use to swim

Jawless fishes – oldest group of fishes

Cartilaginous fishes – fishes that have cartilage as their skeleton

Bony fishes – largest group of fishes

Swim bladder – organ that gives them the ability to float

Amphibians – these are groups of animals that can stay both on land and in water

Three groups of amphibians :

Anurans, salamanders, caecilians

Salamanders – look like frogs but heir body shape resembles that of lizard

Caecilians – limbless amphibians that look like water snake or large worms

Reptiles – group of animals that have lungs to breathe dry skin in some areas or all over their body

Warm blooded animals – groups of animals that can regulate their internal body temperature

Birds – the only animals covered with feathers

Mammals – these warm blooded animals they are classify after the females mammary glands

Primates – highest order of mammals

Marsupials – these are the pouched animals that give birth to their young

Rodents – these are gnawing animals

Cetaceans – these are marine mammals

Monotremes – are egg laying mammals

Invertebrates – are animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column

Poriferans or Sponges – are the simplest of all animals

Ostia – bodies contain numerous pores

Osculi – they have also one or more openings

Filter feeders – feeding only on small organisms such as plankton

Fragmentation – new organisms forms from a part of the body that is cut off
Coelenterates – radially symmetrical and soft bodied animals that have tentacles

Coelenterates show two forms :

The polyps and medusae

Polyps – are the sessile or sedentary forms

Medusae – are the swimming forms

Hydra – has a slender cylindrical body with threadlike tentacles

Platyhelminthes – commonly known as flatworms

Nematodes – also known as roundworm

Annelids – are segmented worms that have long cylindrical bodies

Echinoderms – are spiny skinned marine invertebrates

Mollusks – are soft bodied invertebrates with segmentlike divisions on their bodies

Cephalopods – are marine invertebrates that have well developed eyes and brains

Arthropods – are group of invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed limbs

Insects – are arthropods with three pairs of legs

Arachnids – are arthropods with four pairs of legs

Myriapods – consists of arthropods that have plenty of legs

Vascular plants – have tubelike structures for carrying food nutrients and water to the different parts of the plants

Xylem – tube that carries water

Non Vascular plants – do not have these tubes or vessels

Rhizoids – are tiny hair like structures that keep them in place

Sporophytes – plant spores are produced by spore bearing plants

Sporangia – organs that bear that spores at the underside of their leaves

Gametophytes -the diploid spores develop

Zygote – the egg cell can be fertilized by the sperm

Angiosperms – flower bearing plants

Gymnosperms – plants that bear seeds without flowers or naked seeds

Conifers – are cone bearing plants

These two types of cones:

Pollen cones – male cones

Seed cones – female cones

Ginkgo Biloba – are conifers that produce edible seeds and flavorings
Ecology – is the study of the interactions among organisms and their environment

Ecologists – people who specialize ecology

Ecosystem – is community of biotic component that interact with each other

Niche – This refers to the role played by an organism in the ecosystem

Producer – the organism that make their own food

Consumer – this is the role played by organisms who feed on plants and animals

Decomposer – break down or decompose decaying or dead bodies of organisms

Scavenger – the organism that feed on the dead bodies of another organisms

Tropical Rainforest – this ecosystem is composed of different kinds of plants particularly tail trees that house a lot
of organism

Emergent layer – has enormous umbrella shaped trees that take up plenty of sunlight

Canopy layer – divided into the upper and the lower canopies

Lower canopy – or the understory

Forest floor – this is the layer tropical rainforest that is completely shaded

Epiphytes – plants that grow on another plant for support

Symbiotic relationship – the long term relationship that exist between two organism

Predator – organism that kills and capture organism

Prey – weaker organism

Five relationship and interactions of organism:

Predation, mutualism, commensalism, competition, parasitism

Prey and predator – predation

Mutualism – wherein two organism benefit from each other

Commensalism – the tree is neither harmed nor does not benefit from the relationship

Competition – cases wherein two or more animals fight for the same food or trees

Coral reef – this ecosystem build from exoskeleton of coral

Fringing reef – this is commonly found near the coastline or in places where the water is shallow

Barrier reef – this is parallel with the shore but it is separated deeper

Atoll - it is a circular reef with open water at the center

Patch reef – this is a small isolated reef that usually occurs between fringing reef

Mangroves – are groups of woody seed bearing trees and shrubs that grow in salty coastline

Mangrove swamp – is an ecosystem with shrubs or trees that survive in a muddy environment