Combinational

Logic Circuits

Dr. Radhakrishnan A N
Assistant Professor of Physics
T J M Govt. College, Manimalakunnu

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Adder

• A half adder is a logic circuit used for the addition of two binary bits

• Half adder has two inputs and two outputs namely sum (S) and carry (C)

• Sum of two digits is high when inputs are different and sum is low when inputs are same

• Hence sum output can be produced using an EX-OR gate

• Carry is high only when both inputs are high. Hence carry is produced using an AND gate

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Adder

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Adder using NAND Gates

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Adder using NAND Gates

𝑺= 𝑩 + 𝑨𝑩 . 𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩

𝑺 = [𝑩 + 𝑨𝑩] + [𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩]

𝑺 = 𝑩. 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨. 𝑨𝑩

𝑺 = 𝑩. 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑨. 𝑨 + 𝑩

𝑺 = 𝑩. 𝑨 + 𝑩. 𝑩 + 𝑨. 𝑨 + 𝑨. 𝑩

𝑺 = 𝑨. 𝑩 + 𝑨. 𝑩

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Adder using NOR Gates

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Adder

• A half adder has only two inputs and no provision to add carry coming from a

lower bit addition

• A full adder is a combinational circuit that performs the addition of three input

bits and produces a sum and carry

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Adder

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Adder

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Adder

• A full adder can be constructed from two half adders and an OR gate

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Parallel Binary adders

• For the addition of binary numbers with more than one bit, a number full

adders must be connected in parallel.

• For a parallel adder, n full adders are requited to add two n-bit numbers.

• The output carry from one full adder is connected to the input carry of the full

adder one position to its left.

• Four-bit parallel binary adder: Four full adders are connected in parallel as

shown in figure.

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Parallel Binary adders

Numbers being added:

𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟎 and 𝑩𝟑 𝑩𝟐 𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟎

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Subtractor

• A half subtractor is a logic circuit used for the subtraction of two binary bits

• Half subtractor has two inputs and two outputs namely difference (D) and borrow (B)

• Difference of two digits is high when inputs are different and difference is low when

inputs are same

• Hence difference output can be produced using an EX-OR gate

• Expression for borrow is 𝑨. 𝑩

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Subtractor

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Half Subtractor using NAND Gates

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Subtractor

• A half subtractor has only two inputs and no provision to subtract borrow from a

lower bit addition

• A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs the subtraction of

three input bits and produces a difference and borrow

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Subtractor

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full Subtractor

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Full subtractor

• A full subtractor can be constructed from two half subtractors and an OR gate

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Parallel Binary Subtractor

𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟎 - 𝑩𝟑 𝑩𝟐 𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟎

• For the subtraction of 4-bit

numbers 4 subtractors are

needed

• Each subtractor’s borrow output

is connected to next more

significant bit’s borrow input

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Multiplexer

• Multiplexing is the process of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication

channel.

• Multiplexer is a Combinational Logic Circuit having multiple input lines (2n lines), one output

line, and many data select lines (n lines).

• It receives binary information from several input lines and routes it to a single output line

based on a set of data select lines.

• A multiplexer in digital electronics is known as a data selector.

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Four Input Multiplexer (1-OF-4 multiplexer)

• Four input multiplexer has four data input lines (D0 to

D3), one output line (Y) and two data select lines (S0

and S1)

• Depending on the value of S0 and S1, multiplexer allows

data on one of the input lines to pass to the output line

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Four Input Multiplexer (1-OF-4 multiplexer)

Expression for data output Y =

Logical diagram for 1-of-4

multiplexer is shown in the

figure

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Eight Input Multiplexer (1-OF-8 multiplexer)

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Eight Input Multiplexer (1-OF-8 multiplexer)

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Applications of Multiplexers

• Multiplexers are used in various applications wherein multiple-data need to be transmitted by

using a single line

• By using a multiplexer, the efficiency of the communication system can be increased by

allowing the transmission of data, such as audio and video data from different channels

through single lines or cables.

• In telephone networks, multiple audio signals are integrated on a single line of transmission

with the help of a multiplexer.

• Multiplexers are used in digital alphanumeric displays such as seven-segment display

multiplexer, logic function generator and digital counter with multiplexer displays

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Demultiplexer

• De-Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of Multiplexer.

• The circuit receives information on a single input line and transmit the data to one of the

several output lines (2n lines) on the basis of values at the data select lines (n lines).

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 One-To-Four line Demultiplexer

• Four input demultiplexer has one

input line (E), four data output

lines (D0 to D3) and two data select

lines (S0 and S1)

• Depending on the value of S0 and

S1, multiplexer allows data on the

input line to pass to one of the

output lines

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 One-To-Four line Demultiplexer

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 One-To-Sixteen line Demultiplexer

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 One-To-Sixteen line Demultiplexer

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Encoders

• Encoding is the process of converting numbers, symbols, alphabets etc., into a coded format,

for the secured transmission of data.

• An encoder in digital electronics is an electronic device used to convert an analogue signal to

a digital signal such as a BCD code.

• An encoder is a combinational digital logic circuit that accepts an active level on one of its

input lines (2n lines) to a coded output (n lines).

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Eight-To-Three line Encoder

• Eight-To-Three line Encoder has

eight input lines and three output

lines

• Each input of the encoder

corresponds to each decimal digit

and the output corresponds to a 3-

bit binary code

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Eight-To-Three line Encoder

• The output bit C is high for the inputs 4,5,6,7.

• The output bit B is high for the inputs 2,3,6,7.

• The output bit A is high for the inputs 1,3,5,7.

• OR expression for output bits in terms of decimal

inputs is

C = 4+5+6+7

B = 2+3+6+7

A = 1+3+5+7

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Ten-To-Four line Encoder

• Ten-To-Four line Encoder has ten

input lines and four output lines

• Each input of the encoder

corresponds to each decimal digit

and the output corresponds to a 4-

bit binary code (BCD)

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Ten-To-Four line Encoder

• OR expression for output bits in

terms of decimal inputs is

D = 8 +9

C = 4+5+6+7

B = 2+3+6+7

A = 1+3+5+7+9

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Ten-To-Four line Encoder

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Decoders

• Decoding is the reverse operation of encoding

• An encoder in digital electronics is an electronic device used to convert a digital coded format

back into analog signals.

• An decoder is a combinational digital logic circuit that accepts digital bits on input lines (n

lines) and produce an active level on one of its output lines (2n lines).

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Four-To-Ten line Decoder

• Four-To-Ten line Encoder has

four input lines and ten output

lines

• Inputs of the encoder

represents a 4-bit binary code

(BCD) and the output is the

corresponding decimal value

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)

 Four-To-Ten line Decoder

BSc. Physics Semester 5 : Digital Electronics and Programming (Module 2)