DAY TWO

Complex
Numbers
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Complex Numbers and Its u Argument or Amplitude of a u De-Moivre’s Theorem

Representation Complex Number u Cube Roots of Unity
u Algebra and Equality of u Different forms of a Complex u nth Roots of Unity
Complex Numbers Number
u Applications of Complex
u Conjugate and Modulus of a u Concept of Rotation
Numbers in Geometry
Complex Number u Square Root of a Complex
Number

Complex Numbers and Its Representation

●
A number in the form of z = x + iy, where x, y ∈ R and Y
P (x, y)
i = −1, is called a complex number. The real numbers
Imaginary axis

x and y are respectively called real and imaginary parts PRED

of complex number z.
i.e. x = Re (z), y = Im (z) and the symbol i is called iota.
y
MIRROR
Your Personal Preparation Indicator
X′ X
●
A complex number z = x + iy is said to be purely real if O x Real
y = 0 and purely imaginary if x = 0. axis u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
●
Integral power of iota (i)
Y′ u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(i) i = −1, i 2 = − 1, i 3 = − i and i 4 = 1 Argand diagram (Without referring Explanations)
+1 +2
(ii) If n is an integer, then i 4 n = 1, i 4 n = i, i 4 n = −1
Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
and i 4 n + 3 = − i
u

n +1 n +2 n +3
u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
(iii) i + i
n
+i +i =0
●
The complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point P in a plane called In order to expect good rank in JEE,
your Accuracy Level should be
argand plane or Gaussian plane or complex plane. The coordinates of P are referred above 85 & Prep Level should be
to the rectangular axes XOX ′ and YOY′ which are called real and imaginary axes,
respectively.
DAY 11

Algebra and Equality of Argument or Amplitude of

Complex Numbers a Complex Number
If z1 = x1 + i y1 and z2 = x2 + i y2 are two complex numbers, then Let z = x + iy be a complex number, represented by a point
(i) z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) P( x, y) in the argand plane. Then, the angle θ which OP makes
(ii) z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) with the positive direction of Real axis (X -axis) is called
(iii) z1 z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) the argument or amplitude of z and it is denoted by arg ( z ) or
z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 − x1 y2 ) amp ( z ).
(iv) =  y
z2 x22 + y22 The argument of z, is given by θ = tan −1  
 x
(v) z1 and z2 are said to be equal if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
●
The value of argument θ which satisfies the inequality
NOTE • Complex numbers does not possess any inequality, − π < θ < π, is called principal value of argument.
e.g. 3 + 2i > 1 + 2i does not make any sense. ●
The principal value of arg(z) is θ, π − θ, −π + θ or − θ
according as z lies in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrants
Conjugate and Modulus respectively, where θ = tan −1
y
.
of a Complex Number x
●
If z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is P (x, y)

Imaginary axis
denoted by z and is obtained by replacing i by −i.
i.e. z = x − iy
y
●
If z = x + iy, then modulus or magnitude of z is denoted by
| z| and is given by| z| = x + y
2 2
θ
x Real axis
Results on Conjugate and Modulus ●
Argument of z is not unique. General value of argument of z
(i) (z) = z is 2nπ + θ.
(ii) z + z = 2 Re (z), z − z = 2 i Im(z)
(iii) z = z ⇔ z is purely real.
Results on Argument
(iv) z + z = 0 ⇔ z is purely imaginary. If z, z1 and z2 are complex numbers, then
(v) z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2 (i) arg (z) = − arg (z)
(vi) z1 z2 = z1 z2 (ii) arg (z1 z2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2 )
 z1 
 z1  z1 (iii) arg   = arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 )
(vii)   = , if z2 ≠ 0  z2 
 z2  z2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 (iv) The general value of arg (z) is 2nπ − arg (z).
π
(viii) If z = b1 b2 b3 , then z = b1 b2 b3 (v) If z is purely imaginary then arg (z) = ± .
2
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 (vi) If z is purely real then arg (z) = 0 or π.
where ai , b i , c i ; (i = 1, 2 , 3) are complex numbers. (vii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1 − z2|, then
| z| = 0 ⇔ z = 0
(ix)
 z1  π
| z| = | z| = |−z| = |−z|
(x) arg   or arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 ) =
− | z| ≤ Re(z), Im(z) ≤ | z|
(xi)  2
z 2
| z1 z2| = | z1|| z2|
(xii) (viii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|, then arg (z1 ) = arg (z2 )
z1 | z1|
(xiii) = , if| z2| ≠ 0
z2 | z2|
Different forms of a
(xiv) | z1 ± z2|2 = | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± z1 z2 ± z1 z2
= | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± 2 Re (z1 z2 ) Complex Number
(xv) | z | = | z| , n ∈ N
n n ●
Polar or Trigonometrical Form of z = x + iy is
(xvi) Reciprocal of a complex number For non-zero complex z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), where r =| z| and θ = arg (z).
number z = x + iy, the reciprocal is given by If we use the general value of the argument θ, then the
1 z
z −1 = = 2 . polar form of z is z = r [cos (2nπ + θ) + i sin (2nπ + θ)], where
z | z| n is an integer.
(xvii) Triangle Inequality ●
Euler’s form of z = x + iy is z = re iθ , where r =| z|,θ = arg (z)
(a)| z1 + z2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (b) | z1 + z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 ||
(c)| z1 − z 2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (d) | z1 − z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 || and e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ.
12 40

(i) The nth roots of unity are 1, α , α 2 ,... , α n − 1 , where

Concept of Rotation i2 π

α =e n
Let z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of ∆ABC as shown in figure, then
z −z  z − z |z − z | (ii) 1 + α + α 2 + α 3 + ...+ α n −1 = 0
α = arg  3 1  and 3 1 = 3 1 e iα
 z2 − z1  z2 − z1 | z2 − z1 | (iii) 1 ⋅ α ⋅ α 2 ... α n −1 = [−1]n −1
C(z3)
Applications of Complex
Numbers in Geometry
1. Distance between A(z1 ) and B (z2 ) is given by
a AB = | z2 − z1|.
A(z1) B(z2) 2. Let point P (z) divides the line segment joining A (z1 ) and
B (z2 ) in the ratio m : n . Then,
NOTE • Always mark the direction of arrow in anti-clockwise sense mz2 + nz1
and keep that complex number in the numerator on which (i) for internal division, z =
the arrow goes. m+n
mz2 − nz1
(ii) for external division, z =
Square Root of a Complex Number m−n
●
If z = a + ib , then 3. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A (z1 ), B (z2 ) and C(z3 ),

z = a + ib = ±
1
[ | z| + a + i z − a] then centroid G (z) of the ∆ ABC is given by z
2 1
= (z1 + z2 + z3 )
1 3
●
If z = a − ib , then z = a − ib = ± [ | z| + a − i | z| − a]
2
z1 z1 1
1
Area of ∆ ABC is given by ∆ = z2 z2 1
De-Moivre’s Theorem 2
z3 z3 1
●
If n is any integer, then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
●
If n is any rational number, then one of the values of 4. For an equilateral triangle ABC with vertices A(z1 ), B(z2 )
(cos θ + i sin θ)n is cos nθ + i sin nθ. and C(z3 ), z12 + z22 + z23 = z 2 z3 + z 3 z1 + z1 z 2
●
If n is any positive integer, then 5. The general equation of a straight line is az + az + b = 0,
 2 kπ + θ   2 kπ + θ  where a is a complex number and b is a real number.
(cos θ + i sin θ)1 / n = cos   + i sin  
 n   n  6. (i) An equation of the circle with centre at z0
where, k = 0, 1, 2,... n − 1 and radius r, is | z − z0| = r
(ii) | z − z0| < r represents the interior of circle and
Cube Root of Unity | z − z0| > r represents the exterior of circle.
Cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2 (iii) General equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0,
−1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i where b is real number, with centre is − a and radius
where, ω = and ω2 = is aa − b .
2 2
7. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points and k > 0, k ≠ 1 is a real
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity | z − z1|
number, then = k represents a circle.
(i) 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 | z − z2|
(ii) ω3 = 1
For k = 1, it represents perpendicular bisector of the
0 if n ≠ 3 m, m ∈ N
(iii) 1 + ω n + ω2 n =  segment joining A(z1 ) and B (z2 ).
3 if n = 3 m, m ∈ N 8. If end points of diameter of a circle are A(z1 ) and B(z 2) and
P(z) be any point on the circle, then equation of circle in
nth Roots of Unity diameter form is
By nth root of unity we mean any complex number z which (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) + (z − z 2) (z − z1 ) = 0
satisfies the equation zn = 1.
DAY 13

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 4
1 Real part of is 11 If z − = 2, then the maximum value of | z | is
1 − cos θ + i sin θ z j AIEEE 2009

1 1 1
(a) − (b) (c) tanθ / 2 (d) 2 (a) 3 +1 (b) 5 +1 (c) 2 (d) 2 + 2
2 2 2
12 If z is a complex number such that z ≥ 2, then the
2 + 3i sin θ 1
2 A value of θ, for which is purely imaginary, is minimum value of z +
1 − 2i sin θ 2 j JEE Mains 2014
π π
(d) sin 
−1 3 −1 1 
(a) (b) (c) sin  (a) is equal to 5/2
3 6 4  3 (b) lies in the interval (1, 2)
13 (c) is strictly greater than 5/2
3 ∑ (i
n =1
n
+ i n + 1 ) is equal to (d) is strictly greater than 3/2 but less than 5/2
13 If | z1| = 2, | z 2 | = 3 then z1 + z 2 + 5 + 12i is less than or
(a) i (b) i − 1 (c) −i (d) 0
equal to
z −1
4 If is a purely imaginary number ( where, z ≠ −1), then (a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 5
z +1
14 If z < 3 − 1, then z + 2z cos α is
2
the value of | z | is
(a) less than 2 (b) 3 + 1
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
(c) 3 − 1 (d) None of these
z2
5 If z1 ≠ 0 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that is 15 The number of complex numbers z such that
z1
z − 1 = z + 1 = z − i , is
2z1 + 3z 2
a purely imaginary number, then is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞
2z1 − 3z 2
2
j
JEE Mains 2013
16 Number of solutions of the equation z + 7z = 0 is/are
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
7−z 17 If z z + ( 3 − 4i )z + ( 3 + 4i )z = 0 represent a circle, the area
6 If f ( z ) = , where z = 1 + 2i , then | f ( z )| is equal to
1− z 2 of the circle in square units is
|z | (a) 5 π (b) 10π (c) 25 π 2 (d) 25 π
(a) (b) | z |
2
 π  π
(c) 2| z | (d) None of these 18 If z = 1 + cos   + i sin  , then {sin (arg( z ))} is equal to
 5  5
7 If 8 iz 3 + 12z 2 − 18z + 27i = 0, then the value of | z | is
10 − 2 5 5 −1
(a) 3 / 2 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 3 / 4 (a) (b)
4 4
8 If a complex number z satisfies the equation 5+1
(c) (d) None of these
z + 2 z + 1 + i = 0, then z is equal to j
JEE Mains 2013 4
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1 19 If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
9 If α and β are two different complex numbers such that 1 + z 
θ, then arg   equals to
β −α 1 + z  JEE Mains 2013
| α | = 1, | β | = 1, then the expression
j
is equal to
1 − αβ π
(a) −θ (b) −θ (c) θ (d) π − θ
1 2
(a) (b) 1
2 20 Let z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that
(c) 2 (d) None of these z = ω and arg z + arg ω = π, then z equals
z −1 (a) ω (b) ω
10 If | z | = 1 and ω = (where z ≠ −1), then Re(ω ) is
z +1 (c) − ω (d) − ω
1 21 If z − 1 = 1, then arg ( z ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) − 2
z+1 1 1
(a) arg (z) (b) arg (z + 1)
2 2 3
(c) 2
(d) None of these 1
z+1 (c) arg (z − 1) (d) None of these
2