Paper 1: The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system (part 2)

Voluntary muscles of the body: Muscles and their function:

Muscle Location Function Sporting Example
Deltoid muscle on the Move the upper Serve in tennis
upper arm and top arm (shoulder) in Front Crawl
of shoulder all directions Cricket Bowling
Latissimus Dorsi Back muscle from Adducts and Butterfly stroke
the lower spine to extends the arm at Pull ups
the upper arm. the shoulder Rowing stroke
Rotator Cuff Bowling in cricket
On the scapula in Rotation of the
Swimming front
the shoulder shoulder
crawl
Pectoralis Major Forehand shot
Muscle covering Adducts the arm
Hand off in rugby
the chest at the shoulder
Boxing hook
Abdominals Pulls the chest
Side of the
downwards Flexion Crunches
abdomen
of spinal column
Biceps Boxing Uppercut
Front of Upper Elbow flexion
Preparing to Throw
Antagonistic muscle pairs: Muscular contractions: Arm (bending)
a javelin
When we bend the elbow (flexion) Isotonic muscle contractions are those that result in Triceps Throwing a javelin
movement e.g. running and jumping Elbow extension
the biceps contract and the Back of Upper Arm Hand off in rugby
Isometric muscle contractions are when the muscle (straightening)
triceps relax Boxing Jab
contracts but no movement e.g. holding a balance Gluteus Maximus Adducts & extends
Agonist = Biceps Pull leg back before
Form the buttocks the hips pulling the
Antagonist = Triceps Concentric & eccentric isotonic contractions: kicking a ball
leg backwards
E.g. upward phase of a bicep curl Concentric muscle contraction is when the muscle
Hip Flexors Flexes the hip,
shortens during the contraction (positive/upward phase) Lifting knees when
Front of the hip moves the hip
Eccentric muscle contraction is when the muscle sprinting
When we straighten the elbow upwards
lengthens during the contraction (negative/downward
(extension) the triceps contract Quadriceps Kicking a ball
phase) Knee extension
and the biceps relax Front of Upper Leg Jumping upwards on
(straightening)
a lay-up shot
Agonist = Triceps
Hamstrings
Antagonist = Biceps Knee flexion Bending knee before
Back of Upper Leg
(bending) kicking a ball
E.g. Straightening the arm to punch
Gastrocnemius Calf muscle, Running
Other antagonistic pairs include: Plantar flexion,
attached by the Diving and
Upward phase of a Downward phase of a points the toes
• Quadriceps & Hamstrings Achilles tendon gymnastics
bicep curl bicep curl Tibialis Anterior
• Hip flexors & Gluteus Maximus
biceps are contracting biceps are contracting Muscle that runs Dorsi flexion, pulls Ski jumping
• Gastrocnemius & Tibialis Anterior down the shin toes upwards Hurdling
concentrically concentrically