Dr.

Qais Bu-Ali

Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(1)

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

CHAPTER 6
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF
FLOW SYSTEMS

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

Main Topics
6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

6–2 CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME

6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

What is Newton’s first law

of motion?
What is Newton’s second
law of motion?
What is Newton’s third law
of motion?
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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• Newton’s first law states that:
A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in
motion remains in motion at the same velocity
in a straight path when the net force acting on it
is zero.

Therefore, a body tends to preserve its state of

inertia.

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An object at rest will remain at rest unless

acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in
motion continues in motion with the same
speed and in the same direction unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
This law is often called
"the law of inertia ."

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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• Newton’s second law states that:

The acceleration of a body is proportional to the net

force acting on it and is inversely proportional
to its mass.

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Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a

mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed
to accelerate the object.

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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• Newton’s third law states that:

When a body exerts a force on a second body,

the second body exerts an equal and opposite
force on the first.

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For every action there is an equal and

opposite re-action .

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• Newton’s second law:

The acceleration of a body is proportional to the net

force acting on it and is inversely proportional
to its mass.

How to represent Newton’s

nd
2 law mathematically?

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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• For a rigid body of mass m, Newton’s second law
is expressed as:

What is a in terms of V ?
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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• For a rigid body of mass m, Newton’s second law
is expressed as:

What do we call the product

of m and V ?
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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• The product of the

mass and the velocity of
a body is called the linear
momentum or just the
momentum of the body.
The momentum of a rigid
body of mass m moving
with velocity V is mV.

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• Newton’s second law:

The acceleration of a body is proportional to the net

force acting on it and is inversely proportional
to its mass.

Can you rephrase the statement of

Newton’s second law to include
momentum?
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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• Then Newton’s
second law can also
be stated as the rate
of change of the
momentum of a
body is equal to the
net force acting on
the body.

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• Newton’s second law:

Can you think of a case

when the momentum of a
system remains constant ?

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6–1 NEWTON’S LAWS

• The momentum of a system remains constant
only when the net force acting on it is zero, and
thus the momentum of such systems is conserved.

• This is known as the conservation of momentum

principle.

• In fluid mechanics, however, the net force acting

on a system is typically not zero, and we prefer to
work with the linear momentum equation rather than
the conservation of momentum principle.

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What is a control volume?

And how to chose it?

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6–2 CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

• A control volume can be selected as any arbitrary
region in space through which fluid flows, and its
bounding control surface can be fixed, moving, and
even deforming during flow.

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6–2 CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

• A control volume can be selected as any arbitrary
region in space through which fluid flows, and its
bounding control surface can be fixed, moving, and
even deforming during flow.

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Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(2)

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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME

Can you think of any forces

that should be considered in
the linear momentum
equation?
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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME
• The forces acting on a control volume consist of
body forces that act throughout the entire body of
the control volume and surface forces that act on
the control surface.

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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME
• In control volume analysis, the sum of all forces
acting on the control volume at a particular instant
in time is represented by F and is expressed as:

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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME

Can you give an example on

a body force?

Can you give examples on

surface forces?
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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME

1- Body force: is the

force caused by gravity
acting on the total mass
in the control volume.

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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME
2- Pressure force: is the
force caused by the pressure
forces acting on the surface
of the fluid system.

• A common simplification in the application of

Newton’s laws of motion is to subtract the atmospheric
pressure and work with gage pressures.
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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME
3- Viscous force: When a fluid
is flowing, a viscous force is
present, which is exerted on the
fluid by a solid wall when the
control surface cuts between
the fluid and the solid wall. In
some or many cases, this force
may be negligible compared to
other forces.

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6–3 FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL

VOLUME
4- Other forces: In cases
where the control surface cuts
through a solid, a reaction
force must be considered.
This occurs typically when
the control volume includes a
section of pipe and the fluid it
contains. This is the force
exerted by the solid surface
on the fluid.
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Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(3)

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Can you represent the mass

in the RHS in terms of an
integral relation ?

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

• Newton’s second law for a system of mass m
subjected to a net force F Is expressed as:

• Noting that both the density and velocity may

change from point to point within the system, Newton’s
second law can be expressed more generally as:

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Let us go back to energy balance

Do you remember these

equations:

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, :

• Unfortunately, the velocity across most inlets and

outlets of practical engineering interest is not uniform.
• We can still convert the control surface integral
into algebraic form by introducing  called the
momentum-flux correction factor:

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

•  is not very close to unity for fully developed

laminar pipe flow.
• For fully developed turbulent flow, we would find
that  ranges from about 1.01 to 1.04.
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How this
equation will be
written for
steady flow with
multiple inlets
and exits?

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Steady Flow

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How this
equation will be
written for
single inlet and
single outlet?

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Steady Flow with One

Inlet and One Outlet:

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How this equation will be

written along the x-coordinate?

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

• When writing the momentum equation for a
specified coordinate direction (such as the x-axis),
we use the projections of the vectors on that axis:

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Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(4)

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

Water is accelerated by a nozzle

to an average speed of 20 m/s,
and strikes a stationary vertical
plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a
normal velocity of 20 m/s. After
the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the
plane of the plate. Determine the
force needed to prevent the plate
from moving horizontally due to
the water stream.

45 College of Engineering
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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

Water is accelerated by a nozzle

to an average speed of 20 m/s,
and strikes a stationary vertical
plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a
normal velocity of 20 m/s. After
the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the
plane of the plate. Determine the
force needed to prevent the plate
from moving horizontally due to
the water stream.

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

47 College of Engineering
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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

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Dr. Qais Bu-Ali

6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

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6–4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

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Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(5)

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EXAMPLE 6–2 The Force to Hold a Deflector
Elbow in Place
A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 14 kg/s in a
horizontal pipe upward 30° while accelerating it. The elbow discharges
water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 113
cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The elevation difference
between the centers of the outlet and the inlet is 30 cm. The weight of
the elbow and the water in it is considered to be negligible.

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EXAMPLE 6–2 The Force to Hold a Deflector
Elbow in Place
Determine:
(a) the gage pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow
(b) the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place

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Fluid Mechanics
CHENG 214

CHAPTER 6
Momentum Balance
(6)

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