2022年4月阅读专项班讲义（不断更新中）

2023 考研英语
陈仲凯
微信公众号：陈仲凯老师微博：陈仲凯兔兔小打卡（配套课程平台）：陈仲凯的分享圈
前言
亲爱的阅读专项班同学：
你好。感谢你信任陈仲凯的专项班。在本次课程中你将学习到考试分值 70 分左右的大
阅读课程，即：阅读、完形、新题型。有英语一文章也有英语二文章。本课程虽然是直接解
决阅读问题，但对于你的写作也会有一定程度的促进效果。
本课程将尽力从学生出发，而非真题出发，一步步为你打牢英语能力基础和学术思辨能
力基础。与往年的专项班相比，本专项班的升级可能是以下几点：1. 新增基础阅读学习，
这将为你学习真题“磨刀不误砍柴工”。2. 强化阶段的文章学习更加高效。由于基础阅读
的学习解决了很多基础词汇的问题，可能在实际的真题学习中，内容不再纠结于冗长的极为
简单的知识点。强化阶段的文章的每篇学习将从以前的两小时尽力压缩到 1 小时。同样的总
时长但可能更多的文章数量（数量也把基础文章算在内）。3. 新增词组学习的指导。以前
的专项班着重学术脉络，本轮专项班在保持了这个特色的同时，也增加了词组的学习（曾经
开设另一种班级“5500 词刷历年真题”验证了这个模块的效果是显著的）。
我将全力把学术能力贯彻到本轮授课中。我坚信要最有效的进步，必须借助学者们的力
量，你将会在课程中见到大量的学者们对英语语言的理解，会见到一些学术工具在本课程中
的应用。如果在本课程中我不留神偶尔地表达出自大和自恋的情绪，请坚信这绝不是我本来
想传达的意思。我的最原始动机，是希望培养你科学学习英语的能力，并且协助你树立对学
术的信仰，而非对我的信仰。
本课程是对教学理论的实践。陈仲凯在英国念书及回国后的文献阅读给本课程带来了诸
多灵感，这里不一一展开。我本人也期待大家从本课程中获得激发，不仅仅是解决考研英语
的挑战，更是从此课程更加坚定地走上学术之路。
祝你在人生中的各种不顺中能够勇敢渡过。
陈仲凯
感谢远在英国的 Susan Maingay 女士，是她树立了我在教学活动的榜样。与填鸭式教学相比，

她总能巧妙地让学生自己挖到知识宝藏。她总是能营造出这样一个氛围：是学生自己，发现
了真相，而非老师喂给。老师的最高境界莫过于此：让学生智慧和自信。
基础阅读文章（结合低难度文章学习词汇）
测试链接：https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/english-level-test/vocabulary
第一篇 The wild gardens
level1（蓝思指数：350）
Christchurch is a large city in New Zealand’s South Island. Two big earthquakes hurt the city in
2010 and 2011.
The earthquakes destroy more than 7,500 homes. A part of the city becomes too dangerous. It is
not possible to build new houses there. Gardens full of fruit trees are still there. These trees grow
and make fruit.
Food gets very expensive in New Zealand in recent years. People look for ways to get cheap food.
They discover the wild gardens full of fruit trees. People pick fruit, nuts, and mushrooms there.
Many people look for food. It is cheap. Some people are happy that they spend more time in
nature. They see how trees and plants grow. They say that wild fruit tastes much better than fruit
from a supermarket.
克赖斯特彻奇是新西兰南岛的一个大城市。2010 年和 2011 年的两次大地震伤害了这座城市。

地震摧毁了 7500 多所房屋。城市的一部分变得太危险了。在那里建造新房子是不可能的。
长满果树的花园还在。这些树生长并结果。
近年来，新西兰的食物变得非常昂贵。人们寻找获得廉价食物的方法。他们发现了长满果树
的野生花园。人们在那里采摘水果、坚果和蘑菇。
许多人寻找食物。它很便宜。有些人很高兴他们花更多的时间在大自然中。他们看到树木和
植物是如何生长的。他们说野生水果比超市里的水果好吃多了。
Christchurch is a large city in New Zealand’s South Island. Two big earthquakes hurt the city in
2010 and 2011.
large adj.大的; city n.城市; big adj.大的; earthquake n.地震; hurt vt.伤害;
The earthquakes destroy more than 7,500 homes. A part of the city becomes too dangerous. It is
not possible to build new houses there. Gardens full of fruit trees are still there. These trees grow
and make fruit.
destroyB1; more than 超过；homeA1 住宅（house）；a part of ……的一部分
become 变得; dangerous 危险的 adj. (danger n.)；possible adj.可能的；

build houses 建造房屋；garden n.花园；fruit trees 果树；grow v.生长；
make fruit; make a decision 做决定; make strides 大踏步前进;
剑桥学习者语料库显示，（错误的）学习者经常说 get 生个孩子/出事故/找乐子；而没说 have

生个孩子/出事故/找乐子，并 make 一些购物/研究/工作，而没说 do 一些购物/研究/工作。
The Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that learners often say get a baby/an accident/fun instead of
have a baby/an accident/fun, and make some shopping/research/work, instead of do some
shopping/research/work.
Michael McCarthy 2018.1.4
语法：
结合 the earthquakes 和本段第二句的 the city，理解定冠词 the 的用法。
The earthquakes destroy more than 7,500 homes. A part of the city becomes too dangerous.
在文章中第二次（多次出现）出现，用 the。
形式主语 it:（to do 作逻辑主语）
To build new houses there is not possible.
It is not possible to build new houses there.
To do the right thing is important.做正确的事很重要。
It is important to do the right thing. 做正确的事很重要。
改写： …it is possible to reach its goal.
[A]To reach its goal is possible.
[B] Reach its goal is possible.
Gardens full of fruit trees are still there.
Gardens are full of fruit trees.
Gardens are still there.
They sent us some brochures full of information about the park. 他们寄给我们一些小册子，里面
全是关于公园的信息。(朗文语料库：
https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/be-full-of-something)
They sent us some brochures.

Some brochures are full of information about the park.
练习：
请给这句话“There are shelves in the room.”增加”full of books”,并确保句子正确：
[A] There are shelves full of books in the room.
[B] There are shelves are full of books in the room.
Food gets very expensive in New Zealand in recent years. People look for ways to get cheap food.
They discover the wild gardens full of fruit trees. People pick fruit, nuts, and mushrooms there.
本段中 get 出现了两次，分别理解为哪些含义？get；
获得 A1 We stopped on the way to get some breakfast. 我们在路上中途停车吃了点早饭。
变得 B1 He gets really upset if you mention his baldness. 你要是提他谢顶的事儿，他就会很生

气。
expensive adj.昂贵的；recent adj.最近的 B1；look for 寻找；cheap adj.便宜的；
discover v.发现；
wild
adj 野生的/未经栽培的未经驯化的 A2 wild grasses 野草
adj 未经开垦的 B2 a wild, mountainous region 荒无人烟的山区
pick 在文中和真题中分别是哪层含义：挑选 B1；摘下 B1
“children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” "从布丁里 pick 李子马上
吃的孩子们" 2019
nutB2 坚果；mushroom 蘑菇
Many people look for food. It is cheap. Some people are happy that they spend more time in
nature. They see how trees and plants grow. They say that wild fruit tastes much better than fruit
from a supermarket.
look for 寻找；happy adj.开心的；spend time 花费时间；nature n.自然；howA2 adv.如何
plant 植物；
taste 吃起来好吃／难吃／甜（等等）This sauce tastes strange. 这种酱汁味道很怪。
super adj 超级的；market 市场；supermarket n.超市

level2 （蓝思指数 710）
In 2010 and 2011, two big earthquakes destroyed more than 7,500 homes in Christchurch, the
largest city in New Zealand’s South Island.
A part of the city became too dangerous to build new houses there. Empty streets
and backyard gardens stayed, and fruit trees continued to grow fruit.
Inflation and prices increased very much in recent years, and people looked for ways to get cheap
food. They turned to foraging, or going from place to place to find things which they could eat,
and they discovered the wild gardens in Christchurch.
Many people started to enjoy this activity, since they could spend more time in nature, and they
learned about what grew at what time of year. They said that wild fruit tasted better than the fruit
from supermarkets.
2010 年和 2011 年，两次大地震摧毁了新西兰南岛最大城市克赖斯特彻奇的 7500 多所房屋。

城市的一部分变得太危险了，不能在那里建新房子。空荡荡的街道和后院花园留了下来，果
树继续结果。
近年来，通货膨胀和物价上涨非常厉害，人们想方设法买到便宜的食物。他们转向觅食，或
从一个地方到另一个地方去寻找他们可以吃的东西，他们发现了克赖斯特彻奇的野生花园。
许多人开始喜欢这项活动，因为他们可以花更多的时间在大自然中，他们了解什么在一年中
的什么时候生长。他们说野生水果比超市里的水果好吃。
In 2010 and 2011, two big earthquakes destroyed more than 7,500 homes in Christchurch, the
largest city in New Zealand’s South Island.
the largest, the biggest, the+最高级（如 the biggest）
A part of the city became too dangerous to build new houses there. Empty streets
and backyard gardens stayed, and fruit trees continued to grow fruit.
too…to…太……以至于不能
empty adj.空的; street 街道; backyardB1 后院，后花园；stay vi.停留;
continue to do 继续
It's said that as the boat went down the band continued to play. 据说，船沉时乐队仍在继续演奏。
Inflation and prices increased very much in recent years, and people looked for ways to get cheap
food. They turned to foraging, or going from place to place to find things which they could eat,
and they discovered the wild gardens in Christchurch.
inflation 通货膨胀；increase 增加;

turn to 求助于 B2：Her family lived a long way away, and she had no one to turn to. 她的家人住
得很远，她无人可以求助。
forage v.觅食
根据例句，找出 forage 的搭配用法：
The children had been living on the streets, foraging for scraps. 那些孩子露宿街头，四处寻找残
羹剩饭。
The pigs foraged in the woods for acorns. 那些猪在树林里找橡果吃。
作者是如何协助读者理解 forage 的？
They turned to foraging, or going from place to place to find things which they could eat,…
同位语作插入语，解释 foraging。
简化版：They turned to foraging, …, and they discovered the wild gardens in Christchurch.
discover v.发现（cover v.掩盖）
Many people started to enjoy this activity, since they could spend more time in nature, and they
learned about what grew at what time of year. They said that wild fruit tasted better than the fruit
from supermarkets.
start to do 开始做某事;
enjoy 享受……的乐趣 A1; 享有 C2
enjoy 在文章中和真题中分别是哪层含义？
intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment 知识追求 enjoy 自由的环境 2009 选项
since 因为
activity 活动;
learn 学习 A1；了解，获悉 B1
I only learned about the accident later. 那起事故我只是后来才听说的。
grew（grow 动词原形）
不规则动词的本质是高频词，是基础词，是必须要掌握的核心单词。
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-language-evolution-idUSN1025847720071010
不规则动词表：
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF
%8D/4852767
复盘：
more than
build houses
look for
spend time
continue to do
start to do
turn to doing/ turn to + n.
语法：
定冠词 the 的部分用法
to do
level3 蓝思指数 960
In New Zealand, inflation and price increases have sent food prices sky-high, and large numbers
of people are foraging to get food.
在新西兰，通货膨胀和价格上涨导致食品价格飙升，大量的人正在寻找食物。
Foraging is popular in Christchurch, the largest city in the South Island, where earthquakes
demolished over 7,500 homes in 2010 and 2011. Local authorities designated a ‘red zone’ that
was considered too unstable to rebuild buildings. Many backyard fruit trees were left to grow wild
and continue to grow fruit, and they made it a heaven for food foragers.
在南岛最大的城市克赖斯特彻奇，觅食很受欢迎，在 2010 年和 2011 年，地震摧毁了 7500

多所房屋。当地政府划定了一个“红区”,认为那里太不稳定，不能重建房屋。许多后院的果
树被留在野外，继续生长果实，他们把它变成了觅食者的天堂。
In the beginning, many people came out of necessity, as they realized that they could pick and eat
fruit, walnuts, or mushrooms for free. However, they quickly saw that foraging was a great way to
connect with nature, learn about seasons, and learn what grows in the seasons.
起初，许多人出于需要，因为他们意识到他们可以免费采摘和食用水果、核桃或蘑菇。然而，
他们很快发现觅食是一种与自然联系、了解季节和了解四季生长的伟大方式。
In New Zealand, inflation and price increases have sent food prices sky-high, and large numbers
of people are foraging to get food.
在新西兰，通货膨胀和价格上涨导致食品价格飙升，大量的人正在寻找食物。
send 在文章中的含义是以下哪个？
发送 A1：[ + two objects ] I'll send her a letter/email/parcel/postcard next week. 我下周要给她寄
信／发电子邮件／寄包裹／寄明信片。
使做…；使发生 C2：The announcement of the fall in profits sent the company's share price
plummeting (= caused it to go down a lot). 利润下降的公告使公司的股价大幅下跌。
His untidiness sends her crazy/mad/wild. 他的邋遢让她大为恼火。
sky-high（价格或收费）极高的（地），高昂的（地）
demolishB2 to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else
（尤指为利用土地而）拆除，拆毁
分析 1: 和 level1level2 中出现的 destroyB1 什么区别。
分析 2: demolish 在本文中和 rebuild 呼应（符合英文释义 use the land for something else）。
在 2018 年考研中的实际运用。
[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive
offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the
British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury
Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the
demolition of the State Department building.
[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and
cost estimates for a new State Department Building. ...
请对比这种应试技巧，这种似乎有帮助、又似乎没帮助的本质是什么：
“排序题 1.首空看选项有转折的可排除 2.看已知选项末句转折词后的句子，找出关键词
3.看每段首句之间关联性可注意 this,such,that，比较级以及重复出现的名词，说明选项前文
同样有提过 4.看每段末句之间关联性，同样注意关键词 5.看已知选项末句，找出关
键词并观察选项有无对应重复关键词”
或许可以通过 new 来蒙对[G][A]，但如果深刻理解 demolition，那就是稳定拿下[G][A]（虽
然一个肾能维持生命正常运转，但你希望你有几个肾？）。
local authority（尤指管理城市的）地方当局(authority 当权者 C1)

designate v.指定；
It is the first worldwide epidemic 1.designated by the World Health Organization in 41

years.2010 英语二完形
They had pushed the agency (the U. S Fish and Wildlife Service) to designate the bird as
“endangered,”…2016 英语二
从上述案例中，我们发现固定搭配可以是两个单词 Local authorities，也可以是三个单词 Local
authorities designated
认为，当作是 B2。I consider myself lucky that I only hurt my arm in the accident. 我觉得自己还
算幸运，在事故中只伤了手臂。
Many backyard fruit trees were left to grow wild and continue to grow fruit,
leave v.抛弃；
grow 在本句中出现两次，含义是一样的吗？
变得 B2 to gradually become tired, old, calm, etc.
种植 A2
In the beginning, many people came out of necessity, as they realized that they could pick and eat
fruit, walnuts, or mushrooms for free. However, they quickly saw that foraging was a great way to
connect with nature, learn about seasons, and learn what grows in the seasons.
起初，许多人出于需要，因为他们意识到他们可以免费采摘和食用水果、核桃或蘑菇。然而，
他们很快发现觅食是一种与自然联系、了解季节和了解四季生长的伟大方式。
necessity 必要，需要 C1
With a personal fortune of sixty million dollars, she certainly doesn't work out of necessity (=
because she needs to). 她有 6000 万美元的身家，当然不是为了生计而工作。
connect withC2 建立良好联系。She has a remarkable ability to connect with a wide variety of
people. 她有一种非凡的能力，可以与各种各样的人建立起良好关系。
连接 B1 connect the dots 连接点

第二篇 A study on autism
Autism is a disorder. A person with autism has problems when he wants to talk and interact with
others.
Studies say that one in 44 children in the US have autism. Scientists from university study autism
for 20 years. They work with 115,000 children. They check the children’s blood
and genetic markers. Scientists also need a lot of information about the children’s health.
The study shows that there are three important things, which can cause autism. The first thing is
specific genetic markers. The second thing is health. The last thing is the timing of these two
things. Pregnant women must be careful. The child’s brain develops in the second trimester.
When a pregnant woman has a high fever in this time, it can cause autism. It is important to take
pills, which stop the fever.
自闭症是一种紊乱。一个患有自闭症的人，当他想与他人交谈和互动时，就会出现问题。
研究表明，美国每 44 名儿童中就有一名患有自闭症。来自大学的科学家研究自闭症长达 20
年。他们和 115，000 名儿童一起工作。他们检查孩子的血液和基因标记。科学家还需要大
量关于儿童健康的信息。
这项研究表明，有三种重要的东西会导致自闭症。首先是特定的遗传标记。第二件事是健康。
最后就是这两件事的时机问题。孕妇一定要小心。孩子的大脑在妊娠中期发育。当孕妇在这
段时间发高烧时，会导致自闭症。吃药是很重要的，它可以退烧。
Autism is a disorder. A person with autism has problems when he wants to talk and interact with
others.
order 秩序；
disorder 疾病 C1（an illness of the mind or body）
提问：本段中 have problems，在第二段和第三段分别是什么替换？
语法：动词不定式的省略 to do and to do = to do and do
to talk (with) and (to) interact with
Studies say that one in 44 children in the US have autism. Scientists from university study autism
for 20 years. They work with 115,000 children. They check the children’s blood
and genetic markers. Scientists also need a lot of information about the children’s health.
one in xx: 每 xx 个中有一个；in the US; in the UK;
第一段中 have problems; 第二段 have autism; 第三段 have a high fever.（have an illness）
study v. 研究；for + 一段时间； work with 与交道；check 检查；

genetic 基因的(gene 基因)；genetic engineering 基因工程
marker n.标志物；information 不可数名词，信息；
The study shows that there are three important things, which can cause autism. The first thing is
specific genetic markers. The second thing is health. The last thing is the timing of these two
things. Pregnant women must be careful. The child’s brain develops in the second trimester.
When a pregnant woman has a high fever in this time, it can cause autism. It is important to take
pills, which stop the fever.
cause 导致。请从下面的真题例句中归纳出 cause 后面是好事还是坏事？
…may cause more harm than good.2014 年；
…that would cause “overall harm,”2019 年
剑桥：to make something happen, especially something bad

specific具体的，特定的；last最后的；pregnant怀孕的；careful adj.小心的；
brain大脑；
develop vi,vt 发育；
trimester [A]（人类妊娠的）三月期；[B]（一学年分为三学期的）一学期
have a fever 发烧；take pills 吃药；
语法：
原句：There are three important things, which can cause autism.
There are three important things. Three important things can cause autism.
原句：It is important to take pills, which stop the fever.
It is important to take pills. Pills stop the fever.
练习：将下面两句话改写成带有定语从句的一条句子。
Canine Companions is an organization. The organization trains pups to become facility dogs.
For 20 years, scientists at an American university studied autism.
The study involved more than 115,000 children, and scientists wanted to learn the causes of
autism and ways to prevent it. Scientists took blood samples, they did genetic tests, and all people
in the study answered many questions about their health.
The study found that three important things impacted autism. They were genetics, health, and the
time that events happened. The study also showed that the second trimester of the pregnancy was
very important, as the child’s brain developed in this time. When a pregnant woman had a high
fever in the second trimester, and she didn’t treat the fever, it could cause autism.
Reports say that one in 44 children in the US has autism.

20 年来，美国一所大学的科学家们一直在研究自闭症。
这项研究涉及超过 115，000 名儿童，科学家们希望了解自闭症的原因和预防方法。科学家

们采集了血样，做了基因测试，所有参与研究的人都回答了许多关于他们健康的问题。
这项研究发现三件重要的事情影响着自闭症。它们是遗传学、健康和事件发生的时间。这项
研究还表明，怀孕的第二个三个月非常重要，因为孩子的大脑在这段时间发育。当孕妇在妊
娠中期发高烧，而她没有治疗发烧，这可能会导致自闭症。
报道称，美国每 44 名儿童中就有一名患有自闭症。
For 20 years, scientists at an American university studied autism.
at Cambridge University; at Oxford University
纠错：Kevin is a good student who is studying in the BFSU. (长难句解密，何凯文)
The study involved more than 115,000 children, and scientists wanted to learn the causes of
autism and ways to prevent it. Scientists took blood samples, they did genetic tests, and all people
in the study answered many questions about their health.
involve 使……参加; more than 超过;
learn 在文章中是什么含义：学习；获悉，了解
cause 在 level1 和 level2 的词性是否一样？(cause and effect 因果关系)
prevent 阻止
take samples 取样（take pills 吃药）; do tests 测试;
take blood samples 抽血（collect blood）
Water samples （which were） taken from streams were analysed for contamination by chemicals.
剑桥
study 在本段和上一段的词性是否一致？
(scientists at an American university studied autism.)
The study found that three important things impacted autism. They were genetics, health, and the
time that events happened. The study also showed that the second trimester of the pregnancy was
very important, as the child’s brain developed in this time. When a pregnant woman had a high
fever in the second trimester, and she didn’t treat the fever, it could cause autism.
find（found）; impact vt.(have an influence on)对……产生影响 C1; event n.事件；
pregnancy n.(pregnant 怀孕的)；
treat vt 对待 B2；治疗 B2
as 因为；We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.我们叫飞利浦一起去，因为他认

识路。（朗文）
Reports say that one in 44 children in the US has autism.
复盘：
take pills; take samples; do tests; at an university;
have problems; have a fever; have an illness;
which 定语从句；
to do and to do；
impact； treat(stop) the fever;
cause + 负面
run a company; Machines run…phones run…
For more than 20 years, researchers from Columbia University have ran a long-term study on
autism.
The study involved more than 115,000 children, and it investigated the causes of autism and
possible ways to prevent it. According to scientists, strong genetic factors were part of it. The
study involved blood and genetic testing and detailed health questionnaires.
It found three different factors caused autism which were certain genes, the environmental
conditions, and the time of these events. Multiple circumstances created the conditions for autism.
They were specifically inflammation in the body and a high fever during the second trimester of
the pregnancy, when critical neural pathways develop in the unborn baby. The study showed that
some children were at a lower risk of having autism if their mothers took ibuprofen to treat the
fever.
It’s estimated that one in 44 children in the US has been diagnosed with autism.
20 多年来，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员对自闭症进行了长期研究。
这项研究涉及超过 115，000 名儿童，它调查了自闭症的原因和预防自闭症的可能方法。根

据科学家的说法，强烈的遗传因素是其中的一部分。这项研究包括血液和基因测试以及详细
的健康问卷。
它发现三种不同的因素导致了自闭症，它们是某些基因、环境条件和这些事件发生的时间。
多重环境为自闭症创造了条件。具体来说，它们是体内的炎症和妊娠中期的高烧，此时胎儿
的神经通路正在发育。该研究表明，如果母亲服用布洛芬治疗发烧，一些儿童患自闭症的风
险较低。
据估计，美国每 44 名儿童中就有一名被诊断患有自闭症。
For more than 20 years, researchers from Columbia University have ran a long-term study on
autism.
文章中的 run（ran）是什么含义？
run 奔跑 A1
vt.
经营，管理 B1；
He's been running a restaurant/his own company since he left school. 他毕业后就一直在经营自
己的饭店／公司。
vi.vt.运转, 使运转 B2
Keep clear of the machines while they're running. 机器运转时不要靠近。
We're running (= doing) an experiment. 我们正在做一个试验。
run 在以下真题中是什么含义？
Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. 2012
But phones 2 run on batteries, and batteries can … 2019
long-term 长期；long-termism 长期主义；
The study involved more than 115,000 children, and it investigated the causes of autism and
possible ways to prevent it. According to scientists, strong genetic factors were part of it. The
study involved blood and genetic testing and detailed health questionnaires.
involve 使……参与；investigate vt.调查； cause n.原因(effect 结果)；prevent vt.预防，阻止；
strong adj.强烈的；
以下哪种搭配合适？
[A]strong coffee; heavy rain [B]strong rain; heavy coffee
(2017 年 Norbert Schmitt 教授在 UCL 讲座)
genetic testing 遗传测试（2009 年）；detailed 详细的；
questionnaire 问卷
It found three different factors caused autism which were certain genes, the environmental
conditions, and the time of these events. Multiple circumstances created the conditions for autism.
They were specifically inflammation in the body and a high fever during the second trimester of
the pregnancy, when critical neural pathways develop in the unborn baby. The study showed that
some children were at a lower risk of having autism if their mothers took ibuprofen to treat the
fever.
语法： It found (宾语从句省略 that)…
which 修饰的先行词是[A] three different factors ; [B] autism

Environmental conditions were observed to strongly influence the honey bee efficiency as
pollinator and seed-set varied considerably from year to year.人们观察到环境条件强烈影响蜜
蜂的效率，因为传粉者和结籽每年都有很大变化。
Multiple 多个的；
circumstance 条件；a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is
condition：the physical situation that someone or something is in and affected by 物质条件；情
况；实际环境（剑桥）
specifically 具体来说；inflammation 炎症（flame 火焰）；
neural 神经系统的； pathway 道路
level2: as the child’s brain developed in this time.
level3：when critical neural pathways develop in the unborn baby.
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,
they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel
pathways that can bypass those old roads. 2009 年
23. The word “ruts” ( Line 1, Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to .
[A] tracks 轨道 [B] series 系列 [C] characteristics 特点 [D] connections 连接
It’s estimated that one in 44 children in the US has been diagnosed with autism.
estimate 估计；be diagnosed with 诊断为……病症。
拓展阅读：疾病主题。2017 考研完形英语一；2010 考研完形英语二
复盘：
strong factor; neural pathway; run a study on; genetic testing;
create conditions for; environmental conditions; at a low risk;
take pills; have an illness; be diagnosed with
level1. 蓝思 310
Canine Companions is an organization which trains pups.
犬类伙伴是一个训练小狗的组织。
The training is two months long. The pups become facility dogs. A facility dog can do special
tasks. Such dogs help in hospitals. Or they help people with tasks. The dogs can open doors or
pick up things. The organization has 475 dogs. 70 of them work in hospitals. More and more
hospitals want to have these dogs.
培训为期两个月。小狗变成了便利犬。设施狗可以做特殊的任务。这种狗在医院里帮忙。或
者他们帮助人们完成任务。这些狗可以开门或者捡东西。该组织有 475 只狗。其中 70 人在
医院工作。越来越多的医院想拥有这些狗。
Parks is a two-year-old dog. He works in a children’s hospital in Orlando, US. He does normal
things. He also makes children feel better in a way which people can’t. He is very excited to help
and learn new things.
帕克斯是一只两岁的狗。他在美国奥兰多的一家儿童医院工作。他做正常的事情。他还以一
种人们无法做到的方式让孩子们感觉更好。他很乐意帮助和学习新事物。
Canine Companions is an organization which trains pups.
organization n.机构 B1；train v.训练；pup n.小狗
The training is two months long. The pups become facility dogs. A facility dog can do special
tasks. Such dogs help in hospitals. Or they help people with tasks. The dogs can open doors or
pick up things. The organization has 475 dogs. 70 of them work in hospitals. More and more
hospitals want to have these dogs.
facility n.设施；facility dog 服务犬；special 特殊的；task 任务；
Rod Ellis 教授在 2020 年剑桥大学语言学习会议，对 task 的解释
A task An exercise
Primary focus on meaning. primary focus on using language correctly
There is a ‘gap’. There is no gap.
Leaners use own linguistic resources. Text manipulating.
Successful performance =outcome of task Successful performance = accurate use of

achieved. target feature.
hospital 医院；
pick up 接人，取物；
The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more
than half of new power sources going on line.2018 英语二
向可再生能源的转移正在世界范围内 picking up 势头:它们现在占了正在运行的新能源的一

半以上。
picked up 可以替换为这两个单词，但根据文章语境，只能选哪个
[A]to lift sth./sb. up; [B]to go faster

1.When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015,
it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.
2015 年，微软公司收购了任务管理软件“奇妙清单”和移动端日历软件“日出”，它 picked

up 的这两家新公司在那时正在硅谷备受热议时。
picked up 可以替换为这两个单词，但根据文章语境，只能选哪个：
[A]bought [B]increased
pick up 碰巧买到[尤指十分便宜的的东西](朗文)，碰巧买到（韦氏）。(汉语中的“捡漏”)
to buy something that you have found by chance, especially something that is unusually cheap.
He’s hoping to pick up a few bargains at the sales.他希望在大减价中买到几件便宜货。
want to do 想要 do
Parks is a two-year-old dog. He works in a children’s hospital in Orlando, US. He does normal
things. He also makes children feel better in a way which people can’t. He is very excited to help
and learn new things.
Parks is two years old. normal 平常的；He also makes children feel better in a way which people
can’t (make children feel better.)
We master English in a way which our peers can’t.
Canine Companions is an organization which trains pups to become facility dogs. The
organization has 475 dogs at the moment, and 70 of them work in hospitals.
犬类伙伴是一个训练小狗成为设施犬的组织。该组织目前有 475 只狗，其中 70 只在医院工
作。
Parks is a two-year-old Labrador retriever, and he’s the first facility dog in a children’s hospital in
Orlando, US. According to the staff, Parks is making a big difference. He can help patients when
he opens the door or picks up things. He also helps children rehabilitate, and he makes them happy
in a way that people can’t.
帕克斯是一只两岁的拉布拉多猎犬，它是美国奥兰多儿童医院的第一只设施犬。据工作人员
说，帕克斯带来了很大的变化。当他开门或拿东西时，他可以帮助病人。他也帮助孩子们改
过自新，他用一种人们无法做到的方式让他们快乐。
The pups enjoy helping people, and they love learning new things. It takes two months to train
them to become facility dogs, and a growing number of hospitals use them.
小狗喜欢帮助人，他们喜欢学习新东西。训练它们成为设施犬需要两个月的时间，越来越多
的医院使用它们。
Canine Companions is an organization which trains pups to become facility dogs. The
organization has 475 dogs at the moment, and 70 of them work in hospitals.
at the moment 此刻
Parks is a two-year-old Labrador retriever, and he’s the first facility dog in a children’s hospital in
Orlando, US. According to the staff, Parks is making a big difference. He can help patients when
he opens the door or picks up things. He also helps children rehabilitate, and he makes them happy
in a way that people can’t.
retriever n. 寻回犬。retrieve 取回
make a (big) difference B2 极大地改善。Exercise can make a big difference to your state of health.
锻炼会极大地改善你的健康状况。
(Kremmel, B., Brunfaut, T., & Alderson, J. C. (2017).
...在预测阅读理解差异方面，短语知识测量优于传统的句法和词汇测量。...a phraseological
knowledge measure outperformed traditional syntactic and vocabulary measures in predicting
reading comprehension variance.
patient 病人
rehabilitate 使康复
The pups enjoy helping people, and they love learning new things. It takes two months to train
them to become facility dogs, and a growing number of hospitals use them.
enjoy doing sth.; love doing sth.;
I want to travel because I enjoy meeting people and seeing new places. 我想去旅游，因为我愿意
结识不同的人，见识没去过的地方。
It takes time to do sth.

take 花费时间 A2 The cooking process only takes ten minutes. 烹饪过程只需 10 分钟。
a growing number of 越来越多
造句：退烧需要几天时间。
回顾：
pick up; rehabilitate; at the moment; want to do; make a big difference; enjoy doing;
prepare sb for sth.; the +序数词；
元认知：task vs. exercise

Parks, a two-year-old Labrador retriever, is the first facility dog for the Orlando Health Hospital
for Children.
帕克斯是一只两岁的拉布拉多猎犬，是奥兰多儿童健康医院的第一只设施犬。
The dog’s now part of the team, and he’s already making a big difference. Parks knows dozens of
commands to help calm patients and perform tasks, and he’s learning even more. He brightens the
days, and also aids and rehabs when he holds a bat, hits a ball, and plays with children. According
to medical workers, Parks adds some more care that they can’t provide.
这只狗现在是团队的一员了，它已经做出了很大的改变。帕克斯知道几十种帮助病人镇静和
执行任务的命令，他还在学习更多。他让日子变得明亮，当他拿着球棒，击球，和孩子们玩
耍时，他也帮助和康复。根据医务工作者的说法，帕克斯增加了一些他们无法提供的护理。
Canine Companions has 475 active facility dog teams, and 70 of them now work in a hospital
setting. The organization provides service and facility dogs at no cost. The pups are very eager to
work and please, and they’re very smart. They undergo extensive training, and they learn tasks to
help people, for example, pulling wheelchairs, picking up dropped items or opening doors.
犬伴有 475 个活跃的机构犬队，其中 70 个现在在医院工作。该组织免费提供服务和设施狗。
小狗们非常渴望工作和取悦，它们非常聪明。他们接受广泛的训练，他们学习帮助他人的任
务，例如，拉轮椅，捡起掉落的物品或开门。
Parks, a two-year-old Labrador retriever, is the first facility dog for the Orlando Health Hospital
for Children.
同位语：a two-year-old Labrador retriever
Autism, a disorder, is often caused by three factors.
The dog’s now part of the team, and he’s already making a big difference. Parks knows dozens of
commands to help calm patients and perform tasks, and he’s learning even more. He brightens the
days, and also aids and rehabs when he holds a bat, hits a ball, and plays with children. According
to medical workers, Parks adds some more care that they can’t provide.
dozen 一打，十二个；
command n./v. 命令；（对知识的）掌握
command 在本文中是什么词性什么含义，在真题中又是什么词性什么含义？
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the
English language with skill and gift.2005
美国人不再期望公众人物，无论是在演讲还是写作中，能够 command 英语。
calm v.使平静；
perform tasks
通过以下两条例句，你发现了什么搭配？
perform（剑桥例句）Computers can perform a variety of tasks. 计算机能执行多项任务。
task（剑桥例句）We usually ask interviewees to perform a few simple tasks on the computer just
to test their aptitude. 我们通常让接受面试者在电脑上进行一些简单操作，只想测测他们的能
力。
perform：to do an action or piece of work

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would
13perform on humans if they had the chance.2010 完形
对动物智力的研究也让我想知道，如果有机会，动物会在人类身上做什么实验。
perform what experiments on humans
能做对 13 题，需要掌握：1. 固定搭配 perform experiments; 2. 语法：what experiments 在宾
语从句中充当 perform 的宾语。
I want to know what flowers he would like. (what flowers 再宾语从句中充当了 like 的宾语)。
brighten 使发光、发亮
aid 帮助，援助 C1
rehab 康复治疗
hold a bat 叼着球棒
social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to
16bite?/hold? a pen either with their teeth – thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their
lips, which would produce a disappointed expression. 2011 完形
德国乌兹堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·施特拉克要求志愿者用牙咬住一支钢笔——这样可
以制造不自然的笑容；或者用嘴唇夹住一支笔以产生沮丧的表情。
hold 在真题中考察的是什么含义(来自朗文)
[A]to have something in your hand, hands, or arms 握住，抓住；抱住
[B]to make something stay in a particular position 使〔某物〕保持〔在某种位置上〕
hit a ball 击球
medical workers 医务工作者
Canine Companions has 475 active facility dog teams, and 70 of them now work in a hospital
setting. The organization provides service and facility dogs at no cost. The pups are very eager to
work and please, and they’re very smart. They undergo extensive training, and they learn tasks to
help people, for example, pulling wheelchairs, picking up dropped items or opening doors.
setting n.环境；service 服务；cost n.代价；price
be eager to 渴望的； smart adj.聪明的；
please 使开心、取悦；undergo 经历 C1；
Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture (which is)undergoing a renaissance
today.
夏威夷文化不是过去的遗迹；这是一种活的文化，今天正在复兴。2017 年
extensive 广阔的；
pulling wheelchairs 拉轮椅；
item〔尤指清单上、一群或一组事物中的〕一项，一件，一条
迅速回顾：
perform tasks 开展任务； perform experiments 开展实验；
dozens of 数十个； hold 维持； medical workers 医务工作者；
in a …setting 处于……的环境；either…or…要么……要么……
be eager to do 渴望做某事
command English language 掌握英语； dozens of commands 数十个命令
语法：what+名词，充当宾语从句的宾语。
2020 英语二新题型
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from
the list A — G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41 — 45). There are two extra subheadings,
which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Give compliments, just not too many.

[B] Put on a good face, always.
[C] Tailor your interactions.
[D] Spend time with everyone.
[E] Reveal, don’t hide, information.
[F] Slow down and listen.
[G] Put yourselves in others’ shoes.
Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office
Is it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15
people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers.
You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are
some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.
41. ________
If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try to stay tight-lipped
around them. But you won’t be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found
that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those
who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open
book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal
them, you should just be honest.
42. ________
Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel
the need to tell others how we feel, whether it’s a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a
compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact,
rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions.
Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than
prioritizing your own thoughts.
43. ________
It’s common to have a “cubicle mate” or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition
to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people
around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don’t always see.
Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long
way. This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work
day.
44. ________
Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don’t have to be someone’s boss
to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will
in others. But don’t overdo it or be fake about it. One study found that people responded best to
comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won
somebody over.
45. ________
This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off but it can go a long way to achieving results.
Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for
how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into
important matters, while others are more straightforward. Jokes that work one person won’t
necessarily land with another. So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that
you’re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from
the list A — G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41 — 45). There are two extra subheadings,
which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] Give compliments, just not too many. 给予赞美，但不要太多。

compliment 赞扬话；奉承话
He complained that his husband never paid him any compliments anymore. 她抱怨说丈夫再
也不赞美她了。（complain v. complaint n.）(give/pay compliments)
[B] Put on a good face, always. 总是装出一副好脸色。
put on属于下面哪个含义？
穿，戴：She puts face cream on every night. 她每天晚上都涂面霜。
装出，假装： Why are you putting on that silly voice? 你为什么故意发出那么傻的声音？
[C] Tailor your interactions. 定制化你的互动。

tailor 专门制作，使适应特定需要 We tailor any of our products to your company's specific
needs. 我们可以根据贵公司的特定需求定制产品。
interaction n.互动 social interaction 社交
[D] Spend time with everyone. 花时间和每个人在一起。
[E] Reveal, don’t hide, information. 揭示，而不是隐藏信息。

reveal vt.揭示；hide vt.隐藏；information信息
[F] Slow down and listen. 慢下来，倾听。

slow down减速
[G] Put yourselves in others’ shoes. 设身处地为他人着想。
be in sb's shoes处于（某人）的境地（通常指恶劣或困难的处境）
Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office
Is it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15
people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers.
You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are
some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.
tough 艰难的；much less 更不用说；get along 相处融洽；
just as 在本文第一段” you depend on them just as they depend on you”中是什么含义？在
42 题后面的“Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.”又是
什么含义？含义来自(韦氏字典)
1: to an equal degree as 与……相同程度
Our house is just as nice as theirs.
This one is just as good as that one.
She performs just as well as he does.
2: in the same way as 以与……相同的方式
Just as we hope to be forgiven, so we should forgive others.
Just as I thought/suspected, the door is locked.
on someone’s side 支持某人的观点、立场等。

有可能喜欢上你办公室的每个人吗？想想把 15 个人聚在一起有多难，更别说 50 个人了，他
们都相处得很好。但与友谊不同，你需要同事。你每天和他们一起工作，你依赖他们，就像
他们依赖你一样。这里有一些方法可以让整个办公室的人都站在你这边。
41. ________
have a bone to pick with sb 对…有意见 C2
I've got a bone to pick with you - you've been using my shaver again. 我有件事要和你说—
—你又在用我的剃须刀了。
tight-lipped 口紧的；rate 评估 C1；
either pron.两者中的任何一个
You can get there by train or bus - either way/in either case it'll take an hour. 去那儿你坐火
车和大巴都行——怎么去都得花一个小时。
consistently 一直 adv; frank 坦率的 adj.
hide(hid,hidden)隐藏；trustworthiness 可靠（trustworthy adj）；
painstakingly 精心地；conceal vt.隐瞒；
语篇分析：
1. found 展开了 [A]研究过程；[B]研究结论
2. 定语从句“who were frank about themselves”展开了：[A]原因；[B]结果
3. while 在引出[A]时间关系；[B]对比关系
4. not…but…体现了 [A]类比(比相同)；[B]对比（比不同）
答案：
1. found（find）跟着结论。
2. 定语从句表示原因。
3. while 引导对比关系。
3. not…rather…不是……相反……是一种“对比”解释。
拓展（2015 英语一新题型）：Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly

the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or
"true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to
the world.(43) [G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what
we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we
perceive in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of
background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
41.________
如果你对工作场所的某个人有意见（have a bone to pick with），你可以在他们面前保持沉默
(tight-lipped)。但是你帮不了你们任何一个人(either)。哈佛商学院的一项研究发现，观察者
总是更看重(rate highly)那些对自己坦诚(frank about)的人，而那些隐瞒(hide)真相的人则失去
了可信度(trustworthiness)。这个教训(lesson)不是你应该把你的个人生活公开，而是，当给你
提供关于你自己的细节或者刻意隐藏(conceal)它们的选择时，你应该诚实。
found; while; not…rather…[E] Reveal, don’t hide, information. 揭示，而不是隐藏信息。
42. ________
receptive（对于新思想和建议）乐于接受的，从善如流的 C2(receive 接受)
whether…or…无论……还是……
concern n.担心
stray 零星的，零落的
valid adj 合理的，有根据的；
hear out 听（某人）说完
cause 导致（cause more harm than good 导致弊大于利）
to make something happen, especially something bad（剑桥）
value 在文章中属于下面哪个含义？
价值。For them, the house's main value lay in its quiet country location. 对他们来说，这座
房子的主要优点是地处乡村，环境僻静。
珍视，重视。 I've always valued her advice. 我对她的建议一向很重视。
such as a strong tradition of 16valuing education.2008 年完形
engage 在文章中属于哪层含义
雇用；聘用 [ + to infinitive ] I have engaged a secretary to deal with all my paperwork. 我
雇用了一名秘书来处理我全部的文书工作。
与…攀谈（engage sb in conversation） Once Mrs Kirkpatrick engages you in conversation,
you're stuck with her for half an hour. 一旦柯克帕特里克夫人跟你聊起来，不说上半个小时她
是不会放过你的。
拓展：
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional
element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family
firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 译文：这种变革通过 engage
大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并阻止了效率的降低，这种效率的降低使得许多家
族商行在那些精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代、第三代手中破产倒闭。（element〔尤指遭
团体中其他人非议的〕一伙人 people）
genuine adj.真正的；
back and forth 来回地，来来去去 C2
rather than 而不是
prioritize 优先考虑[处理] The public wants to see the fight against crime prioritized. 公众希
望能把打击犯罪放在第一位。
语篇分析
1. 第一句的 as as 的作用是转折还是承上启下
2. but 之前的内容和 rather than 之后的内容是一件事还是两件事。这种对比类的表达有
什么好处。
1. 承上启下（除了诚实以外，还得接纳他人。）
2. 是一件事。这种对比类的表达在反复强调重点（反说一遍，正说一遍）。
42.________
与诚实对待自己同样重要的是接纳他人。我们经常觉得有必要告诉别人我们的感受，无论是
对一个项目的关注，一个偶然的想法，还是一句赞美。这些都是正确的，但是你也需要花时
间听听你同事的意见。事实上，急于表达自己的想法会让同事觉得你不重视他们的意见。尽
最大努力让同事参与真诚的、来回的对话，而不是优先考虑你自己的想法。
43. ________
day.
common 常见的 B1; cubicle 小房间 mate; confidant 知心朋友，心腹; in a work settingB2 在
工作环境; in addition to： as well (as) 除…之外还; trusted 值得信任的； coworker 同事;
broaden/expand/widen sb's horizons C1 开阔（某人）的眼界;
break 休息；（用茶点的）休息时间； minimal 最小的；
meet up (with someone) to see and talk to someone after making an arrangement to do so 经过安
排后与某人见面并交谈: I'm meeting up with some friends after work.
go a long way: 对于做某事有点帮助[很有帮助] ideas that go some way towards reducing
environmental problems 对减少环境问题有些许帮助的想法;
internal 内部的； network 网络; social network 社交网络
day.
1.cubicle mate, special confidant, those trusted coworkers 的含义相近还是含义不同。
in addition to 体现了作者对读者友好的思维。
2. 为什么“It requires minimal effort and goes a long way.”翻译为“事半功倍”？
3. 本段的中心句是第一句还是第二句？
答案：1. 相近。2. 它需要最小的努力却可以带来很大的帮助。3. 中心句是第二句。
43.________
在工作环境中，有一个“同事”或特别的知己是很常见的。但是除了那些值得信任的同事，你
应该扩大视野，了解你周围的所有人。利用午餐和喝咖啡的时间去见见不常见面的同事。了
解他们工作之外的生活和兴趣。它事半功倍。这将有助于扩大你的内部关系网，同时也是工
作日的一个不错的休息时间。
44. ________
somebody over.
feedback n.反馈；
do a good/bad job 干得出色／糟糕 B2；
exceptional（尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的 B2。
engender 产生；goodwill 善意；overdo 把…做得过头（或过火）C1
fake 假的 C1 ；responded 回应 B2；
shift 改变（主意，立场等） Society's attitudes towards women have shifted enormously over
the last century. 在过去一个世纪中，社会对女性的态度有了巨大的改变。
win sb over 说服（某人）；把（某人）争取过来 He's not sure about the idea, but I'm sure
we'll win him over in the end. 他现在对这一想法还拿不定主意，不过我肯定最后我们能说服
他。
语篇分析
somebody over.
1. 第一句是不是观点句。
2. 转折句是不是观点句？
3. 第一句和后面两句之间是什么关系。转折句和后面一句是什么关系。
4. “comments that shifted from negative to positive”是什么意思？
1. 是的
2. 是的
3. 观点+支持句。
4. 是呼应不要 be fake about 假。褒贬都有，显得真实的赞美。
44.________
任何人听到积极的反馈都很重要。你不一定要成为某人的老板才能告诉他们，他们在某个项
目上做得非常出色。这将有助于他人产生善意。但是不要做得太多或者太假。一项研究发现，
人们对从负面转为正面的评论反应最好，可能是因为这表明他们已经赢得了某人的支持。

45. ________
pull off （车辆）开动; appreciate 理解领会 C2 感谢 B2; watch out for sb/sth 留神，密切注
意; verbalize 用言辞表达; small talk 闲聊，寒暄; dig into; straightforward（人）坦诚的，直率
的;
work 〔艺人〕娱乐〔观众〕；〔政客为获得利益或支持〕取悦〔众人〕 She really knew
how to work a crowd. 她很会逗观众开心。(朗文字典释义 19);
adapt 使）适应，（使）适合; in advance 预先，事先，提前; desired 渴望获得的；预期
的 C2
语篇分析：
1. 如何使用字典发现词组 go a long way to , watch out for, small talk, work,
2. 第一句还是第二句是主题句
3. 作者是如何论证主题句的。类比还是对比。
回答：1. 开放的意识，查字典（带着单词周围的信息，往字典里检索）
2. 第二句是主题句。
3.对比论证（while）每个人的交流风格不一样，要因人而异。
45.________
这一个可能更难实现，但是它对实现结果有很大的帮助。请记住，在与任何同事打交道时，
他们会从互动中得到什么。注意他们如何与他人交流。有些人喜欢在会议中闲聊，然后深入
讨论重要的事情，而另一些人则更直截了当。对一个人有效的笑话不一定对另一个人有效。
因此，根据类型来调整你的风格。提前考虑一下你要打交道的人，以及什么会让你达到你想
要的结果。

复盘：
hear out
much less
not…rather…
whether…or…
have a bone to pick with
back and forth
on one’s side
value education
engage sb. in a conversation
engage sb.
as…as…
just as…
slow down
tight-lipped
frank about
(put oneself) in somebody’s shoes
定语从句
对比论证
go a long way to
watch out for
in addition to
win sb. over
pull off
in dealing with
in advance
small talk
desired outcome
meet up with
expand horizons
coffee breaks
internal network
2017 英语二难度指数 950

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left
column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two
extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald

Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own
made-in-Mexico clothing line.
Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and
further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.
But there is also a different way to look at the data.
Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of
having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and
outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers
every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are
recruiting them with similar or better pay.
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on
wages.“They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of
Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming into the workforce, but
they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,” Mr.
Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its
culture.
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his
father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers.Five
are retiring this year. Mr.Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement
program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the
copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job.
Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before
switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating.” he says.
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle:
parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling
them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They
blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Bright Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a
business development agency for western Michigan.
These concerns aren’t misplaced: employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in
1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the
high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
“The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob
Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There’re enough people to fill the
jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in
between, and that’s where the problem is. ”
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into
manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young
people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live
their lives,” she says.
[A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working

with tools.
41.Jay Dunwell [B]points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need
much skill.
42.Jason Stenquist [C]points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything anymore.
43.Bright Klohs [D]believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers.
44.Rob Spohr [E]says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff
competition.
45.Julie Parks [F]points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into
manufacturing.
[G]says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the
young people’s parents.

manufacturing n.制造业; common adj.常见的
refrainC2 在文章中是什么含义？
[A]vi. 避免；节制 We refrained from talking until we knew that it was safe. 我们缄默不语，
直到确定安全了才开始说话。
[B] n. 一再重复的话；老调 "Every vote counts" is a familiar refrain in politics. “每一票都
重要”是政治上的老生常谈。
not anymore 不再；defend vt.辩护
美国制造业的衰落是一个常见的说法，尤其是唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)的说法。“我
们不再生产任何东西了，”他告诉福克斯新闻频道，同时为自己的墨西哥制造服装系列辩护。
hit
v.打击，侵袭 The village has been hit by a devastating drought. 那个村庄遭受了严重的干
旱。
n. take a hit 〔在某方面〕受到严重影响 The region’s economy will take a hit if the airbase
is closed. 如果该空军基地被关闭，该地区的经济将受到严重影响。
毫无疑问，近几十年来，制造业遭受了重大打击，进一步的贸易协议引发了新的冲击是
否会打击制造业的问题。
before 20hitting a plateau 达到了平台期 2010 考研完形
raise questions 带来问题；shock 冲击
语篇分析
第一段和第二段，哪个是主题段？

答案：第二段是主题

但也有一种不同的方式来看待这些数据。
在全国范围内，工厂主们正在努力应对一个新的挑战:他们不是拥有太多的工人，而是
可能最终人手太少。尽管有贸易竞争和外包，美国制造业仍然需要每年替换成千上万退休的
婴儿潮一代。千禧一代可能对取代他们的位置不感兴趣，其他行业正在以类似或更高的薪酬
招聘他们。
grapple 如何理解？
[A]vi. 扭打，搏斗
[B] grapple with sth phr v 尽力解决，设法理解〔难题〕 The Government has to grapple
with the problem of unemployment. 政府必须尽力解决失业问题。
Instead of 没有
end up 〔尤指经历一系列意外后〕最终处于，到头来
2010 完形 Instead, the studies ended 2up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”,..
2011 排序题 Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which
they entered graduate school.
despite prep.尽管；
a baby-boomer （尤指 1945 至 1965 年间英国和美国）生育高峰期出生的人（同
baby-boomer）
outsourcing 外包，外办〔使用公司外员工的做法〕；replace v 替代；retire vi 退休
recruit v.招募； pay n.工资薪金
语篇分析
第三段和第四段是在分析问题的
[A]另一些原因；[B]方案
答案：原因
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on
wages.“They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of
Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming into the workforce, but
they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,” Mr.
Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its
culture.
对于工厂主来说，这一切都意味着对工人的激烈竞争，以及工资上涨的压力。家族企业
Wolverine Coil Spring 的总裁杰伊·邓维尔(Jay Dunwell)说，“他们很难找到，而且他们也有工
作机会。他们可能会进入劳动力市场，但他们已经被其他行业所吸引，这些行业也和制造业
一样，”邓维尔先生已经开始让高中三年级学生来工厂，这样他们就可以接触到工厂的文化。
add up to sth phr v 总数是；结果是
stiff competition 激烈竞争
upward 升高的，上升的
workforce n.职场；
解救，拯救 pluck sb/sth from/out of sth
Some refugee children were plucked out of the country in a number of mercy missions. 在数
次救助行动中有些儿童难民被拯救出那个国家。
She was plucked from obscurity (= made suddenly famous) by a Hollywood film producer.
她被一位好莱坞电影制片人发掘而一举成名。
junior 〔高中或四年制大学〕三年级(学生)的
get exposed to 接触
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his
father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers.Five
are retiring this year. Mr.Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement
program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.
在他父亲于 1980 年共同创立的电力变压器和焊接设备制造商 RoMan Manufacturing，罗伯
特·罗斯密切关注着他近 200 名员工的年龄。今年有五人退休。罗斯有三名社区大学的学生
参加了一个工作实习项目，开始时薪是每小时 13 美元，两年后涨到 17 美元。
maker 制造商（make 制造）；electrical transformers 电力变压器；welding equipment 焊接设
备制造商；
cofound 联合创始；keep an eye on sth/sb 照看[照料]某物/某人
retire vi.退休； community-college 社区大学；enroll 招（生）；
have sb./sth. done: I had my hair cut. Someone cut my hair.(剑桥)
work placement 工作实习；a starting wage 起薪
提问：
1. a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment 本词组的哪个单词是必须认识的

单词？
2. 退休员工和大学生有什么关系？
回答：1. maker 必须要认识，专业术语可以不用记；2. 大学生是方案。退休员工是问题。
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the
copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job.
Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before
switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating.” he says.
在变压器厂内的一个工作台上，年轻的杰森·斯坦奎斯特(Jason Stenquist)看起来很慌张，他
正在试图组装铜线圈，还有两个访客的到来。这是他工作的第一周。当被问及职业选择时，
他说高中时他考虑过医学院，后来转到了电气工程。“我喜欢使用工具。我热爱创作。”他说。
plant 工厂（2010 完形）；flustered 心烦意乱的（fluster 使心烦意乱）； copper 铜 coil 卷，
圈，盘；
try to do 努力做某事
assemble 在文章中属于以下哪个含义？
[A] 集合 We assembled in the meeting room after lunch. 午饭后我们在会议室集合。
[B] 组装 furniture that is easy to assemble 易于组装的家具
the copper coils （定语从句省略了 that）he’s trying to assemble 他试图组装铜线圈。
搜索自学：当 that 从定语从句中充当宾语时，that 可以省略。
The book that I read is Pride and Prejudice. The book I read is Pride and Prejudice.
and 连接 the copper coils 和 the arrival of two visitors
Asked about=When he is asked about…; choice of career 对职业的选择
consider v 认真考虑; medical school 医学院; switch to 转向; electrical engineering 电气工程
语篇分析：
本段和上一段的关系是？
上一段提到了方案是找大学生。本段提供了例子来支持上一段。
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle:
parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling
them to avoid the factory.
但要赢得这些年轻工人，制造商必须清除另一个主要障碍:父母，他们经历了自大萧条以来
最严重的美国经济衰退，告诉他们不要去工厂。
。
win sb over 通过劝说或示好以〕获得〔某人的支持或友谊〕，把〔某人〕争取过来 We’ll
be working hard over the next ten days to win over the undecided voters. 我们将在接下来的十
天好好努力，把犹豫未决的选民争取过来。
clear vt 清除
hurdle 障碍，困难
overcome / clear / get over etc a hurdle (= deal successfully with a problem) 成功克服困难
lived through 经历困难的情形（或事件） He could never know the pain and fear this child
had lived through. 他永远不会
downturn 衰退，渐入低迷 the continuing economic downturn 经济的持续衰退
avoid 避开；逃避 I try to avoid supermarkets on Saturdays - they're always so busy. 我尽量
避开周六去超市——那时总是人特别多。（考研写作： avoid challenging courses 避开了有
难度的课程）
Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the
manufacturing recession,” says Bright Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business
development agency for western Michigan.
千禧一代“记得他们的父母都被解雇了。他们将其归咎于制造业衰退，”西密歇根商业发
展机构 The Right Place 的首席执行官布莱特·克洛斯说
lay off 下岗；blame 怪罪（blame sth on xx reasons） recession n.衰退
These concerns aren’t misplaced: employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in
1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the
high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
这些担忧并非杞人忧天:制造业的就业人数已经从 1970 年的 1700 万下降到 2015 年的 1200
万。当复苏开始时，工人短缺首先出现在高技能行业。现在中级技能水平出现了短缺。
concern n.担忧;
misplaced 〔信任、爱等情感〕错给不值得的人的（英语一 Such gloominess is misplaced.）;
fall from 数字 1 in 年份 1 to 数字 2 in 年份 2。
recovery n.复苏; shortage 缺乏，缺少(short 短缺的，缺乏的 to be short of space/time 空间／
时间不足);
be short of worker=worker shortage
trade 在文章中的含义是：
[A] 贸易 The country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years. 该国的
工业品贸易在最近 10 年里扩大了规模。
[B]行业 the building/catering/tourist trade 建筑／饮食服务／旅游行业;
at the xx level 处于 xx 水平
语篇分析：本段和上两段之间的关系是什么？
本段提供数据来支持。
“The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob
Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There’re enough people to fill the
jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in
between, and that’s where the problem is. ”
“差距在于需要技能的工作和需要大量技能的工作，”蒙特卡姆社区学院的商学教授罗布·斯
波尔说。“在麦当劳和其他不需要太多技能的地方，有足够的人来填补职位空缺。这是两者
之间的差距，这就是问题所在。”
the gap between A and B。 A 和 B 之间的差距
take to sb/sth 开始喜欢 The two dogs took to each other immediately and started to play.
where 引导定语从句
语篇分析：麦当劳的例子是为了说明
[A] the jobs that take to skills ;[B] the jobs that require a lot of skill
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into
manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young
people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live
their lives,” she says.
大急流城社区的朱莉·帕克斯指出了吸引千禧一代进入制造业的另一个关键:工作与生活的
平衡。虽然他们的父母满足于长时间工作，但年轻人重视灵活性。“加班对这一代人没有吸
引力。他们真的想过自己的生活，”她说。
key to n/doing 的关键
引诱，诱惑 lure sb into (doing) sth People may be lured into buying tickets by clever advertising.
人们可能会受巧妙广告的诱惑去买票。
content 的含义是：[A]n. 内容；[B]adj.满足的
be content to 满足于
value vt.重视
flexibility 灵活性 Employees expect flexibility in the workplace. 员工们期望能够灵活办公。
overtime 超时工作，加班时间，
attractive 有吸引力的，引起兴趣的 [+to] a political movement that is attractive to young people
吸引年轻人的政治运动
xx 喜欢 yy： yy is attractive to xx.
life 生活的复数 lives。
语篇分析：本段是在提出问题还是方案。
回答：本段是提出方案
复盘：
a common/familiar refrain
end up (with) n/doing
take a (significant) hit
raise questions
stiff competition
grapple with (cure the ills)
not anymore
pluck
be attractive to
lay off
live through
at …level
keep an eye on
blame A on B
lure sb into doing
a gap between
economic downturn
fall from 数字 1 in 年份 1 to 数字 2 in 年份 2
take to
win over
clear a hurdle
the key to + n/doing = the solution to …

2011年TEXT1 英语二
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’ board as an outside director in January 2000; a year
later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently
managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was
under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those
enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the
board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
join A as B 以B的身份加入A; director 董事，理事，经理; become(became)； president 总
裁，校长
rest n.剩余; decade十年；apparently显然地adv.
manage vt.驾驭，控制〔人或动物的行为〕
It’s hard to manage your children and do the shopping. 一边管住孩子一边购物很难。
role角色； both roles（指的是outside director, president）; without没有
attract vt.招引；criticism n.批评；end末尾；
be/come under fire 受到严厉[猛烈]批评〔用于新闻报道〕
Rail chiefs came under fire after raising train fares. 火车票涨价之后，铁路方面主管人员受
到猛烈抨击。
sit：成为（官方组织的）成员；（在…中）任职
I'm going to be sitting on the committee for one more year. 我将再任一年的委员会委员。
compensation 报酬（雇员获得的金钱和其他福利的总和）；board董事会；position职位
payout 大笔付款（pay out）；unremarkable 不引人注意的（字典没有unremarked）；take
up占据
having done发生在主句动作之前：
Having sung a song, he sat down.唱完了歌，他坐了下来。
Singing a song, he sat down.唱着歌，他坐了下来。
Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee
露丝·西蒙斯于2000年1月加入高盛董事会，担任外部董事；一年后，她成为布朗大学的
校长。在接下来的十年里，她显然成功地扮演了两个角色，没有招致太多批评。但是到2009
年底，西蒙斯夫人因为加入高盛的薪酬委员会而受到抨击；她怎么能让这些巨额奖金通过而
不被注意到呢？第二年2月，西蒙斯太太离开了董事会。她说，这个职位占用了太多时间。
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ° .

[A] gaining excessive profits 获得过量的收益
[B] failing to fulfill her duty 没有能够完成她的职责
[C] refusing to make compromises 拒绝作出妥协（反）
[D] leaving the board in tough times 艰难时刻离开董事会（因果倒置）
解题线索：under fire for having sat on （词组为王：under fire, sit on committee）
（趣味阅读：The trouble began in December, when Ms. Simmons’s long tenure on

Goldman’s board — which, until then, it seems, had gone virtually unnoticed at Brown —
suddenly came to the fore. Dr. Simmons, it turned out, was among the 10 people who decided how
big those Goldman bonuses would be — including the $9 million payout for the bank’s chairman
and chief executive, Lloyd C. Blankfein.
麻烦始于去年12月，当西蒙斯女士在高盛董事会的长期任期——在此之前，布朗似乎几
乎没有注意到这一点——突然浮出水面。事实证明，西蒙斯博士是决定高盛奖金数额的10
人之一，包括该行董事长兼首席执行官劳埃德·c·布兰克费恩(Lloyd C. Blankfein)的900万美元
奖金。https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/business/02brown.html）
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.
Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is
falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own
crises.
be supposed to应该；We’re supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o’clock. 我们应该在11
点之前从酒店退房。
serve as（对…）有用The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to other drivers. 法
官说此次罚款对其他司机会是一种警告。
yet 更，更甚；又〔强调比之前的更多或更进一步〕He got a call from the factory, telling of
yet more problems. 他接到工厂打来的电话，说是有更多问题出现。
biased偏见的；less biased没有偏见的；adviser n.顾问；firm n.公司
make wealth, make reputation 名利双收；make compromises 妥协；elsewhere其他地方
presumably可能地；independence n.独立； disagree with反对；the chief executive首席执
行官
proposal n.提案
The sky is falling. 天要塌了
A groundless or absurd conviction that some catastrophic consequence is imminent or
underway. 认为某种灾难性后果即将发生或正在发生的毫无根据或荒谬的信念。
Some economists will try to convince you that the sky is falling, when in reality this
downturn is just a normal market adjustment. 一些经济学家会试图让你相信天要塌下来了，而
实际上这种低迷只是正常的市场调整。
share price股价；based on基于； weather the crisis 挺过危机
外部董事被认为是公司董事会中有益的、但不那么有偏见的顾问。他们已经在其他地方
创造了财富和名声，想必他们有足够的独立性来反对首席执行官的提议。如果天塌下来，股
价下跌，外部董事应该能够在度过自身危机的基础上给出建议。
语篇分析：
【主题句topic sentence】Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers on a firm’s board. 【支持1.less biased】Having made their wealth and their reputations
elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s
proposals. 【支持2. helpful】If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ° .

[A] generous investors 慷慨的投资者
[B] unbiased executives 没有偏见的执行官（易错选项）
[C] share price forecasters 股价预测者
[D] independent advisers 独立的顾问（正确选项）
[B]干扰抓住了考生的题本位心态“同义替换是答案”，看到了less biased换成了unbiased。
表面上，executive和文章中advisor顾问是两个人。但是，考生就是忍不住选错了呀，怎
么办呢？
解决方案：文本位（不要只看一句）看完全段，发现了主题句和支持句之间的关系：支
持句1，顾问和执行官会存在意见不合，可见advisor和executive不是一伙人，不能替换，排
除B。支持句1，发现了independence在呼应less biased, 进一步从文章中明确了independent和
less biased是替换。坚定地选择了D。
更深刻的教训：题本位（比如说，同义替换，只看一句）
课后阅读
Paragraph A: Paragraph without Support

Red-Light Running
Although some people think that red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse
than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a deadly crime. Red-light runners cause accidents all the
time. Sometimes people are seriously injured and even killed. It is especially a problem in rush
hour traffic. Everyone is in a hurry to get home, so drivers run red lights everywhere. The police
do not do much about it because they are too busy. The only time they pay attention is when there
is an accident, and then it is too late. In conclusion, running a red light is a serious offense.
A段:无支持的段落
闯红灯
虽然有些人认为闯红灯是一种轻微的交通违规，并不比乱穿马路更严重，但事实上，它
可能会成为一种致命的犯罪。闯红灯的人总是引发事故。有时人会受重伤，甚至死亡。这在
高峰时间的交通中尤其成问题。每个人都急着回家，所以司机到处闯红灯。警察对此无能为
力，因为他们太忙了。他们唯一关注的时候是发生事故的时候，然后就太晚了。总之，闯红
灯是严重的违法行为。
Paragraph B: Paragraph with Support

Red-Light Running
Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than
jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a deadly crime. Red-Iight runners cause hundreds of accidents,
including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in damages. Each year more than 900
people die, and nearly 200,000 are injured in crashes that involve red-light running. Motorists run
red lights all the time. For example, in Fairfax, Virginia, a five-month-Iong survey at five busy
intersections revealed that a motorist ran a red light every 20 minutes. Red-light runners are
seldom caught. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, "Communities don't have
the resources to allow police to patrol intersections as often as would be needed to ticket all
motorists who run red lights"
B段:有支持的段落
闯红灯
尽管有些人认为闯红灯是一种轻微的交通违规，并不比乱穿马路更糟糕，但事实上，它
可能会成为一种致命的犯罪。闯红灯者造成数百起事故，包括死亡和受伤以及数百万美元的
损失。每年有超过900人死亡，近20万人在涉及闯红灯的撞车事故中受伤。司机总是闯红灯。
例如，在弗吉尼亚州的费尔法克斯，在五个繁忙的十字路口进行的长达五个月的调查显示，
每20分钟就有一名司机闯红灯。闯红灯的人很少被抓住。根据高速公路安全保险协会的说法，
“社区没有足够的资源让警察在十字路口巡逻，以对所有闯红灯的司机开罚单”
（朗文）example, statistics, quotation
supporting sentences支持手段题
本段给出了翔实的数据，请结合考研阅读第三段理解。
课后练习：
Group 1
_too specific__ a. A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster.
_too general___ b. Superstitions have been around forever.
_best TS______ c. People hold many superstitious beliefs about the moon.
_incomplete___ d. Is made of green cheese.
Group 2
________ a. The history of astronomy is interesting.
________ b. Ice age people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches in
animal bones.
________ c. For example, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years ago to track the movement
of the sun.
________ d. Ancient people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different ways.
Group 3
________ a. It is hard to know which foods are safe to eat nowadays.
________ b. In some large ocean fish, there are high levels of mercury.
________ c. Undercooked chicken and hamburger may carry E. coli bacteria.
________ d. Not to mention mad cow disease.
________ e. Food safety is an important issue.
Group 4
________ a. Hybrid automobiles more economical to operate than gasoline-powered cars.
________ b. The new hybrid automobiles are very popular.
________ c. Hybrid cars have good fuel economy because a computer under the hood decides
to run the electric motor, the small gasoline engine, or the two together.
________ d. The new hybrid automobiles are popular because of their fuel economy.
Group 5
________ a. The North American Catawba Indians of the Southeast and the Tlingit of the
Northwest both see the rainbow as a kind of bridge between heaven and earth.
________ b. A rainbow seen from an airplane is a complete circle.
________ c. Many cultures interpret rainbows in positive ways.
________ d. Rainbows are beautiful.
________ e. The belief that you can find a pot of gold at a rainbow's end.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms
and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked
which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing
a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors
under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company
will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named
in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent
bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping
off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable
firms.
database 数据库；cover包括; firm公司；check检查；from…to…从……到……；
proxy statement股东委托书；depart v.离开；concentrate on 集中注意力于某事;
surprise + NOUN 名词 a surprise visit 突然拜访；disappearance消失（departing）
从朗文的注释你发现了什么词组？
probability可能性；概率。 probability that
There is a 95% probability that she will not have the disease. 她有95%的概率不会得这种病。
subsequently adv后来；restate vt.〔换一种方式〕重说；earnings 工资，收入；
increase by增加幅度（by）
likelihood 可能(性) SYN probability; class-action集体控告[诉讼] class-action lawsuits 集
体诉讼案件
stock 股份，股票；is likely to 可能做；perform worse 表现更糟；effect n.后果；
tend to do往往；correlation相互关系；suggestive 暗示的；示意的；启发的，引起联想的

(like) rats leaving the sinking ship （就像）老鼠逃离沉船一样〔形容人们在公司、组织
等有麻烦时纷纷离去〕
trade up 以更好的东西取代；买更好的东西；stable稳定的
语法分析：
They found [宾语从句]that after a surprise departure, [宾语从句的主语]the probability [同
位语从句]that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings [宾语从句的谓
语]increases by nearly 20%.
同位语从句，类似于解压缩一个文件。
The idea that Earth is orbiting Sun is popular.
语篇分析：
1. 前半段还是后半段涉及到数据清洗？[A]前半段；[B]后半段
数据清洗(Data cleaning)– 对数据进行重新审查和校验的过程，目的在于删除重复信息、
纠正存在的错误，并提供数据一致性。数据清洗从名字上也看的出就是把“脏”的“洗掉”，
指发现并纠正数据文件中可识别的错误的最后一道程序，包括检查数据一致性，处理无效值
和缺失值等。
2.结论是哪一句？你怎么知道的
3.本段内容证明了：[A]外部董事对公司很重要；[B]外部董事对公司不重要。
1. 前半段；2. 结论句的标志是find; found; finding(s). 3. 外部董事对公司很重要。
俄亥俄大学的研究人员使用了一个数据库，该数据库涵盖了1989年至2004年间超过10，
000家公司和超过64，000名不同的董事。然后，他们只需检查哪些董事从一份委托书一直到
下一份委托书。离开董事会最有可能的原因是年龄，因此研究人员将注意力集中在70岁以下
董事的“意外”失踪上。他们发现，在意外离职后，公司随后不得不重新公布收益的可能性增
加了近20%。在联邦集体诉讼中被点名的可能性也增加了，该股的表现可能会更差。对大公
司来说，这种影响往往更大。尽管他们的离开和随后在公司的糟糕表现之间的关联很有启发
性，但这并不意味着这些董事总是从一艘正在下沉的船上跳下来。他们经常“升级换代”，离
开风险更大、规模更小的公司，去找规模更大、更稳定的公司。
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms
and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked
which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing
a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors
under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability （that the company
will subsequently have to restate earnings） increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being
named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.
The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and
subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are
always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger
and more stable firms.
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’ s surprise
departure, the firm is likely to ° .
[A] become more stable

[B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market
[D] perform worse in lawsuits
[A]反/riskier, smaller firms ; [B]拼凑/the probability increases; [C]正确/the stock is likely to
perform worse.
[D]拼凑/ The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases
“拼凑”专治只看定位替换：
…[主语从句]how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial
influential.
have little to do with
have/be nothing to do with sb/sth 与某人/某事毫不相干；与某人/某事无关
有多少其他人会关注这些人，这件事和起初的影响者无关。
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who____
2010TEXT3
[B] have little contact with the source of influence ×
have little contact with（have little to do with ？？）
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to
their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that
they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside
directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will
follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
have an easy time (of it) 没有问题；很顺心 She’s not been having an easy time of it
financially. 她手头一直不宽裕。
avoid避免；blow n.打击；even if 即便，即使；review n.回顾；
wrongdoing 做坏事；违法犯罪；occur vi.发生
have a tough time (of it) 日子很难过 The family has had a tough time of it these last few
months. 最近几个月这家人日子很难熬。
incentives 刺激；动力；鼓励；Otherwise否则；follow the example of效仿
语篇分析
1. 最后一段是：对外部董事什么态度和对公司的什么建议
2. …Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 是什么意思？
回答：
1. 对外部董事的态度，是支持的。建议公司要留住人才（给钱）。
2. 不是董事去大学教书，而是消防S女士离职（第一段看到，S女士离职，只剩下大学
的职位。）
但研究人员认为，如果外部董事在坏消息爆出前离开公司，他们会更容易避免声誉受到
打击，即使回顾历史表明，在任何不当行为发生时，他们仍在董事会。那些希望在艰难时期
留住外部董事的公司可能需要创造激励机制。否则，外部董事将会效仿西蒙斯，她在校园里
又一次非常受欢迎。
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ° .
[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C] are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D] will decline incentives from the firm
infer推理；attractive offers丰厚的录用；attractive prices 便宜的价格；
be accustomed to (doing) sth 习惯于（做）某事 We were accustomed to working together.

我们习惯了一起工作。stress-free无压力的； decline婉拒
[B] 不法事情事情发生的时候，他们就在董事会，并不意味着是他们干的。they were on
the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.
25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ° .

[A] permissive 纵容的 [B] positive积极的
[C] scornful 鄙视的 [D] critical批判的
第一段：RS 女士的例子。
第二段：外部董事的作用。
第三段：外部董事离开的后果。
第四段：留住人才
为什么考研阅读的态度题几乎都是最后一题？
因为作者往往在最后一段给出态度？
这其实体现了学术思维：观点，是危险的。它需要强有力的支持。论文中，一开始需要大量
引用文献，在论文靠后的位置再出现自己的观点，才比较安全。
复盘：
1 join A as B 以 B 的身份加入 A
2 sit on committee 在委员会任职
3 be supposed to do 应该
4 make wealth and reputations 名利双收
5 come under fire 受到抨击
6 make compromises 做出妥协
7 pay out （大笔）支付
8 weather a crisis 挺过危机
9 take up 占据
10 disagree with 不认可
11 serve as 作为
12 be based on 基于……
13 fulfill the duty 完成职责
14 probability that 可能性（that）
15 trade up A for B 把 A 换为 B
16 have to 不得不
17 tend to do 往往会
18 concentrate on 集中注意力于
19 increase by 增加幅度
20 follow the example of 效仿
21 likelihood of 可能性（of）
22 be likely to do 可能做某事
23 perform worse/better 表现更差/更好
24 be accustomed to noun/doing 习惯于（做）某事
25 have a tough/ an easy time 日子艰难/轻松
语法：
having done
同位语从句
考点：
主句和从句之间的拼凑
形式上是态度题，实际上是主旨题（边读边忘，只记得文章靠后的部分。倒数两段好像不是
好事。）需要全文每天主旨分析。（解决方案在每次课程中的语篇分析，的选择题）
英语一2012TEXT3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be
observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their
work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and
complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life
experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our
experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error,
and self-deception abound.
词汇分析：
idealize to imagine or represent something or someone as being perfect or better than they
really are 把 ……理想化；把 ……视为理想
do science 搞科学；
version 版本，说法；observe facts观察事实；collect facts搜集事实；objective客观的；
scientific method科学方法；use a method使用方法；carry out开展；
practice惯常做法，惯例；习俗 It's common practice in the States to tip the hairdresser. 在
美国通常要给理发师小费。
In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly
common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. 以NBA球员为例，他们身高的增
加似乎是因为从世界各地招募球员的做法越来越普遍。
32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
32.根据课文，下列哪一项对身体成长起关键作用？
[D] Daily exercise.❌ D .日常锻炼。
问题学生在词典上找到一个“基本意思”，不假思索，就把它强加于文章之上。Gu (1994)
take / follow a route (= use a route) 走某条路线 We weren’t sure about which route we
should take. 我们拿不准应该走哪条路线。
ambiguous 不明确的；complicated 复杂的；
aim 打算，计划；想要 [ + to infinitive ] I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35. 我打
算到35岁时成为百万富翁。 We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 50 percent share of the
German market. 我们意图获取德国市场50%的份额。
escape逃跑
context （事情存在、发生的）背景，环境
Prior 在先的，在前的；居先的 The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. 这门
课不要求先前学过西班牙语。
action尤指应对问题或困难的）行动；行动过程；行为We must take action (= do something)
to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas. 在这一问题蔓延到其他地区之前我们
一定要采取行动将其解决。
misinterpretation n.错误理解; deception n欺骗
语法分析：
Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences
mean, and the subsequent actions we take.
What do we experience? What do we think our experiences mean?
What do you like? I know what you like.

the subsequent actions (定语从句省略that) we take
语篇分析：本段中but转折，是否定了第一句的哪个单词？你是如何知道的？
In the idealized version；in the everyday practice
重点转折了objective：理想情况是客观，实际情况做不到客观。
在科学如何运作的理想化版本中，关于世界的事实正等待着客观的研究者们去观察和收
集，他们使用科学的方法来完成他们的工作。但是在科学的日常实践中，发现经常遵循一条
模糊而复杂的路线。我们的目标是客观，但我们不能脱离我们独特的生活经历。先前的知识
和兴趣影响我们的经历，我们认为我们的经历意味着什么，以及我们随后采取的行动。误解、
错误和自欺欺人的机会比比皆是。
题目分析
31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its .
be characterized by具备……特点
[A] uncertainty and complexity 不确定性和复杂性。对
[B] misconception and deceptiveness 误解和欺骗
[C] logicality and objectivity 逻辑性和客观性
[D] systematicness and regularity 系统性和规律性
[B]来自支持句（举例子）不是主题句，在展开过程是不明确和复杂的
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked

mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to
transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which
the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.
Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Consequently 结果，因此，所以
think of A as B：认为A是B； Similar to类似于
claim 声称，指称 claim that Gould rejected claims that he had acted irresponsibly. 古尔德
否认了他的行为不负责任的说法。
stake (out) a claim to say publicly that you think you have a right to have or own something
公开声明（对 ……）拥有所有权 [+to] Both countries staked a claim to the islands. 两国都宣
称对这些岛屿拥有主权。
stake设桩定界；mine v.采矿；potential潜力；
collective 集体的；共同的a collective decision/effort 共同的决定／努力
scrutiny细看，仔细审查 The government's record will be subjected to/come under (close)
scrutiny in the weeks before the election. 政府的所为将在选举前的几个星期接受审查。
transform 使彻底改观；使大变样Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would
instantly transform herself into a radiant star. 每当摄像机对准她的时候，玛丽莲会立刻将自己
变成一个耀眼的明星。
mature 慎重的，经深思熟虑的；credibility 可信性；可靠性；individual个体的
community 〔由有着相同兴趣、宗教信仰等的人构成的〕群体，团体。the business /
academic / scientific etc community 商业界/学术界/科学界等
goal目标；the starting point起点。learning community学习共同体
语篇分析：
1. 本段最后一句说，客观的知识不是起点，那么什么是起点？
2. 第一段和第二段是如何引出主题的？[A]开门见山；[B]转折引出。
拓展学术阅读：
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-esc-wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/placement-of-topic-
sentences/
回答：1. discovery claims是起点。过程是collective scrutiny and acceptance；结果Objective
knowledge
2.主题句是在段落的中间（和2011TEXT1英语二不同，英语二的主题句是在段首。）
很多所谓的“方法论”：常识是错的。不要用你的常识？
但是，对于学生来说，他对文章就是一个总体的感觉，他无法分辨这个感觉是来自于文
章，还是来自于常识。这就好比，很多女生不喜欢渣男，……
问题的本质，不是“常识”，而是尽量读懂文章，不给常识发挥的空间。
因此，发现声明应该被视为原型科学。类似于新划定的矿区，它们充满了潜力。但是，
要将发现声明转化为成熟的发现，需要集体审查和认可。这是一个可信的过程，通过这个过
程，个人研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观认识
是目标，不是起点。
题目分析
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires .

[A] strict inspection 严格的检查
[B] shared efforts 共同努力对
[C] individual wisdom 个人智慧
[D] persistent innovation 持续创新
31题和32题都是考察主题句，且这两段的主题句都是在段中（but）。
很多同学错选A，是因为没有看支持信息！community呼应了collective
支持信息强调的是collective
【主题句topic sentence】Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers on a firm’s board. 【支持1.less biased】Having made their wealth and their reputations
elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s
proposals. 【支持2. helpful】If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ° .

[A] generous investors 慷慨的投资者
[B] unbiased executives 没有偏见的执行官（易错选项）
[C] share price forecasters 股价预测者
[D] independent advisers 独立的顾问（正确选项）
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike
with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social
structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as
gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their
own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and
possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community,
the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the
technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible
discovery.
intellectual pursuit 做学问；intellectual property知识产权
intellectual a.智力的（相关词：academic学术）n. 知识分子；｜take / claim / deserve etc (the)
credit She deserves credit for trying her best. 她尽了最大的努力，应该得到表扬。｜unlike 不
像……，和……不同；complex 复杂的，难以理解的；structure 结构，构造，组织social / political
/ economic etc structure the social structure of organizations 组织的社会结构；｜act 起作用
[+as] The padding acts as a cushion if the player falls or is hit by the ball. 万一球员摔倒或者被
球击中，衬垫可以起到缓冲作用。｜gatekeeper （有权决定谁可以得到资源和机会的）看守
者 The professors act as gatekeepers who determine which students are admitted into the
competitive engineering program. 教授有权决定那些学生可以参加竞争激烈的工程项目。
control 掌握；控制（权）；克制（力）；支配（权）The dictator took control of the country in

1933. 那个独裁者于1933年控制了该国。｜finding 〔调查、研究等的〕结果，结论；｜suit
适合；中 ……的意Whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that suits your needs.
不管您因何贷款，我们都会有满足您需要的贷款。
purpose 目的，意图；accompany v.伴随；
work your way to/through etc something（陈仲凯解释：一步步通过）
a) 缓慢而艰难地移动到某处
From here, we worked our way carefully across the rock base. 从这里，我们小心翼翼地穿
过岩石地基。
b) 通过工作逐渐取得成就
He had worked his way up to head of department.他一步步升到了部门主管。
interaction and confrontation交流和冲突
share 共同拥有〔某种看法、特质或经历〕 share sb’s view / concern / belief etc Other
parents share her belief in the importance of reading. 其他父母和她看法一样，也认为阅读非常
重要。 I believe my view is widely shared. 我相信我的观点为许多人所认同。
shared相同的；competing 相互抵触的；belief 信念，想法，观点；involved相关的
语法：
As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation
between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms
an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
as引导伴随状语从句；主语the interaction and confrontation；谓语transforms
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus. 我下公共汽车的时候看见了彼得。

一旦发现声明公开，发现者将获得学术上的荣誉。但是，与采矿索赔不同，科学界控制
着接下来发生的事情。在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究人员做出发现；编辑和审稿人通过
控制出版过程充当把关人；其他科学家利用新发现来满足他们自己的目的；最后，公众(包
括其他科学家)收到新的发现和可能伴随的技术。随着发现主张在科学界中一步步通过，关
于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和竞争信念之间的互动和对抗将个人的发现主张转化为科学
界的可信发现。
语篇分析：第三段的主题句和第一段第二段的主题句位置是否相似？
回答：是的，都在段中。
Once a discovery claim becomes public【A】, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,
unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the
complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and
reviewers【C】 act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists【D】 use
the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists)
receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. 【 B】 As a discovery claim
works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and
competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s
discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it .
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public 已经引起了公众的注意

[B] has been examined by the scientific community 已经被科学界检验过了（work one’s
way through）
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers 得到了编辑和审稿人的认可
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. 经常被同行科学家引用。
段落主旨
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus
on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward
accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is
new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible
discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and
potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently
provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described
discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But
thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change
their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and
appreciated.
paradox 自相矛盾（的情况）；悖论；tend to往往会；focus on关注；some某个；aspect
方面；
prevailing流行的；incomplete不完整的（complete完整的）；incorrect不正确的；
Little几乎没有；reward n.回报；duplication复制；confirmation n.确认；new-search新探索；
re再；surprisingly奇怪地；potential 可能的；modification n. 修改，更改，改变;
convincing可信的；refutation n. 批驳，反驳〔陈述或观点〕；novelty 新颖；新奇性
provoke vt.引发；appreciate vt.欣赏
语法：请根据what名词从句还原出what特殊疑问句。
Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as "seeing
what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else
has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.
答案：what has everybody seen; what has nobody thought; what have they missed.
语篇分析：
段首句提到的paradox矛盾、悖论，那么，是什么和什么矛盾？
本段是总分结构。第一句是主题句。有两个分论点。
在整个可信度过程中存在两个悖论。首先，科学工作倾向于关注被认为不完整或不正确
的流行知识的某些方面。重复和确认已知和已信的东西几乎没有回报。目标是新的搜索，而
不是重新搜索。毫不奇怪，新发表的发现声明和可信的发现，看起来是重要和令人信服的，
总是会受到未来研究人员的挑战和潜在的修改或驳斥。第二，新鲜感本身经常引起怀疑。诺
贝尔奖获得者、生理学家阿尔伯特·森特-捷尔吉(Albert Szent-gyr gyi)曾将发现描述为“看到所
有人都看到的东西，思考没有人想到的东西。”但是，思考别人没有思考过的问题，告诉别
人他们错过了什么，可能不会改变他们的观点。有时，真正新颖的发现需要数年时间才能被
接受和欣赏。
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus
on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward
accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is
new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible
discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and
potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently
provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described
discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But
thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change
their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and
appreciated.
34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that .艾伯特·森特-捷尔吉很可能同意
这一点。
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges科学声明将经受住挑战❌
[B] discoveries today inspire future research今天的发现激励未来的研究 ❌
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified做出发现的努力是合理的
[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind科学工作需要批判的头脑
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what
philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together,
challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason."
最终，可信度“发生”在一个发现声明上——这一过程符合哲学家安妮特·拜尔(Annette
Baier)所描述的“精神公地”。“我们一起推理，挑战、修正和完善彼此的推理和彼此的理性概
念。”
correspond 符合；相一致
[+with/to] The numbers correspond to points on the map. 这些数字与地图上的各点相对应。
reason v.推理
语法分析：
a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the
mind.
a process corresponds …
What has philosopher Annette Baier described as the commons of the mind?
describe A as B
eg. what have you considered as your priority?
I agree with what you have considered as your priority. 我认同你所认为的优先（事项）。
35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. 新奇是科学发展的引擎。(第四段第一
个分论点)
[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. 科学发现中的集体审查。（第二段：方案）
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. 做科学的可信度的进化/演变（process）
[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.可信度的挑战（第一段：问题）
命题技巧：出题人用段落主旨来干扰文章主旨
Evolution 演变，发展
迅速回顾：
do science
take action
carry out
observe facts
prior knowledge
follow a route
transform…into…
common practice
stake a claim
think of a as B
act as
intellectual credit
social structure
describe A as B
suit …purpose
work your way to/through
share one’s view
call for
ecstacy77
英语二2013TEXT1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from
cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill
has only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog，and the dog is
there to keep the man away from the machines. ”
在一篇题为《在美国制造》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲述了一个关于现代纺织厂自
动化程度的笑话:如今普通的纺织厂只有两个员工，“一个男人和一条狗”。人在那里喂狗，
狗在那里让人远离机器。”
essay文章；
entitle vt.给…命名，给…题名；
relate vt.有以下两层含义，请问在本文中是什么含义？
[A]找到联系；证明…有联系 We need to explain why these issues are important and relate
them to everyday life；
[B]讲述；叙述；讲 She related the events of the previous week to the police. 她对警方讲述
了上个星期发生的事情。
textile纺织物；织物；mill制造厂，工厂 a cotton/paper/steel mill 棉纺／造纸／炼钢厂
automate使自动化；average 普通的；平常的；中等的；一般的
feed vt.喂食
语篇分析：
第一段是一个：[A]quotation; [B]illustration(a longer example); [C]both
Mr. Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the
point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class
incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it
is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information-technology revolution,
which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
a number of几个，若干 I decided not to go, for a number of reasons. 我决定不去，有几个
理由。
piece（艺术家、音乐家或作家的）作品；篇，段，首，幅 Did you read that piece (= article)
in the newspaper? 你看报纸上的那篇文章了吗？
make a point of doing sth C1一贯注重；重视，特别注意 She makes a point of keeping all her
shopping receipts. 她总是把所有的购物发票都保留下来。
stubborn顽固的，执拗的，倔强的；
demand n.需求；Recession衰退；
advance n.进步，进展 technological / scientific / medical etc advance one of the great
technological advances of the 20th century 20世纪伟大的科技进步之一
ever: at any time 在任何时候；从来；
replace vt.代替；取代；接替；替换 The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. 这
家工厂用机器人取代了大多数工人。
labor工人；
语法：
the reason（定语从句） we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining
middle-class incomes today
语篇分析：
1. but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the

information-technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with
machines or foreign workers.
定语从句是如何呼应前面半句话的？
machines呼应前面的information-technology revolution；foreign workers呼应前面的
globalization。
2. 第一段的例子对应了第二段所提到的
[A] Great Recession ;[B] globalization [C] information-technology revolution
戴维森的文章是最近出现的一些文章之一，这些文章指出，我们今天失业率居高不下和
中产阶级收入下降的原因主要是因为大衰退导致的需求大幅下降，但也是因为全球化和信息
技术革命的进步，这些进步比以往任何时候都更快地用机器或外国工人取代了劳动力。
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate ° . 第一段的笑话是用来说明的
[A] the impact of technological advances技术进步的影响（对应）
[B] the alleviation of job pressure工作压力的减轻（无中生有）
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills纺织厂的萎缩（员工数量萎缩而不是纺织厂萎缩）
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes 中产阶级收入的下降（不对应）
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle,
But,today,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t
when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap
foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore,
everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in
whatever is their field of employment.
past n.过去；do a job/ do science;
average
一般水平；一般水准；平均The quality of candidates was (well) below/above average. 这些
候选人的素质（大大）低于／高于一般水平。
普通的；一般的；中等的 The food was fairly average (= not excellent, although not bad). 那
里的食物很一般。
earn 挣（钱）；挣得；赚得；You can't expect to earn a living (= be paid enough money to live
on) from your painting. 你不能指望靠画画来维持生计。
lifestyle 生活方式；
officially adv官方地；正式地；used to do过去常常……；
access 进入权；使用权；接触的机会 [+to] Cats should always have access to fresh, clean
water. 应该让猫总能喝到新鲜、干净的水。
value contribution价值贡献；
automation自动化；
extra 另外收费的事物Be careful, there may be hidden extras (= additional charges which
you are not told about). 要当心一点，可能会有隐藏的额外费用。
stand out出众：We had lots of good applicants for the job, but one stood out from the rest. 我
们这个职位的申请者有很多都不错，但是其中一个人格外出众。
whatever 无论什么，不管什么 Whatever I suggest, he always disagrees. 无论我提什么建
议，他总是不同意。
field of employment工作领域；
语篇分析：
本段是“问题和方案”的脉络，从哪句话开始出现了方案？
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle,
But,today,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t
when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap
foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore,
everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in
whatever is their field of employment.
回答：最后一句
过去，技术一般的工人，做着一般的工作，可以获得一般的生活方式，但是，今天，平
均已经正式结束了。平庸只会让你赚不到以前的钱。当如此多的雇主有如此多的机会获得如
此多高于平均水平的廉价外国劳动力、廉价机器人、廉价软件、廉价自动化和廉价天才时，
它不可能。因此，每个人都需要找到自己的额外价值——他们独特的价值贡献，让他们在自
己的就业领域脱颖而出。
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to ° . 根据第3段，要成
为一名成功的雇员，你必须
[A] adopt an average lifestyle 采取普通的生活方式（问题）
[B] work on cheap software 开发廉价软件（问题）
[C] ask for a moderate salary要求中等的薪水（问题）
[D] contribute something unique贡献一些独特的东西（方案）
work on sth 有以下两层含义，就出题选项而言，属于哪种含义？
[A]从事，致力于 He has spent the last two years working on a book about childcare. 过去两
年来他一直致力于撰写一本育儿书。
[B]努力提高，努力实现 A trainer has been brought in to work on her fitness. 请来一位教
练帮她健身。
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an
acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U. S. ]factories shed workers
so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every
three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total -disappeared. ”
eat 大量消耗 This car eats petrol. 这车太耗油了。
has been doing现在完成进行时
acceleration加速 The acceleration in the decline of manufacturing industry began several

years ago. 制造业的加速衰退从几年前就开始了。
note 特别提到；指出 note that The judge noted that Miller had no previous criminal record.
法官指出米勒没有犯罪前科。
end 结束，停止 World War II ended in 1945. 第二次世界大战于1945年结束。
shed （get rid of）去除，摆脱〔不需要或不想要的东西〕 The company is planning to shed
about a quarter of its workforce. 这家公司正计划裁减约四分之一的人员。
so...that..太……以至于……
erase 消除，消灭 Their dream is to erase poverty and injustice from the world. 他们的梦想
是消除世上的贫困和不公。
gain 〔数量或水平的〕增加；previous 以前的，先前的；roughly 粗略地，大致上
one out of every three students 每三个(個)学(學)生中的一个(個) （柯林斯）
manufacturing制造业（大批量生产商品的行业）；million 百万；
in total There were probably about 40 people there in total. 总共可能有40人左右。
语法分析：
“In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U. S. ]factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost
all the gains of the previous 70 years;…
结构是： so…that…结果状语从句
难点是： gain数量的增加，指的是工人岗位的数量。
语篇分析：
本段话的支持手段：[A]数据；[B]引用；[C]两者都有
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. 【主题句】But there’s
been an acceleration. 【支持句开始】As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.
S. ]factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years;
roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total -disappeared. ”
是的，新技术一直在蚕食工作岗位，而且将永远如此。但是有一个加速度。正如戴维森
指出的，“在截至2009年的10年里，美国工厂裁员速度如此之快，几乎抹去了之前70年的所
有收益；大约三分之一的制造业岗位——总共约600万个——消失了。
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ° .

[A] gains of technology have been erased 文章中的gain针对的是岗位而非技术，应改为
gains of jobs…
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed 主题句（正确）
[C] factories are making much less money than before 无中生有
[D] new jobs and services have been offered 定位到第五段去了
试比较不同作者对于支持细节的理解：
作者 1: Writing Academic English, Alice OShima, Longman
There are several kinds of specific supporting details: examples, statistics, and quotations.
作者 2: Building a Speech, Sheldon Metcalfe, Community College of Baltimore county
Chapter 9 Choosing Supporting Materials 141
MAKING THE APPROPRIATE SELECTION 142

STATISTICS, POLLS, AND SURVEYS 142
Using Statistics 142
Poll 143
Study 143
Startling Statistics 143
EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATIONS, CASE STUDIES, AND NARRATIVES 144
Using Examples 144

Example 144
Hypothetical Example 145 Illustration 145
Case Study 146
Narrative 147
QUOTATIONS AND TESTIMONY 147
Using Quotations and Testimonies 148 Quotation 148

Expert Testimony 148
Prestige Testimony 149
Personal Testimony 149
There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we
know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will
require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
service n.〔为顾客提供的〕服务；require sb. to do sth 要求某人做某事
for sure确定
语篇分析：
本段提出了问题还是方案？
总会有变化——新工作、新产品、新服务。但是有一件事我们可以肯定的是，随着全球
化和信息技术革命的每一次进步，最好的工作将要求工人接受更多更好的教育，使他们超越
平均水平。
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support
employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the
21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
some某个；bill法案；ensure 确保，保证ensure (that) The hospital tries to ensure that people
are seen quickly. 这家医院尽量确保人们可以迅速就诊。
nothing would be more important than…没有什么会比……更重要，……最重要。
语篇分析：
最后一段是：举例子。
在一个平均水平正式结束的世界里，我们需要做许多事情来支持就业，但没有什么比通
过某种21世纪的G. I .法案更重要的了，该法案确保每个美国人都有机会接受高中后教育。
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ° .

根据作者的观点，要减少失业，最重要的是
[A] to accelerate the I. T. revolution 加速信息技术革命（问题）
[B] to ensure more education for people 确保人们接受更多的教育（方案）
[C] to advance economic globalization 推进经济全球化（问题）
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century 在21世纪通过更多的法案（扩大范围）
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect新法律生效 [B] Technology Goes Cheap技术变得便宜
[C] Average Is Over 平庸时代已经结束 [D] Recession Is Bad衰
退是不好的
第一段和第二段的关系：[A]from general to specific; [B]from specific to general

1.在一篇题为《在美国制造》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲述了一个关于现代纺织厂自动
化程度的笑话:如今普通的纺织厂只有两个员工，“一个男人和一条狗”。人在那里喂狗，狗
在那里让人远离机器。”
2. 戴维森的文章是最近出现的一些文章之一，这些文章指出，我们今天失业率居高不下和
中产阶级收入下降的原因主要是因为大衰退导致的需求大幅下降，但也是因为全球化和信息
技术革命的进步，这些进步比以往任何时候都更快地用机器或外国工人取代了劳动力。
第五段和第六段的关系：[A]from general to specific; [B]from specific to general

5.总会有变化——新工作、新产品、新服务。但是有一件事我们可以肯定的是，随着全球化
和信息技术革命的每一次进步，最好的工作将要求工人接受更多更好的教育，使他们超越平
均水平。
6.在一个平均水平正式结束的世界里，我们需要做许多事情来支持就业，但没有什么比通过
某种 21 世纪的 G. I .法案更重要的了，该法案确保每个美国人都有机会接受高中后教育。
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ° .
根据作者的观点，要减少失业，最重要的是
[B] to ensure more education for people 确保人们接受更多的教育
1.In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from
2.Mr. Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the
3.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average
lifestyle, But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to.
It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average
cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.
Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them
stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
4.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an
acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U. S. ]factories shed workers
so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every
three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total -disappeared. ”
5.There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we
know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will
require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
6.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support
employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the
21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
总结：第一段：具体；中间概括；最后一段：具体
拓展学术阅读：
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-esc-wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/placement-of-topic-
sentences/
复盘：
relate a joke
make a point of doing sth
stubbornly high
replace A with B
above/below average
have access to
extra
used to do
be used to doing
work on
stand out
for sure
ensure that
shed workers
note that
in the 10 years ending in 2009
require sb. to do
语篇分析：三个支持手段；specific—general
general-specific
2010TEXT1 Of all the changes that have taken place in most big city newspapers, perhaps the
most far-reaching would be the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of arts coverage.
2020TEXT3 英语一
1. Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the
playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits
only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
progressives 和 mandate 分别是什么词性？
progressive 进步人士；革新派人士; diversity 多样性，多样化;

mandates 〔给某人或某机构的〕授权令，命令，训令
equality 平等；
level the playing field : to make a situation in which people are competing fair, with no one having
special advantages 创造公平竞争的局面
all too 非常，甚〔用于表示不好的情形〕All too often it’s the mother who gets blamed for her
children’s behaviour. 孩子的行为问题往往都归罪于母亲。
insincere 不诚恳的，虚伪的（sincere）
virtue signalling 释放美德信号（指通过社交媒体，以某种言论显示自己站在道义一方）Virtue
signalling is the popular modern habit of indicating that one has virtue merely by expressing
disgust or favour for certain political ideas or cultural happenings. 释放美德信号是现代常见的
一种行为，即仅仅通过表达对某些政治思想或文化事件的厌恶或赞成来表明自己有美德。
privileged 〔因为有钱有势而〕有特权的 underprivileged Students from a privileged
background have an advantage at university. 出身于特权阶层的学生在大学里具有优势。
little 几乎没有
语篇分析
作者：[A]直接提出观点；[B]先阐明反方观点，再提出自己观点
1.进步人士通常支持多样性要求，认为这是通向平等和公平竞争的途径。但是，这些政策往
往是一种不真诚的美德——只让最有特权的人受益，对普通人没有什么帮助。
2010-3， 2019 新题型
2. A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro
Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in
point.
2.马萨诸塞州参议员贾森·刘易斯和众议院临时议长帕特里夏·哈达德提出了两项法案，以确
保董事会和委员会中的“性别平等”，这就是一个很好的例子。
sponsor
[A]赞助，资助〔体育赛事、演出、团体等〕 The competition was sponsored by British Airways.
此项比赛由英国航空公司赞助。
[B] 倡议，支持〔法案〕
替换：第一段的 support 第二段的 sponsor；第一段的 mandates 第二段的 bills
ensure 确保，保证；
parity 〔尤指薪金、权利或权力的〕相同，相等，同等 equality [+with] Women workers are
demanding parity with their male colleagues. 女职工在要求与男同事享有同等的待遇。
a case in point 佐证；例证 Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a
case in point. 缺乏交流会导致严重问题，他们的婚姻就是个明证。
board 局，部，委员会〔用于机构名称〕 the New York State Board of Elections 纽约州选举
委员会
语篇分析：
第二段和第一段之间的关系：[A]第二段提供了一个例子；[B]第二段是提供了新观点
2. A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro
Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in
point.
31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will .
[A] help little to reduce gender bias
[B] pose a threat to the state government
[C] raise women’s position in politics
[D] greatly broaden career options
31.作者认为刘易斯和哈达德发起的法案会。
[A]无助于减少性别偏见
[B]对州政府构成威胁
[C]提高妇女在政治中的地位
[D]大大拓宽职业选择
3. Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than
40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have
proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will
be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
哈达德和刘易斯担心一半以上的州政府委员会中女性比例不到 40%。为了确保精英女性有
更多这样的机会，她们提议实行政府配额。如果这些法案成为法律，各州委员会将被要求在
2022 年前为女性留出 50%的委员会席位。
elite 出类拔萃的，精锐的；propose 提议，建议；impose 强制推行；强制实行
quota 定额；限额；配额。
set aside 留出，拨出（时间、金钱等）；seat 〔政府、正式组织的〕席位
mandates；bills；quotas
语篇分析：
第三段是展开法案内容
4. The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the
first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California
Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,
is probably unconstitutional.
4.这些法案类似于加利福尼亚州最近采取的一项措施，该州去年成为第一个要求私营公司性
别配额的州。加州州长杰里·布朗在签署这项法案时承认，这项法律明确地根据性别对人们
进行分类，这可能是违反宪法的。
be similar to 类似于；measure 措施；adopt vt.采用；
sign 签（名），署（名）；在……上签字
expressly 明确地，确切地；classify 将……分类；
on the basis of 因为某事物，在某事物的基础上 discrimination on the basis of sex 性别歧视
constitution 宪法；
词汇节选（小打卡）
possible ['pɒsɪb(ə)l] a. 可能的；合理的
probable ['prɒbəb(ə)l] a. 很有可能的；n. 可能获胜的人或动物
The probable cause of the fire was faulty wiring.
起火的原因电路故障。
probable 大于 likely 大于 possible
语篇分析：
第四段呼应一二三段，还是仅仅第三段？
回答：呼应一二三段。因为法案的本质相似（第四段呼应二三段），对法案的反对态度也是
相似（第四段呼应第一段）
4.这些法案类似于加利福尼亚州最近采取的一项措施，该州去年成为第一个要求私营公司性
别配额的州。加州州长杰里·布朗在签署这项法案时承认，这项法律明确地根据性别对人们
进行分类，这可能是违反宪法的。
5. The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address
an “important” policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there
is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional
guarantee of “equal protection.”
5.美国最高法院不赞成基于性别的分类，除非它们旨在解决“重要”的政策利益。因为加州法
律适用于所有董事会，即使没有歧视史，法院也可能裁定该法律违反了“平等保护”的宪法保
障。
frown on/upon sb/sth phr v 不赞成，反对〔尤指某人的行为〕 Even though divorce is legal, it
is still frowned upon. 离婚尽管合法，但依然不被认同。
design 〔为特定目的〕计划，设计 be designed to do sth These exercises are designed to
strengthen muscles. 这些运动是为增强肌肉力量而设计的。
address vt 解决；apply to 适用于；prior 之前的，先前的
violate 违背，违反；侵犯 Thirty-four protesters were arrested for violating criminal law. 34 名
抗议者因违反刑法而被逮捕。
guarantee 保证，担保 [+of] I’m afraid there’s no guarantee of success. 恐怕不能保证一定会成
功。
rule 判定，裁定〔尤指法律问题〕 rule that The judge ruled that she should have custody of the
children. 法官判定孩子的监护权归她。
语篇分析：
第五段（violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection.”）是展开第四段
（unconstitutional）
5. The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address
an “important” policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there
is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional
guarantee of “equal protection.”
32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
[C] It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
32.关于加州的措施，以下哪一项是正确的？
[A]这激怒了私营企业主。
[B]它受到最高法院的欢迎。
C .这可能违反宪法。
D .它将解决先前的争议。
6. But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards
may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
但是，这样的政府指令真的有必要吗？女性在公司董事会中的参与度目前可能无法反映女性
在总人口中的比例，但那又如何呢？
mirror 反映；
语篇分析：反问体现出了作者的反对态度。
7. The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government
interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015, the share of women on the
boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
interference 干涉，干预；介入；share 份额
7.在没有政府干预的情况下，公司董事会中的女性人数一直在稳步增加。根据 Catalyst 的一
项研究，2010 年至 2015 年间，全球公司董事会中的女性比例增加了 54%。
语篇分析：本段的支持手段是：[A]例子；[B]数据
7. The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government
interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015, the share of women on the
boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate .

[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations
[D] the needlessness of government interventions
arbitrary 任意的；专横的，武断的；needless 不必要的；
interventions 干涉，干预，介入 government intervention to regulate prices 政府介入以控制物
价
33.作者提到了 Catalyst 的研究来说明。
[A]董事会武断决定的危害
[B]宪法保障的重要性
[C]全球公司中女性面临的压力
[D] 政府干预的不必要性
思考：介词（without）是否重要？
8. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will
inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when
Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
primary 最重要的，主要的；qualification 〔通过考试或学习课程取得的〕资格，学历
membership 会员身份，成员资格；
inevitably 必然地，不可避免地 The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions. 该决定
必然导致政治局势的紧张。
private sector 私营部门；adopt an approach/policy/attitude etc 采用某种方法/政策/态度等；
nationwide 国性的，全国各地的
语篇分析：
第七段和第八段的关系：[A]层层递进，态度越来越强烈。[B]并列，态度持续温和。
8.要求公司将性别作为董事会成员的首要资格，将不可避免地导致私营部门董事会缺乏经验。
这正是挪威在全国范围内实行公司性别配额时发生的情况。
8. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will
inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when
Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
34. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to .

[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role 反（实：让更多的没有经验的女性加入）
[B] the objection to female participation on boards 反（实际：让更多女性参与）
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board （less experienced）
[D] the growing tension between labor and management 无中生有
34.挪威在全国范围内采用公司性别配额，导致。
[A]对精英女性角色的低估
B .反对女性加入董事会
[C]不合格的候选人进入董事会
[D]劳资之间日益紧张的关系
不要自废武功！很多学生是怕“看多了做不对”，实际上“看多了更全面更准确更能做对”，
那些声称没有时间看完的同学，本质上是词组掌握少了，看了又看也看不懂，耗费时间，你
就是给他双倍的时间，也不会改变他的基础弱和依然做错题的本质。
Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for
board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led
to a"golden skirt"phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of
boards.
Alice Lee 在《新共和》中指出，增加董事会成员的机会而不增加合格女性的数量导致了“金
裙子”现象，即同一批女性在各种董事会中占据多个席位。
serve on 任职；scoop up 迅速占据；
pool 共享人员；As unemployment rises, the pool of cheap labour increases. 随着失业的上升，
廉价劳动力的数量也在增加。
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that
such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to
help average women.
self-serving 自私的
下一次有人推动企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式时，请记住，这种政策在很大程度上
是自私的措施，让其赞助商感觉良好，但对普通女性几乎没有帮助。
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A] Women’s needs in employment should be considered.反（实：被过度地考虑了。）
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking. （配额政策不可行，反对政策。议

论文）
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.（不是政府角度，而是公民角度）
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.（没有体现出政策的错误）
35.从课文中可以推断出下列哪一项？
[A]应该考虑妇女的就业需求。
[B]可行性应该是政策制定的首要考虑因素。
[C] 每个人都应该努力促进社会公正。
[D] 主要的社会问题应该是立法的焦点。
第一段：提出反方观点，作者表示反对这个观点。
第二三段：给出第一个例子。
第四五段：给出第二个例子。
第二个例子直接给出来反对（州长说违宪，最高法院反对），第二个例子比第一个例子的反
对态度更强烈。
第六段：反问，质疑政府政策。
第七段：没有政策，不影响女性。
第八段：有了政策，伤害董事会质量。
第八段比第七段的态度更为剧烈。
作者的写作风格：递进。
2012-1
同伴压力。社会治疗
复盘：
all too
level the playing field
a case in point
on the basis of
set aside
be designed to
rule that
frown on
apply to
an insincere form of virtue-signaling
be similar to
scoop up
inevitably lead to
private sector
gender equity
serve on
支持手段（数据、例子、引证）和论点要结合看
2020TEXT2
1.Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to
publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists
perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the
acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
publishing 出版业（advertising 广告业；manufacturing 制造业）long 长久地，长期地；
journal 期刊；monetary 货币的，金融的；perform 做，执行，履行，实行〔尤指有难度或
有用的事〕 carry out；specialized 专门的；专用的；peer review 同行评审；for free 免费
element 基本部分；要素；
acquisition 在文章中的含义是
[A] 〔知识、技能的〕获得，习得
[B]〔土地、权力、金钱等的〕获得，得到
1.科学出版长期以来一直是印钞的许可证。科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究，所以他们会
无偿提供文章。其他科学家也免费从事同行评议的专业工作，因为这是获得地位和产生科学
知识的核心要素。
status 〔人、团体、国家等的〕法律地位，身份，状况
语篇分析：
1. 首段第一句和其余句子之间的关系是：[A]观点句+原因解释；[B]观点句➕结果解释
2. 首段主要展开了：[A]成本低；[B]销售多
1. 第二句：…so…; 第三句：because
2. 第二句：without monetary reward; 第三句：also for free
1.Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to
publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists
perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the
acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because .科学出版
业被视作“摇钱树”的部分原因是：
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase 资金在稳步增长（无中生有）
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful 营销策略很成功（首段提到了进货而非卖货）
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced 同行评审的费用减少（零成本，而非减少）
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing 内容获取免费（替换了第二句）
D 项是对的，但是，还可以有什么内容成为正确选项？
the assessment of content costs nothing
所以，没有什么是“定位准就能做对”，首段的最后一句也可以成为正确选项。
题干的亮点是“partly”,这就暗示了原因不止一个。
2.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only to find a market for its
journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers
routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the
publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
content 〔信、书等的〕内容 [+of] She kept the contents of the letter a secret. 她对这封信的内
容保密。
secure 在文章中的含义：
[A]vt.〔尤指经过大量努力〕获得，得到；[B]adj. 稳固的，可靠的，稳定的
library 图书馆；routinely 惯常地，例行地 regularly；
margin 利润，赚头 Within 10 years they had a gross profit margin of 50%. 10 年里他们的毛利
率达到了 50%。
approach 走近；靠近；接近；operation 经营；业务；exist v.生存；
语法：
with + 名词+分词：1. 伴随；2. 原因
例句一：With homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip
half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.家庭作业所占学业成绩的
比例不能超过 10%，学生就能轻易地逃避一半的家庭作业。2012TEXT1 英语二
例句二：...a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face. 一位
男士一边吃早餐，一边埋头看报纸。2010TEXT2 英语二
语篇分析：第二段展开了出版机构的[A]成本低；[B]销售多
2.由于论文的内容是免费的，出版商只需要为它的杂志找到一个市场。直到本世纪，大学图
书馆对价格并不敏感。科学出版商经常报告其业务利润率接近 40%，而此时出版业的其他
行业正处于生存危机之中。
3.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the
world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than
£210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures
seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
Springer
claim 声称；断言；主张；alone adv 单独，独自；access 存取，获取〔尤指计算机数据〕
publicly 由政府进行[控制]地 a publicly funded health service 由政府出资的医疗保健服务
despite 尽管，虽然，任凭；figure 〔尤指官方公布的〕数据，数字；desperate 〔为了改变
糟糕境遇而〕不惜冒险的，拼命的，绝望的；
3.荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称发表了世界上 25%的科学论文，去年利润超过 9 亿英镑，而仅英国
大学在 2016 年就花费了超过 2.1 亿英镑，以使研究人员能够获得他们自己的公共资助研究；
这两个数字似乎都在不可阻挡地上升，尽管人们越来越不顾一切地试图改变它们。
语篇分析：第三段的爱斯维尔（Elsevier）和英国大学（UK universities）分别呼应了第二段
的什么内容？
seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers like Elsevier have .
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries
[B] gone through an existential crisis (反，拼凑)
[C] revived the publishing industry 无中生有
[D] financed researchers generously （反，拼凑）
27.根据第二段和第三段，像爱思唯尔这样的科学出版商。
[A]主要依靠大学图书馆繁荣发展
[B]经历了一场生存危机
[C]振兴出版业
[D]慷慨资助研究人员
4.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of
global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every
paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers
passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost
legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
drastic 激烈的，严厉的；突然的; thoroughly 完全; reaction 反应;
emergence 出现；显现 [+of] the emergence of new evidence 新证据的出现
photocopier 复印机; set up 建立，成立，创立〔公司、机构、委员会等〕;
paywall 收费墙〔阻止非付费用户浏览网页内容的设置〕;
pass on 传递〔信息〕;
have oneself done 是个词组吗？
回答：they themselves 是搭配。themselves 自己，自身〔用于强调代词 they、复数名词等〕
ecosystem 生态系统；transform 使改观，使变形，使转化；participant 参加者，参与者
语法分析：
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, 【同位语】
a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, （which was）set up in 2012, 【定语从句】
which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of
Sci-Hub, 【定语从句】which relies on researchers （who pass on）passing on copies 【定语从
句省略 that】they have themselves legally accessed, 【谓语】shows 【宾语从句省略 that】the
legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for
all participants.
语篇分析：
第四段展开了学术出版行业是摇钱树的[A]另一个原因；[B]一个后果
你是怎么看出来的？
回答：展开了后果。根据“reaction”
4.最激烈且完全非法的反应是 Sci-Hub 的出现，这是一种科学论文的全球复印机，成立于 2012

年，现在声称可以访问自 2015 年以来发表的所有付费文章。Sci-Hub 的成功依赖于研究人
员传递他们自己合法获取的副本，这表明法律生态系统已经在其用户中失去了合法性，必须
进行转型，以便为所有参与者服务。
4.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of
global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every
paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers
passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost
legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved. 宽慰的
[B] Puzzled. 困惑的
[C] Concerned. 担心的
[D] Encouraged. 受鼓舞的
通过 must be transformed…看出作者对原有的生态系统提出了整改建议，这暗示着作者不愿
意看到 sci-hub 的崛起。角度二：第四段首句 thoroughly illegal 完全非法，也可以看出。
5.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some
ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published
under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for
a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
move to/towards sth: to change from a particular system, activity, etc. to another: Businesses,
consumers, and governments will have to make big changes in order to move to a low-carbon
economy.
open-access 每个人都可以使用
drive 驱动；推动 C2；body 机构；
term 条件；条款 Under the terms of their contract, employees must give three months' notice if
they leave. 根据合同条款，雇员离职必须提前 3 个月通知公司。
make a profit 赚取利润；place v. 放置，安放，摆；be on general release 上映；公映；
5.在英国，资助机构推动了开放获取出版的发展。在某些方面，它非常成功。现在，超过一
半的英国科学研究是在开放获取条款下出版的:要么从出版的那一刻起免费提供，要么付费
一年或更长时间，这样出版商就可以在全面发布前获利。
...asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth – thereby creating an artificial smile –
or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. 2011 完形
16. bite？ hold？
17. disappointed
语篇分析：
第四段和第五段是提供了不同的方案（盗版免费+正版免费）
6.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have
responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees
to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last
year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had
been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model
resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of
status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases,
we need a rebalancing of power.
work out 在文章中的含义是：
[A] 锻炼身体 Huw works out in the gym two or three times a week. 休每周在健身房锻炼两三
次。
[B] 结果是；算下来 In fact the trip worked out cheaper than we'd expected. 实际上，这次旅行
花的钱比我们预计的少。
respond to 作出反应
charge
[A] （警方）指控，控告 She's been charged with murder. 她被控谋杀。
[B]（尤指对某一服务或活动）收费，要价，开价 How much/What do you charge for a haircut and
blow-dry? 剪发和吹风要收多少钱？
cover vt.
[A] 报道 She's covering the American election for BBC television. 她在为英国广播公司的电
视台报道美国大选。
[B]足够支付。Would £50 cover your expenses? 50 英镑够你花吗？
range 〔价格、水平、温度等〕在某范围内变化〔包括上下限〕There were 120 students whose
ages ranged from 10 to 18. 有 120 名学生，年龄在 10 至 18 岁之间。
point out 指出。 point out that Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not
necessarily a good thing. 一些经济学家指出，低通货膨胀率不一定是好事。
steadily 稳步地，稳定地；rate 速度；model 模型；resemble vt.与…相似
labour n.（尤指）体力劳动；in exchange for sth 交换： I’ve offered to paint the kitchen in
exchange for a week’s accommodation. 我提出愿意粉刷厨房，条件是让我免费住一周。
case 〔尤指影响某个人或群体的〕状况，情形，场合；
the balance of power 均势 the European balance of power 欧洲均势
语篇分析：
社交网络的例子是用来：
[A]类比；[B]对比
你是通过什么词（组）怎么看出来的？
6.然而，新系统并没有给大学带来任何便宜。出版商通过向他们的作者收取费用来弥补准备
一篇文章的成本，来回应他们向读者免费提供产品的要求。这些从大约 500 美元到 5000 美
元不等。去年的一份报告指出，订阅费用和这些“文章准备费用”一直以高于通货膨胀的速度
稳步上升。在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社交网络经济:劳动力被免费提供，以换取地
位的希望，而巨额利润则由少数经营市场的大公司获得。在这两种情况下，我们都需要重新
平衡权力。
5.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some
ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published
under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for
a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms .
[A] allow publishers some room to make money
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens
render 使成为；使变得；使处于〔某种状态〕; substantially 大量地，可观地
free [+from]不受限制的。 Newspapers today are entirely free from government control. 如今的
报纸完全不受政府控制。
29.从第 5 段和第 6 段可以了解到，开放存取条款。

[A]给出版商一些赚钱的空间
[B]让科学家更容易发表论文
[C]大幅度降低出版成本
[D] 解除大学的财政负担
…In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:
labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few
big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
30. Which of the following characterized the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status. 反

[C] Costs are well controlled. 读者出钱变成作者出钱，成本是拆东墙补西墙
[D]The few feed on the many.
feed off/on sth 因…而增长；利用…取得成功（或优势） Fascism feeds off poverty. 贫穷
助长了法西斯主义。
feed 〔动物〕以……为食物 Owls feed on mice and other small animals. 猫头鹰以老鼠和
其他小动物为食。
30.以下哪一项描述了科学出版模式的特征？
[A]提供试用订阅。
[B] 劳动战胜了地位。
[C]成本得到了很好的控制。
[D]少数人以多数人为生。
拓展：2018 年英语二
The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of
the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce
when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory
insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It
doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.
他们销售的产品是数据，而我们，用户，为了数字巨头的利益，将我们的生活转化为数据。
就像一些蚂蚁养殖被称为蚜虫的虫子是为了它们进食时产生的蜜露，谷歌养殖我们是为了我
们的数字生活产生的数据。蚂蚁让食肉昆虫远离它们的蚜虫进食的地方；Gmail 将垃圾邮件
发送者挡在我们的收件箱之外。感觉不像是人情或者民主关系，即使双方都受益。
35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .
[A] a win-win business model between digital giants
[B] a typical competition pattern among digital giants
[C] the benefits provided for digital giants’ customers （似乎和观点句高度一致：重合、替换）
[D] the relationship between digital giants and their users
按照“读观点不读例子”的方法论，考生容易误选 C。
35.蚂蚁的比喻被用来说明。
[A]数字巨头之间的双赢商业模式
[B]数字巨头之间的典型竞争模式
[C]为数字巨头的客户提供的好处
[D]数字巨头和他们的用户之间的关系
支持 1：原因 1（零成本）
26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because .
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing
支持 2：原因 2（买家不差钱）数据
提出问题：旧系统遭遇盗版冲击
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[C] Concerned.
提出方案：开放获取（正版免费或过期免费）
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms .
[A] allow publishers some room to make money
类比(问题的局限性，依然成本高，少数吃大多数)
30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[D] The few feed on the many.
27 题和 30 题，都在说明：观点和例子要结合着看。27 题（通过例子定位，但是观点段落是
决定了正确选项），30（例子决定了正确选项）
复盘：
profit margin
they themselves
emergence of
existential crisis
pass on
perform …work
peer review
set up
publicly funded
the rest of
acquisition of
secure the content
work out
under the terms of
the balance of power
in exchange for
point out that
range from…to…
either… or…
make a profit/ make money
feed on
2012TEXT4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.
When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government
workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public
sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of
public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
如果工会成员吉米·霍法今天还活着，他可能会代表公务员。当霍法的卡车司机在1960
年如日中天时，只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会；现在有36%的人愿意。2009
年，美国公共部门的工会成员数量超过了私营部门的工会成员。在英国，超过一半的公共部
门员工加入了工会，但只有大约15%的私营部门员工加入了工会。
union 工会；trade unionist工会成员；represent vt.代表；civil servant公务员；prime 盛年，
壮年时期 in your prime She’s now 40 and still in her prime. 目前她年已四十，依然风华正茂。
belong （to）属于〔某人〕；public sector 公营部门，国营部门；
pass 在文章中是哪层含义？
[A] vi. 前行，穿过 He passed along the corridor to a small room at the back of the building.
他穿过走廊来到大楼后面的一个小房间。
[B] vt. 超过〔某个具体数量〕；The number of unemployed has passed the two million mark
for the first time. 失业人数首次突破两百万大关。
fellow workers/students/countrymen etc同事/同学/同胞等；the private sector 私营部门
the public sector 公营部门，国营部门
语法分析：If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil
servant.
虚拟语气(对现在的虚拟)： if were/did…, would…
You would lose weight if you took more exercise.(British Council)
语篇分析：第一段的支持手段是：[A]例子；[B]数据
给第一段加一个主题句（放在段落最开头）：
[A] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[B] Unions have enlarged their public-sector membership
__________. If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent
civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American
government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in
America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more
than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.
When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government
workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public
sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of
public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that .
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership
[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists

如果是题本位，那么根据题干“learn”得知这是推理题。但是从文本位出发，这是主题
句+支持手段。
36.从第一段可以得知。
[A]卡车司机仍然有大量的成员
[B]吉米·霍法曾经是一名公务员
[C]工会扩大了他们的公共部门成员
[D]政府改善了与工会成员的关系
关于虚拟语气引出的假设性例子（hypothetical example）
Wild Bill Donovan
would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services
in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA wasfascinated with information. Donovan
believed in using whatever tools came to handin the “great game” of espionage-spying as a “profe
ssion.” These daysthe Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books an
d sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
22. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to _______. 2003年
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the U.S
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down
without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and
well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they
now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party,
as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,
owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
公共部门工会蓬勃发展有三个原因。首先，他们可以在不承受太多后果的情况下关闭系
统。第二，他们大多聪明，受过良好教育。四分之一的美国公共部门员工拥有大学学位。第
三，他们现在主导着中间偏左的政治。他们的一些关系可以追溯到很久以前。英国工党，顾
名思义，长期以来与工会主义联系在一起。其现任领导人埃德·米利班德的职位归功于来自
公共部门工会的选票。
thrive vi.兴旺，欣欣向荣；茁壮成长；shut down （使）〔公司、工厂等〕关闭；（使）
〔机器〕停止运转；suffer 遭受（困难）；吃苦头，受损害 Most of us have suffered the
consequences of stupid decisions taken by others. 我们大多数人都承受过因他人的愚蠢决定而
造成的后果。
consequence 后果；bright 聪颖的，聪明的；well-educated 受过良好教育的；知识丰富
的；
A quarter of 四分之一；a university degree 大学学位；dominate 控制，支配，主宰；
left-of-centre 〔政治上〕中间偏左的；tie 〔人、团体或国家之间的〕关系，联系；
go back相识，已认识〔一段时间〕 Peter and I go back 25 years. 我和彼得有25年的交情
了。 We go back a long way (= we have been friends for a long time). 我们是多年的老朋友了。
imply vt.暗示，暗指; associate 联想，联系 associate sb/sth with sth

owe 归功于〔某事〕[+to] Their success owes more to good luck than to careful management.
他们的成功更多靠的是好运气，而不是苦心经营。
vote 投票，选票
语篇分析：本段讨论了工会强大的[A]原因；[B]后果
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down
without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and
well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they
now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party,
as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,
owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. prudent谨慎的
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
37.关于第二段，下列哪一项是正确的？
[A]公共部门的工会采取行动是谨慎的。
B .教育是公共部门工会成员的必要条件。
[C]工党长期以来一直反对公共部门工会。
D .公共部门的工会很少因为他们的行为而惹上麻烦。
很多学生误选了A是因为看到“without…suffer..consequence避免后果？”所以是谨慎的，
实际上问题在于没有搞懂shut down这个词组。
D项需要搞清楚词组 go back a long way, be associated with
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public
Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The
teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on
health care.
在州一级，他们的影响可能更加可怕。加州公共政策研究所的Mark Baldassare指出，该
州的大部分预算由工会监管。教师工会关注学校，CCPOA关注监狱，各种劳工团体关注医
疗保健。
level 水平，水准，程度；fearsome 骇人的；
point out 指出。 point out that Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not
necessarily a good thing. 一些经济学家指出，低通货膨胀率不一定是好事。
budget 预算；patrol vt.巡逻，巡查；
keep an eye on在文章中是下面哪层含义：
[A]keep an eye on sth/sb 照看[照料]某物/某人 Mary will keep an eye on the kids this
afternoon. 玛丽今天下午会照看孩子。
[B]have/keep your eye on sb 监视[密切注意]某人(的举动)
a variety of 各种各样的某事物；health care 医疗保健
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.
But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded"
public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially
pensions that are already generous.
wage薪水；gain 〔尤指靠计划或努力得到的〕好处，利益，改进；
benefit在文章中是下面哪层含义：
[A] 〔政府为病人、失业人士或穷人提供的〕补助金，救济金，津贴；
[B] 〔工作单位提供的〕福利，补贴；保险金
a pay deal 工资协议；modest 不太大的；不很贵的；
文章中“increases”是动词还是名词？
pension养老金；generous慷慨的
supplement / add to your income 增加收入 Ted supplemented his income by doing
part-time work in the evenings. 特德晚上打零工来增加收入。
backload：在财务协议中，安排在约定的时期结束时比开始时支付更多的钱。
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.
But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded"
public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially
pensions that are already generous.
在许多富裕国家，国有部门的平均工资高于私营部门。但真正的收益来自福利和工作实
践。政治家们一再“变相增加”公共部门的薪酬协议，保持适度的加薪，但增加了假期，尤其
是已经很慷慨的养老金。
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is .
[A] illegally secured
[B] indirectly augmented
[C] excessively increased
[D] fairly adjusted
38.从第4段可以得知，国有部门的收入是。
非法担保
B .间接增强
C .过度增加
D .合理调整
关键在于词汇量： benefit；modest；pension；
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously(出题人改成了notoriously)
in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even
though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,
teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
vigorously 强度大地；积极地；oppose vt.反对；阻碍；egregiously 〔错误、失败、问题
等〕极其严重的，令人震惊的；charter school 特许公立学校〔美国的一种在州政府帮助下
由家长、公司等创办的学校〕
academy 研究院；学会；merit pay绩效奖；drawn-out 拖长了的，冗长的a long drawn-out
war against the rebel forces 与叛军打持久战。Even though 虽然，尽管；quality质量；variable

易变的事，可变因素；fight争斗，斗争；get rid of 丢弃某物；毁掉某物；promote 提升，晋
升
get rid of (shed)
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter
schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of
evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have
fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
改革遭到了强烈的反对，也许最令人震惊的是在教育领域，特许学校、学院和绩效工资
都面临着旷日持久的斗争。尽管有大量的证据表明教师的质量是最重要的变量，教师工会一
直反对淘汰差的，提拔好的。
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In
Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline
Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
cost 代价；牺牲（cost to）；clamp down 镇压，压制；rally 集合；召集〔以支持某个
观点、政党等〕
hardline 坚持立场的，执着的；suffer vi.vt.遭受（困难）；吃苦头，受损害
语篇分析：本段和上一段之间的关系：[A]观点和例子；[B]观点A和观点B
答案：观点(Reform has been vigorously opposed)和两个例子（第一个例子是教育领域，
第二个例子是政府部门领域too）
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In
Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline
Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
随着其他所有人的成本越来越清晰，政治家们开始打压。在威斯康星州，工会召集了数
千名支持者反对强硬的共和党州长斯科特·沃克。但是公共部门的许多人也在当前的体制下
受苦。
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions .
[A] often run against the current political system (reform)
[B] can change people’s political attitudes
[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms
[D] are dominant in the government
39.威斯康星州工会的例子表明。
[A]经常与现行的政治制度相抵触
[B]可以改变人们的政治态度
[C]可能是公共部门改革的障碍
在政府中占主导地位
真题回顾：
seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.2020TEXT2
which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers. 英语二
2013TEXT1
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western
civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American
public-sector workers who earn well above $250, 000 a year are university sports coaches and the
president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a
public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for
America.
norm 常态；标准；准则；规范；suit vt.适合；stay put 待在原处，不动；achiever 〔意
志坚定、工作勤奋的〕成功人士；The salaries we offer are well above (= much higher than)
average. 我们提供的薪资远高于平均水平。coach 教练；fat 巨额的；pay packet 工资；For the
rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.（2011年
TEXT1 英语二）reward vt. 酬谢，报答，奖赏；
problem: big / major / serious 重大的/严重的 The school’s biggest problem is a shortage of
cash. 这所学校最大的问题是资金短缺。
语篇分析：最后一段给出了对工会后果的[A]评价；[B]方案
哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的John Donahue指出，西方公务员制度的文化规范适合那些想留在
原地的人，但对有成就的人不利。美国公共部门中年薪远高于25万美元的员工只有大学体育
教练和美国总统。银行家丰厚的薪酬已经招致了很多批评，但是一个不奖励高成就者的公共
部门系统对美国来说可能是一个更大的问题。
40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of .
[A] disapproval
[B] appreciation
[C] tolerance
[D] indifference
40.约翰·多纳休对公共部门系统的态度是。
[A]不赞成
[B]欣赏
[C]宽容
[D]漠不关心
be bad for…a big problem…
分析：所谓的“逻辑推理”是否靠谱？
根据but转折，推理不认识的词组（比如 be under fire）

For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much
criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s
compensation committee;…2011年TEXT1 英语二
除了推理不靠谱以外，联想也不靠谱。比如：我们当然可以说under fire联想“屁股着火
了、后院失火？”被抨击；但也可以联想“火热追捧”，这个人“火了、出名了”都说得通。
Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not
reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. 2012TEXT4
复盘：
shut down
be associated with
go back a long way
suffer the consequence
owe…to…
belong to
keep an eye on
the number…passed…
a university degree
in one’s prime
attract much criticism
the cost to sb.
a big/major/serious problem
merit pay
well above
stay put
fight against/for
clamp down
high achievers
fat pay packet
类比和对比
2005TEXT1
1. Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a
colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even
be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that
other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by
Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been
published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
词汇：
fat [fæt]adj.丰厚的；pay rise 涨薪水；pleasure n.快乐；vanish ['vænɪʃ] vi.〔尤指莫名其
妙地〕突然不见，消失
learn获悉，得知，发现 learn (that) Last week I learned that I was pregnant.
colleague [‘kɒliːɡ] n. 同事；（league n. 联盟）
indeed: 事实上（补充信息以支持）；
将三个选项填入空格中：
[A]indeed [B]for example [C]Another good example of this
翻译：消费者常常冲动型购物仅仅是因为这些物品的陈列方式。 (1)____,在超市，零食
通常放在结账处来诱惑哪些排队疲惫枯燥的人。 (2)____有一些必需品比如衣服，会搭配配
饰比如珠宝。 (3)____购物者通常会惊讶于他们买的东西远超计划。
It is often the case that consumers buy products on impulse simply because of the way they
are displayed. In supermarkets, (1)____, snacks are often situated by the checkout to tempt those
who are tired and bored with queuing. (2)____is when necessities such as clothes are displayed
with matching accessories, such as jewellery. (3)____shoppers are often surprised at how much
more they spend than they had intended.
reputation for 声望；slack [slæk] vi 逃避工作（摸鱼）；outraged [‘aʊtreɪdʒəd] adj. 义愤

填膺的；
regard A as B：认为A是B；all too 非常；underlying [ˌʌndə‘laɪɪŋ]adj. 潜在的；
assumption [ə‘sʌmpʃn] n. 假设（臆断）；[+that] A lot of people make the assumption that
poverty only exists in the Third World.
It assumes, falsely, that ...2010年翻译
Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?
2013TEXT2
广告商是否应该认为人们愿意被跟踪和被发送行为广告？
be capable of 能够；
finely [‘faɪnli]adv. 完美地；developed [dɪ'veləpt] 发达的；
grievance [‘ɡriːvəns] n.委屈不满（grief a. 悲伤的）； as well 也
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other
animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
这样的行为被认为是“非常人性”，其潜在的假设是其它动物不可能有这种高度的不满
情绪。
with引导状语: [A]表伴随；[B]原因解释
He always sleeps with the windows open.他常常开着窗户睡觉。

John was in bed with high fever. 约翰因发烧卧床。
语篇分析：
从第一段可以得知，猴子和人是相同还是不同，从哪个词看出的？
回答：猴子和人相同，根据as well看出来的。
1. Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a
1. 每个人都喜欢丰厚的加薪，但如果你知道你的一位同事薪水加得比你多时，加薪带
给你的快乐很快就会烟消云散。实际上，如果他还有懒散的名声的话，你甚至会变得火冒三
丈。这样的行为被认为是“非常人性”，其潜在的假设是其它动物不可能有这种高度的不满
情绪。但是一项由佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫利大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一
项研究却表明，这也是“非常猴性”，这份研究成果刚发表于《自然》杂志上。
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
[A] posing a contrast 提出对比
[B] justifying an assumption 证明了一个假设（反）
[C] making a comparison 做出了一个类比
[D] explaining a phenomenon 解释了一个现象
类比：比相同；对比：比不同
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the
large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing
animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be
happening in the oceans. 2006年TEXT3
当史前人类抵达新大陆时，一些奇怪的事情就发生在大型动物上：它们突然灭绝了。而
小型物种却存活了下来。体型庞大、生长缓慢的动物容易被猎捕，因此很快就被猎杀殆尽。
现在，类似的事情也可能会发生在海洋中。
31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that 31.文章指出史
前大型动物的灭绝是想说明。
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
[B] 随着大型动物的灭绝，小型动物却生存了下来
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[C] 大型海洋动物现在可能面临同样的威胁
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals（1. slack只是例子；2. 是同事不是对手敌人）
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature 怨恨不公（grievance）也是猴子的本性
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other 猴子像人一样往往会互相嫉妒
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 除了猴子以外没有动物有这
种情绪（无中生有）
outrage 激起〔某人〕的愤慨；使〔某人〕震怒
jealous（of）： feeling unhappy because someone has something that you wish you had 嫉
妒的；妒羡的
22题的本质在于考生对assumption的深刻理解。
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute.
They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like
their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and
services” than males.
study [‘stʌdi] vt 研究；behaviour [bɪ'heɪvjə(r)] n. 行为
female ['fiːmeɪl] adj. 女性；brown [braʊn]adj.褐色的；
cute [kjuːt] adj.可爱的；good-natured [ɡʊd neɪˌtʃəd]脾气好的；
cooperative [kəʊ'ɒpərətɪv]adj.合作的； creature ['kriːtʃə(r)] 生物；
share [ʃeə(r)] v. 分享；readily ['redɪli] adv. 乐意地；
above all 最重要的；counterpart ['kaʊntəpɑːt] n. 对应的人或物；
tend to do 往往；pay attention to sth 关注；
close [kləʊs] adj. 紧密的；value ['væljuː] n. 价值；
goods and services 商品和服务
在猴子的诸多特点中，哪个特点和第一段相关？
1. 每个人都喜欢丰厚的加薪，但如果你知道你的一位同事薪水加得比你多时，加薪带
给你的快乐很快就会烟消云散。实际上，如果他还有懒散的名声的话，你甚至会变得火冒三
丈。这样的行为被认为是“非常人性”，其潜在的假设是其它动物不可能有这种高度的不满
情绪。但是一项由佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫利大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一
项研究却表明，这也是“非常猴性”，这份研究成果刚发表于《自然》杂志上。
2.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute.
2. 研究人员对雌性棕色僧帽猴的行为进行了研究。这些猴子看上去[A]很可爱，它们[B]
性情温和，[C]有合作意识，并且[D]乐于分享食物。最重要的是，同人类女性一样，[E]它们
往往比雄性更关注“物品和服务”的价值。
2.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute.

3. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s
study. …
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get 倾向于权衡它们所获得的东西
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions 专注于研究者的指导
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament 外貌和脾气都很好
[D] more generous than their male companions 比男性更大方（反）
做对本题的关键：1. 类比（插入语like their female counterparts）；2. 词组 above all
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study.
The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally,
the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However,
when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe
what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
characteristic [ˌkærɪktə'rɪstɪk]n. 特点；make使得；candidate ['kændɪdət] n. 候选人；
spend time doing sth 花时间做某事； token ['təʊkən]n.代币；
exchange A for B：用A换取B；normally ['nɔːməli]adv. 通常地；
enough to 足以；rock [rɒk] n. 石头；
slice [slaɪs] n. 片；cucumber ['kjuːkʌmbə(r)] n.黄瓜；
place [pleɪs] v.放置；adjoining [ə'dʒɔɪnɪŋ]adj. 毗邻的；chamber ['tʃeɪmbə(r)] n.房间；
so that以至于；
observe [əb'zɜːv] vt.观察；in return for 作为回报；
markedly ['mɑːkɪdli]adv. 显著地；
下划线的两句话中，是[A]实验的展开；[B]猴子特点的展开
markedly different 可以替换为：[A]happy; [B]unhappy
3. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s
study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.
Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could
observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly
different.
回答：不同；从happy enough和markedly different. markedly different=unhappy
3. 这些特点使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。研究人员用两
年的时间教这些猴子用代币去交换食物。一般情况下，猴子非常乐意用石块去交换黄瓜片。
然而，当两只猴子被安排在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，使它们能够互相看见对方用石块换回
来什么东西时，猴子的行为就变得明显不同起来。
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So
when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand
hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her
token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the
chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the
other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female
capuchin.
grape [ɡreɪp] n. 葡萄；luxury ['lʌkʃəri] adj. 奢侈的；
preferable [‘prefrəbl] adj.更好的more attractive；more preferable than❌ be preferable to
hand [hænd]v. 给； in exchange for 换取；hand over 上交；
reluctant [rɪ'lʌktənt] adj.不情愿的；～to； not…at all一点也不（without…at all）
mere [mɪə(r)]adj. 仅仅； toss [tɒs] v.扔；either…or…要么……要么；presence ['prezns] n.
存在；
induce [ɪn'djuːs]vt. 诱发；resentment [rɪ'zentmənt] n. 怨恨
语篇分析：本段哪些单词（词组）体现出来了unhappy？（…their behaviour became

markedly different.）
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So
when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand
hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her
token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the
chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the
other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female
capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.
In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable
only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems,
are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings
abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness
evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor
that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
guide [ɡaɪd] v. 引导；emotion [ɪ‘məʊʃən]n. 情感；
wild [waɪld]adj. 野外；group-living 群居的；species ['spiːʃiːz] n. 物种；
be likely to do 可能地；stable ['steɪbl] adj. 稳定的；cheat [tʃiːt] v.欺骗；
righteous ['raɪtʃəs] indignation [ˌɪndɪɡ'neɪʃn] 义愤；preserve [prɪ'zɜːv] n.专属；
lesser ['lesə(r)]adj. 次的；reward [rɪ‘wɔːd]n. 回报（award 奖励）；
abundantly clear 非常明确；a sense of fairness 公正感；
evolve [i'vɒlv] v.进化；
independently [ˌɪndɪ'pendəntli] adv.独立地；
stem from 来自于；common ['kɒmən] adj.共同的；ancestor ['ænsestə(r)] n. 祖先；
as yet [æz jet] 到目前为止； unanswered [ʌn‘ɑːnsəd]adj. 未答复的
语篇分析：下划线部分是类比。
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.
5. 研究人员指出，同人类一样，僧帽猴也受社会情感的支配。在野外，它们是协作、
群居的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有被欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引
起的愤怒感似乎并不只有人类才有。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪清晰地传达给其他
成员。但是这种公平感是在僧帽猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是源于三千五百万年前
他们共同的祖先，至今尚无定论。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers（研究对象本身具备的特点，不是研究结论found）
[B] can be taught to exchange things (实验的准备工作)
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated 正话反说
[D] are unhappy when separated from others 无中生有
Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly tended to live shorter lives.
This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer,...
那些被训练得比普通果蝇更聪明的果蝇，其寿命却往往较短。这表明更暗的灯泡使用时
间更长一些，……2009完形
3.[A] thinner更薄的 [B] stabler 更稳定的 [C] lighter 更亮的 [D] dimmer更暗的，更愚
蠢的
上述这道完形填空的设置选项思路，和下面这道题的选项设置思路有何共同点？
Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
2005TEXT1
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
________.
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated 正话反说
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. （be born with）
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
2016年的35题和2005年25题有什么共同点？
[研究局限性]研究者们承认他们的研究对公司应该在企业社会责任上投入多少这一问
题没有明确的答案。该研究也没揭示公司在制定行善政策时，他们在多大程度上是依赖于光
环效应而非其余的因素。[全文主旨]但是至少他们认为在公司陷入法律问题时，良好的形象
能使他们受到更少的处罚。
35. [A]公司的必须支出多少钱尚无人知。
[全文主旨]研究人员指出，同人类一样，僧帽猴也受社会情感的支配。在野外，它们是
协作、群居的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有被欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公
平而引起的愤怒感似乎并不只有人类才有。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪清晰地传达
给其他成员。[研究局限性]但是这种公平感是在僧帽猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是
源于三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，至今尚无定论。
25. [B]人类的愤怒源自什么不得而知。
“转折后是答案”。以形补形？
第一段：猴子和人类的共性。（怨恨不公）
第二段到第四段：猴子的实验。（证据展开：怨恨不公）
第五段：实验结论（猴子和人类有共性），但原因不明。
“随着我们不断长大，生活中可以证明自己有多聪明的机会变得越来越少。但生活中有无数
个场合需要善良、仁慈、优雅、敏锐、同情、慷慨和爱。生活需要你拓宽自己情绪的全部曲
目，需要你径直去和他人打交道，需要你上一学期的亲密关系课。如果你还未掌握它，我希
望你现在就开始刻意准备吧。”
“Life will offer you a diminishing number of opportunities to show how smart you are. It will offer
an infinite number of occasions that require kindness, mercy, grace, sensitivity, sympathy,
generosity and love. Life will require that you widen your repertoire of emotions, that you throw
yourself headlong into other people. That you take the curriculum of intimacy. If you haven’t
mastered it yet, I ask you to turn to this task intentionally now. ” David Brooks
复盘：
above all
fat pay rise
be regarded as…
learn that
assumption that
tend to do
pay attention to
be capable of doing sth.
make a comparision
make an assumption
other than
indeed
social emotions
in exchange for (exchange A for B)
be guided by
not …at all
hand over
as yet
be preferable to
in return for
abundantly clear
stem from
preserve of
2015TEXT2 英语二
1.For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a
parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.
Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely
to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have
pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created a “paradox” in that recruiting
first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has
continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class,
according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological
Science.
first-generation 第一代；degree n. 大学的〕学位课程；学位；
lag v.落后(于)，拖后 [+behind]
a range of 一系列；achievement 成绩；成就；dropout 退学者，辍学者；
advance v.（使）有进展；economically 在经济上 In economically advanced countries, women
marry later. 在经济发达国家，女性结婚比较晚。
higher education 高等教育;
push 推动；recruit v.招聘；吸收，招收〔新成员〕forthcoming 即将到来的；gap 缺口
paradox 悖论；reproduce vt.重演；重现；widen v.(使)变宽；close v.闭合；
base sth on/upon sth 使以……为基础，使以……为根据；social class 社会阶层
depressing 令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的；forthcoming 即将到来的，即将出现的
本段什么地方出现了方案？什么地方出现了方案的成败？
1.[A]【问题】For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do
not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement
factors. [B]【achievement factors 举例】Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher.
[C]【方案】But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in
higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. [D]
【方案失败】This has created a “paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then
watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen,
rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of
a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
多年来的研究表明，第一代大学生，也就是那些父母没有受过教育的大学生，在教育成就方
面要落后于其他的学生。他们的成绩更低，而且他们的辍学率更高。但这样的学生一旦成功
地接受高等教育，他们就最有可能获得经济上的成功，因此几十年来高校都尽可能多地招收
这样的学生。这就产生了一个“悖论”，根据《心理科学》杂志即将发表的一篇开头沮丧的
文章介绍，招收第一代大学生并看着他们中的大多数人失败，这意味着高等教育在继续复制
和扩大，而非缩小由于社会阶层分化所造成的学术成就方面的差距。
1.For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a
parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.
Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely
to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have
pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created a “paradox” in that recruiting
first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has
continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class,
according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological
Science.
26. Recruiting more first-generation students has_______.
[A]reduced their dropout rates 反 [B]narrowed the achievement gap 反
[C] missed its original purpose [D]depressed college students 拼凑
提问： original purpose 在什么地方？
[original purpose] But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed
in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.
2.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem,
suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63
percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and
other students.
optimistic 乐观的；outline vt.概述；提出……的纲要；approach 方法，方式；
next to nothing 几乎没有，极少；measure v.量，测量；such as 像，诸如，例如〔用于举例〕；
https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/april/first-gen-resources-042214.html
本段提出了：[A]新问题；[B]新方案
从哪个词组看出来？
other students.
但实际上文章是相当乐观的，因为它概述了解决这一问题的可能性方法，这个方法（需要花
费 1 小时，且几乎没有任何成本的项目）可以在第一代大学生和其他学生之间缩小 63%的
学业成就差距（例如被分数这类因素来衡量）。

other students.
27 .The author of the research article are optimistic because_______.
[A]the problem is solvable
[B]their approach is costless （next to 几乎）
[C] the recruiting rate has increased 无中生有
[D]their finding appeal to students 无中生有
3.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study
involving 147 students (who completed the project)at an unnamed private university. First
generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the
first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal grant for
undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at
least one parent with a four-year degree.
complete 〔尤指经历长时间之后〕结束，完成；
define vt.给……下定义，解释；recipient 接受者，领受者 [+of] the recipient of the Nobel Peace
Prize 诺贝尔和平奖得主；
请从下面两个例子中理解“grant 拨款” 来自的部门往往是？[A]企业；[B]政府；
a federal grant 联邦拨款
The university gets a government grant. 这所大学获得政府拨款。
（语料库和字典的联系）
grant〔尤指政府等发给的〕补助金，拨款
solely 唯一地，仅仅，独一无二地 Scholarships are given solely on the basis of financial need.
奖学金完全是根据经济需要发放的。
true 符合事实的；at least 至少
本段提出的数据（statistics）使用了：
[A]comparison 类比（比相同）; [B]contrast 对比（比不同）
你是从什么词（组）看出来的？
undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at
本文的作者来自不同的大学，其调查结果基于对一所匿名私立大学的 147 名完成这个项目的
大学生所进行的研究。第一代大学生被定义为那些父母没有获得四年制大学学位的学生。大
部分第一代大学生（达到 59. 1%）是佩尔助学金的受助人，佩尔助学金是一个为那些需要
经济资助的本科生提供帮助的联邦助学金，不过对那些父母双方有一方有本科学位的学生而
言，仅仅 8. 6%的学生获得了该项资助。
请在空格处填入主题句：
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study
generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.
__________________ Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell
Grants，a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6
percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
[A] The study suggests that most first-generation students study at private universities.
[B] The study suggests that most first-generation students are in need of financial support.
2012TEXT4英语一
undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at
28 The study suggests that most first-generation students_______.
[A]study at private universities 实验对象
[B]are from single-parent families 语法
[C]are in need of financial support
[D]have failed their college 无中生有
数据对比是英语二考查重点
American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their
revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation
& Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers
are much more stable.
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable
because they ° . 英语二 2011TEXT2
[C] are less dependent on advertising
Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.
In the European corporate workplace, generally ° . 英语二 2011TEXT4
[B] men have the final say
4.Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the
view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge
about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by
several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.
relatively 比较而言，相对地；modest 适度的，不大的；intervention 干涉，干预；
impact 作用；影响；…based on having weathered their own crises.（英语二 2011）
lacking 不足的，缺少的 [+in] He was lacking in confidence.
potential knowledge= theoretical knowledge 理论知识
practical knowledge 实用知识
deal with / tackle an issue (also 又作 address an issue formal【正式】) 处理/解决问题 The
government must deal with the issue of gun crime. 政府必须解决枪械犯罪的问题。
narrow （使）〔范围、差距等〕缩小 The economic gap between the two halves of the country was
beginning to narrow. 该国两个区域之间的经济差距开始缩小。
not…but…是[A]对比还是[B]类比，这样写作的好处是什么？
the gap 指的是：[A]理论知识的差距；[B]实践知识的差距
他们的论文——适度干预也许会产生巨大的影响——是基于这样的观点：第一代大学生所缺
乏的也许不是潜在知识，而是就如何处理大多数大学生面临问题时所需要的实用知识。他们
引用过去一些作者的研究来表明，这种知识上的鸿沟是缩小学术成就差距时必须要缩小的。
29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______.
[A]are actually indifferent to the achievement gap 无中生有
[B]can have a potential influence on other students 拼凑
[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects 拼凑
[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college （替换 deal with the issues ）
5.Many first-generation students struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education,
learn the rules of the game, and take advantage of college resources, they write. And this becomes
more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of
different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how
social class can affect students educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight
about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.
navigate 驾驭，成功应付(困难处境)；the rules of the game 比赛规则；
take advantage of sth (to do sth)利用某事物（做某事）
seldom adv.很少，罕见，不常；insight 洞察力，眼光;
when 从句和 because 从句：[A]含义相同；[B]含义相反

许多第一代的大学生“挣扎着去适应高等教育的中产阶级文化，学习‘游戏规则’，且利用
大学的资源。”他们写道。当大学里不再谈论不同学生群体之间的阶层优、劣势的时候，这
就会演变成为一个更大的问题。因为美国高校很少承认社会阶层是如何影响学生的教育经历
的，所以许多第一代的学生不明白他们为什么会如此挣扎，也无法理解像他们一样的学生怎
样才能取得提升。
第一段提出问题：大学想通过大量招生来改变学生命运，的目标失败了。
第五段解释原因：为什么大学的目标没有实现，因为大学避而不谈学生的家庭背景。（如果
学生意识到家庭背景很重要，就会从自身出发去进步，而不是从周围中产阶级的标准去定义
自己）
1...But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher
education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has
created a “paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them
fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close
achievement gap based on social class
30.We may infer from the last paragraph that______.
[A]universities often reject the culture of the middle-class （ignore）
[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources 无中生有
[C]social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences （middle class/ working class）
[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question (考察 cause and effect)
不要跳从句/（不要跳插入语，不要跳介词，等），考的就是从句。
But since [original purpose]such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed
This has created a “paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many
of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close
achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper
forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
[C] missed its original purpose （since 从句）
During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,
（插入语）in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing
positively stylish. 2011TEXT2 英语二
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans‘ ________________.
[C] restraint and confidence
But since [original purpose]such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed
This has created a “paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many
of them fail, …
[C] missed its original purpose （考方案的成败）
2.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, …
27 .The author of the research article are optimistic because_______.
[A]the problem is solvable (考新方案)
Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal grant
for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students
with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
28 The study suggests that most first-generation students_______.
[C]are in need of financial support 考数据对比
that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge
about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. …
29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______.
[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college （考对比）
请在空格处填入主题句：
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study
generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.

2012TEXT4英语一
复盘：
be lacking in
be likely to do
a college degree
dropout rate
recipient of
such as
social class
a solution to
rather than
not…but…
true for
next to
economically advanced
at least
deal with
take advantage of
grant
the rules of the game
a range of
2018 完形
Para 1 Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___1__ many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the
wrong place often carries a high 3 .
信任是一个复杂的东西。一方面，信任是许多值得做的事情的必要条件：比如儿童保育、维
系友情等。但另一方面，把 2 放在错误的地方往往会让人付出高昂的 3 。
tricky adj. 棘手的；
condition 〔生活或工作的〕条件 living / working conditions
an attempt to improve living conditions for the working classes 为工人阶级改善生活条件的努
力
worthwhile 重要的；有益的；值得做的；child care 儿童看护，儿童照管
carry 具有〔某种特质〕Few medical procedures carry no risk of any kind. 几乎没有什么手术
是毫无风险的。
第一段使用了：[A]对比论证；[B]类比论证
On the one hand, mobile phones are very useful and can save lives. On the other hand, people
seem to use them for the most pointless and unnecessary calls. 剑桥词典
语篇分析：第一段的主题句是哪一句？
回答：第一句。
随后，对比论证展开。
Para 1 Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___1__ many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the
wrong place often carries a high 3 .
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
Intelligence, it turns out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is
slow off the starting line. 2008 完形
high-priced 高价的，昂贵的
拓展阅读：英语二 2017 年阅读。如果我们看到了第一段是反对父母玩手机，那么根据第二

段 on the other hand,必然可以推出，支持父母玩手机。
Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, …“Parents don’t
have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be
responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says
Radesky.
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens
are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”
with their children…Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or
get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets them be more
available to their child the rest of the time.
思考：“一方面他的数学好，另一方面，他的英语也很好。”汉语似乎合理，那么在英文的
逻辑中，是否合理？——坚决不合理！
Para 2 4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. __5__ people place their trust
in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that ___6__ pleasurable
feelings and triggers the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts
humans to ___7__ with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure __8___ this
hormone puts us in a trusting __9___: In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of
half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to
strangers than were their __10___who inhaled something else.
4 ，我们到底为什么要信任他人呢？嗯，因为这种感觉很好。 __5__人们信任一个人或机
构组织的时候，他们的大脑会释放出令人___6__愉快感的催生素，这种激素会引发人类的群
居本能，促进人际___7__ 。科学家发现， __8___这种激素会使我们产生一种信任他人的
__9___ ：在瑞士的一项研究中，研究者向一半受试者的鼻子里喷了催生素，这些人比那些
吸入了其他物质的__10__愿意借给陌生人更多的钱。
trust n.信任，信赖。
put / place your trust in sb / sth You shouldn’t put your trust in a man like that. 你不应该相信那
样的男人。
institution 机构；release vt.释放；hormone 荷尔蒙；
trigger vt.引发，激发〔尤指一系列事件〕
herd vt. 〔尤指粗暴地〕使集合在一起；herding instinct 群居本能；
flock vi.成群结队地去，蜂拥而至；
prompt vt.促使；激励 prompt sb to do sth What prompted you to buy that suit? 什么原因让你买
下了那套西装？
one another 互相，彼此；
从下面的例句中，你发现了 exposure 什么用法？
exposure 暴露[+to] Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer. 长时间晒太阳会导致
皮肤癌。（朗文）；Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous. 即便只是短暂受辐射
也是非常危险的。（剑桥）
语料库到字典：
朗文解释：when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous
or unpleasant
spray vt.喷，喷洒；subject n.研究对象；inhale. v. 吸入〔空气、烟雾或气体〕
语法分析+语篇分析：
those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were
their __10___who inhaled something else.
对比论证：【实验组】those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to
strangers than 【对照组】their __10___who inhaled something else were (ready to lend money).
语篇分析：第二段试图[A]继续展开信任的复杂性；[B]开始分析信任的原因。
主题句是头两句：信任让人感觉好（feels good）。
第七题所在的句子，关于羊和人，作者试图在[A]对比；[B]类比
Para 2 __4___, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. __5__ people place their trust
in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that ___6__ pleasurable
feelings and triggers the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts
humans to ___7__ with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure __8___ this
hormone puts us in a trusting __9___: In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of
half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to
strangers than were their __10___who inhaled something else.
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
关于 instead：第一段写了“不要信任”，第二段，“instead, 要信任”才是逻辑成立的。
我没去上海。Instead（相反）, 我去了哈尔滨。
我去了哈尔滨 instead of（而不是）上海。
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
when 前后一致；until, unless, although 前后冲突。
place their trust…release…a hormone…pleasurable 呼应 feels good。一脉相承。
when 当我在学习，我的分数在提高。
until 我的分数在不断下降 until 我开始学习。
unless 我的分数很低 unless 我好好学习。
although 我的分数很低 although 我在好好学习。
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains

produce pleasurable feelings 呼应了主题句 feels good.
maintain 维持，似乎也对，但这意味着快乐是本来就存在，动作是继续“维持”，这就不符
合上下文的“release…triggers …”是释放荷尔蒙而不是维持荷尔蒙，是激发 trigger 而不是维
持，所以第六题选择 produce（从无到有）。
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare

类比
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
呼应主题句 feels good。
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
考对比论证（实验组和对照组）
counterpart 对应的人，“对应”就是对比的“对照组”，在实验中的对应 counterpart。
第三题和第十题都是对比论证。
第二题和第九题是主题句和支持手段。
第一题和第八题是词组
关于第五题 when 的拓展

...a judge ... might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five
or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. 2013 完形
7.[A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless

__5__ people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a
hormone that produces pleasurable feelings ... 2018 完形
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
关于 produce 的拓展
Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. 2011 完形
2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce
Para 3__11___for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may __12___ us. A Canadian
study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate __13___a credible person and a
dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each __14___to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The
tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming,
“Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look __15___ . Half of them found a toy; the other half
__16___ the container was empty—and realized the tester had __17___ them.
14 题和 16 题的 find 分别是什么含义？
[A] to discover, see, or get something that you have been searching for 发现，找到〔一直在寻找
之物〕I can’t find the car keys. 我找不到汽车钥匙。
[B] to discover or learn something by study, tests, sums etc〔经研究、测试、计算等〕发现，找
出，查明。find that
His study found that married men and women had similar spending patterns. 他的研究发现，已
婚男女的消费模式相似。
sixth sense 第六感，直觉 He seemed to have a sixth sense for knowing when his brother was in
trouble. 他好像有第六感，知道弟弟什么时候有麻烦。本能：instinct
as young as 年仅……岁；
differentiate 辨别，区别 distinguish [+between] It’s important to differentiate between fact and
opinion. 区分事实和观点很重要。
toddlers 学步的孩童；credible 可信的，可靠的；hold 握住，抓住；抱住；container 容器；
exclaim 〔因惊讶、愤怒或兴奋而〕呼喊，惊叫；
语法分析：
we also have 【先行词】a sixth sense 【定语 1】for dishonesty 【定语 2】that may __12___ us.
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
语篇分析：第二段首句和第三段首句是在展开[A]相同的情况；[B]相反的情况。
第二段：__4___, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.
第三段：__11___for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may __12___ us.
16 题展示的是：[A]对比（对照组和实验组）；[B]类比
Half of them found a toy; the other half __16___ the container was empty…
__11___，我们对不诚信的行为还存在第六感，这能__12___我们自己。加拿大的一项研究发
现，14 个月大的孩童就能区分信得过__13___信不过的人。把 60 个蹒跚学步的幼儿逐一
__14___拿着塑料容器的成人测试员。测试员首先会问：“这里有什么？”然后往容器里看并
惊呼：“哇！”随后测试员会让每个孩子往容器__15___看。一半的孩子 __16___有一个玩具，
另一半则发现容器是空的，并意识到测试员在__17___他们。
Para 3__11___for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may __12___ us. A Canadian
study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate __13___a credible person and a
dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each __14___to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The
tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming,
“Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look __15___ . Half of them found a toy; the other half
__16___ the container was empty—and realized the tester had __17___ them.
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
排除 A，不是“监控”我们，而是“监控”那些不诚实的人。
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered 发现 [B] proved 证明 [C] insisted 坚持 [D] remembered 记住
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
Odd 奇特的，异常的，古怪的；
transfer 转移（地方）；调动（工作）〔尤指在同一机构中〕
entrust vt.委托，交付；fool vt.欺骗，愚弄；wrong 不公正地对待，冤枉；
mock 讥笑，嘲弄；〔通过模仿〕取笑
17 题：时态倒退，had done 已经发生的动作：ask,… looking into the container, smiling, and
exclaiming.
4 Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were ___18__ to cooperate with the
tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. __19___ , only five of
the 30 children paired with the "__20___"tester participated in a follow-up activity.
trick 欺骗；majority 大多数；cooperate with 合作；learn a new skill 学习新技能；
demonstrate 证明；leadership 领导力；pair with 配合；participated in 参加
follow-up 后续的；a follow-up activity 后续活动指的是 learning a new skill。
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
be forced to do 被迫；be willing to do 乐意；hesitant 犹豫的；
entitle 使有权利，使有资格；On the whole 总的看来，总体而言；
数据对比
拓展阅读：英语二
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable

inflexible 〔态度、计划等〕顽固的，僵化的，缺乏弹性的
incapable 无能力〔做某事〕的
Unfortunately, L. A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy…(2012 英语二)
主题句与支持手段：
Trust is a tricky business. ...putting your 2 faith in the wrong place often carries a high...
Well, because it feels good. …this hormone puts us in a trusting __9 mood …
对比：On the one hand,... On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a
high 3 price.
those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were
their __10 counterparts ___...
Half of them found a toy; the other half __16discovered___ the container was empty
...the majority were .... 19 In contrast, only five of the 30 children...
类比：that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to 7. connect with one
another.
a condition for
as young as
herding instinct
pair with 配对
cooperate with
put / place your trust in sb / sth
be ready to do
participate in
be willing to do
exposure to sth
follow-up
differentiate between A and B
amounts of money
a six sense
a study found that
subject
counterpart
test-wise strategy 应试策略
英语二 2016
1.Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans
are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.
最近的一项民意调查发现，在经济和人口结构发生剧变的背景下，年轻的美国人正在描绘一
幅全新的、通往 21 世纪成功之路的地图。
against a backdrop of sth 以……为背景（backdrop 背景）； drastic 激烈的，严厉的；突然
的； structure 结构，构造，组织； road map to sth. 某事物的指南[介绍]；
poll 民意调查，民意测验；民意调查结果
第一段给出了一个结论，你从哪里看出来的。
最近的一项民意调查发现，在经济和人口结构发生剧变的背景下，年轻的美国人正在描绘一
幅全新的、通往 21 世纪成功之路的地图。
2.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones
of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in
their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a
fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
prize 珍视，高度重视；milestone n.里程碑； retire vi.退休；退职 constitute v.构成
the finishing line 〔比赛的〕终点线 James crossed the finish line in just under four minutes. 詹
姆斯以将将不到四分钟的成绩冲过终点线。
path 小径，小道；strikingly adv.显著地
几代以来，美国人始终如一地赞扬这些成功人生的传统性标志，包括结婚、生子、买房以及
六十岁退休。但是，尽管年轻人和老年人大部分认可完美人生的终点，但在如何实现完美人
生这一问题上，他们的观点却截然相反。
第二段的第一句和第二句分别是：
[A]第一句 comparison 类比；第二句 contrast 对比；
[B]第一句 contrast；第二句 comparison
2.【第一句】Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional
milestones of a successful life, including【举例子】 getting married, having children, owning a
home, and retiring in their sixties. 【第二句】But while young and old mostly agree on what
constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
几代以来，美国人始终如一地赞扬这些成功人生的传统性标志，包括结婚、生子、买房以及
六十岁退休。但是，尽管年轻人和老年人大部分认可完美人生的终点，但在如何实现完美人
生这一问题上，他们的观点却截然相反。
2.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones
of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in
their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a
fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.

A. trying out different lifestyles 尝试不同的生活方式
B. having a family with children 有家有娃
C. working beyond retirement age 反（原文 60 岁退休不工作）
D. setting up a profitable business 无中生有
mark 标志；set up a business 创业
3.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize
personal fulfilment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly
changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree
that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to
maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.
be likely to do sth.可能做某事；
prioritize v.优先考虑； fulfilment 成就感，充实感； regularly 定期地，定时地
favour vt.支持；赞同； public service （为满足需要而非盈利而提供的）公共服务；
the pace of life 生活节奏；
He was successful and financially secure. 他事业有成，经济有保障。 maintain v.主张；
serve vt 为……提供服务，满足 ……的需要
第三段是对第二段的对比的展开。五个 be likely to do
2. …But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,
they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
3.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize
personal fulfilment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly
changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree
that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to
maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.
研究结果发现，那些即将开启人生篇章的年轻人比老年人更看重他们个人工作上的成就，相
信自己可以通过定期地更换工作来提升职业生涯，支持通过更多的公共服务来服务社区以及
快节奏的生活，认同夫妻在结婚或生孩子之前应该财务安全，认为孩子最好是由两个双职工
来抚养。
37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to________.
A. favor a slower life pace 反
B. hold an occupation longer 反（不认识单词还以为是无中生有）
C. attach importance to pre-marital finance
D. give priority to childcare outside the home 拼凑
occupation 职业；attach importance to 重视；
give priority to 优先考虑
priority 优先权 [+over] A young person who has finished the course will be given priority over
one who has not. 完成课程的年轻人将比没有完成的获得优先考虑。
4.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the
searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that
will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences
to housing patterns to politics.
aftermath n.后果；virtually adv.几乎； start out 开始〔生活、职业或重要阶段〕
aspect n. 方面； consumer preference 消费者偏好；
pattern 〔事情发生、发展、完成的〕模式，方式，形式 Weather patterns have changed in recent
years. 气候模式近年已经发生了变化。
searing 痛苦的
从职业生涯到社区，再到家庭，这些对比表明，在大萧条余波仍在之际，那些刚开始人生新
篇章的人正在定义优先事项和期望值，这些优先事项和期望值实际上将会越来越遍布在美国
生活的方方面面，从消费偏好到住房风格，再到政治。
第四段首句出现了 contrast，论证了我们一直以来的学习是正确的。
从职业生涯到社区，再到家庭，这些对比表明，在大萧条余波仍在之际，那些刚开始人生新
篇章的人正在定义优先事项和期望值，这些优先事项和期望值实际上将会越来越遍布在美国
生活的方方面面，从消费偏好到住房风格，再到政治。
38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ________.
A become increasingly clear 无中生有
B focus on materialistic issues 以偏概全
C depend largely on political preferences 拼凑
D reach almost all aspects of American life
抄的太多了你可能以为是错的
5.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they
believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.
While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for
those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life”
face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a
good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.
Overwhelming 的含义是哪个： [A]难以抗拒的，令人不知所措的；[B]巨大的，压倒性的；
converge v.（思想观点的）趋近； somewhat 有点，有几分； prospect 前景〔尤用于谈论
对事情的感受〕；
secure 的含义是哪个：[A]vt.〔尤指经过大量努力〕获得，得到；[B]adj.稳定的，可靠的。
signpost n. 标志； affordable housing 负担得起的住房
本段是在：[A]继续对比；[B]提出类比
年轻人和老年人在一个关键的问题上达成了一致：他们中的大部分人说他们认为今天的年轻
人比过往的人更难去开始自己的人生。尽管年轻人或多或少比老年人对未来更乐观一些，但
大多数年轻人和老人认为今日开始起步的年轻人与上一代相比，在取得一些标志性成就上面
临更大的困难，这些成就包括找到一份收入可观的工作、组建一个家庭、理好财以及找到租
得起的房子。
段首句“达成一致 converge…”容易误以为开始讲述相同点，实际上本段充满比较级，继续
对比。
39.Both young and old agree that ______.
A good-paying jobs are less available
B the old made more life achievements
C housing loans today are easy to obtain
D getting established is harder for the young
ABC 全部是 such as 的举例内容，题干要的是观点而非例子。
get established 站稳脚跟
“看观点，不看例子”的应试技巧靠谱么？
Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of
a successful life, [例子]including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in
their sixties.
B. having a family with children
6.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from
the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that
he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own,
so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his
parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed
college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who
didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”
technician n.技术人员； struggle vi.奋斗，拼搏 struggle to do sth She’s struggling to bring up

a family alone. 她独自一人艰难地养活一家人。 steadily 沉稳地，镇定地；
suburb n.郊区；mortgage n.按揭；struck a.受触动的； even though 虽然，尽管
capable of (doing) sth having the qualities or ability needed to do something 有能力做某事的
not anymore 不再
彼得·施耐德认为今天社会的奋斗要艰难得多。来自芝加哥、27 岁的汽车工施耐德说他在
大学毕业后努力找到了一份工作。尽管现在他工作稳定，他说：“我自己还不起每月的按揭
还款”，所以我们不得不租房子。回过头来看，他惊讶于自己的父母可以为自己的孩子提供
舒适的生活，尽管他们在年轻的时候都没完成大学学业。“我仍然生活在一个父母没有大学
文凭的中上层家庭里”施耐德说道：“我不认为人们还可以这样。”
第六段和第五段的关系：
[A]第六段反驳第五段； [B]第六段举例支持第五段
6.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from
the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that
he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own,
so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his
parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed
college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who
didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?
A He found a dream job after graduating from college.未提及 dream job
B His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
D He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
have little to do with 和……没有联系

B. having a family with children 类比/对比
37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to________.
C. attach importance to pre-marital finance 类比/对比
38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ________.
D reach almost all aspects of American life 类比/对比
39.Both young and old agree that ______.
D getting established is harder for the young 类比/对比
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?
C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.类比/对比
4.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that …
focus on
road map to
be optimistic about
give priority to
spread through
against a backdrop of
have little to do with
start out
get established
set up
be struck
in the aftermath of
attach importance to
a slow/fast pace of life
strikingly different
2011 完形
Para 1 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to
health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical
fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good
laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑视作一项“有益于健康的身体运动”。然而，____有些人持相反
的观点，笑很可能对身体健康影响很小。笑的确能使心脏和心血管功能____短期的改变，
____心率和氧气消耗。但是由于大笑很难____ ，因此一次酣畅淋漓的笑不大可能像散步或
慢跑一样，给身体带来____益处。
view A as B 把 A 视作 B；a bodily exercise 身体锻炼；precious to 对……珍贵的；
claim 声称，指称 claim that Gould rejected claims that he had acted irresponsibly. 古尔德
否认了他的行为不负责任的说法。to the contrary相反的；have little influence on对……几乎没
有影响；
physical fitness身体健康；short-term changes短期变化；in the function of……的功能；
blood vessel血管；heart rate 心率；oxygen consumption氧气消耗；hard laughter努力的笑；
good 〔数量、面积、范围等〕大的 We’ve had a good crop of apples. 我们的苹果大丰
收。 There’s a good range of leisure facilities. 有很多娱乐设施。
be unlikely to不太可能的；正如the way=as；say=for example；jogging慢跑
第一段的红色部分是：[A]笑有益健康；[B]笑对健康没有帮助
第一段的论证手段是：[A]对比；[B]类比
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But
1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3
heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh
is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑视作一项“有益于健康的身体运动”。然而，____有些人持相反
的观点，笑很可能对身体健康影响很小。笑的确能使心脏和心血管功能____短期的改变，
____心率和氧气消耗。但是由于大笑很难____ ，因此一次酣畅淋漓的笑不大可能像散步或
慢跑一样，给身体带来____益处。
Para 1 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to
health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical
fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good
laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like
如果直接跨过介词结构（因为第一题四个选项都是介词），那么：but 非常容易记理解！
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”
But laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
估计希腊哲学家亚理斯多德认为笑是身体锻炼，对健康很珍贵。但是，笑很有可能对身体
健康没啥作用，尽管（despite）存在一些相反的观点。(先抓先主句，再从句)
[A][D]都是一致性。在句首使用 except for。

第一题只要求能看懂答案带入的完整版本，就算是实力强了。
ABC 是前果后因；D 是前因后果。
他的高分反映了他的努力。
想考高分需要你好好努力。
高分表明了他很努力。
他的努力产生了高分。
3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining

稳定；促进；损害；决定
先做第五题再做第四题
5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable
measurable 显著的；manageable 易控制的；affordable 负担得起的；renewable 〔能源〕可
更新的，可再生的，可恢复的
考查对比关系：跑步的卡路里消耗远大于笑的卡路里消耗
4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe

传输，发送，传送〔电子信号、信息等〕
维持；评估；观察
语篇理解：第二句和三四句是什么关系
[A]第二句是总，三四句是分；
[B]二、三、四句都是并列
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑视作一项“有益于健康的身体运动”。然而，尽管有些人持相反
的观点，笑很可能对身体健康影响很小。笑的确能使心脏和心血管功能产生短期的改变，促
进心率和氧气消耗。但是由于大笑很难维持，因此一次酣畅淋漓的笑不大可能像散步或慢
跑一样，给身体带来显著益处。
复盘整段话的时候，还是有机会做对第一题的。
难度大的原因之一还有：我们缺乏议论文的常识（批判之前必有让步）。
第二段首句的论证方法是：[A]类比；[B]对比
（你通过什么词组看出来的）
Para 2 6 , 【对比】instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8
muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
____ ，与其他通过拉紧来强健肌肉的锻炼方式不同，笑显然取得了____ 。
先做第七第八题，再做第六题。
7. [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected
相反的；不可能的；平均的；预期的
第七题所在句，作者拿身体锻炼（straining muscles, exercise… ）和笑进行对比（instead of）:
笑和身体锻炼是不一样的，身体锻炼是拉紧肌肉，笑是？？（先做第八题）
8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes

硬化；削弱；使紧张；放松
relax 和 strain 相反（instead of）
语篇分析：一二段的末句是[A]相同观点；[B]相反观点
第一段末句：
但是由于大笑很难维持，因此一次酣畅淋漓的笑不大可能像散步或慢跑一样给身体带来明显
益处。
第二段末句：
早在 20 世纪 30 年代，就有研究表明，笑能使肌肉____ ，在笑平息之后, 肌肉张力可以持
续降低长达 45 分钟。
6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief

依次的；事实上；除此以外，还有；简而言之
转折关系选 B（第一段是 view…as…; claims…；第二段是 in fact）
Para 3. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.
Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve
an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially
rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not
cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
bodily reaction 身体反应；conceivably 可以相信的；可想象的（conceive 想象）；psychological
stress 心理压力；Anyway 反正〔用于补充说明刚才提到的事实不重要〕；
feedback 反馈；emotional state 情绪状态；classical theory 经典理论；
feeling 感觉，感触；be rooted in 起源于某事物；physical reactions 身体反应；
at the end of 在……末尾；flow vi.流淌；
语篇分析：
1. Such bodily reaction 这种身体反应，指的是什么？
relax 放松肌肉（上一句：Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles,
decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.）
2.第二段末句、第三段第一句、第三段第二句是什么关系？
[A]分总：第二段末句+第三段第一句=第三段第二句
[B]总分：第二段末句=第三段第一句+第三段第二句
第二段末句：
早在 20 世纪 30 年代，就有研究表明，笑能使肌肉放松，在笑平息之后, 肌肉张力可以持续
降低长达 45 分钟。
第三段：
这样的身体反应可能会有助于______心理压力带来的影响。
总之，笑这一行为的确很可能引发其他形式的_______反应，从而改善人的情绪状态
这样的身体反应可能会有助于____心理压力带来的影响。总之，笑这一行为的确很可能引发
其他形式的____反应，从而改善人的情绪状态。 ____一个经典的情绪理论，我们的情感部
分源自身体反应。19 世纪末有观点指出，人不是____悲伤而哭泣，而是哭泣后才变得悲伤。
3. 哪些词组表示心理，哪些词组表示生理？
such bodily reaction = relax mucles

Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle
tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
9. [A] aggravate 恶化 [B] generate 产生 [C] moderate 缓解 [D] enhance 加强
10.[A] physical 身体的 [B] mental 大脑的 [C] subconscious 潜意识的 [D] internal 内部的
physical feedback 呼应上一句的 bodily reaction.
此外，improve an individual’s emotional state 呼应了第九题的 moderate the effects of
psychological stress.
11.[A] Except for 除了以外 [B] According to 根据 [C] Due to 由于 [D] As for 至于
考查主题句和支持手段（引证，间接引用 according to）
12.[A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at
固定搭配
13.[A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because
原因状语的否定转移：
I do not marry you because you are rich/beautiful. 我和你结婚不是应为你富有/漂亮。
humans do not cry 13because they are sad.人们不是因为悲伤而哭的（不是心理导致生理）。
but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow 而是当眼泪流出的时候变得悲伤（而是生
理导致心理）。这个逻辑非常符合段首句的本质：生理影响心理（Such bodily reaction might
conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.）。
错误选项分析：unless 除非（人们不会哭，除非悲伤才哭。心理影响生理。不符合主题句）；
until 直到（人们不会哭，直到悲伤才哭。心理影响生理。）if 如果（如果悲伤，人们不会哭。
心理影响生理。）
Para 4. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15
muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the
University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth –
thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17
expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny
cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may
influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter
could improve mood.
although 尽管；sadness 悲伤；evidence suggests that 证据表明； flow from sth 由于……而产
生，是……的结果 the political consequences that flowed from this decision 这项决定所产生的
政治后果。experiment 实验；ask sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事；volunteers 志愿者；
either…or…要么……要么……；tooth 牙齿；lip 嘴唇；artificial 虚假的；expression 表情；
be forced to do 被迫；exercise muscles 锻炼肌肉；enthusiastically 激动地；
did 替换了第 18 题的动作；contract 缩小；收缩；缩短；frown 皱眉（frown on 反对）；
the other way around 正相反，倒过来；
尽管悲伤也会____眼泪产生，但有证据表明情绪____肌肉反应。在 1988 年公布的一项实验

研究中，德国乌兹堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·施特拉克要求志愿者要么用牙、要么用嘴
____一支钢笔——用牙可以制造不自然的笑容；用嘴产生____表情。那些被强迫锻炼笑肌的
志愿者比那些抿着嘴、皱着眉的人对搞笑卡通的____更强烈，这____表情可能影响情绪，而
不只是情绪影响表情。同样，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。
语篇分析：看完了第四段整段话后，第四段第二个空可能是：
[A]有证据表明情绪先于肌肉反应；
[B]有证据表明情绪晚于肌肉反应
尽管悲伤也会____眼泪产生，但有证据表明情绪____肌肉反应。在 1988 年公布的一项实验
研究中，德国乌兹堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·施特拉克要求志愿者要么用牙、要么用嘴
____一支钢笔——用牙可以制造不自然的笑容；用嘴产生____表情。那些被强迫锻炼笑肌的
志愿者比那些抿着嘴、皱着眉的人对搞笑卡通的____更强烈，这____表情可能影响情绪，而
不只是情绪影响表情。同样，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。
Para 4. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15
muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the
University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth –
thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17
expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny
cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may
influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter
could improve mood.
14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses
15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond
先根据德国的实证研究做第十五题（思路二是固定搭配 flow from），再“取反”做第十四
题。
16. [A] fetch 拿 [B] bite 咬 [C] pick 挑 [D] hold 保持

17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent
对比论证（对照实验）：either…smile…or…disappointed…
18. [A] adapted 适应 [B] catered 迎合 [C] turned 求助于（turn to）[D] reacted 反应
此外，“whose mouths were contracted in a frown”呼应第 17 题 disappointed
19. [A] suggesting 表明（结论） [B] requiring 要求（条件） [C] mentioning 提到 [D]
supposing 假设
总结句，呼应了段首句的主题句 evidence suggests that…
Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular
responses.
19suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.
20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely
能否看出来类比（similarly），取决于你是否具备“主题句+支持句”的学术思维：把主题
句和支持句看做一个整体。
【主题句】尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪产生，但有证据表明情绪来源于肌肉反应(哭让心情悲伤)。
【支持手段】在 1988 年公布的一项实验研究中，德国乌兹堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·施
特拉克要求志愿者要么用牙、要么用嘴维持住一支钢笔——用牙可以制造不自然的笑容；用
嘴产生失望的表情。那些被强迫锻炼笑肌的志愿者比那些抿着嘴、皱着眉的人对搞笑卡通的
反应更强烈，【总结句】这表明表情可能影响情绪，而不只是情绪影响表情。同样，笑这一
行为可以使心情好转。
复盘：
flow from
physical reaction/fitness
either…or…
ask sb. to do…
be forced to do sth.(force sb. to do sth.)
emotional state
contract one’s mouth

in a frown
be rooted in
the other way around
according to
to the contrary
be unlikely to do
psychological stress
short-term changes in
have little influence on
英语一 2015TEXT2
1.Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now
consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone
is on or around a person during an arrest.
search for sb/sth Detectives are searching for clues. 侦探们在寻找线索。
search sth for sb/sth Detectives are searching the yard for clues. 侦探们在院子里寻找线索。
content [A]所容纳之物，内容 [+of] The customs official rummaged through the contents of his
briefcase. 海关官员把他公事包里的物品翻了个遍。
[B]〔信、书等的〕内容 [+of] She kept the contents of the letter a secret. 她对这封信的内容保
密。
warrant 〔法院授权警方采取行动的〕令状 [+for] The magistrate issued a warrant for his arrest.
地方法官发出了对他的逮捕令。
arrest n.逮捕，拘捕 The police made several arrests. 警方逮捕了几个人。
宪法多大程度上保护了你的数字化信息？最高法院如今在考虑警察是否能在逮捕期间、在没
有搜查令的情况下查看一个人手机里的内容。
关于宪法：宪法是对政府的约束。一旦出现“宪法”，立刻要想到政府可能出问题。
人性本恶，用刑法约束；政府本恶，用宪法约束。
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the
constitutionality（合宪性） of Vermont’s rules in the federal court…2011 年
Vermont 州政府，违背宪法。
But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the
Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the
states. 2013 年
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ——政府侵犯个人数字数据。
1.Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now
consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone
is on or around a person during an arrest.
26. The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.
[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.
[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
work out 搞清楚；legitimate 公正的，正当的，合理的；suspects 嫌疑人
authorize 授权，批准，许可;
CD 第六段定位错误 (或者无中生有)
2.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets
the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of
their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly
changing technologies.
refrain 克制，抑制，忍住 refrain from (doing) sth Please refrain from smoking in this area. 请
勿在此处吸烟。sweeping 影响大的；范围广的；彻底的 sweeping changes / cuts / reforms etc
They want to make sweeping changes to education policies. 他们想要对教育政策进行大刀阔斧
的改革。upset 打乱，搅乱〔计划、形势等〕；
the authorities [plural 复数]〔国家或地区的〕当权者，当局，官方(替换了上一段的 police)
search in/under/through sth Alice bent to search through a heap of clothes. 艾丽斯弯腰在一大堆
衣服中翻找。possessions [C usually plural 一般用复数] 所有物；财产，财物；assess vt 评价，
评定
implications [C usually plural 一般用复数]〔行动、事件、决定等的〕可能的影响[后果] [+of]
What are the implications of these proposals? 这些提议会有什么后果？
语篇分析：第二段提出的是：[A]针对第一段提出评估；[B]针对第一段分析结果
回答：州政府给出了评估
2.加利福尼亚州要求法官废除一项重大的裁决，尤其是因为它颠覆了人们现有的这一共识，
即警方在抓捕嫌犯时可以搜查其身上的财物。该州认为，要让法官去估量快速发展的新兴技
术所涉及的后果很难。
3.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the
implications are discernible, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
recklessly 轻率的；鲁莽的；不顾后果的；modest adj.谦虚；
follow vt.听从，遵循 He followed the doctor’s advice and had no further trouble. 他听从了医生
的建议，就没有再出现问题。discernible 可辨别的；obvious(measurable)；
so that 引导结果状语从句
updated 最新的； guidelines 准则，方针；defendant 被告；
语用分析（pragmatics）
“If you had a little time to spare for me this afternoon, I’d like to talk about my paper. (Watts 2003:
90)
Being Pessimistic In this strategy, the speaker redresses the hearer’s negative face by explicitly
expressing doubt whether the hearer can obtain what the speaker’s need or not. There are three
major realization of this strategy: the use of the negative (with a tag), the use of the subjunctive,
and the use of remote-possibly markers.
虚拟语气在这里的功能是？（主句：would do; 从句： if did/were）

If I were you, I would work hard.
对比：You should work hard.
虚拟语气更显礼貌和委婉！
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.

提建议。作者的建议是：反对。
3.如果法院遵循了加利福利亚州的意见就会显得谦虚得鲁莽。新技术产生的影响是可以观察
到的，甚至很明显，因此法官就能够且应该为警方、律师及被告方提供一些与时俱进的指导
方针。
虚拟语气
2.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets
the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of
their arrest.
3.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.
4.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument …
27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.态度题？
[A] tolerance. 包容 [B] indifference. 冷漠
[C] disapproval. 反对 [D] cautiousness. 警惕
If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s
caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly
capable person living in a more just society. 2013TEXT4 英语二
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______. 因果细节
题？
[A] suitable public policies
[B] massive media attention
4.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a
smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s
purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through
the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is
more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,
financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The
development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
discard vt 扔掉，弃置；lame（尤指借口或论据）站不住脚的，无说服力的 a lame excuse 站
不住脚的借口；explore: to search and discover (about something) 探测；勘查；探索；研究 to
explore space 探索太空；storehouse n.仓库；
go through [A] 经受某事，经历某事〔指困境、痛苦等〕 When you’re going through a crisis, it
often helps to talk to someone. 遇到危机的时候，找个人说说往往很有帮助。[B]在某物中找，
检查某物 Dave went through his pockets looking for the keys. 戴夫翻遍了衣袋找钥匙。
violate vt.违背，违反；侵犯；pocketbook 皮夹子钱包；
comprehensive 详尽的；全面的；彻底的；correspondence 信件，函件〔尤指公函或商业信
函〕；meanwhile adv.与此同时
语篇分析：作者和加州警方都在试图通过什么手段分析问题
[A]类比；[B]对比
2. 我们可以推测出，第四修正案是：[A]支持在没有许可状的前提下翻一个人的家；[B]不支
持～
4.他们应该以摒弃加利福尼亚州站不住脚的观点开始，加州认为查看巨大的数据信息储存室
——智能手机的内容就类似于搜别人的钱包。法院规定警察在没有搜查令时搜查被捕者的钱
包或钱袋并没有违法第四项修正案。但是查看一个人的智能手机更像是进入到了他或她的房
间。一部智能手机也许包含被捕者的阅读史、财政史、医疗史以及最近通信的所有记录。同
时，云计算技术的发展使得这种探测变得越来越容易。
4.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a
smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s
purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through
the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is
more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,
financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The
development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to .
[A] getting into one’s residence
[B] handing one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspondences
[D] going through one’s wallet
residence: a house, especially a large or official one 住宅，住所；〔尤指〕宅邸，官邸
5.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information
on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect
private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on
unreasonable searches.
take a step 采取措施 The authority will take steps to reunite the child and his family. 当局将会
采取措施让孩子与家人团聚。private 私人（用）的；私有的，个人的；
requirement n.需要[要求]的事物；
normal 正常的。 All I want is to lead a normal life. 我想要的只是能过正常的生活。
prohibition
[A] the act of saying that something is illegal 〔法律〕禁止 [+of] the prohibition of the sale of
firearms 枪支的禁售
[B]an order stopping something 禁令，禁律 [+on/against] a prohibition on Sunday trading 禁止
星期天营业的法令
5.美国人应该采取来保护他们的数据隐私。但是在这些设备上保存敏感信息在日常生活中越
来越多见。公民仍然有权利期望个人文件保持隐私，且被宪法保护不受无理由的搜查。
6. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In
many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search
through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing
severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data
are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room
for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
overly 太，非常，极为；onerous 繁重的，艰巨的，困难的 burdensome；obtain 〔尤指通
过自身的努力、技能或工作〕获得，得到；
measure 措施，办法 (step) Measures are being taken to reduce crime in the city. 正在采取措施
来降低该市的犯罪率。
though 可是，不过，然而；room 机会；余地；可能性（[A] allow publishers some room to make
money 2020TEXT2）；cite 〔诉讼中〕提出，举出；
entitle 使有权利，使有资格 be entitled to (do) sth Full-time employees are entitled to receive
health insurance. 全职雇员都有资格享受健康保险。
以下哪些词组是权利，哪些是责任
a.be entitled to
b.have a duty to
c.be obliged to
d.be empowered to
e.be committed to
f.be allowed to
g.be authorized to
h.be permitted to
i.be required to
j.be held accountable for
rights:a,d,f,g,h
responsibilities: b,c,e,i,j
格拉斯哥大学教授 Anneli Williams
语篇分析：第五段和第六段之间的关系
[A]支持保护隐私以及对隐私侵犯的担忧；[B]隐私的保护的优势以及具体的实现步骤
5.美国人应该采取措施来保护他们的数据隐私。但是在这些设备上保存敏感信息在日常生活
中越来越多见。公民仍然有权利期望个人文件保持隐私，且被宪法保护不受无理由的搜查。
6.情况往往如此，知道了做事的基本原则，并不意味着在具体行动时就能把握好做事的尺度。
许多案件中，对当局部门而言，获得搜查手机内容的批准并不十分麻烦。他们在面临严峻、
迫切的环境时，仍可以使用第四条修正案保护条款这一王牌，例如紧急危害的威胁，同时，
他们也可以在批准待定时采取合理措施确保手机的数据不被清除或修改。尽管法院也许是想
给警察在其被赋予更多自由的空间下行动。
5.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information
on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect
private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on
unreasonable searches.
6.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many
cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone
contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent
circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to
ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may
want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that____.

出题人是我们的朋友，ta 帮助我们总结了这两段出现的担忧。可以推测出第六段是作者担忧
（反对的）内容。
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed. (line-drawing is hard…)

[B] the court is giving police less room for action.
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.（have a right to …有权利放在手机里且受法
律保护）
[D] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.
7.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology
sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law
professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with
the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to
specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how
the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
swallow [A] 吞；咽 He swallowed the last of his coffee and asked for the bill. 他喝完最后一口
咖啡，要求结账。[B]轻信，轻易接受〔不真实的说法、解释等〕 Do they really think we are
stupid enough to swallow that? 他们真的认为我们会愚蠢到轻易相信那种事吗？
disruptive 引起混乱的，扰乱性的，捣乱的 [+to] Night work can be very disruptive to home life.
夜间工作会给家庭生活带来很大的麻烦。
novel 新的；新颖的；新奇的；application 应用 [+of/to/in] the applications of genetic
engineering in agriculture 基因工程在农业上的应用
establishment 建立，设立 [+of] the establishment of NATO in 1949 1949 年北约组织的建立
virtual 几乎的 Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country. 住在乡下，拥
有汽车几乎是必需的。
sort out 整理清楚
语篇分析：
1. New, disruptive technology 指的是啥？
smart phones 智能手机
2. explosion and accessibility of digital information 指的是啥？
智能手机的普及
3. compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the
establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th
把 21 世纪智能手机的普及和 20 世纪汽车的普及进行了比较。
7.但是法官不应完全相信加利福尼亚州的所有观点。新兴的、具有破坏性的技术有时要求对
宪法保护条例的创新运用。法学教授奥瑞恩·克尔将 21 世纪数据信息的爆炸性和可得到性
与 20 世纪汽车作为实际生活的必需品进行了比较：法官在当时必须针对汽车这个新的个人
领域制定出新颖规定。他们如今必须就如何将第四项修正案运用到数字化信息中去进行分类。
回顾：In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:
big firms who run the market places.
在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社交网络经济:劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，
而巨额利润则由少数经营市场的大公司获得。2020TEXT2
30. Which of the following characterized the scientific publishing model?
7.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology
sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law
professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with
the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to
specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how
the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that______.
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly. （没提手机，how the Constitution be
implemented in Smart phones…）
[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution. （无中生有。尚无定论，钱包
还是家）
[D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered. （不是改不改原则，讨论的是如何应
用原则。）
26. The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.
[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.（问题/方案）
27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.

[C] disapproval. （虚拟语气表示观点）
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to .
[A] getting into one’s residence （问题/方案：类比：房子还是钱包）
29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that____.

[D] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected. （问题/方案）

[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. （问题/方案类比：车和手机
类比）
复盘：
Constitution
search A for B
search through sth.
possessions
authorities
implications
makes arrests
sb. refrain from doing
prohibit sb. from doing
prevent sb. from doing
work out
be entitled to do
sort out
take a step/meaure
a prohibition on
a normal life
allow…room for sb. to do
go through
keep information on devices
swallow
a lame argument
语法错误：
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
正确：[A] principles are hard to clearly express.
He is easy to fool. 骗他很容易。

To fool him is easy. 骗他很容易。
It is easy to fool him. 骗他很容易。
He is easy to be fooled.❌
fool 后面少了一个宾语，自动带入名词作 fool 宾语，整条句子只有 He 是代词（代替名词）。
于是自动带入 he 充当了 fool 的宾语。To fool him is easy.整条句子的逻辑是“骗他这件事，
是容易的”。但如果使用被动 be fooled，那么 fool 就不缺宾语了。整条句子“He is easy to
be fooled.”的逻辑是“他这个人是容易的？”
大笑难以持续。
[A]Hard laughter is difficult to be sustained.❌
[B]Hard laughter is difficult to sustain.
[C] To sustain hard laughter is difficult.
But because hard laughter is difficult to 4sustain , …2011 完形。
英语一 2016 完形
Para 1 In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve
not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A
young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage
negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little
to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse（定从省略 that）her parents have chosen.
5 spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is
marrying 6 good family.
choice 选择；选择权 [+of] You have a choice of hotel or self-catering accommodation. 你可以
选择住宾馆或找自理膳食的住宿处。
the choice of a spouse 选择一个配偶
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices 2012
对最高法院法官的道德评价
a country of religion 一个宗教的国家
complex 复杂的，难以理解的
not only…but also…不仅……而且……
those of the young women= parents and his friends of the young women
if the score of the previous candidate ...was ...higher than that of the one 2013
matchmaker 媒人；on his own 靠自己；独立地；
negotiation n.〔尤指在商业或政治方面正式的〕谈判，协商
make the choice of=choose
say 决定权；发言权 have some / no / little say in sth The workers had no say in how the factory
was run. 工人在工厂管理方面没有发言权。
veto vt.否决〔尤指他人或其他组织已赞同之事〕 veto legislation / a measure / a proposal etc

President Bush vetoed the bill on July 6. 布什总统于 7 月 6 日否决了那项议案。
investigate 查明，调查，侦查〔犯罪、事故、科学问题等的真相〕
make sure 确保
语篇分析：
1. or 体现对比： A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own … or the young man’s
parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.
either with their teeth ...or with their lips, which ...2011
2.在相亲环节，相比较于男生，女生少了一个什么环节？
在柬埔寨，选择配偶对于年轻男性来说是一件很复杂的事情。这不仅与他本人 1 未来伴
侣的父母、朋友相关，而且与媒人也有着千丝万缕的关系。男性可以独立 2 自己喜欢的配
偶，然后让父母来 3 婚姻事务，或者说，男性的父母也可以决定孩子的配偶，在这一选
择过程中不给予孩子话语权。 4 ，女性也许会反对父母为自己选的配偶。配偶被选定
5 ，每个家庭就会调查对方的家庭以确保他们的孩子都嫁 6 了一个好人家。
回答：女性很惨，只能父母安排（跳过了女性自己挑选环节，直接进入 veto）。
Para 1 In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve
not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A
young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage
negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little
to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 spouse
has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 good
family.
1. [A] by way of 用……方法 [B] with regard to 关于
[C] on behalf of 代表 [D] as well as 以及
2. [A] decide on 选定 [B] provide for 供给
[C] compete with [D] adapt to 适应
呼应后面的 young man’s parents may make the choice of…
Half of them found a toy; the other half __16discovered___ the container was empty. 2018 完形
3.[A] close 关闭 [B] arrange 安排 [C] renew 更新 [D] postpone 推迟（propose 求婚）
4.[A] In theory 理论上 [B] Above all 最重要的是 [C] In time 及时[D] For example 比如说
女性很惨，只能父母安排（与男生相比，女性没有可以自己挑选的环节，直接进入 veto）。
所以只有 In theory 理论上能够进一步体现女性凄惨（理论上可以否定，实际上不能。）
5.[A] Unless [B] Lest 唯恐 [C] After [D] Although

after 前后一致：在他努力背单词以后，他的分数上涨了。
unless 前后冲突：他分数在不断下降，unless（除非）他背单词。
lest 前后冲突：他在努力背单词，lest（唯恐）他分数下降。
although 前后冲突：Although(尽管)他在努力背单词，他的分数还是不断下降。
6.[A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through
考并列：三组人，男方、女方、媒婆
1.[A] by way of [B] with regard to [C] on behalf of [D] as well as
考对比：男人(decide on) ...or 男人父母 make the choice
2.[A] decide on [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] adapt to
4.[A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example
考顺序：
确定配偶后（安排）提亲
3.[A] close [B] arrange [C] renew [D] postpone
选择了配偶之后，开始调查（完成时态到一半现在时态）
5.[A] Unless [B] Lest [C] After [D] Although
Para 2 The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7
by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and
8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton
threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a
circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally
move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a
new house nearby.
affair 事务；Formerly 以前，从前（previously）；commonly adv.通常，一般
Buddhist 佛教；priest 〔基督教之外一些宗教的〕教士，祭司，神职人员；
sermon〔基督教的〕布道，讲道 give / preach / deliver a sermon (on sth) The vicar gave a sermon
on charity. 牧师作了一次关于仁爱的布道。
prayer 祈祷文，祷词；blessing 〔上帝的〕祝福，赐福；保佑；恩典；祈祷 The priest gave the
blessing. 牧师为大家祝福。ritual 作为仪式一部分的；thread 〔缝衣服的〕线；
soak 浸，泡；groom 新郎；wrist 腕（关节） on/around your wrist She had a gold watch on her
wrist. 她手腕上戴了块金表。a circle of 排成一圈的人[物]；Newlyweds [plural 复数]新婚夫
妇，〔一对〕新人；move in 搬进（新居）；
语篇分析：本段的行文脉络是
[A]对比（contrast）；[B]流程（process）；[C]两者皆有
传统的婚礼是一个漫长却又多姿多彩的过程。以往，婚礼会持续三天， 7 到了 20 世纪
80 年代，一般只会持续一天半。佛教徒通常会做简短 8 为新人祈福。仪式一般包括理发，
在新郎新娘的胳膊上 9 浸满圣水的棉绳，在幸福的、受人尊敬的夫妇中 10 蜡烛来祝
福新人的 11 。一般情况下，新婚夫妇会到妻子父母家里 12 一年， 13 他们在附近
建好一栋新房子。
Para 2 The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7
by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and
8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton
threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a
circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally
move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a
new house nearby.
7.[A] or [B] since [C] but [D] so
or 同一时间的对比（比如实验组和对照组）；but 对比可以对今昔对比。
8.[A] test 测试 [B] copy 复制 [C] recite 朗诵 [D] create 创造
9. [A] folding 折叠 [B] piling 堆积
[C] wrapping 包 [D] tying 系，扎
10. [A] passing 传送 [B] lighting 点燃
[C] hiding 隐藏 [D] serving 服务
11. [A] association 社团 [B] meeting 会议
[C] collection 收集 [D] union 婚姻（=marriage 剑桥词典）
12.[A] deal 处理 [B] part 分离 [C] grow 成长 [D] live 生活
13.[A] whereas 然而 [B] until 直到，在……之前； [C] for 因为 [D] if 如果
考对比： three days...a day and a half

考语义搭配： Buddhist priests ____ prayers of blessing
8.[A] test [B] copy [C] recite [D] create
9 cotton threads around ...wrists...
9.[A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying
10 a candle around a circle of ...
10.[A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving
11.[A] association [B] meeting [C] collection [D] union
Newlyweds may 12 with them(parents)
12.[A] deal [B] part [C] grow [D] live
考顺序：
Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents ... 13 they can build a new house
nearby.
13.[A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if
Para 3 Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with
some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and
jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender
prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry
20 the woman must wait ten months.
divorce n.离婚；disapproval n.不赞同，反对；retain vt.保留，保有；继续拥有；property 所
有物；资产，财产；joint 联合的，共同的，共有的；acquire 购得，得到；prejudice 偏见；
语篇分析：本段的行文脉络是
[A]对比（contrast）；[B]流程（process）；[C]两者皆有
离婚是合法且相对容易 14 ，但离婚却不常见。人们会以异样的眼光 15 离过婚的人。
夫妻双方在婚后可以保留自己婚前所 17 的 16 财产，且可以平等地 18 婚后共同取
得的财产。离过婚的人可以再婚，但再婚仍会 19 性别歧视：离婚的男性不需要等待即可
再婚， 20 女人却必须等 10 个月才能再婚。
Para 3 Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with
some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and
jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender
prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry
20 the woman must wait ten months.
14.[A] avoid 避免 [B] follow 跟随 [C] challenge 挑战 [D] obtain 获得
顺着说：legal 合法（可以离婚）；easy to obtain 容易获得(可以离婚)
15.[A] isolated隔离 [B] persuaded 说服 [C] viewed 看作，视作 [D] exposed 接触
支持句，呼应前面的 but not common.
disapproval 是个态度，与 view 搭配。
16.[A] wherever 无论何处（地点） [B] whatever 无论什么（内容） [C] whenever 无
论何时（时间） [D] however 无论怎样（方式）
17.[A] changed 改变 [B] brought 带来（bring） [C] shaped 塑造 [D] pushed 推动

18.[A] invested 投资 [B] divided 分割 [C] donated 捐赠 [D] withdrawn 撤回

jointly-acquired 和 be divided equally 形成对比。
19.[A] warms(up)热身 [B] clears(up)整顿 [C] shows(up)出现 [D] breaks(up)爆发

20.[A] while 然而（对比） [B] so that 以至于（结果） [C] once 一旦（条件） [D] in that 因
为（原因）
Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal grant
for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students
with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
28 The study suggests that most first-generation students_______.观点题？
[C]are in need of financial support
…In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:
big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
30. Which of the following characterized the scientific publishing model?细节题？
The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20while the woman
must wait ten months.完形填空题？
考因果：合法所以容易获得
14.[A] avoid [B] follow [C] challenge [D] obtain
考语义搭配：
property he or she 17 into the marriage
17.[A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed
考段落：离婚的语境
and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally
18.[A] invested [B] divided [C] donated [D] withdrawn
考对比：
but a gender prejudice ... The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry
20 the woman must wait ten months. 20.[A] while [B] so that [C] once
[D] in that
一、对比
20.[A] while [B] so that [C] once [D] in that
二、顺序：
3.[A] close [B] arrange [C] renew [D] postpone
5.[A] Unless [B] Lest [C] After [D] Although
13.[A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if
Para 2 To test this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. ... The interviewers had
rated applicants on a scale of one to five. ...The scores were 15 then used in conjunction with
an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized
exam ..., to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. 2012 完形
为了验证这个观点，他转而研究（诉诸、求助）大学生的录取过程。面试官在 1 到 5 的评
分范围内给申请者打分。 15 然后，这些得分将与申请人的 GMAT（一种标准化考试）
成绩结合起来以决定是否录取他/她。
三、语义搭配：
8.[A] test [B] copy [C] recite [D] create
17.[A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed
3.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike
discovery. 2012TEXT3
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B] has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
Para 2 To test this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. ... The interviewers had
rated applicants on a scale of one to five. ...The scores were 15 then used in conjunction with
an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized
exam ..., to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. 2012 完形
为了验证这个观点，他转而研究（诉诸、求助）大学生的录取过程。面试官在 1 到 5 的评
分范围内给申请者打分。 15 然后，这些得分将与申请人的 GMAT（一种标准化考试）
成绩结合起来以决定是否录取他/她。
2. This is the credibility process, …

3.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike
discovery. 2012TEXT3
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B] has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
2018 年新题型
41.______- C - 42._______- 43._______ - F - 44.________-45._______
[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive
Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's
foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth
century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has
housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of
many historic events.
originally: in the beginning, before other things happened or before things changed 原先，最初
The building was originally used as a prison. 这幢建筑最初用作监狱。
house vt.让……居住，给……提供住房；
（be）intimately associated with 和……有密切联系的
formulate 规划；制定；准备 formulate a policy / plan / strategy etc He formulated Labour Party
education policy in 1922. 1922 年，他制定了工党教育政策。
emerge 开始为人所知；兴起 [+as] Local government has recently emerged as a major issue. 当
地政府近来成为人们关注的主要问题。
power 强国；军事强国 powerful, powerless Egypt is still a major power in the Middle East. 埃
及仍然是中东大国。
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to
do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.
When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a
second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level
courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and
even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. 英语一 2019
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
[A] To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
语篇分析：
本段可能体现出来了什么样的学术脉络：
[A]problem and solution; [B]chronological order (time order)
1875--1925
[C]就像大家最初所知道的那样，这座国务院、陆军部和海军部大楼设置了三个行政部门的
办公区。在 19 世纪最后 25 年和 20 世纪最初 25 年间，美国一举成为国际强国，在此期间这
三个部门与美国外交政策的制定和执行有着最为密切的联系。美国一些最重要的外交家和政
治家的都曾在这里办公，许多历史性事件也都发生在这里。
cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider
possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a
Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,
the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction
of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
appoint 任命；委派；estimates 〔对建造或修理费用的〕估价，报价。[+for] The garage said
they’d send me an estimate for the work. 汽车修理厂说他们会给我寄来维修报价。
the State Department 美国国务院
to sb’s horror (= making someone shocked or afraid) 让某人大为惊恐 To my horror, I realised
my shirt was wet with blood. 我发现自己的衬衫被鲜血沾湿，大为惊恐。
erect 建造，建立；elaborate 精心制作的
construction 建造，建筑 [+of] the construction of a new airport 新机场的建造
语篇分析：
本段在文章中的位置可以根据什么线索？
1869-1871
[A]1869 年 12 月，国会任命了一个委员会来负责新建国务院大楼的选址、前期筹备和成本
估算的工作。该委员会还需要去考虑陆军部和海军部的安置工作。有的人认为新楼的风格会
和财政部大楼相同，都属于希腊复古式建筑，这样两栋大楼分立在白宫两侧，相得益彰。但
令他们惊讶的是，委员会最后敲定了阿尔弗雷德·布尔特·马莱特的精细设计，这一设计属
于法兰西第二帝国的建筑风格。新楼将会容纳国务院、陆军部和海军部三个部门，并在 1871
年 6 月正式开工。
[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its
elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office
decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department
moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry
floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
occupy vt.占据，居住 He occupies the house without paying any rent. 他住在这幢房子里，没
有付一分钱房租。
decorate 装饰，布置，美化 decorate sth with sth an old-fashioned dress decorated with ribbons
and lace 饰有丝带和花边的老式连衣裙
carve vt.雕，刻；rug 小地毯；stencile 用模版印制；pattern 〔常作装饰的〕图案，花样，
式样；marquetry 〔用着色木片嵌接而成的〕镶嵌图案；镶嵌工艺
语篇分析：本段在文章中的线索是什么？
1. 时间：1875; 1879; 2. 动作：不是一次性整体入住的，是：一边修建一边入住
[B]在 1875 年修建之后，国务院大楼南翼率先投入使用率先投入使用。该建筑内部设有雅致
的四层图书馆（建成于 1876 年）、外交接待室以及国务卿办公室，均由木雕装饰，地上铺
着东方地毯，墙壁则是印花式样。海军部在 1879 年搬入大楼的东翼，里面海军部长办公室
的墙面精心装饰，天花板呈印花式，地板为镶嵌式。
[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have
taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William
Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush
all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy,
21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors
and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl
Harbor.
celebrated 著名的，闻名的；figure [A]〔尤指官方公布的〕数据，数字；[B]〔重要的或有名
的〕人物，人士 a leading / key / central figure
take place 〔尤指经过计划或安排后〕发生，进行 The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
下次会议将在星期四举行。
granite 花岗岩，花岗石；
corridor 通道；走廊
语篇分析：主题句哪个词最重要？
figures
[D]艾森豪威尔行政办公楼花岗岩墙内所发生的历史事件涉及到许多美国最为知名的人士。
在当选总统之前，西奥多·罗斯福、富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福、威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱、
德怀特·戴维·艾森豪威尔、林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊、杰拉尔德·福特和乔治·赫伯特·沃
克·布什都在这里办过公。温斯顿·丘吉尔曾在这里的走廊散步，日本特使曾在珍珠港遭到
炮轰后在这里与美国国务卿科德尔·赫尔会晤。
[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the
national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising
Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing
staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of
French Second Empire architecture in the country.
command vt.赢得，博得〔尊敬、关注等〕 command respect / attention / support etc Philip was
a remarkable teacher, able to command instant respect. 菲利普是名出色的教师，能够立刻赢得
尊敬。
heritage 〔文化〕遗产；传统 cultural / architectural / literary etc heritage the cultural heritage of
Italy 意大利的文化遗产
语篇分析；
语篇分析：本段在文章中的位置有什么线索？
1871—1888；
[E]艾森豪威尔行政办公楼在美国历史和建筑遗产史上都具有独特的地位。该楼修建于 1871
年至 1888 年间，是由美国财政部的监理建筑师阿尔弗雷德·布尔特·马莱特设计的，旨在
为国务院、陆军部和海军部越来越多的员工提供办公场所。同时这一办公楼也被认为是美国
最具法兰西第二帝国风格的建筑代表之一。
Introduce every acronym before using it in the text. The first time you use the term, put the
acronym in parentheses after the full term. Thereafter, you can stick to using the acronym.
Note that when introducing an acronym, the full term should only be capitalized if it is a proper
noun (e.g. the name of an organization).
 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is headquartered in Switzerland.

The IOC President is elected by secret ballot.
 A business impact analysis (BIA) was conducted to evaluate the potential consequences,
and the BIA report was presented to the board.
Do not introduce an acronym unless you will use it a minimum of three or four times. If it only
appears once or twice, write out the full term. If you use a lot of acronyms in the document, you
can also introduce them in a list of abbreviations.
Using Abbreviations and Acronyms in Academic Writing

Published on August 1, 2015 by Sarah Vinz. Revised on May 6, 2022.
立刻搜索：哪些选项出现了 EEOB，并且要把它们放在[E]之后。
[D][F][G]
1871—1888；
[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was
finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white
tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was
minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000
individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass
rotundas.
rise 高耸，耸立，矗立 [+above] The cliffs rose above them. 峭壁高耸于他们之上。
tile v. 铺瓦于〔屋顶〕；贴地砖于〔地面等〕
interior 内部的；里面的；室内的
minimize 把……减至最小量[程度]
monumental 丰碑式的，伟大的；staircase 〔室内的〕楼梯
cap 为某物所覆盖 a graceful tower capped with a golden dome 一座漂亮的金色圆顶塔
rotunda 〔尤指有圆顶的〕圆形建筑；圆形大厅
语篇分析：本段话在文章中的位置线索是什么
17 年；完工。
[F]整栋建筑的施工逐翼开展，进程较为缓慢，前后花了 17 年。修建完成后，其成为华盛顿
最大的办公楼，走廊总长接近 2 英里，全部由黑白相间的瓷砖装饰而成。为确保消防安全，
大楼内部基本都是由铸铁或灰泥建筑而成，而避免使用了木材。楼里面有八个宏伟的花岗岩
穹形楼梯，楼梯上分别设有 4000 多个由青铜铸造的栏杆柱。大楼主体共有四个开天窗的穹
顶和两个带有彩色玻璃的圆形建筑。
[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive
offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the
British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury
Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the
demolition of the State Department building.
foundation 地基，基础 It took the builders three weeks to lay the foundations. 建筑工人花了三
星期的时间打地基。overcrowded 过度拥挤的 Staff had to work in overcrowded conditions.
员工们只得在过度拥挤的环境中工作。necessitate 使成为必需；需要；
demolition
demolishB2 to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else
（尤指为利用土地而）拆除，拆毁
根据 demolish 的特点，[G][A]在一起
或许可以通过 new 来蒙对[G][A]，但如果深刻理解 demolition，那就是稳定拿下[G][A]（虽
然一个肾能维持生命正常运转，但你希望你有几个肾？）。
cost estimates for a new State Department Building. ...
[G]艾森豪威尔行政办公楼在奠基之前就已经有悠久的历史了。其首批行政办公室修建于
1799 年到 1820 年间。之所以要修建如今的财政部大楼，是因为发生了一系列火灾（包括 1814
年英国人实施的纵火案），再加之旧楼本来就过于拥挤。1866 年，财政部大楼北翼的施工
致使国务院大楼的拆除成了必然。
时间线索：
[C]1875--1925
[A] 1869-1871
[B] 1. 时间：1875; 1879; 2. 动作：不是一次性整体入住的，是：一边修建一边入住
[D] figures
[E] 1871—1888； EEOB ([D][F][G])
[F] 17 年；完工。
[G] 1799-1866；[G][A]（demolish…new…）
41.______- C - 42._______- 43._______ - F - 44.________-45._______
[G][A]
[E](DFG)[G][A]
2018 新题型思路
41.E - C - 42.G - 43.A - F - 44.B - 45.D
1. E 出现了 EEOB（第一次被缩写）
DFG 也出现了 EEOB，E 在 DFG 之前。
2. 时间线索：A（1869， 1871）B(1875) E(1871-1888) F (17years) G (1799,1820,1866)

GAB
3. 结合第一点和第二点， E 在 DFG 之前： EGAB
EGAB 只有两种可能，从 41 题开始，或 42 开始。应该是 41 题开始，因为 E 时态混用，且
内容概括。
ECGAB，这时候还剩 D，D 插在什么地方。
B 和 D 都在讲建筑的使用；
F(wing by wing 一个翼一个翼的完成，对应 B 的 south wing, east wing)
F(finished), B (occupied) 所以 FB 是连贯的
问题：
A 项提到了 1871 年开始造，B 项提到了 1875 年完成，为什么 F 说的是 17 年造完，不应该
是 4 年吗？
[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied,...
注意：completed 的动作对应的名词是 south wing, 而不是整个建筑。所以，完成南翼花费了
估计四年时间。
demolish
acronym: 1. 全称；2. 多次
be associated with
(celebrated) figures （participate…）
emerge as an international power
command a unique position
take place
architectural heritage
original
formulate a policy
2012-3 (scientific discovery… credibility process.)

2007TEXT3
1. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard
work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and
new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from
solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
count on 依靠； fair play 公正处理；公平对待 This kind of behavior violates many people’s
sense of fair play. 这种行为有违许多人的公平意识。 a middle-class family 中产阶级家庭；
financially secure 收入稳定； He was successful and financially secure. 他事业有成，经济有
保障。 pink slip 解雇通知书； diagnosis 诊断；判断；spouse 配偶； reduce sb to doing sth 迫
使某人做某事；使某人沦落到某种地步 Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the
streets. 最后夏洛特沦落到沿街乞讨。 solidly 结实地 adv solidly built 体格结实；
语篇分析；本段的第一句和第二句之间的关系
[A]主题句和支持句；[B]观点和反驳
1. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard
work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and
new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from
solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
上一代的美国中产阶级家庭曾经依靠努力工作和公平竞争就能使自己经济无忧，但这种种状
况已经被如今的经济风险和新的现实状况改变了。如今，一张解聘书、被诊断患病抑或失去
配偶，都可以使一个殷实的中产家庭在几个月间沦为新的穷人。
2. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family
economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications
of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s
families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost
the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back-up earner (usually Mom) who
could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker
effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to
help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made
up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
of all stripes/of every stripe 形形色色的 politicians of all stripes.各个派别的政客；
implications [C usually plural 一般用复数] 〔行动、事件、决定等的〕可能的影响[后果] [+of]
What are the implications of these proposals? 这些提议会有什么后果？ look at 检查，察看；
side effect 意外后果；意想不到的结果； as well 也；budget 编制预算；把……编入预算；
精打细算 We’ll have to budget more carefully. 我们必须更仔细地安排开支。； paycheck 薪
金，工资 pay packet BrE【英】 a nice fat paycheck 丰厚的工资
parachute 降落伞； countries that have stood together (= stayed united) in times of crisis 在危难
时刻团结起来的国家； setback 阻碍，挫折； backup 后备人员；备用物品；workforce 劳
动力； lay off 〔因为没活干而〕解雇〔雇员〕 The company laid off 250 workers in December.
公司在 12 月份解雇了 250 名工人。 Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry.
钢铁工业有数百万人遭解雇。 fell sick：He fell sick and died within a matter of weeks. 他病倒
了，不出几星期就死了。 safety net 〔一种帮助遇到严重问题或陷入困境者的〕安全保障措
施[系统] [+for] State support should provide a safety net for the very poor. 政府补贴应该可以
为极度贫困者提供保障。
unemployment insurance Unemployment insurance means that you are partially protected if you
lose your job. 失业保险意味着你失业的时候可以得到部分保障。
weather 挺过（难关）；disruption 扰乱，打乱 [+to] There will be some disruption to traffic while
the work is in progress. 施工期间会给交通造成一些混乱。 no longer/not any longer 不再；
fortune 财富； made up 补上，补回 otherwise 否则，要不然〔指如果某事没有发生，就会
发生另一事〕；
partner 未婚同居者
语篇分析：
primary earner（主要挣钱者）下岗或生病，指的是：[A]父亲；[B]母亲
降落伞和通常呆在家的配偶，指的是: [A]父亲；[B]母亲
安全网“the safety net” 是：[A]家庭主妇；[B]失业和伤残保险
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family
economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications
of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s
families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost
the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back-up earner (usually Mom) who
could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker
effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to
help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made
up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that __.
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared （used to do 过去常常）
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased 无中生有
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics（vulnerable 脆弱，易受伤）
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance （be deprived of 被剥夺了……）
A=D，都排除
3. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement
income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions
of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that
they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to
move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their
guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. …
absorb（应付变化/费用）经受住；承受住 The beer industry had absorbed a doubling of federal
tax in 1991. 1991 年，啤酒行业经受住了联邦税加倍的考验。
the auto industry 汽车产业； fluctuation 价格、数量、水平等的〕波动，起伏 He learned the
hard way about the harsh reality of the boxing world. 他碰过壁后才了解拳击界的严酷现实。
outlive 比……长寿；campaign 发起运动； move to 〔尤指朝好的方面的〕转变，改变
[+towards/from/against/to] the country’s move towards democracy 该国向民主的转变； trade
(sb) sth for sth I’ll trade you my camera for your drill. 我用我的相机来换你的钻机。
语篇分析：上半段的脉络是
[A]问题和方案；[B]结果和原因
与此同时，家庭也要为他们的退休金承担更多的风险。炼钢工人、航空公司员工以及汽车行
业的职工和数百万的家庭一样，都必须担心利率、股市的波动及寿命比拿退休金的年份还要
长的残酷现实。去年的大半年中，小布什总统竭力鼓吹把社会保险转为储蓄账户模式，根据
这一模式，退休人员将大都数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入。
guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have ________.
[A] a higher sense of security
[B] less secured payments
[C] less chance to invest
[D] a guaranteed future
出题思路
guaranteed 和 investment returns 是什么关系？
[A]对比；[B]类比
For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a
savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for
payments depending on investment returns.
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have ________.
[B] less secured payments
学生的误解：忽略时态（误以为布什是来解决问题的）
guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
学生误以为两次失败。
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain
proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year,
Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding
invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership.
But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.2013TEXT4 英语二
欧盟正在考虑通过立法来强迫公司董事会保有一定比例的女性——该比例可能高达 60%。
这种强迫性提议源于一次挫折。去年，欧盟委员会副主席薇薇安·瑞丁发起了一项自愿活动。
瑞丁邀请各企业签名以支持性别平衡目标，即女性在董事会中占 40%。但她的呼吁最终被
认为是失败的：只有 24 家公司响应其呼吁。
3. …For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and
share of it borne by families have risen — and newly fashionable health-savings plans are
spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large
new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working
against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the
attendant need for physical and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one
generation.
picture 情景； bear 承担（过去分词 borne）； spread 扩散，蔓延 spread (from sth) to sth The
cancer had spread to her liver. 癌已经扩散到她的肝脏。 demographics 人口统计学；attendant
随之产生的，护理的；deductible 自付额；the part of an insurance claim that a person has to pay
while the insurance company pays the rest（牛津字典）；dose 〔药物的〕剂量； the odds 〔事
物发生的〕可能性；
伴随的，随之而来的，附带的 attendant problems / difficulties / dangers etc
整段的人群讨论顺序是：[A]老年人和年轻人；[B]年轻人和老年人
对略为年轻的家庭来说，情况也好不到哪去。医疗的绝对支出和家庭承担的份额都增长了，
而从立法机构走入沃尔玛员工生活的健康储蓄计划近期变得很时兴。这一计划有比之前高得
多的医疗保险免赔额，也同时大大增加了家庭未来医疗方面的投资风险。甚至人口结构也在
和中产家庭作对：就在一代人的时间里，家里有一位年迈体弱的父（母）亲——以及为护理
他们需要提供体力上、经济上的援助——的可能性增加了 8 倍。
For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and share
of it borne by families have risen — and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading
from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of
investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle
class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the attendant need for physical
and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
33. According to the author, health-savings plans will ________.
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare 积极 [B] popularize among the middle class 积极
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions 积极 [D] increase the families’investment risk 消极
主题句（分论点：not any better）与支持手段：For younger families, the picture is not any
better….
4. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an
opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening
acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The
financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
from sb’s perspective 某人认为；
this 上一段的“国家政策带来的风险”
a good deal=much
overburdened 不堪重负的；
fallout 负面后果（ the unpleasant results or effects of an action or event ）
语篇分析：最后一句话是什么意思？
[A]布什要下台；[B]布什要连任
4. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an
opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening
acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The
financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks （选项是对比关系；文章是先后/因果关系）
[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges （张冠李戴：应该是布什）
[C]financial problems may bring about political problems （bring about 带来，导致）
[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status 无中生有
文章结构：
第一二段：中产阶级的内在风险——女性上班了。
第三段：中产阶级的外部风险——政府政策（老与少）
第四段：中产阶级的风险的未来趋势——布什下台
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert.
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff.
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict.
[D]The Middle Class in Ruins.
时间顺序：时态体现出先后 e（因果）
关于时态的实证研究：回忆童年时期的运动
过去时描述主题的时候，一般现在时导入。
Hinkel (1997:296)
bring about
be vulnerable to
trade A for B
of all stripes
make up
count on
fair play
lay off (be laid off)
fell sick
side effect
weather bad time
spread from…to …
financially secure
from sb’s perspective
used to do
no longer
2013TEXT3
1.An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one
knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By
watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads
at those most likely to buy.
legend has it that/ rumor has it that 据传说／据谣传
原文”an old saw”被出题人改为“an old saying”
budget n.预算; in theory 理论上；fraction 〔数学上的〕分数; reduce vt.减少; search for 寻找;
click on 点击;
aim sth at sb 使某事物针对某人； be likely to do 有可能
What do people search for?
…watching what people search for…
What do people click on?
…watching what people click on…
第一段：[A]现象及解释；[B]问题及方案
有句老话说，广告花费有一半是浪费的——问题在于没人知道是哪一半。在网络时代，至少
从理论上来讲，浪费的这一部分是可以大大减少的。通过观察用户在网络上搜索的关键词、
点击的链接以及所发表的言论，企业可以针对(aim)那些最有可能购买它们产品的用户投放
“行为”广告。
26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to_______.
[A] ease competition among themselves 无中生有
[B] lower their operational costs 降低运营成本
[C] avoid complaints from consumers 无中生有
[D] provide better online services 你选的
Operating costs are associated with the maintenance and administration of a business on a
day-to-day basis. Operating costs include direct costs of goods sold (COGS) and other operating
expenses—often called selling, general, and administrative (SG&A)—which include rent, payroll,
and other overhead costs, as well as raw materials and maintenance expenses. 运营成本与企业
的日常维护和管理相关。运营成本包括商品销售的直接成本(COGS)和其他运营费用，通常
称为销售、一般和管理(SG&A)，包括租金、工资和其他间接成本，以及原材料和维护费用。
advertising budgets 最好是改写为：promotional expenditures/marketing costs（What Is
Advertising Budget? An advertising budget is an estimate of a company's promotional
expenditures over a certain time period. More importantly, it is the money a company is willing to
set aside to accomplish its marketing objectives.）
ease （使）减轻，（使）缓解;
operational 〔企业、政府等〕运作的，操作上的，经营上的
complaint n.抱怨；
2.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained
information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural
ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
couple of = a few 几个； quarrel n.争吵； illustrate vt.（尤指用例子）说明，阐明
the value to A of B = the value of B to A. B 对于 A 的价值
fine-grained 精细的; assume v.臆断； track vt. 跟踪，追踪；
explicit 清楚明白的；明确的； permission n.许可
过去几个星期中发生的一场争论显示了这些精确信息对于广告商的价值：广告商们是否应该
假设用户乐意被跟踪且接受其投放的行为广告？或者说，广告商是否应该得到用户的明确许
可？
第二段提出了新的：[A]方案；[B]问题
1. 有句老话说，广告花费有一半是浪费的——问题在于没人知道是哪一半。在网络时代，
至少从理论上来讲，浪费的这一部分是可以大大减少的。通过观察用户在网络上搜索的关键
词、点击的链接以及所发表的言论，企业可以针对(aim)那些最有可能购买它们产品的用户
投放“行为”广告。
2.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained
information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural
ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
过去几个星期中发生的一场争论显示了这些精确信息对于广告商的价值：广告商们是否应该
假设用户乐意被跟踪且接受其投放的行为广告？或者说，广告商是否应该得到用户的明确许
可？
3.In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not
track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not
want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google's
Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA)
agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
2010 年 12 月，美国联邦商务委员会（FTC）建议在网络浏览器加入“请勿跟踪”的选项，
这样用户可以告诉广告商他们不想自己的在线行为被跟踪。微软的 IE 浏览器和苹果的 Safari
浏览器都加入了这一选项；谷歌的 Chrome 浏览器也将在今年加入这一选项。今年 2 月份，
联邦商务委员会（FTC）和数字广告联盟（DAA）达成一致：行业应该尽快回应用户提出的
“请勿跟踪”的请求。
propose vt.建议； browser 浏览器； so that 以至于……（引导结果状语从句）；
due 预计的，预期的；
get cracking 抓紧时间；request n.（礼貌、正式的）要求，请求
第三段提出了：[A]问题；[B]方案
2.过去几个星期中发生的一场争论显示了这些精确信息对于广告商的价值：广告商们是否应
该假设用户乐意被跟踪且接受其投放的行为广告？或者说，广告商是否应该得到用户的明确
许可？
3.2010 年 12 月，美国联邦商务委员会（FTC）建议在网络浏览器加入“请勿跟踪”的选项，
联邦商务委员会（FTC）和数字广告联盟（DAA）达成一致：该行业应该尽快回应用户提出
的“请勿跟踪”的请求。
3.In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not
track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not
want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google's
Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA)
agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
27. “The industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to_____.
[A] online advertisers 在线广告商（你选的）
[B] e-commerce conductors 无中生有
[C] digital information analysts 无中生有
[D] internet browser developers 互联网浏览器开发商（正确）
总结：识别时态变化（因果，对比，类比）
4.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to
appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
5 月 31 日，微软率先挑起了这场争论：其声称将和 Windows8 操作系统一起推出的 IE10 浏
览器中将“请勿跟踪”作为默认设置。
set off the row 引发争端；default 默认
第三段的微软和第四段的微软有什么差异：
[A]第四段的微软推翻了其在第三段的操作；
[B]第四段的微软进一步加强了第三段的操作
3. 2010 年 12 月，美国联邦商务委员会（FTC）建议在网络浏览器加入“请勿跟踪”的选项，
4.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to
appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
5 月 31 日，微软率先挑起了这场争论：其声称将和 Windows8 操作系统一起推出的 IE10 浏
览器中将“请勿跟踪”作为默认设置。
5.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.
Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of
the Association of Natural Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot
collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get
less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
horrified 非常震惊的； Human nature 人性； stick with 坚持；
settings（电子设备的）设置（pl.）；
Go to Settings to connect to Wi-Fi networks. 在”设置“中连接到无线网络。
be worse off 恶化（be better off 好转）； preference n.偏好
target（广告、批评或产品）以…为目标（或对象）
The advert for the energy drink is targeted specifically at young people. 这则能量饮料的广告是
专门针对年轻人的。
语篇分析：
“跟踪是关闭的 tracking is off”指的是“请勿跟踪”选项处于
[A] 开启状态；[B] 关闭状态
第五段是广告商：[A]评估一个方案；[B]提出一个方案
广告商们惊惶不安。人性就是如此，大多数用户都坚持使用默认设置。现在很少有人会开启
“请勿跟踪”选项，但是如果跟踪是关闭的则它将一直处于关闭的状态。全国广告协会首席
执行官鲍勃·利奥迪斯说道，如果该行业不能收集到消费者偏好的信息，消费者的情况将会
更糟。他说人们看到的广告将不会变少。“他们看到的是更没有意义和针对性的广告。”
广告商们惊惶不安。人性就是如此，大多数用户都坚持使用默认设置。现在很少有人会开启
“请勿跟踪”选项，但是如果跟踪是关闭的则它将一直处于关闭的状态。全国广告协会首席
执行官鲍勃·利奥迪斯说道，如果该行业不能收集到消费者偏好的信息，消费者的情况将会
更糟。他说人们看到的广告将不会变少。“他们看到的是更没有意义和针对性的广告。”
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ____________.
[A] may cut the number of junk ads （junk ads 垃圾广告）反
[B] fails to affect the ad industry 反（horrified, to the horror of）
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature 反
6.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to
stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone
really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may
ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
广告商们对此如何回应仍不明朗。接收到“请勿跟踪”的信号也无法迫使任何广告商停止跟
踪，尽管有些公司已经承诺会不会再跟踪。由于无法分辨一些用户是真的反对行为广告还是
仍然保留了微软的默认设置，一些公司可能会无视“请勿跟踪”的信号，继续记录用户的在
线行为。
oblige 强迫，迫使（oblige sb. to do sth）；tell 区分；object [to] vi.反对； ignore vt.无视
press on/ahead (不顾困难地）继续进行
It was pouring with rain, but we pressed on regardless.
尽管下着倾盆大雨，但我们还是继续前进。
语篇分析：
someone 和 some 分别指的是[A]消费者和广告商；[B]广告商和消费者
从第六段可知，微软的默认设置：[A]有效；[B]未必有效
广告商们对此如何回应仍不明朗。接收到“请勿跟踪”的信号也无法迫使任何广告商停止跟
踪，尽管有些公司已经承诺会不会再跟踪。由于无法分辨一些用户是真的反对行为广告还是
仍然保留了微软的默认设置，一些公司可能会无视“请勿跟踪”的信号，继续记录用户的在
线行为。
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT. 反
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers. 无中生有
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads. 拼凑
词组为王；
press on[不顾困难]继续进行
serve 适合作……用；对……有用 serve the needs / interests of sb / sth research projects that
serve the needs of industry 对工业有用的研究项目
7.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it
says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset
Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no
guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge
selling point for windows 8— though the firm has compared some of its other products
favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer,
blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
go it alone 单独行动，独自干；独立出去生活 After years of working for a big company I
decided to go it alone. 在一家大公司工作多年后，我决定自己单干。after all 毕竟；
comply with 遵守； though 尽管； upset 〔出人意料地〕打败〔实力远超自己的对手〕 Jones

upset the 40th-ranked American, Cunningham. 琼斯出人意料地打败了排名第 40 位的美国选手
坎宁安。rely on 依赖； wholly 完全地；全部地； indirect 间接的；method n.方法；guarantee
n.保证；norm 行为准则；规范；selling point 卖点; work out 确定，解决；compare favourably
比起来要好： The hotel certainly compared favourably with the one we stayed in last year. 这家
酒店当然比我们去年住的那家要好。
count 看法，主张 I'm afraid I disagree with you on all/several counts (= I disagree with all/several
of your opinions.
最后一段是作者的：[A]评估；[B]方案
同样不明朗的是为什么微软会单独行动。毕竟微软自己也有广告的业务。微软称其广告业务
将遵守用户对“请勿跟踪”的要求，不过具体的实施方案仍在研究当中。如果这是试图去打
击几乎完全依赖广告业务的谷歌的话，那此举是一种间接的方法：没人能保证默认设置“请
勿跟踪”会成为行业的标准。“请勿跟踪”并非只是 Windows8 的一大明显卖点——尽管此
前微软认为他们其他一些产品与谷歌同类产品相比更胜一筹。微软的首席隐私官布伦顿·林
奇在博客中写道“我们认为用户应该拥有更多的控制权。”真的会那么简单吗？
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of______.
[A] indulgence 纵容 [B] understanding 理解
[C] appreciation 欣赏 [D] skepticism 怀疑
提出方案
1. 有句老话说，广告花费有一半是浪费的——问题在于没人知道是哪一半。在网络时代，
至少从理论上来讲，浪费的这一部分是可以大大减少的。通过观察用户在网络上搜索的关键
词、点击的链接以及所发表的言论，企业可以针对(aim)那些最有可能购买它们产品的用户
投放“行为”广告。
3.2010 年 12 月，美国联邦商务委员会（FTC）建议在网络浏览器加入“请勿跟踪”的选项，
评估方案
5. 广告商们惊惶不安。人性就是如此，大多数用户都坚持使用默认设置。现在很少有人会
开启“请勿跟踪”选项，但是如果跟踪是关闭的则它将一直处于关闭的状态。全国广告协会
首席执行官鲍勃·利奥迪斯说道，如果该行业不能收集到消费者偏好的信息，消费者的情况
将会更糟。他说人们看到的广告将不会变少。“他们看到的是更没有意义和针对性的广告。”
7. 同样不明朗的是为什么微软会单独行动。毕竟微软自己也有广告的业务。微软称其广告
业务将遵守用户对“请勿跟踪”的要求，不过具体的实施方案仍在研究当中。如果这是试图
去打击几乎完全依赖广告业务的谷歌的话，那此举是一种间接的方法：没人能保证默认设置
“请勿跟踪”会成为行业的标准。“请勿跟踪”并非只是 Windows8 的一大明显卖点——尽
管此前微软认为他们其他一些产品与谷歌同类产品相比更胜一筹。微软的首席隐私官布伦
顿·林奇在博客中写道“我们认为用户应该拥有更多的控制权。”真的会那么简单吗？
复盘：
go it alone
work out
be worse off
aim A at B
the value of xx to yy
set off the row
have A as B
comply with
compare favorably with
switch on
stick with
press on
get cracking
serve the needs / interests of sb / sth
1.For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had
a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family,
Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country,
this has limited political support.
For the first time 初次，第一次；
country [A] 国，国家；[B] the country 郊外，乡村
回答：第一个 country 是乡村，因为 the country；其次还因为对比 towns 和 the country。
curious 稀奇古怪的；while 尽管； poll n.民意调查；

rate 对 ……作评估，评价；rate A as B 把 A 评价为 B
The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. 2013 完形
13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
proud 自豪的；limited 有限的
本段用到了：[A]对比；[B]类比（你是通过什么单词看出来的）
人类历史上第一次出现城镇人口多余乡村人口。在英国，这一现象已经产生了一个令人感到
好奇的结果。尽管民意调查显示，英国人将“乡村”评为最自豪的事物之一，与皇室家庭、莎
士比亚以英国国民健康服务并驾齐驱，但英国政坛对此只给予了有限的支持。
26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside_______.
[A] is not well reflected in politics
[B] is fully backed by the royal family 无中生有
[C] didn‘t start till the Shakespearean age 无中生有
[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS 无中生有
BCD 均为并列细节
考对比
2.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save
“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers
with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill‘s pressure later led to
the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every
year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.
launch vt.发动，发起，开始从事〔大型或重要活动〕; the National Trust 国民信托组织 rescue
vt.营救，解救，救援； not…but…不是……而是……；provide vt.提供 provide sb with sth The
project is designed to provide young people with work. 该计划旨在为年轻人提供工作。
city/town/cave etc dweller 居住在城里/镇上/洞穴中等的人[动物] ； leisure 空闲，闲暇，业
余时间 refreshing 消除疲劳的，提神的；清凉的； pressure 〔通过影响、辩论或威胁施加

的〕压力； green belt 〔城市周围的〕绿化带； countryside 郊外；乡下，农村 the country ；
not...any more 不再； concrete [A]adj. 具体的；[B] n. 混泥土；consume〔大火〕彻底烧毁，
吞噬； guardianship 监护人的身份
下划线是指：[A]城市；[B]乡村
第一段和第二段之间的关系：
[A]倒叙；[B]顺叙
"the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers
with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to
the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every
year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.
27. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being_____.
[A] largely overshadowed (overshadow 使〔别的人或事〕相形见绌[黯然失色])
[B] properly protected
[C] effectively reinforced
[D] gradually destroyed
1. 题干在帮助考生总结文章（ the achievements of the National Trust are now being... 说明：
一切过去的动作都是成就。）
2.很多学生既没有注意到内容上的对比，也没有注意到时态上的对比。
总结：识别时态变化（因果，对比，类比）
3.In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”
(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be
followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is
due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed
that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
27. “The industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to [D] internet browser developers
3.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The
Conservatives‘ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,
even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable
development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning
where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its
chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its
Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.
endorse vt.（正式）赞同，认可，支持 endorse a proposal / an idea / a candidate etc The prime
minister is unlikely to endorse this view. 首相不可能赞同这一观点。； sentiment 意见，观
点，感想；explicitly 明确地； development [A]发育，成长；发展 child development 儿童发
育；[B]〔土地的〕开发。The land was sold for development. 这块土地被出售用于开发。
off-plan 期房； object vt.反对；sustainable development 可持续发展；discontinue 中止；
council 〔英国地方政府的〕政务委员会，地方议会 local council elections 地方议会选举；
sense vt.感觉到，意识到 Perhaps he sensed your distrust. 也许他感觉到了你的不信任。 side
with 支持；pleading n.恳求； considered 深思熟虑的； strike terror/fear into sb’s heart 把某
人吓得魂不附体
作者在描述各党派观点时使用了：[A]类比；[B]对比；[C]两者皆有
Conservatives‘ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,
even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable
各大政党在下一任选举中似乎都不会支持这一情愫。保守党的计划改革清晰表明，乡村发展
优于乡村保护，其甚至授权建造当地人民也许会反对的“期房”的建造。可持续发展的概念已
经被视为是可盈利的。工党同样不想继续当地的规划，尽管地方议会为对发展持反对的态度。
自由民主党则保持了沉默。只有嗅到了机会的独立党支持那些呼吁以更谨慎方式使用绿地的
观点。其保护英格兰乡村的行动使许多当地许多保守党派感到恐惧。
Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even
authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable
28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development 无
[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building 反
[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation 考 contrast
[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence 无

本题考对比
4.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and
towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified
enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt.
What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.
infrastructure 基础设施；in place 准备就绪；identify vt.确定； intrusion 入侵 n;
true 符合事实的
第四段的观点：[A]支持城市建房；[B]支持乡村建房
4.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and
towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified
enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt.
What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.
建造新房子、工厂和办公楼的理想场地是人们在城市和城镇的地方。这里基础设施都在兴建
之中。伦敦中介 Stirling Ackroyed 最近发现仅在伦敦就有在不侵入绿化带的情况下修建 50
万所房子的场地。伦敦的这一情况在别的省份体现得更加明显。
5.The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not
the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George
Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town
shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and
villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges
and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
equal linking verb〔在大小、数字、数量上〕等于，与……相同；meadow 草地； lobby 〔力
图说服政府更改法律、制定新法律等的〕游说； be / come under pressure to do sth The minister
was under pressure to resign. 部长面临被迫辞职的压力。 favour 更倾向于，赞成； new-build
正在建造[刚刚建成]的房子；renovation 整修； renewal 更新（翻新）； out-of-town 非本市
的； high street 大街〔市镇商业区的主要街道〕；stick 〔迅速而随意地〕摆放，放置（put）
The cards had been stuck through the letterbox. 卡片被塞进信箱。edge 边缘； ruin 毁坏，毁
掉，糟蹋
下划线部分是：[A]破坏城市；[B]破坏乡村
5.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not
the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George
Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town
shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and
villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges
and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
将“住房危机”与“水泥草地”等同的想法纯碎是游说说辞。一如既往地，问题不是建造更多房
子的需求而是应将这些房子置于何处。在议员游说的压力下，乔治奥斯本支持在农村新建房
子而反对返修城镇的房子以及在城镇建新房。他同意建设郊外购物中心而反对建商业大街。
这并非一个自由市场而是一个有偏见的市场。乡镇和村庄已经并将继续发展。建筑沿着边缘
地带扩建，因为不影响乡村内部的特色属性，而成为最佳的方案。我们不破坏城镇的保留地，
那为什么要破坏农村的保留地呢？
第四段和第五段之间的关系：
[A]第四段立论，第五段驳论
[B]第四段驳论，第五段立论
立论是对一定的事件或问题从正面阐述作者的见解和主张的论证方法。
驳论是就一定的事件和问题发表议论，揭露和驳斥错误的的见解或主张。
奥斯本的态度可能是：[A]保护乡村；[B]在乡村建房
第四段和第五段的联系：作者和奥斯本的态度的
[A] 对立；[B]相似
4.建造新房子、工厂和办公楼的理想场地是人们在城市和城镇的地方。这里基础设施都在兴
建之中。伦敦中介 Stirling Ackroyed 最近发现仅在伦敦就有在不侵入绿化带的情况下修建 50
万所房子的场地。伦敦的这一情况在别的省份体现得更加明显。
5.将“住房危机”与“水泥草地”等同的想法纯碎是游说说辞。一如既往地，问题不是建造更多
房子的需求而是应将这些房子置于何处。在议员游说的压力下，乔治奥斯本支持在农村新建
房子而反对返修城镇的房子以及在城镇建新房。他同意建设郊外购物中心而反对建商业大街。
这并非一个自由市场而是一个有偏见的市场。乡镇和村庄已经并将继续发展。建筑沿着边缘
地带扩建，因为不影响乡村内部的特色属性，而成为最佳的方案。我们不破坏城镇的保留地，
那为什么要破坏农村的保留地呢？
The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the
need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne
favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping
sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have
grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects
their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference__________.
[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas
[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis
[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure
[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas
干扰项 D 更像是完美替换：biased-prejudice；文章 favours rural...支持乡村……不就是 D 项
反对城市（against urban）问题在于：考生要看懂 favours rural new-build （支持乡村建房=
破坏乡村而非破坏城市）
6.Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most
crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable
rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the
alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather
than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
let rip 失去理智； retain 保留，保有；继续拥有； enviable 令人羡慕的； coherence 连贯
（性），条理（性），一致（性）； density 密度； no doubt 无疑，很可能；
alternative 可供选择的事物 [+to] Is there a viable alternative to the present system? 有没有切
实可行的制度能够替代现行体制？ corrupt 使堕落，使败坏，使腐化； landscape 〔陆上的〕
风景，景致，景色； at the opposite end of the scale / spectrum two parties at opposite ends of the
political spectrum 政治立场截然对立的两个党派
首尾呼应
1. 人类历史上第一次出现城镇人口多余乡村人口。在英国，这一现象已经产生了一个令人
感到好奇的结果。尽管民意调查显示，英国人将“乡村”评为最自豪的事物之一，与皇室家庭、
莎士比亚以英国国民健康服务并驾齐驱，但英国政坛对此只给予了有限的支持。
6.土地开发不应该是任意为之的，而是被规划好的。在尼德兰之后，英国成了欧洲最为拥挤
的国家。半个世纪的城市和农村发展规划使之得以保存令人嫉妒的乡村协调性，同时还允许
低密度的城居生活。这一选择是毋庸置疑的——有鉴于葡萄牙南部、西班牙或是爱尔兰被毁
掉的景色。为了避免这一情况，而不是促使这一情况的发生，应该联合政治左翼和右翼势力。
6.Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most
crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable
rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the
alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather
than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of____.
[A] the size of population in Britain
[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain
[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain
[D] the political life in today‘s Britain
appreciation 欣赏；认可；
因果关系：主谓宾宾补（结果）
During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in
combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively
stylish. 2011 年英语二 TEXT3
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' ________________.
enable/make 使……如何如何
复盘：
rate A as B
in place
not…but…
sustainable development
lobby talk
let rip
not…any more
strike terror/fear into sb’s heart
stick to
be true of
under pressure
concrete
consume
the country
development
2021TEXT4
①From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried
that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and
incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals’.
②That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband
providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have
been the lifeblood of the internet. 2021E1T4 | P1
*early adj 早期的；*broadband n 宽带；
advocate n.提倡者，拥护者，鼓吹者 [+of] She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth. 她
竭力主张自然分娩。 [+for] an advocate for the disabled 残障人士的支持者
*consumer n 消费者；*web-based company 网络公司；*cable n 有线电视；；*company n 公
司；*connection n 连接；*broadband internet connection 宽带连接；
*have the power to do sth 有能力做某事；*incentive n 刺激，动机；
favour [A]更倾向于，赞成。avour sb/sth over sb/sth Florida voters favored Bush over Gore by a
very small margin. 佛罗里达州选民支持布什的略多于支持戈尔的。[B]偏袒。a judicial system
that favours men over women 偏护男性的司法制度；
*partner n 伙伴；*website n 网站；*service n 服务；*rival n 竞争对手；*strong adj 强烈的；
*demand n 需求。the demand for energy 能源需求；
*rule n 规则； *provider n 提供者；*prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事；*pick v 挑选；
*winner n 赢家；*loser n 输家；In a capitalist society there will always be winners and losers. 在
资本主义社会中永远会有赢家和输家。
*preserve v 保护。preserve 保持，维持 the responsibility of the police to preserve the peace 警
察维护和平的职责；
*freedom n 自由；*innovation n 创新；
lifeblood 〔组织、关系等的〕生命线，命脉 [+of] Communication is the lifeblood of a good
marriage. 沟通是维系美满婚姻的基础。
语篇分析：本段提出了[A]问题和方案；[B]观点和批判
①从宽带发展初期起，消费者和网络公司的拥护者就担心，销售宽带连接的有线电视和电话
公司有能力和动机偏袒其附属网站而不是竞争对手的。②这就是为什么人们强烈要求制定规
则，阻止宽带提供商在网上挑选赢家和输家，从而保护互联网赖以生存的自由和创新。
36. There has long been (a) concern that broadband providers would . (题 concern-文
worried)
[A] bring web-based firms under control [B] slow down the traffic on their network
[C] show partiality in treating clients [D] intensify competition with their rivals
control 〔尤指对危险事物的〕控制，管理 Shea used diet and exercise to bring her weight under
control. 谢伊通过节食和锻炼来控制自己的体重。 partiality 偏袒，不公平；favour 偏爱，
偏袒；intensify 〔使〕加剧，〔使〕增强
词组： favor…over…
①Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from
broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. ②A federal appeals court
weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged
the fight. ③At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the
latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on
party-line vote in 2017. ④The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net
neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the
commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything beyond disclosing
information about their services. ⑤The order also declared that state and local governments
couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
*yet conj 然而；
fill vt.满足 fill a need / demand Volunteers fill a real need for teachers in the Somali Republic.
志愿者满足了索马里共和国对教师的迫切需求。fill a gap / hole / niche etc I spent most of the
summer filling the gaps in my education. 这年夏天的大部分时间，我都在弥补自己学识上的欠
缺。The company has moved quickly to fill the niche in the overnight travel market. 该公司立刻
采取行动，填补过夜游市场的空白。
*in part 部分地；*pushback n 抵制；*broadband provider 宽带提供商； *regulate v 监管；
*conservative n 保守派；* weigh 加入〔争论或争吵〕 [+with] The chairman then weighed in
with his views. 然后主席也加入讨论，提出了自己的观点。 *instead of 而不是（=not）；*badly
adv 非常；*resolution n 决议；*prolong v 延长；*fight n 斗争；*issue n 问题，争议；* at issue
作为问题的焦点；*district n 地区；*latest adj 最新的；* take 某人（对某事）的观点[立场]
What’s your take on this issue? 你对这个问题持什么观点？ *communication n 通信；
*commission n 委员会；*net neutrality 网络中立性；*adopt v 通过；*party-line adj 政党路线
的；*vote n 投票；
*pen vt.〔尤指用钢笔〕写；*order n 命令；*eliminate v 取消；*strict adj 严格的；*rule n 规
则；*majority n 多数；*authority n 权力； require 〔法律或规则〕要求，规定 be required to
do sth ；*beyond prep 除...之外；*disclose v 公开；*declare v 宣布；
either adv.也
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband
providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again
Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue
before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the
Federal Communications Commission(FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on party-line vote in 2017.

The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had
adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to
require broadband providers to do much of anything beyond disclosing information about their
services. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband
providers either. 然而，这种需求几乎不可能满足——部分原因是来自宽带提供商、反对监管
的保守派和法院的抵制。一家联邦上诉法院周二再次介入，但这并没有提供一个急需的解决
方案，只是延长了这场斗争。摆在美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院之前的问题，是联邦
通信委员会(FCC)对网络中立的最新看法，该看法于 2017 年在政党投票中获得通过。共和
党人撰写的命令不仅取消了 FCC 在 2015 年民主党占多数时采用的严格的网络中立规则，还
拒绝了委员会要求宽带提供商做除披露其服务信息以外的任何事情的权力。该命令还宣布，
州政府和地方政府也不能监管宽带提供商。
语篇分析：
第二段的的 that demand 是指：
[A] a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and
losers online
[B] the strict net neutrality rules
[C] both above
[D] none of the above
the latest take 指的是哪一方：

[A] The Republican Party [B] The Democratic Party
1. From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried
That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers
from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the
lifeblood of the internet.
2. Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from
broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court
the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the
party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality
rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the
information about their services. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t
regulate broadband providers either.
时间顺序：
从宽带发展初期起，消费者和网络公司的拥护者就担心，销售宽带连接的有线电视和电话公
司有能力和动机偏袒其附属网站而不是竞争对手的。这就是为什么人们强烈要求制定规则，
阻止宽带提供商在网上挑选赢家和输家，从而保护互联网赖以生存的自由和创新。
然而，这种需求几乎不可能满足——部分原因是来自宽带提供商、反对监管的保守派和法院
的抵制。一家联邦上诉法院周二再次介入，但这并没有提供一个急需的解决方案，只是延长
了这场斗争。美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院之前的问题是联邦通信委员会(FCC)对网
络中立的最新看法，该看法于 2017 年在政党投票中获得通过。共和党人撰写的命令不仅取
消了 FCC 在 2015 年民主党占多数时采用的严格的网络中立规则，还拒绝了委员会要求宽带
提供商做除披露其服务信息以外的任何事情的权力。该命令还宣布，州政府和地方政府也不
能监管宽带提供商。
①Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from
broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. ②A federal appeals court
the fight. ③At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the
party-line vote in 2017. ④The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net
neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the
information about their services. ⑤The order also declared that state and local governments
couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC .
[A] sticks to an out-of-date order （stick to 遵守，坚持）
[B] takes an anti-regulatory stance （ stance 〔公开表明的〕观点，立场，看法 ake / adopt
a stance ）
[C] has issued a special resolution（ resolution 〔尤指投票后作出的〕决议，正式决定）
[D] has allowed the states to intervene（ intervene 干涉）
[B]似乎与原文完全相反，怎么就成了正确答案了？
2016TEXT2 英语二：
2.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally
list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS
Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the
agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater
regulatory power to crack down on threats. …2016TEXT2 英语二
27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_________.
A.was a give-in to governmental pressure
B.would involve fewer agencies in action
C.granted less federal regulatory power
D.went against conservation policies
个人观点：如果把选项改为过去式可能会更合适
[A] sticked to an out-of-date order
[B] took an anti-regulatory stance

[C] issued a special resolution
[D] allowed the states to intervene
①The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice
would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like
AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. ②Yet
the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their
rivals’ streaming services but not their own. 2021E1T4 | P3
*commission n 委员会；*argue v 认为（提出观点）；*federal adj 联邦的；*trade n 贸易；
*department n 部门；*justice n 司法；*the U.S. Department of Justice 美国司法部；*protect v
保护，防卫；*protect against 使免受；*competitive adj 竞争的；*behavior n 行为；*such as
比如；*broadband n 宽带；*provide v 提供；*conglomerate n 联合大企业；*favor v 支持；
*own adj 自己的；*video-streaming service 视频流服务；*expense n 损失，代价；*at the
expense of 在牺牲...的情况下；*yet conj 然而；*also adv 也；*end v 结束；*investigation n 调
查；*broadband provider 宽带提供商；*impose v 把...强加于；*impose...on... 把...强加于...；
*data n 数据；*cap n 最高限额；*rival n 竞争对手；*streaming service 流媒体服务；
语篇分析：such as …ATT 的例子针对的是

[A] protect against anti-competitive behavior
[B] anti-competitive behavior
①The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice
would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like
AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. ②Yet
the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their
rivals’ streaming services but not their own. 2021E1T4 | P3
①该委员会认为，联邦贸易委员会和美国司法部将防范反竞争行为，比如像美国电话电报公
司这样的宽带提供商，以牺牲 Netflix 和苹果电视为代价，偏袒自己的视频流服务。②然而，
联邦通信委员会却结束了对宽带提供商的调查，他们对竞争对手的流媒体服务施加数据上限，
而不是对自己的。
38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
[A] It protects against unfair competition.
[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.
[C] It is under the FCC’S investigation.
[D] It is in pursuit of quality service.
①On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband
providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulating move.
②But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged
from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could
intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.” 2021E1T4 | P4
核心词汇：
*Tuesday n 周二；*appeal n 上诉；*court n 法院；*unanimously adv 全体一致地；*uphold v

维持（原判）；*order n 命令；*deregulate v 解除对...的管制/限制；*broadband provider 宽
带提供商；*cite v 引用；*Supreme Court 最高法院；*ruling n 裁决；*similarly adv 类似地；
*move n 行为，举措；*rightly adv 正确地；*argue v 指出；*concurring adj 意见一致的；
*opinion n 意见；*result n 结果；*unhinge v 使分开，与...脱节；*reality n 现实；*modern adj
现代的；*broadband service 宽带服务；*Congress n 国会；*intervene v 干涉，介入；*avoid
v 避免；*trap v 使...陷入困境；*internet n 互联网；*regulation n 管理；*technological adj 技
术的；*anachronism n 落伍，不合时宜；
语篇分析：
本段呼应了第二段： “A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing
a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight…. the latest take of the Federal
Communications Commission(FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on party-line vote in 2017.”
【让步】②But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is
unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme
Court could intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
2021E1T4 | P4
①周二，上诉法院一致支持 2017 年解除宽带提供商监管的命令，并援引最高法院 2005 年的
一项裁决，支持类似的解除监管举措。②但帕特里夏·米利特法官在一份一致的意见中正确
地指出，“这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节”，并表示国会或最高法院可以进行干预，以
“避免互联网监管陷入技术不合时宜的境地”。
②But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged
from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could
intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.” P4
39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision .
[A] focuses on trivialities
[B] conveys an ambiguous message
[C] is at odds with its earlier rulings 反（2017 和 2005 一致）
[D] is out of touch with reality
be at odds 意见不一致，有分歧
[+with] Briggs found himself at odds with his colleagues. 布里格斯发现自己与同事们意见不
合。
①In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,
while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its
order. ②That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and
California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
2021E1T4 | P5
*in the meantime 与此同时；*court n 法院；*throw out 否决；*attempt n 企图；*block v 阻
碍；*state n 州；*rule n 规则；*net neutrality 网络中立性；*while conj 然而；*preserve v 保
留；*commission n 委员会；*power n 权力；* preempt 抢在……之前行动[说话]；对 ……
先发制人；*individual adj 单独的；*state laws 州法律；*undermine v 削弱，破坏；*order n
规则；*mean v 意味着；*battle n 斗争；*like prep 像...一样；*between prep 在...之间；*Justice
Department 司法部；*enact v 扮演；*tough adj 严格的；*in the wake of 随着...而来；
*abdication n 退位；
①与此同时，法院驳回了联邦通信委员会试图阻止所有关于网络中立的州规则的企图，但保
留了联邦通信委员会优先于破坏其秩序的各州法律的权力。②这意味着司法部和加利福尼亚
州之间会有更多类似的斗争，在联邦通讯委员会退位后，加利福尼亚州颁布了一项严厉的网
络中立法。
①The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. ②It needs
to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from
meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and
innovation online. 2021E1T4 | P6
*endless adj 无休止的；*legal adj 法律的；*battle n 斗争；*back-and-forth 反复；*cry out for
迫切需要；*Congress 国会；*act v 行动；*need v 需要；*give v 给予；*commission n 委
员会；*explicit adj 直截了当的；*authority n 权力；*once and for all 彻底地，一劳永逸地；
*bar sb. from doing sth. v 禁止某人做某事；*broadband provider 宽带提供商；*meddle v 干
涉；*traffic n 流量；*network n 网络；*create v 创造；*clear adj 明确的；*rule n 规则；
*protect v 保护；*openness n 开放；*innovation n 创新；*online adv 在线；
①联邦通信委员会没完没了的法律斗争和反复，呼吁国会采取行动。②它需要一劳永逸地赋
予委员会明确的权力，禁止宽带提供商干预其网络流量，并制定明确的规则，保护网络的开
放性和创新性。
第六段第一句呼应第四段最后一句“said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene…”.

①The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. ②It needs
to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from
meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and
innovation online. 2021E1T4 | P6
40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
[A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
[B] The FCC should be put under strict supervision. 应该是 broadband providers
[C] Rules need to be set to diversify online services. 无中生有
[D] Broadband providers’ rights should be protected. 反
meddle 管闲事：to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility,
especially by crit
复盘：
favour…over…
an advocate for
demand for
fill a demand
at issue
weigh (in)
the lifeblood of
net neutrality
the latest take of
prevent…from doing sth.
bar…from doing sth.
throw out
protect against
once and for all
cry out for
at the expense of
trap …in…
2019TEXT2
1.Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few
decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students
are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in
course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.
product
[A]产品；制品；物产 agricultural / dairy / software etc products The London factory assembles
the finished product. 伦敦工厂组装成品。
[B]the product of sth 某事物的结果 The report was the product of four years’ hard work. 那份
报告是四年辛苦工作的成果。
grade n 分数; inflation n 膨胀，通货膨胀;gradual adj 逐渐的;
increase n 增加; average adj 平均的; grade-point average 平均学分绩点;
over the past few decades 在过去数十年里; consider v 把...看作;
consumer n 消费者; era n 时代; higher education 高等教育;
treat 对待，看待 treat sb like/as sth She treats me like one of the family. 她把我当作家人看待。
please v 使满意，使愉快; relate v 与...有关;
force n 力量; policy n 政策; bury n 隐藏; deep adv 深深地; course n 课程;
catalog(ue) n 目录，目录薄; called v 被称作; forgiveness n 宽恕，宽仁之心;
help v 帮助; raise v 提高;
grade inflation 分数贬值，分数通胀〔指考试分数逐年提升、但学业水平并非如此的现象〕
第一段的 but 的作用：[A]对比；[B]强调

分数膨胀——过去几十年来平均学分绩点的逐渐提高——通常被认为是高等教育消费时代
的产物，在这个时代，学生被当做顾客来对待。但与此同时，与此相关的另一种力量——一
个深藏在课程目录当中被称为“分数谅解”的政策——也在帮助提高平均学分绩点。
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
题目：什么导致分数注水。
[A] The change of course catalogs. 反（文 often）
[B] Students’ indifference to GPAs. 无中生有
[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs. 无中生有
[D] The influence of consumer culture.
文章：分数注水是___的结果（product=result）
product
[A]产品；制品；物产 agricultural / dairy / software etc products The London factory assembles
the finished product. 伦敦工厂组装成品。
[B]the product of sth 某事物的结果 The report was the product of four years’ hard work. 那份
报告是四年辛苦工作的成果。
Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. 2011 年完形
笑的确能使心脏和心血管功能产生短期的改变，促进心率和氧气消耗。
2.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the
most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall
GPA.
grade forgiveness 成绩宽恕;
allow v 允许; retake v 重(考)，重学(课程等);
course n 课程; receive v 获得;
low adj 低的; grade n 分数;
recent adj 近来的; highest adj 最高的;
count v 计算; count in 把...计算在内;
calculate v 计算; overall adj 全面的，综合的，总体的;
分数谅解政策允许学生在取得低分后重修该门课程，并且最近一次考试的得分或者最高分数
称为衡量学生整体平均学分绩点的唯一标准。
第二段是在：
[A]解释一个现象（政策）；[B]评估一个现象（政策）；
1.分数膨胀——过去几十年来平均学分绩点的逐渐提高——通常被认为是高等教育消费时
代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当做顾客来对待。但与此同时，与此相关的另一种力量——
一个深藏在课程目录当中被称为“分数谅解”的政策——也在帮助提高平均学分绩点。
2. 分数谅解政策允许学生在取得低分后重修该门课程，并且最近一次考试的得分或者最高
分数称为衡量学生整体平均学分绩点的唯一标准。
3.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do
their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.
even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
use n 使用; little-known adj 鲜为人知的;
practice n 通常的做法，惯例，常规; accelerate v (使)加速，加快;
in recent years 在最近几年; continue v 持续;
do their utmost 尽全力，竭力; keep v 使留在;
pay v 支付; tuition n 学费;
improve v 提高; graduation n 毕业; rate n 率;
limit [T]
[A]〔在数量上〕限制，限定 a decision to limit imports of foreign cars 限制进口外国汽车的决
定
[B]be limited to sth 局限于某处[团体，范围] The damage was limited to the roof. 只有屋顶受
到了损坏。
decades ago 数十年前; freshmen n (美国中学或大学生的)一年级学生;

struggle v 艰难地行进，吃力地进行; transition n 过渡;
college-level courses 大学水平课程; save (for) 除...之外;
selective adj 严格筛选的; campus n 院校; undergraduate n 大学本科生; even adv 甚至;
graduate students 研究生; low adj 低的;
第三段是：[A]分析政策出台的原因；[B]分析政策带来的问题
1. because 强调原因。When we use because, we are focusing on the reason. 2.as 和 since 是弱化
原因，强调结果。We often use as and since when we want to focus more on the result than the
reason. (文献链接：剑桥
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F
%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95/as-because-or-since)
近年来，随着高校继续尽全力巩固在校学生数量（并让学生交学费）和提高学生的毕业率，
这个鲜为人知的做法已被越来越多的学校采用。这个做法几十年前初次实施时，通常仅面向
大一新生，如果他们在想大学课程过渡的过程中遭遇困难，为他们提供一次重修大一课程的
机会。但现如今，除了许多名校以外，大多数高校允许所有本科生，甚至是研究生，在遭遇
低分时重修课程。
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
[B] To maintain colleges’ graduation rates. （现在时）
[C] To prepare graduates for a challenging future.无中生有
[D] To increase universities’ income from tuition.（现在时）
originally: in the beginning, before other things happened or before things changed 原先，最初
The building was originally used as a prison. 这幢建筑最初用作监狱。
adapt
[A][I,T] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new
situation（使）适应，（使）适合 [+to] The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
孩子们觉得很难适应新学校。
[B] [T] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose 改造，改装 adapt sth to
do sth The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. 这辆车经改装可以使用无铅汽油。
考查时态：题干中的“original purpose”对应文章中的一般过去时，而不能对应转折后的 now

（现在）。也不能对应段首的 in recent years 句子所涉及的 B 和 D。
中国学生由于英汉差异而无视英文中的一般过去时
2010 年 12 月，美国联邦商务委员会（FTC）建议在网络浏览器加入“请勿跟踪”的选项，
浏览器都加入（offer）了这一选项；谷歌的 Chrome 浏览器也将在今年加入这一选项。今年
2 月份，联邦商务委员会（FTC）和数字广告联盟（DAA）达成一致(agreed)：行业应该尽
快回应用户提出的“请勿跟踪”的请求。2013TEXT2
例 1：与此同时，家庭也要为他们的退休金承担更多的风险。炼钢工人、航空公司员工以及
汽车行业的职工和数百万的家庭一样，都必须担心利率、股市的波动及寿命比拿退休金的年
份还要长的残酷现实。去年的大半年中，小布什总统竭力鼓吹把社会保险转为储蓄账户模式，
根据这一模式，退休人员将大都数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入。2007
T3
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have .
[A] a higher sense of security 更强的安全感

[B] less secured payments 较低保障的收入
[D] a guaranteed future 有保障的未来
中国学生非常容易忽视一般过去时
Chinese ESL students default to the English simple present tense for all tenses, often relying on
adding words that indicate time to show the past or future tense. (J. Louis Stevens 2017)
courses.
4.College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade
itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and
graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s
registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in
subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
college officials 高校管理者; tend to 往往; emphasize v 强调;

goal n 目的; less adj 更少的; encourage v 鼓励;
critical adj 关键的; degree n 学位; program n 计划，方案，课程;
graduation n 毕业; incur v 招致，蒙受;
penalty n (由行为、处境等造成的)不利后果损失;
ultimately adv 最终; registrar n 教导主任;
achieve v 获得; success n 成功;
do better 做得更好;
subsequent adj 随后的，后来的; master v 精通，掌握;
content n 内容; on time 按时;
第四段是：[A]分析政策出台的原因；[B]分析政策带来的问题
4.College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade
itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and
graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s
registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in
subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
高校官员也往往强调，分数谅解政策的目的不在于分数本身，而在于鼓励学生重修对学位和
毕业至关重要的课程而不至于招致很重的惩罚。俄亥俄州立大学的教务主任杰克米内尔说，
“归根结底，我们发现学生们取得了更多成功，因为他们重修了课程并在后续的课程中表现
更好，或者掌握了让他们按时毕业的知识。”
5.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For
public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as
graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean
more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day,
are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big
concern for colleges.
that said =even so 引导让步（尽管如此）way n 方式; satisfy v 满足;

own adj 自己的; need n 需要; as well 也; public institutions 公立机构;
state n 州政府; fund v 提供资金; sometimes adv 有时;
tie v 连接，使紧密结合; partly adv 部分地; metric n 衡量标准，度量;
such as 例如; graduation rates 毕业率; retention n 保留; boost v 推动，提高，增强;
figure n 数据;mean v 产生...结果，意味着; money n 钱;
anything pron 任何事物; raise v 提高;
likely adv 可能; at the end of the day 最终，到头来，不管怎么说;
pay the bill 付账单; feel v 感觉;
value n 价值; tuition n 学费;
dollar n 美元; another pron 另一个;
concern n 关心;
第四段和第五段的区别在于：
[A]第四段强调学术好处，第五段强调经济好处
[B]第四段强调经济好处，第五段强调学术好处
4.高校官员也往往强调，分数谅解政策的目的不在于分数本身，而在于鼓励学生重修对学位
和毕业至关重要的课程而不至于招致很重的惩罚。俄亥俄州立大学的教务主任杰克米内尔说，
“归根结底，我们发现学生们取得了更多成功，因为他们重修了课程并在后续的课程中表现
更好，或者掌握了让他们按时毕业的知识。”
5. 话虽如此，分数谅解政策同时也能满足高校自身的需要。对公共机构而言，国家资助有
时与它们在毕业率和学生保持率等指标上的成功有一定的关系——因此，成绩越好，上述类
型指标数值就越高，也就意味着可以获得越多资金。此外，任何能提高平均学分绩点的因素
都有可能使最终要为之掏钱的学生们感到，他们的学费花得更值了，这也是高校关心的另一
个重要问题。
5.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For
public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as
graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean
more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day,
are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big
concern for colleges.
28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.
[A] obtain more financial support
[B] boost their student enrollments
[C] improve their teaching quality 无中生有
[D] meet local governments’ needs
6.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’
expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a
job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or
at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
indeed adv 实际上; just adv 仅仅; way n 方式;
respond v 回应; consumer n 消费者; since conj 既然;
parent n 父母; expect v 期望; college degree 大学学位;
lead to 通向，通往; job n 工作;
be in the best interest of sb | in sb’s best interest to do sth 做某事对某人最有利;
school n 学校; turn out 生产
graduate n 毕业生;qualified adj 合格的; possible adj 可能的;
at least 至少; appear v 好像，看来; incentive n 动机;
seem v 似乎;
事实上，分数谅解政策只是高校回应消费者对高等教育期待的另一种方式。既然学生和家长
都希望大学文凭能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生，或者至少是看起来合格
的毕业生，对学校是最有利的。在这一点上，学生和高校的动机似乎是 aligned。
第六段谈到消费者（学生和家长）的时候，他们的利益与学校利益是：
[A]一致的；[B]不一致的
5. 话虽如此，分数谅解政策同时也能满足高校自身的需要。对公共机构而言，国家资助有
时与它们在毕业率和学生保持率等指标上的成功有一定的关系——因此，成绩越好，上述类
型指标数值就越高，也就意味着可以获得越多资金。此外，任何能提高平均学分绩点的因素
都有可能使最终要为之掏钱的学生们感到，他们的学费花得更值了，这也是高校关心的另一
个重要问题。
6.事实上，分数谅解政策只是高校回应消费者对高等教育期待的另一种方式。既然学生和家
长都希望大学文凭能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生，或者至少是看起来合
格的毕业生，对学校是最有利的。在这一点上，学生和高校的动机似乎是 aligned。
indeed
used for adding a statement that supports and increases the effect of what you have just said
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague
has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be
outraged. 2005 TEXT1
将三个选项填入空格中：
[A]indeed [B]for example [C]Another good example of this
It is often the case that consumers buy products on impulse simply because of the way they are
displayed. In supermarkets, (1)____, snacks are often situated by the checkout to tempt those who
are tired and bored with queuing. (2)____is when necessities such as clothes are displayed with
matching accessories, such as jewellery. (3)____shoppers are often surprised at how much more
they spend than they had intended.
6.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’
expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a
job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or
at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?
[A] To counterbalance each other. 互相抵消 [B] To complement each other. 互补
[C] To be identical with each other. 一致 [D] To be contradictory to each other. 矛盾
第五段：分数注水有助于大学，第六段，也有利于学生
identical [+to/with]完全相同的；非常相似的。Nutritionally, infant formulas are almost identical
to breast milk. 从营养方面来说，婴儿配方奶粉和母乳几乎一样。
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.

[A] assessing its feasibility 评估可行性
[B] analyzing the causes behind it 分析背后的原因
[C] comparing different views on it 比较不同的观点
[D] listing its long-run effects 列举了长远的后果
哪些原因？
1-3 段：政策的介绍
第四段：表面原因，鼓励学生学习（大一过渡、提升主课的表现）
第五段：有利学校，获得政府经费以及学生学费
第六段：有利学生毕业找工作。
1. because 强调原因。When we use because, we are focusing on the reason.
2. as 和 since 是弱化原因，强调结果。We often use as and since when we want to focus more on
the result than the reason. (文献链接：剑桥
“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent
courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.” 英语一 2019TEXT1
Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a
school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.英语一
2019TEXT2
2021TEXT2
①Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed
in pace. ②One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. 2021E1T2 |
P1
*last year 去年；*mark v 标志...的发生；*the third year 第三年；*in a row 连续；*bleak adj 不
乐观的，严峻的；*rate n 率；*deforestation n 滥伐森林；*slow v 减缓；*pace n 发生的速
率；*reason n 原因；*turnaround n 转变，好转；*country n 国家；*antipoverty adj 反贫穷
的；*program n 计划；
①去年是印尼严峻的森林砍伐率连续第三年放缓。②好转的一个原因可能是该国的扶贫计划。
第一段预示着本篇文章的脉络可能是：
[A]cause and effect; [B]chronological order
从哪里看出来的？
P1
①去年是印尼严峻的森林砍伐率连续第三年放缓。②好转的一个原因可能是该国的扶贫计划。
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under
certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.
②Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to
reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. ③They’re already used in dozens of countries
worldwide. ④In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially
reduce severe growth problems among children. 2021E1T2 | P2
phase sth in 逐步采用[实施]〔新的体制、法律、流程等〕 The new tests will be phased in over
the next two years. 新测试将于接下来的两年内逐步实施。*poorest adj 最贫穷的；*resident n
居民；*under... conditions 在...条件下；*such as 比如；*require v 要求；*regular adj 定期的；
*medical care 医疗护理；*conditional adj 附带条件的；*cash n 现金；*transfer n 转移；*social
adj 社会的；*assistance n 帮助，援助；*be designed to 旨在；design〔为特定目的〕计划，
设计 These exercises are designed to strengthen muscles. 这些运动是为增强肌肉力量而设计
的。*reduce v 减少；*inequality n 不平等；*break v 打破；*cycle n 循环；*poverty n 贫困；
*dozens of 几十个；*worldwide adv 全世界；*medicine n 药品；substantially adv.大量地，
可观地；*reduce v 减少；severe〔问题、伤势、疾病等〕很严重的 The US faces severe economic
problems. 美国面临严重的经济问题。*among prep 在...中；break 打断，中断 We need to break
the cycle of poverty and crime in the inner cities. 我们需要打破内城区里贫困和犯罪的恶性循
环。
第二段是：[A]展开项目的扶贫内容；[B]展开项目的森林保护内容
reduce severe growth problems among children. 2021E1T2 | P2
①2007 年，印尼开始分阶段实施一项计划，在某些条件下向最贫困的居民提供资金，比如
要求人们让孩子上学或定期接受医疗护理。②这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移项目
（CCTs），旨在减少不平等，打破贫困循环。③它们已经在全世界几十个国家使用。④在
印度尼西亚，该项目提供了足够的食物和药品，大大减少了严重的儿童生长问题。
in pace. ②One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
reduce severe growth problems among children.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ________.
[A] facilitate health care reform （A 和 C 都是扶贫细节）
[B] help poor families get better off （词组 be designed to/ aim to）
[C] improve local education systems（A 和 C 都是扶贫细节）
[D] lower deforestation rates （无中生有）
词组为王：aim to= be designed to ； better off 好转
①But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. ②In fact, poverty
alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro,
an economist at Johns Hopkins University. 2021E1T2 | P3
*program n 项目；*generally adv 通常；*consider v 考虑；*effect n [on] 影响；*environment n
环境；*in fact 事实上；*poverty n 贫困；*alleviation n 缓和；*environmental adj 环境的；
*protection n 保护；*be viewed as 被视作；*conflicting adj 冲突的；*goal n 目标；*economist
n 经济学家；
①但 CCT 项目一般不考虑对环境的影响。②约翰霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗费拉罗表示：
事实上，扶贫和环境保护常常被视为相互冲突的目标。
①That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while
protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. ②However, those
correlations don’t prove cause and effect. ③The only previous study analyzing causality, based
on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. ④There，as people
got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro
says. 2021E1T2 | P4
*only adj 唯一的；*previous adj 先前的；*study n 研究；*analyze v 分析；*causality n 因
果关系；*base on 基于；*area n 地区；*institute v 实行；*support v 支持；*traditional adj 传
统的；*view n 观点；*money n 钱；*cleared adj 空闲的；*cattle n 牲口；*raise v [A]增加，
提高〔数量、数字或水平〕 lower Many shops have raised their prices. 很多商店都提价了。
[B]饲养；种植 He raised cattle in Nebraska when he was young. 他年轻时在内布拉斯加州养过
牛。*meat n 肉；
However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.相关性不是因果性。

比如：阅读速度和阅读正确率，正相关。（相关性）
阅读基本功（词组）扎实，阅读速度就快，正确率也高。（因果性）
a. oil spills 石油泄漏; b. intensive farming 精耕细作; c. strip mining 露天开采; d. logging 伐木;
e. acid rain 酸雨; f. overgrazing 过度放牧; g. global warming 全球变暖；
1. Intensive farming in wheat growing countries like Canada has led to loss of natural grasslands.
在像加拿大这样的小麦种植国，集约农业导致了天然草原的丧失。
2. Acid rain causes damage to forests as well as limestone monuments.
3. Indiscriminate logging of tropical hardwoods has contributed to the destruction of rainforests.
4. Overgrazing of grasslands by cattle and sheep is associated with soil erosion and
desertification.
5. Off-shore oil spills frequently result in damage to mangrove swamps and the unique species that
live there.
6. The thinning of the arctic icecap has been attributed to global warming.
7. Strip mining for minierals near river banks is linked to soil erosion and degradation of estuaries.
3. Look again at sentences 1-7 in exercise 2 and answer the questions 1—3.
1. Which sentences expresses a cause-and-effect relationship?
2. Which sentences expresses an association (possibly but not necessarily, cause-and-effect)?
3. How is contribute to different from cause?
1. Sentence 1,2,3,5,6
2. Sentence 4, 7
3. Contribute to implies there is more than one cause.
Anneli Williams 格拉斯哥大学
Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving
economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s
O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but
the lines are obvious. 2017TEXT1 英语一
22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?
[C] An increase in the number of travelers
contribute to 不等于 result in
①That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while
protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. ②However, those
correlations don’t prove cause and effect. 【让步】③The only previous study analyzing causality,
based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. ④There，as
people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,
Ferraro says.
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ____.
[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
（got more money 有钱人会养牛，而非穷人；此外，本选项没体现出经济和环境之间的联系）
[B] CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles（无中生有）

[C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers （无中生有）
[D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
27 题，表面上是例证题，实际上是因果论证题（cause and effect）。
①Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. ②Ferraro wanted to
see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ③Indonesia has the
third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. 2021
E1T2 | P5
*such adj 这样的； *have to 不得不；*negatively adv 负面的；*affect v 影响； *though adv
但是；*want to 想要；*see v 了解；*poverty-alleviation 扶贫； *the third-largest 第三大的；
*area n 面积；*tropical adj 热带的； *in the world 全世界；*one of 之一；*highest adj 最
高的；
①Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. ②Ferraro wanted to
see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ③Indonesia has the
third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. 2021
E1T2 | P5
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ________.
[A] its acceptance level of CCTs
[B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation
[C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
[D] the role of its forests in climate change 无中生有
原文是因果联系…if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation
CD 存在因果联系：the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
D 的 climate change 无中生有
①Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during
Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces
and multiple islands. ②Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from
other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss.
③With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in
deforestation,” Ferraro says. 2021 E1T2 | P6
*analyze v 分析；*satellite n 卫星；*data n 数据；*show v 显示；*annual adj 每年的；*loss
n 流失；*phase n 阶段；*antipoverty program 扶贫计划；*forested adj 林木覆盖的；*village n
村庄；*across v 横跨；*province n 省；*multiple adj 多个的；*island n 岛屿；*separate v 分
开；*effect n 影响； *loss n 损失；*factor n 因素；*like prep 比如；*weather n 天气；
*macroeconomic adj 宏观经济的；*change n 改变；*affect v 影响；
*is associated with 与...有关；*30 percent 30%；*reduction n 减少；
①Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during
Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces
and multiple islands. ②Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from
other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss.
③With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in
deforestation,” Ferraro says. 2021 E1T2 | P6 ①费拉罗分析了卫星数据，数据显示 2008 年至
2012 年间，印度尼西亚在 15 个省和多个岛屿的 7468 个森林村庄实施扶贫计划，每年都有
森林流失。② 两人把 CCT 计划对森林损失的影响与其他因素分开，如天气和宏观经济变化，
这些因素也影响森林流失。③费拉罗说：“我们看到，这项计划与森林砍伐减少 30%有关”。
①That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against
inclement weather, Ferraro says. ②Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant
more rice to supplement their harvests. ③With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money
to supplement their harvests. 2021 E1T2 | P7
*likely adj 可能的；*rural adj 农村的； *the poor 穷人； *makeshift adj 临时替代的；
*insurance n 保险；*policy n 政策，保险单；*insurance (policies) against sth 防备不测的保
障措施，安全保证；*inclement adj 恶劣的；*weather n 天气；*typically adv 通常；*rain n 雨；
*delay v 推迟；*clear v 清理；*land n 土地；*plant v 种植；*rice n 水稻；*supplement v 增
加；*harvest n 产量，收成；*individual n 个人；*instead adv 相反；
两处下划线的意思分别是：
[A]砍伐森林和保护森林；[B]保护森林和砍伐森林
①That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against
inclement weather, Ferraro says. ②Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant
more rice to supplement their harvests. ③With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money
to supplement their harvests.
2021 E1T2 | P7
①费拉罗认为这很可能是因为农村的穷人把这些钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。②通常，
如果降雨推迟，人们可能会清理土地种植更多的水稻，以补充他们的收成。③有了 CCT 计
划，个人可以用这笔钱来补充他们的收成。
①Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ②Ferraro suggests their results
may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice
and market access. ③And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for
people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. ④Even if this program didn’t reduce
poverty, he says, “The value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone
is more than the program costs.”
translate
[A][I,T] to be used in a new situation, or to make something do this 改编，改写 adapt (USE IN
NEW SITUATION 在新情况下使用)
[B] [I,T] to change written or spoken words into another language 翻译，译 interpret(CHANGE
LANGUAGES 翻译)
；*translate v 适应不同情况；*elsewhere adv 在别处；*anybody’s guess 谁也拿不准的事；
*suggest v 表明；*result n 成果；*transfer v 转移；*due to 由于；*commonality n 共同点；
*importance n 重要性；*grow v 种植；*rice n 水稻；*market v 市场；*access n 进入权；
*regardless of 不管；*transferability n 可转移性；*study n 研究；*show n 表明；*be good
for 对...有益；*even if 即使；*value n 价值；*avoided adj 避免的；*just adv 仅仅；*carbon

dioxide 二氧化碳；*emission n 排放；*alone adv 单独地；*more than 超过；*cost n 成本；
①这项研究是否能在其他地方得到推广还不得而知。②费拉罗表示，由于水稻种植和市场准
入的重要性等共同点，他们的研究成果可能会转移到亚洲其他地区。③费拉罗说，不管可转
移性如何，研究表明，对人有益的东西也可能对环境有益。④他说，即使这项计划没有减少
贫困，“仅仅为了（减少）二氧化碳排放而避免砍伐森林的价值也超过了计划的成本。”
①Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ②Ferraro suggests their results
may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice
and market access. ③And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for
people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. ④Even if this program didn’t reduce
poverty, he says, “The value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone
is more than the program costs.”
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is more valuable in that ______.
[A] it will benefit other Asian countries [B] it will reduce regional inequality
[C] it can protect the environment [D] it can boost grain production
30. What is the text centered on?

[A] The effects of a program. 项目的效果
[B] The debates over a program. 就某个项目展开的辩论
[C] The process of a study. 研究的过程
[D] The transferability of a study.研究的适用性
文章前两段通过印度尼西亚森林砍伐率降低的情况，引入减贫的话题，并介绍了 CCT 项目
及其在印度尼西亚施行的情况；
第三段和第四段陈述了一项传统观点：经济增长有时与环境恶化密切相关，并列举一项研究
进行佐证；
第五段和第六段质疑了传统观点，并介绍了费拉罗所做的针对性研究及其结论：CCT 项目
有利于减少森林砍伐；
第七段进一步补充解释研究结论；
第八段则再次肯定了这类项目对于环境保护的价值。
文本位，在第一段就应该得胜。
P1
第一段预示着本篇文章的脉络可能是：
[A]cause and effect; [B]chronological order
30. What is the text centered on?
[A] The effects of a program. 项目的效果
词组回顾：
in a row
effects of A on B
phase in a progam
medical care
cause and effect
be associated with
be correlated with
aim to do
be designed to do
get better off
tropical forest
separate A from B
be based on
insurance policy
be good for
environmental degradation
require sb. to do sth.
be viewed as…
英语二 2020TEXT2
1.It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers
on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations
has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American
corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.
的确，总裁的薪酬已经上涨——顶级公司总裁的平均薪酬可能是普通员工的 300 倍。而且
自 20 世纪 70 年代中期以来，据不同的估算方法，美国大型上市公司的总裁薪酬上涨了大
约 500%。如今，美国顶级公司的总裁年薪一般约为 1890 万美元。
true 确实，的确〔用于承认某事的真实性，但同时指出另一个往往是反面的事实〕 it is true
(that) It is true that there have been improvements in some areas. 某些方面确实已有改进。
go up 上升；times 倍数； typical 一贯的，平常的；on average 平均；
publicly traded corporations 公开上市交易公司；
varying 不同的；make money 赚钱
2.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a
world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America’s
highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It’s not
popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their
game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.
model 模型； limited 有限的 limited number / amount / time etc ；talent 人才 business
opportunities 商机；effort 努力 n； dynamic 活力的； up your game: to try harder and improve
the quality of what you are doing(剑桥)；
relative to 相对……而言
语篇理解：“America’s highest-earning 1%美国收入最高的这 1% 的人”指的是

[A]CEO；[B]typical workers 普通员工
前两段的结构是 cause and effect 因果论证（第一段：结果；第二段：原因）

第二段解释了 CEO 薪水很高的哪些原因？[A]商业机会；[B]个人能力；[C]两者皆有
第一段：的确，总裁的薪酬已经上涨——顶级公司总裁的平均薪酬可能是普通员工的 300 倍。
而且自 20 世纪 70 年代中期以来，据不同的估算方法，美国大型上市公司的总裁薪酬上涨
了大约 500%。如今，美国顶级公司的总裁年薪一般约为 1890 万美元。
第二段：顶级公司的商业机会快速增长，在这样的世界里，能作为总裁的人才是有限的。这
是让人理解总裁薪酬上涨的最佳解释。作为美国收入最高的这 1% 的人，这些总裁所付出
的努力已经成为让全球经济更具活力的因素之一。虽然很少有人这么说，但总裁的工资上涨
这么多的一个原因就是，与美国经济中的许多其他工人相比，总裁们确实提升了核心竞争力。
cause and effect 因果论证（第一段：结果；第二段：原因）
The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world
where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly….
game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.
26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
[A] The growth in the number of corporations.
[B] The general pay rise with a better economy.
[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms.
[D] Close cooperation among leading economies.
contribute to 带来； pay rise 收入增加；general 总体的 adj;
increased 增加的; close cooperation 紧密合作
补充：正确答案还可以设置为“CEOs have developed more skills than ever.”
world [定语从句表原因]where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The
efforts of America’s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the
global economy. It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that
CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.
The whirlwind（[裁员的]旋风） that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of
the damage has been concentrated in areas [定语从句表原因] where newspapers are least
distinctive.
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
3.Today’s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being
able to “run the company.” CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even
how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their
predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there’s the fact that large
American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across
a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly
mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one
way or another. Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have
always done.
skill 技能； run the company 运转公司；sense 〔对某事物的〕感觉 [+of] ；be able to do 能
够做某事； trade in 买卖，交易，以旧换新；public relations 公共关系（工作）； predecessor
前辈；minor 小的；slipup 失败；significant 重大的；globalized 全球化的；lead in 引入；fairly
非常地；supply chains 供应链； mind-boggling 难以理解的；boggle 犹豫，困惑； virtually
几乎； one way or another (in) one way or another/one way or the other 不管怎样，不管以何方
式〔都会做某事〕 Beyond this=besides 除此以外，还有……
本段提到了总裁有哪些技能？
[A] a good sense of financial markets；[B] public relations skills ；

[C] knowledge about globalization；[D] all the above
always done. 如今的总裁，至少对于美国的大公司来说，除了“经营公司”之外，必须要有更
多的技能。总裁们必须对金融市场有很好的了解，甚至可能还要了解如何在金融市场中进行
交易。比起以前的总裁们，他们也需要掌握更好的公关技巧。这是因为即使是一个很小的失
误，代价也是巨大的。另外，事实上，当今的美国大型企业的全球化程度比以往任何时候都
高。它们的供应链遍布众多国家。想要领导如此全球化的体系需要相当惊人的知识。此外，
几乎所有在美国比较重要的公司都以不同的方式变成了科技公司。而且，这些公司的总裁们
仍然需要日复一日地做他们一直以来都在做的工作。
always done.
27. Compared with their predecessors, today’s CEOs are required to .
[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork [B] finance more research and development
[C] establish closer ties with tech companies [D] operate more globalized companies
predecessor 前任；
如果只是根据“定位法”，就会错选 A（正确选项 D 和定位句隔了好几行。强烈建议整段

看。文章看不全就敢选，你慌不慌？）
27. Compared with their predecessors, today’s CEOs are required（替换 must have） to .
[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork [D] operate more globalized companies
4.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history
very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous
since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has
been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates
for increasingly tough jobs.
explain 解释；rip off 偷窃；measure 测量； principally 主要地； be in sb’s (best) interest(s) (to
do sth) (= be the best thing for someone) （做某事）对某人（最）有利 The court decided that it
was in the girl’s best interests to remain with her grandparents. 法庭作出判决，对小女孩最妥善
的安置就是把她留在其祖父母身边。governance n.治理；rigorous 严格的；recruit 招募；tough
艰难的 a； suggest 表明 v; increasingly 越来越
总裁的高薪主要源自于对他人收入的挤占，这种普遍存在的观点如今并不能很好地解释历史。
从大多数衡量标准来看，自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，公司治理已经变得更加严格谨慎。然而，
正是在这个管理更加强有力的时期，总裁的薪酬一直处于高水平且在上涨。这表明，由于总
裁的工作越来越难做，招聘优秀人才符合企业更广泛的利益。
4.【驳论】The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain
history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more
rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO
pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top
candidates for increasingly tough jobs.
4.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history
very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous
since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has
been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates
for increasingly tough jobs.
28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite .
[A] continual internal opposition 无中生有
[B] strict corporate governance 强调句
[C] conservative business strategies 无中生有
[D] repeated government warnings 无中生有
internal 内部的； opposition 反对（oppose v.）
5.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider
picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of
the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock
prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.
此外，总裁的最高薪酬是付给外部人选，而不是从内部轻易选出来的。这个迹象表明，总裁
的高薪酬不是以牺牲公司其他员工为代价的某种掠夺。而且，当公司总裁的薪酬与股票价格
挂钩时，股票市场也会有更好的表现。这表明这些做法不仅仅是为了总裁，同时也为公司创
造了价值。
insider 〔团体〕内部的人；圈内人；业内人士；salary 薪水； cozy 惬意的；
depredation 掠夺；at the expense of 以……为代价； rest 剩余的；react 反应 v
tie A to B 把 A 和 B 联系在一起； build up 增进；
第五段首句和第四段首句的关系：
[A]相同意思；[B]不同意思
4. The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history
very well.
the company.
the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock
prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.
29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps .
[A] confirm the status of CEOs
[B] motivate inside candidates 反
[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs 无中生有
[D] increase corporate value （增加唉了公司价值，尤指股市。）
efficiency 效率；
词组为王：build up
build up customer loyalty.英语一 2020TEXT1
30. The most suitable title for this text would be .

[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid [B] CEO Pay: Past and Present
[C] CEOs’ challenges of Today [D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define
第一段的段首句 It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of
typical workers on average, and …
的确，总裁的薪酬已经上涨——顶级公司总裁的平均薪酬可能是普通员工的 300 倍……
true 确实，的确〔用于承认某事的真实性，但同时指出另一个往往是反面的事实〕 it is true
(that) It is true that there have been improvements in some areas. 某些方面确实已有改进。
但同时指出另一个往往是反面的事实：CEOs Are Not Overpaid
从 26 题和 29 题都有出题人在帮助我们：
如果选 A：那么你的理解是 argumentative +cause(议论文+原因)

如果选 B：那么你的理解是 chronical order（时间顺序）
如果选 C：那么你的理解是 problem and solution （问题和方案）
如果选 D：那么你的理解是 descriptive essay （说明）

[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms. 定语从句表原因
27. Compared with their predecessors, today’s CEOs are required to .
[D] operate more globalized companies 细节比对
28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite .
[B] strict corporate governance it is…that…强调句
[D] increase corporate value 原因
30. The most suitable title for this text would be .

[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid 议论文+原因
词组复盘：
slipup
build up
go up
lead in
rip off
be in sb’s interest
up your game
be justified by
have a good sense of
spread across
at the expense of
tie…to…
business opportunities
it is true that…
make money
beyond this
trade in
public relations
one way or another
mind-boggling
英语一 2017TEXT4
1. In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a
former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of
his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a
company seeking access to government.
rare 罕见的；不常发生的；unanimous 〔决定、表决、协议等〕一致通过的，无异议的 It was
decided by a unanimous vote that the school should close. 关闭学校是大家一致通过的决定。
overturn [A](使)翻倒，(使)倾覆；打翻 Leslie jumped to her feet, overturning her chair. 莱斯莉
一跃而起，碰倒了椅子。 [B]推翻决定/裁决等 His conviction was overturned by the Court of
Appeal. 他的有罪裁决被上诉法院推翻了。 conviction 定罪，判罪；
ethics [plural 复数]道德标准，道德规范；conduct 〔尤指在公共场合、工作岗位上等的〕
行为，举止；gain/get access (to sth) 进入（某地）；见到（某人或某物）
美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐纳的贪腐指控，法官罕见地一致通
过了这一判决。但最高法院是 hold its nose at 麦克唐纳行为道德的同时做出这一判决的，其
涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物，包括劳力士手表和法拉利汽车。
36. The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court_____.
[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties
[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell 反
[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct
[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics
contemptuous [+of] 轻蔑的，鄙视的
定语从句展开了例子（劳力士和法拉利），表明州长接受了巨额馈赠。
拒绝题型分类，而是语言能力分类。
形式上是词汇题，实际上观点加例子。
But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, 【例子】which included accepting
gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to
government. 2017TEXT4
36. The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court_________.
They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start.
And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from 【例子】starving
themselves to death— as some have done. ...2016TEXT1
22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to_________?

[D] doing harm to 伤害
2. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must
look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled”
issues related to his duties.
decision n.裁决； trial n.审判，审理； look at 检查，察看； official acts 公务行为；unsettled
未解决的； related to 有关系的，有联系的，相关的；
closely / directly / strongly etc related Education levels are strongly related to income. 教育程度
和收入有很大的关系。
最高法院的这一判决认为，在麦克唐纳案中，法官并未告知陪审团只要关注其“公务行为”，
或者说只要关注这位前州长在与其职责相关的、“特定”且“并未解决”的问题所做的决策。
一二段之间的关系：[A]类比；[B]因果（结果和原因解释）
答案：第二段是解释第一段为什么推翻了定罪“overturned corruption conviction”。
1.In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a
2. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must
look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled”
issues related to his duties.
第一段： ruling, the US Supreme Court 对应第二段的 The high court’s decision
第一段的 conviction 是由第二段的 the judge 做出的。
第二段的 failed to 解释第一段为何要 overturned
3. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to
pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
gain/get access (to sth) 进入（某地）；见到（某人或某物） intent （犯罪）意图 with intent
(to do sth) Jones was found guilty of wounding with intent. 琼斯被裁定犯有蓄意伤害罪。
pressure 对 ……施加压力，强迫 pressure sb into doing sth You want to enjoy food, not to be
pressured into eating the right things. 人们希望享受食物，而不是被迫去吃那些该吃的东西。
find 作出裁决
法官裁决，除非蓄意对相关政府官员施加压力，否则仅仅帮助送礼的公司接触政府官员不能
算是腐败。
4. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and
“nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of
a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is
not an “official act”.
favor n.恩惠； in return for 作为（某事物的）回报； distasteful 令人生厌的，令人反感的

nasty 糟糕的，令人讨厌的； concrete 具体的；
contract 契约；合同；合约； regulation 规则；条例；法令
最高法院确实认为，帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感”和“讨厌”。但
根据反贿赂法，腐败指控的成立一定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了实质性的好处，比如
帮其批准了一项合同或规定。仅仅安排见面、打一个电话或举办一次活动并不属于“公务行
为”。
语篇分析：
“concrete benefits 具体的好处” 是：[A]官员收到的好处；[B]送礼者得到的好处
答案：送礼者。因为后面的举例，批准合同等都是送礼者收到的好处。
not an “official act”. 最高法院确实认为，帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反
感”和“讨厌”。但根据反贿赂法，腐败指控的成立一定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了
实质性的好处，比如帮其批准了一项合同或规定。仅仅安排见面、打一个电话或举办一次活
动并不属于“公务行为”。
第一段和第四段都提到了法院的“裁决和让步”
1. 美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐纳的贪腐指控，法官罕见地一
致通过了这一判决。【让步】但最高法院是厌恶麦克唐纳行为道德的同时，做出这一判决的，
其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物，包括劳力士手表和法拉利汽车。
4. 【让步】最高法院确实认为，帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感”和
“讨厌”。但根据反贿赂法，腐败指控的成立一定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了实质性
的好处，比如帮其批准了一项合同或规定。仅仅安排见面、打一个电话或举办一次活动并不
属于“公务行为”。
not an “official act”.
37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves___________.
[A] leaking secrets intentionally [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts
[C] concrete returns for gift-givers [D] breaking contracts officially
contract 合同; distract 分心; tract=draw
B 是收礼的人获得的好处，C 是送礼的人获得的好处。重难点在于区分文章中的”concrete
benefits 具体的好处”是谁的好处。
4.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan
（方案内容是：产业用地，那就得赔钱用于野生草原鸡的保护工作）, and at least a dozen
industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.
Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say
it doesn’t go far enough.“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to
the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger. 英语二
2016TEXT2
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______
A.industry groups B. environmental groups
识别出 JL 是站在产业团体还是环保团体。
5. The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected
leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of
prosecution for bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief
Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents
and act on their concerns.”
sound [A]明智的；合理的；正确的 The book is full of sound advice. 这本书中有许多合理的建
议。[B]完全的，彻底的 a sound knowledge of English 扎实的英语知识。
favoritism 偏心，偏袒，偏爱； bureaucratic 官僚式的；官僚主义的； prosecution （被）
刑事起诉 [+for] Walters could face prosecution for his role in the robbery. 沃尔特斯可能因参
与抢劫而面临起诉。 compact 〔国与国、人与人之间的〕协定；
underly 以……为基础； representative 〔政体〕代表制的，代议制的；
assume 以……为前提，预先假定 presuppose assume (that) The theory assumes that both
labour and capital are mobile. 这个理论的前提是劳动力和资本都是流动的。 underpin 支持，
构成基础； act on 根据……行事 She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. 她按照律师的建
议行事。 constituent 选区的选民
法院将这种牵线行为判定为偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的。被选举的领袖应当被允许帮
助自己的支持者解决政务问题，而不用担心自己背上贪污的指控。最高法院的首席大法官约
翰·罗伯茨写道，“代议制政府下的基本条约”意味着公职人员应听取选民意见，并以选民
的利益行事。
5. The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected
leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of
prosecution for bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief
Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents
and act on their concerns.”
38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are_________.
[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents
[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues
[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters
[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism
deal with 对付，应付，处理
focus 集中（注意力）[+on]
文章的核心所在：justified。
6. But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to
ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in
providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a
campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in
government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information
about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
reinforce 加强，强化〔观点、思想或感觉〕; equality n.平等
play favorites AmE【美】 (= treat one person better than others) 偏心 The manager insisted he
doesn’t play favorites. 那位经理坚持说自己没有偏心。
integrity 耿直，正直诚实； well-enforced 〔对某一问题〕非常熟悉的；〔在许多问题上〕
知识渊博的； transparency 易懂；清楚；透明度；
语篇分析：段末提到的政府透明度 government transparency 是

[A]有助区分官员是否偏袒；[B]无助于区分官员是否偏袒
回答：文章中的“simply 仅仅”很好地解释了：仅仅是因为送礼而会见，才是偏袒。如果送
礼和不送礼都见面了，且有记录可查（政府透明），那就不是偏袒。
本段展开了裁决的：[A]positive effects; [B]negative effects
但是这个判决强化了确保接触政府公平的需要，这主要是针对公民和他们所选举的代表的，
而不是法院的。官员不能仅仅因个人或组织为其选举活动提供募捐、或私人资助而在提供信
息或安排与官员见面方面表现出偏袒。这种正直要求具备有关政府透明度方面的切实执行的
法律，比如政府会议的记录、游说的规定以及有关每位被选举领导财产来源信息的相关规定。
6. But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to
ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in
providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a
campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in
government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information
about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to__________.
[A] awaken the conscience of officials
[B] guarantee fair play in official access
[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying
[D] inspire hopes in average people
fair play [A]〔按规则进行的〕公平比赛；[B]公正处理；公平对待
(这正好也是下一段的 equal in treatment)
This type of integrity 指代上一句。考查对上一句的理解。
7. Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always
corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average
people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that
all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an
understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.
fan[A] n. 〔运动、表演艺术或名人的〕狂热崇拜者；[B]vt.煽起，激起〔强烈情感〕
perception 认识，观念；看法 [+of] children’s perceptions of the world 儿童对世界的认识
double standards 〔带有倾向性的〕双重标准；
connection [A]连接，接通；[B][plural 复数] 〔能够提供帮助的〕人际关系，人脉 connections

in high places 在高层的人脉关系；premise 前提(premiss BrE【英】) undermine vt.逐渐削弱[损
害]； rest on/upon sth 依赖于，取决于； inherent 内在的，固有的； worth 价值；意义
虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为可能会煽动公众对腐败的反感。但这种偏袒行
为不一定就意味着腐败。更确切地说，政府官员必须避免对普通人和富人采取双重标准，或
者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区别对待。如果与官员的关系可以被买卖，民主社
会的基本信条（即政府应对人人平等）就会受到损害。良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在
价值的理解。
7. 本段类似于以下哪个观点：
[A]惩恶扬善；[B]举贤不避亲仇；
回答：举贤不避亲仇。官员无论有无利益关系，都会公平处理。
虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为可能会煽动公众对腐败的反感。但这种偏袒行
为不一定就意味着腐败。更确切地说，政府官员必须避免对普通人和富人采取双重标准，或
者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区别对待。如果与官员的关系可以被买卖，民主社
会的基本信条（即政府应对人人平等）就会受到损害。良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在
价值的理解。
8. The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official
favoritism.
在打击腐败以及行政不公方面，法院的这一裁决是一次进步。
step forward to come and offer help, information etc 主动站出来〔提供帮助、信息等〕Police are
appealing for witnesses to step forward. 警方呼吁目击者主动站出来。
favoritism.
40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is__________.
[A] sarcastic [B] tolerant [C] skeptical [D] supportive
step forward 主动站出来〔提供帮助、信息等〕
36 题，定语从句引出例子证明 hold its nose at

But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts
such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
37 题，such as 引出的例子证明了是受礼者和送礼者。
But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a
contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not
an “official act”.
37 题区分受礼者和送礼者；38 题区分哪些合理的（justified）。
37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves_______.
[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts [C] concrete returns for gift-givers
“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”
38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are____.
[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents
词组： act on their concerns ； address the needs
39 题，裁决提供了方案。
This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency,
39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to__________.
[B] guarantee fair play in official access
40 题，考察评价
favoritism.
40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is__________.
[A] sarcastic [B] tolerant [C] skeptical [D] supportive
词组为王：step forward 主动提供帮助
词组回顾：
step forward
fair play
fail to
be made of
in return for
concrete benefits
hold one’s nose at
act on
address the needs
buy connections
play favorites
struggle against
hear from
rest on
ethics of conduct
win-win rhetoric
conviction on
exempt from
be contemptuous of
make a phone call
host an event
sound
英语二 2012TEXT1
1.Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recently
years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los
Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified
has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced
courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
terribly 非常； popular [+with/among] 受欢迎的 The president is very popular with Jewish
voters. 总统很受犹太选民欢迎。scorn vt. [A]鄙视，蔑视；不屑于接受 Many women scorn the
use of make-up. 许多女性不屑于使用化妆品。[B]批评，抨击 He scorned the government’s
record in dealing with crime. 他对政府在处理犯罪问题上的表现持批评态度。School district
〔美国的〕学区； inflexible 〔规则、安排等〕不可改变的 This approach is too inflexible and
too costly. 这个方法太死板，而且花费也太高。 mandate vt. 命令，指示 mandate that Justice
mandates that we should treat all candidates equally. 公平原则要求我们应该平等地对待所有的
候选人。 with the exception of 【正式】除〔特定的某人或事物〕之外
家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但近几年来却饱受人们的批判。全美的
学区都在修改家庭作业相关的教育惯例做法，洛杉矶联合学区最近也在这么做。不幸的是，
洛杉矶联合学区制定了一项死板的政策：除了一些高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不
能超过 10%。
第一段的行文脉络：[A]问题+方案；[B]现象+解释
1.Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent
家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但近几年来却饱受人们的批判。全美的
学区都在修改家庭作业相关的教育惯例做法，洛杉矶联合学区最近也在这么做。不幸的是，
洛杉矶联合学区制定了一项死板的政策：除了一些高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不
能超过 10%。
21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B] is gaining more preferences
[C] is no longer an educational ritual 拼凑
[D] is not required for advanced courses 反
转折表强调：
years it has been particularly scorned.
21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
4.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an
acceleration. As Davidson notes, ”In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so
fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three
manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.” 2013TEXT1 英语二
诚然，新技术一直在吞噬工作岗位，并且还将持续下去。不过这一趋势的速度一直在加快。
正如戴维森所说，“2009 年前的十年间，美国工厂裁员太快以至于抹掉了前 70 年所有新增
的员工总量；制造业岗位中，将近三分之一，约合 600 万个工作岗位消失了。”
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______.
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
2.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes
might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly,
no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot
do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do
not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the
implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
be meant to do sth 意在[旨在]做某事 The diagram is meant to show the different stages of the
process. 这个图表意在显示整个过程的各个不同阶段。 address （着手）解决，处理〔问题〕
address a problem / question / issue etc； an impoverished student 贫困的学生； chaotic 混乱
的；have / experience difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难。They had great difficulty in finding
a replacement. 他们找接替的人费了很大劲。 contradictory 矛盾的； assign 分配，分派，
指派〔任务〕assign sb a task / role； essentially 根本上； complicated 难懂的，复杂的；
implication 含意，暗示
长难句：This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic
homes might have in completing their homework.
主句：This rule is meant to address the difficulty.
定语从句还原成独立句子：Students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have (difficulty)
in completing their homework.
第二段是：[A]支持第一段的方案；[B]批判第一段的方案
这个规定旨在解决贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生在完成作业时可能遇到的困难。但该政策并不
明确且自相矛盾。诚然，老师不应该布置一些学生不能独立完成或需要学生借助昂贵设备才
能完成的作业。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就让他们通过考试的话，这
很可能意味着对于贫穷孩子，学业标准就降低了。
2.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes
might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly,
no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot
do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do
not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the
implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.
[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education 无中生有

[B]have asked for a different educational standard 无中生有
[C]may have problems finishing their homework
[D]have voiced their complaints about homework 无中生有
词组为王： have difficulty in doing sth.
3.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed
to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their
grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report
cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what
about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible
that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their
students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
skip 不做〔本来常做或应做的事〕 skip school / class especially AmE【尤美】 He skipped
chemistry class three times last month. 上个月他逃了三次化学课。report card 成绩单；
perform 做，执行，履行，实行〔尤指有难度或有用的事〕perform a task / job / duty； empower
授权〔某人或某组织做某事〕； impose vt.强制推行；强制实行；across-the-board 全面的[地]，
影响全体的[地] ； works vi. 起效，起作用[+for] You need to find which method works best
for you. 你要找出哪种方法对你最有用。
学区管理者说，家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分；老师可以布置他们想要布置的作业。但
因为家庭作业所占学业成绩的比例不能超过 10%，学生就能轻易地逃避一半的家庭作业，
成绩报告单上看不出差别。有些学生可能不做完家庭作业也能在州立考试中取得好成绩，但
对于那些做了家庭作业并取得好成绩的学生呢？家庭作业完全有可能帮助了他们。但是，该
政策给老师强加了一条呆板的、“一刀切”的规则，而老师却没有得到授权去寻找最适合学
生的家庭作业。
语篇分析：作者是如何批判政策的[A]先展开对方观点再批判；[B]直接批判
2. 这个规定旨在解决贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生在完成作业时可能遇到的困难。但该政策
并不明确且自相矛盾。诚然，老师不应该布置一些学生不能独立完成或需要学生借助昂贵设
备才能完成的作业。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就让他们通过考试的话，
这很可能意味着对于贫穷孩子，学业标准就降低了。
3. 学区管理者说，家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分；老师可以布置他们想要布置的作业。
但因为家庭作业所占学业成绩的比例不能超过 10%，学生就能轻易地逃避一半的家庭作业，
成绩报告单上看不出差别。有些学生可能不做完家庭作业也能在州立考试中取得好成绩，但
对于那些做了家庭作业并取得好成绩的学生呢？家庭作业完全有可能帮助了他们。但是，该
政策给老师强加了一条呆板的、“一刀切”的规则，而老师却没有得到授权去寻找最适合学
生的家庭作业。
3.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed
to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their
cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what
about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible
that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their
students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
23. According to Paragraph 3’one problem with the policy is that it may____.
[A] result in students’ indifference to their report cards
[B] undermine the authority of state tests
[C] restrict teachers’ power in education
[D] discourage students from doing homework
undermine 逐渐削弱[损害] undermine sb’s confidence / authority / position / credibility etc The
constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence. 不断的批评开始削弱她的信心。
discourage （设法）劝阻，打消……的念头
4.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the
district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move
to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if
homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy
does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their
age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and
correct.
At the same time 同时，在同一个时间； thorny a thorny question/problem/issue etc 棘手的问
题；the pinnacle of academic achievement 学术成就的顶峰；move vi.行动起来；采取行动
eliminate vt.消除，根除； Conversely 相反地；另一方面； matter vi.〔尤指对某人自己或对
发生之事〕重要，要紧，有关系； Meanwhile adv.与此同时；appropriate 恰当的；合适的 [+to]
an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the students 更切合学生需求的教
育制度； review 审查，检查；
根据下划线的提示，本段是如何展开问题的：
[A]对比论证（两个相反问题）；[B]类比论证（两个相似问题）
correct.
同时，该政策没有解决家庭作业真正棘手的问题。如果该学区认为家庭作业对于孩子的学业
是不重要的，那么它就应该减少或者免除家庭作业，而不是减少所占比分。相反，如果家庭
作业重要，它就应该在成绩中占较大的比重。同时，这一政策没有确保学生做的家庭作业是
有意义的，且符合他们的年龄和所学科目，也没有保证老师布置的作业没有超过他们愿意检
查和修改的份量。
correct.
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homework is whether_____.
[A] it should be eliminated
[B] it counts much in schooling 考查对比论证和总结
[C] it places extra burdens on teachers
[D] it is important for grades
counts [A]vt.计数，点数目 I was amazed at the number of plants – I counted 147. 我对植物的数
量之多感到惊讶，我数了有 147 棵。[B]vi. 重要；有价值 First impressions really do count. 第
一印象真的很重要。
5. The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for
setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for
L. A. Unified to do homework right.
move 行动； on hold 被推迟，被延期，搁置中 The plans are on hold until after the election. 那
些计划被推迟到选举以后。 Since having the kids, my career has been put on hold. 自从有了孩
子，我的事业被搁置下来。 hold sb responsible/accountable/liable (for sth) 认为某人应该（为
某事）负责，要某人（对某事）负责；
look into sth 调查〔问题、罪行等〕 Police are looking into the disappearance of two children. 警
察正在调查两个孩子失踪的事。
学校董事会是教育政策的制定者，在它就此事展开调查并召开公开听证会的之前，家庭作业
的规则应该暂停实施。洛杉矶联合学区要处理好家庭作业这一问题还为时不晚。
最后一段：[A]作者明确否定态度；[B]作者提出新问题
5. The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for
setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for
L. A. Unified to do homework right.
学校董事会是教育政策的制定者，在它就此事展开调查并召开公开听证会的之前，家庭作业
的规则应该暂停实施。洛杉矶联合学区要处理好家庭作业这一问题还为时不晚。
years it has been particularly scorned. 第一段：展开政策的内容（10%）
2.This rule is meant to address the difficulty ... But the policy is unclear and contradictory.
Certainly..第二段：批判理由 1，降低教学标准。
3.District administrators say that ...But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their
cards. 第三段：批判理由 2，不公平。
4.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. ...
第四段：批判理由 3，政策并没有搞清楚家庭作业是否重要。
5The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board...It is not too late for L.A.
Unified to do homework right. 第五段：明确批判的态度。
25. A suitable title for this text could be____.
[A] A Faulty Approach to Homework
[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students 无中生有
[C] Thorny Questions about Homework 仅仅第四段出现
[D] wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy（政策是错的，而不是解释是错的。）

faulty 〔思维方法〕错误的
词组为王：
原文：Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy…
字典：inflexible 〔规则、安排等〕不可改变的 This approach is too inflexible and too costly. 这
个方法太死板，而且花费也太高。
25 题：[A] A Faulty Approach to Homework
复盘：
be scorned
be popular with
count for
be meant to do
have difficulty in doing sth.
lower the standard
move to do
assign a task
skip homework
be put on hold
a thorny question
look into
discourage sb. from doing sth.
count
set/produce a policy
an inflexible policy/approach
2010TEXT4
1.Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have
been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks,
have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value
some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like
them to fetch.
blame 责怪，指责；（把……）归咎于 blame sb/sth for sth Marie still blames herself for Patrick’s
death. 玛丽仍在为帕特里克的死自责。
behind the scenes 秘密地，在幕后。Behind the scenes, both sides are working towards an
agreement. 双方在幕后努力想达成协议。
take aim at sb/sth 向某人/某事开火，批评某人/某事 Critics took aim at the president. 评论员向
总统开火。
accounting 会计（制度）；moan v.抱怨；force 强迫；fair adj.公平；value 评估；asset 资产；
regulator 监管机构；fetch 出售；
1.在公开场合，银行家一直将他们的问题归咎于自身。但是私底下，他们责备的目标却另有
所指：会计准则制定者。银行抱怨说，会计准则制定者制定的规则迫使银行不得不报告大量
损失，这是不公平的。这些规则要求，银行必须以第三方愿意支付的价格来评估资产，而非
管理者和监管机构期望该资产能售出的价格。
会计规则要求：[A]买方定价；[B]卖方定价
been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks,
them to fetch.
1.在公开场合，银行家一直将他们的问题归咎于自身。但是私底下，他们责备的目标却另有
所指：会计准则制定者。银行抱怨说，会计准则制定者制定的规则迫使银行不得不报告大量
损失，这是不公平的。这些规则要求，银行必须以第三方愿意支付的价格来评估资产，而非
管理者和监管机构期望该资产能售出的价格。
been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks,
them to fetch.
36.Bankers complained that they were forced to ______________.
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules （paraphrase/summarize）
[B] collect payments from third parties 无中生有
[C] cooperate with the price managers 无中生有
[D] reevaluate some of their assets 无中生有
unfavorable 不适宜的；不利的。 unfavourable circumstances 不利的情况。
collect 收，收取。collect tax / rent / a debt The landlady came around once a month to collect the
rent. 女房东每月过来一次收房租。
2.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but
the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is
being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the
banking system will be difficult.
lobby v.游说〔政府或有政治权力的人更改法律或改变局面〕，进行疏通 [+for/against] The
group is lobbying for a reduction in defence spending. 该团体正在游说政府削减国防开支。
work vi.有影响；essential 极其重要的，必不可少的 [+for/to] A good diet is essential for
everyone. 良好的饮食对于每个人都极为重要。
proper 正确的；合适的，适当的；恰当的；capital 资本；compromise 放弃〔原则〕，在 ……
方面妥协 compromise your principles / standards / integrity etc. ；
toxic debt/loan/asset 有毒的债务/借款/资产〔可能无法偿还或带来任何利益〕
attract 吸引；revive vt.复苏
不幸的是，银行的游说现在似乎奏效了。细节可能无法得知，但对资本市场正常运转至关重
要的标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害。此外，除非银行以吸引买家的价格出售有毒资产，
否则重振银行系统将十分困难。
第二段：
第二句是：银行在推动 [A]买方定价；[B]卖方定价。
第三句是：作者建议 [A]买方定价；[B]卖方定价
2.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. 【第二句】The details may be
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of
capital markets, is being compromised. 【第三句】And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices
that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
3.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board
(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value
illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income
statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives”.
Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of
judgment by management”.
bruising 艰难讨厌的；费力伤神的 a bruising encounter 激烈交锋； a bruising contest 激烈的
竞争； encounter 遭遇，经历 [+with] a close encounter with a snake(= a frightening situation in
which you get too close to something) 险遇一条蛇； rush through 匆匆地处理〔公务〕 rush sth
through sth The legislation was rushed through parliament. 这项法规在议会仓促通过。 model
〔用于模拟实物的〕计算机模型；科学模型；illiquid 非流动性； flexibility 灵活性； cried
out against 表示强烈不满； question 对……提出质疑[异议] ；share 股票；enhance 加强；
what sb call 某人所谓的；
在与国会激烈交锋后，美国财务会计标准委员会(FASB)匆忙通过了规则变更。这给了银行
更多的自由来使用模型来评估非流动资产，以及更多的灵活性来在损益表中确认长期资产的
损失。FASB 主席鲍勃·赫兹大声反对那些“质疑我们动机”的人。然而，银行股上涨了，
这些变化增强了一个游说团体委婉地称之为“管理层对判断的运用”。
下划线部分：银行即将会
[A]高定价和少确认损失；[B]低定价和多确认损失
2.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. 【第二句】The details may be

unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of
capital markets, is being compromised. 【第三句】And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices
that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
3. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board
37.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ________.
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system 高频错误选项（定位法）
[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
4.European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the
pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie
McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”
but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
instantly 立刻地；likewise=in the same way 同样地；相似地;
fold 屈服；reconstruction 重建；vacuum 真空；
develop vt.形成〔观点〕；研制〔产品〕；研发〔系统〕
欧洲的部长们立即要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这样做。IASB 表示，它不想在没有整
体规划的情况下采取行动，但当它在今年晚些时候完成规则重建时，放弃的压力很大。欧盟
专员查理·麦克理维(Charlie McCreevy)警告 IASB，它“并非生活在政治真空中”，而是“生
活在现实世界中”，欧洲仍有可能制定不同的规则。
FASB 和 IASB 是[A]类比; [B]对比，你是怎么看出来的？

38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to ____________.
[A] keep away from political influences
[B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rule-setting on one’s own 独立地
[D] take gradual measures in reform
2. ...but the independence of standard-setters, ..., is being compromised.

37.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ________.
[D] the weakening of its independence
38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to ____________.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting
5.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today
they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary
illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But
banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead
markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,
yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
with 引导：①伴随状语；②原因状语
overvalued 价值高估的； overstate 过分吹嘘[渲染] ；reflect 反映；
temporary 临时的； extent 程度〔问题或伤势等的大小、重要性、严重性〕 [+of] ；
bad debts 坏账； book value 〔公司财产的〕账面价值；suggest 表明；
skeptical 怀疑的；paralysis n.瘫痪；
fear 害怕；reluctant 不情愿的；bargains 便宜货
语法分析：And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for
fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
定语从句表示原因解释：
dead market 缺乏活力的市场：定语从句“not sell…reluctant to buy…”
呼应了第二段的段末句：reviving the banking system will be difficult.
语篇分析：为什么会有“价值高估的资产 overvalued assets”。

回答：因为第二三四段提到了银行游说起作用：卖方定价。少确认损失。
5.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today
they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary
illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But
banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead
markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,
yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they ____________.
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators 误解
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets 张冠李戴
拒绝账面损失，是解释 dead market。资产估价高，解释了银行不食人间烟火。
5.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.
39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they ____________.
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets 原因
But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half
their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. 2012 英语二
[D] discourage students from doing homework 结果
been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks,
them to fetch.
6.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan
to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.
Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and
IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example,
against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to
make more concessions.
buy up 全面收购； deal with 对付，应付，处理；
mark 标价；
combative 有战斗力的；clean up 全面整顿； find 发现〔某人或某物处在某状态或在做某事〕
I’m sure we’ll find her hard at work when we get home. 我确信我们到家时会发现她在努力干
活。
思考：clean up 和 find sth. adj. 哪个词组是你可以查字典的，哪个是你可能需要老师协助
的？
pension 养老金；hostility 敌意；give in 屈服； invite 〔尤指无意地〕招致〔不好的事〕 invite

trouble 找麻烦。； stock option 期权； special interests 特殊利益集团〔泛称〕；concession
妥协
提问：损失为什么没有被确认？
第一段 Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses...
第三段：These gave banks ...and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their
income statements
第三段：银行可以少确认损失，于是第六段要求必须确认。
提问：为什么说“除非定价有吸引力”？
第一段 These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the
price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
第三段：These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets...
因为第三段给了银行定价权，所以银行高定价了，第六段于是回到买家定价（buyers find
attractive）。
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ____________.
[A] satisfaction 满意 [B] skepticism 怀疑
[C] objectiveness 客观 [D] sympathy 支持
Anyone can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to
sympathize with a friend’s success.任何人都可以同情朋友的痛苦，但是支持朋友的成功需要
非常好的天性。王尔德
I’d be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. 如果工会只关注更高的
报酬，我会非常赞同。2016 年六级
词组复盘；
clean up
take aim at
blame A for B
be forced to do
on one’s own
cry out against
essential to
rush through
a bruising encounter
behind the scene
in public
find sb./sth. adj
be reluctant to
sympathize with
2014TEXT2
1.All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession
— with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more
grounds for complaint than America.
hostility n.敌意；profession〔需要高等教育和训练的〕专业，行业 the legal / medical / teaching
etc profession
with the exception of 除〔特定的某人或事物〕之外
ground [A] 地，地面； He lay on the ground and stared up at the sky. 他躺在地上仰望天空。
[B] [plural 复数] 充分的理由，根据 grounds for (doing) sth Mental cruelty can be grounds for
divorce. 精神折磨可以作为离婚的理由。
complaint n.投诉
第一段 But 的功能：[A]引出相反内容；[B]引出强调内容

放眼世界，也许除了新闻行业之外，律师是最遭人愤恨的行业（可能新闻行业例外）。但是，
美国律师的客户相较于别的地方，最有理由抱怨。
years it has been particularly scorned.
家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但近几年来却尤其饱受人们的批判。英
语二 2012TEXT1
2.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice
as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students
to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead
become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
service 〔为顾客提供的〕服务； inflation 物价上涨(率)，通货膨胀(率)
skyscraper 摩天大楼； tempt 劝说，鼓动 tempt sb to do sth It would take a lot of money to
tempt me to quit this job. 得要很多钱才会让我动心放弃这份工作。 pile 堆放；摞起 pile sth
into/onto etc sth He piled bread and milk into his basket. 他把面包和牛奶往篮子里堆。
nuisance 妨害 The nightclub has been declared a public nuisance. 那家夜总会已被判定妨害公
众利益。 file 提起（诉讼）；提出（申请） file a complaint / lawsuit / petition etc (against sb)
tort 〔不构成刑事犯罪的〕（民事）侵权行为； costly 昂贵的；〔尤指〕花太多钱的
第二段讲述的是：[A]经济差、就业困难；[B]法律收费昂贵
2.在经济危机爆发的前十年里，美国民众在法律服务上的开支的增长速度是通货膨胀的两倍。
最好的律师赚的盆满钵满，诱使越来越多的学生涌入法律院校。大部分法律专业的毕业生无
法获得在大公司工作的机会。相反，许多人只能接手一些令人生厌的诉讼，使得美国的法律
体系变成了收费昂贵的噩梦。
前两段讲述的是：[A]问题 problem；[B]方案 solution
1.放眼世界，也许除了新闻行业之外，律师是最遭人愤恨的行业（可能新闻行业例外）。但
是，美国律师的客户相较于别的地方，最有理由抱怨。
2. 在经济危机爆发的前十年里，美国民众在法律服务上的开支的增长速度是通货膨胀的两
倍。最好的律师赚的盆满钵满，诱使越来越多的学生涌入法律院校。大部分法律专业的毕业
生无法获得在大公司工作的机会。相反，许多人只能接手一些令人生厌的诉讼，使得美国的
法律体系变成了收费昂贵的噩梦。
26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to.
[A] the growing demand from clients.
[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.
[C] the prospect of working in big firms. 反
[D] the attraction of financial rewards. 考查原因一（因果论证）
分词（tempting）引导结果状语；结合一二段，区分经济和法律谁是主题（排除 B）。
Laughter does 2produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,
3boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.
...These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World
audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
这些人大量的写作，出版著作，这些著作在新旧两个世界的读者群中传阅，为新英格兰营造
了一种热衷学术的氛围。
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________. 2009TEXT4
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England √ 考结果
3.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one
path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated
subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar
Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average
law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means
that they have to work fearsomely hard.
excessive 过度的；过多的 $15 for two beers seems a little excessive. 两杯啤酒要 15 美元，似
乎有点过分。 path 〔开出的〕通道；undergraduate 〔在读的〕大学(本科)生； unrelated 无
关的，不相关的；bar 律师界，律师组织；authorize 授权，批准，许可；leave[A]出发；离
开 My baby gets upset when I leave the room. 我一离开房间宝宝就会不安。[B]造成，使留下
〔某种后果〕 leave sb with sth Although the infection cleared up, he was left with a persistent
cough. 尽管感染治愈了，可是给他留下了一直咳嗽的毛病。
on top of = in addition to; fearsome 可怕地；
“One”的用词暗示了：[A]原因有一个；[B]原因不止一个
3.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. ...
造成这种局面的原因有许多。一是过高的法律教育成本。……
5.The other reason...
3. What explains the sharp drop on long flights? One factor has been the price of jet fuel, ……《经
济学人》
如何解释这种长途机票的大幅度下降？一个因素是航空燃油的价格, ……
造成这种局面的原因有许多。一是过高的法律教育成本。在美国大多数州，要想成为一名律
师，仅有一个途径，即用四年的本科时间去攻读某一与法律无关的学科，然后在 200 所美国
律师协会授权的法律院校中的其中一所学习三年，获得法律学位，接着再花许多钱来准备律
师资格考试。这致使今天的普通法律院校的毕业生除了本科的贷款外，还欠下 10 万美金的
债务。这些债务意味着他们不得不更加努力地去工作。
27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?
[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.（定位对了，没看懂）
[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.
[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
[D] Receiving training by professional associations.
4.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been
around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too
conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate
degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam
is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to
do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.
reform vt.改进；改革 plans to radically reform the tax system 彻底改革税收制度的计划
sensible 明智的；around [A]环绕，在……周围；[B]存在的；That joke’s been around for years.

那个笑话有年头了。 body [A]身体，躯体；[B]团体，机构，群体； govern 管理，统治，
治理〔国家〕 ; conservative 保守的，守旧的； implement 执行；贯彻；实施；
sit for 参加考试；stern 严格的；
定语从句功能：原因;
改革这种体制对律师和消费者都有利。有人很早就提出了一些合理的建议，但法律行业的国
家相关管理部门过于保守以致未能实施。有种建议允许学生本科期间就攻读法律学位，另一
种建议准许学生在法律院校学习两年即可参加律师资格考试。若律师资格考试对准律师而言
确实足够严格，那就应该准许那些能早点参加考试的学生考试，这样，不需要参加额外培训
的学生就可以省去三分之一的债务。
针对第三段的情况，第四段给出了：方案建议
4.[方案]Reforming the system would help [问题]both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas
have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been
too conservative to implement them. 【方案一：本科直接学法律】One idea is to allow people to
study law as an undergraduate degree. 【方案二：提前参加考试】Another is to let students sit for
the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a
would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need
the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.
26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that [方案]“behavioural” ads help advertisers to [问题] .

2013TEXT2
[B] lower their operational costs
28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance. 未提
[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers. 是方案而非问题
[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism. 未提及
区分问题和方案、原因和结果，这些都涉及到是深层的思辨思考。
仅盯着替换，这仅涉及到浅层的语言思考。
同样是抄原文，一个错，一个对
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in
some unrelated subject,
[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.错
but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement
them.
[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession. 对
5.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the
business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.
This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession,
but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm
isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
restrictive 限制（性）的，约束（性）的； structure 结构，构造，组织
guild 同业公会，协会；regulator 监管者；
isolate 孤立，隔离 isolate sb from sth Newborn babies must be isolated from possible
contamination. 新生儿必须隔离，以免受感染。 ethically 道德上地；
费用过高的另一个原因是法律行业如同行会性质那样具有限制性的所有制结构。除哥伦比亚
地区之外，非律师不能持有任何律师事务所的股份。这致使律师费用过高、服务创新缓慢。
业内也有呼吁要求改革的声音，但是反对改革的管理者坚持认为防止外行进入律师事务所可
以保证律师尽心地服务客户，而不需受制于赚钱的压力。
与第三段相比，第五段是另一个原因的展开。
3.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. ...
造成这种局面的原因有许多。一是过高的法律教育成本。……
费用过高的另一个原因是法律行业如同行会性质那样具有限制性的所有制结构。除哥伦比亚
地区之外，非律师不能持有任何律师事务所的股份。这致使律师费用过高、服务创新缓慢。
29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. 反
[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade. 反
[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.反
[A]ban non-lawyers ’ involvement in the profession 也是对的
27 和 29 题都在考查：你不仅要具备“因果论证”等学术思维，还得看懂原因具体是啥（精
读训练）。
subject, then a three-year law degree ...
business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law
firm. ...but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law
firm isolates lawyers from the pressure ...
29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
6.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve
services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional
managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and
Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.
After all 毕竟；liberalize 使自由化
实际上，允许非律师人士持有律师事务所股份，通过鼓励律师事务所使用新技术、雇佣职业
经理人以着力提高公司效率，可以减少成本和改善对消费者的服务。毕竟，其他国家，例如
澳大利亚和英国，已经开始放松对法律行业的管制，美国也应该紧随其后。
第五段和第六段的关系：[A]问题及问题的展开；[B]问题及方案
5.费用过高的另一个原因是法律行业如同行会性质那样具有限制性的所有制结构。除哥伦比
亚地区之外，非律师不能持有任何律师事务所的股份。这致使律师费用过高、服务创新缓慢。
6. 实际上，允许非律师人士持有律师事务所股份，通过鼓励律师事务所使用新技术、雇佣
职业经理人以着力提高公司效率，可以减少成本和改善对消费者的服务。毕竟，其他国家，
例如澳大利亚和英国，已经开始放松对法律行业的管制，美国也应该紧随其后。
30. In this text, the author mainly discusses

[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.
[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.
[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.

[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.
第一二段：问题（律师费贵）
第三四段：原因一及解决一（学费贵）
第五六段：原因二及解决二（只有专家可以操盘的高门槛）
复盘词组：
on top of
pile into
make complaints
sit for
isolate…from…
too…to…
insist that…
leave…with…
grounds
with the exception of
tempt sb. to do
originate from…
keep from…
problem and solution
2017TEXT1
1.First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending
people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly
massive security lines.
in advance 预先，提前；（在某事）发生之前；
authorities 当局；
show up 到达〔尤指有人在等候之处〕
catch a flight (= be in time to get on a plane) 赶上飞机
security 保安措施，安全工作
第一段：[A]提出问题；[B]提出方案
1.First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending
people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly
massive security lines.
以前是 2 小时，现在是 3 小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的时间，
至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越来越长。
2.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased
safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the
Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air
travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it
should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention
infuriating.
willing to 愿意[乐意]〔做某事〕的
in return for in return (for sth) 作为（某事物的）报酬；作为（某事物的）回报
down 使跌倒，使倒下；使掉下 We downed three enemy planes with our missiles. 我们用导弹
击落了 3 架敌机。 reminder 起提醒作用的事物[+of]； be a drag on sb/sth 是某人/某物的累
赘 Any slowdown in the economy is going to be a drag on the president’s re-election campaign.
经济增长稍有减缓，便会成为总统竞选连任的绊脚石。
not to mention 更不用说某事物了 infuriate v. 激怒
美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检规章制度，以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子击落在地中海
的埃及航空 804 号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。但是对飞机乘客要求太多或
者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会削弱公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：浪费
的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活，更不用说乘客感到愤怒了。
第一段：[A]提出问题；[B]提出方案
1. 以前是 2 小时，现在是 3 小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的
时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越来越长。
2. 美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检规章制度，以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子击落在地
中海的埃及航空 804 号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。但是对飞机乘客要求太
多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会削弱公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：
浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活，更不用说乘客感到愤怒了。
1. 以前是 2 小时，现在是 3 小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的

时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越来越长。
第一段：例子（3 小时等待）
第二段首句：观点（耗时）
第二段第二句：原因分析（防止恐怖袭击）。
2. 美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检规章制度，以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子击落在地
中海的埃及航空 804 号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。但是对飞机乘客要求太
多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会削弱公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：
浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活，更不用说乘客感到愤怒了。
第二段转折前：让步。对要反对的观点的辩护。
第二段转折后：反驳。立论。 2010-TEXT3
2.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased
Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air
travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it
should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention
infuriating.
21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to________.
[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide
[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports
[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks（考查 cause and effect）
[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection
3.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that
undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security
nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in
airline travel due to the improving economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at
major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective
airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.
undercover a.做密探工作的 She risks life and limb every day in her job as an undercover
investigator. 她的工作是当密探，每天都要冒生命危险。 sneak 偷偷携带；偷偷给；
enhance 加强；measure 措施；combine sth with sth Diets are most effective when combined with
exercise. 节食和锻炼相结合是最有效的。
去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现，管理局的便衣调查员在尝试偷运武器的
时候（无论真假），屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措施，同时经济复苏和低油价
也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安
检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否变得更加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍确实变长了。
有几个原因导致了安检队伍变长？
去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现，管理局的便衣调查员在尝试偷运武器的
时候（无论真假），屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措施，同时经济复苏和低油价
也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安
检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否变得更加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍确实变长了。
[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags
[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA
[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks
contribute to 和文章中的 result in 不是替换。
插入语不能跳：
During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in
combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively
stylish. 2011 年英语二 TEXT3
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' ________________.
4.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so
the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only
so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack
their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
anticipate 预料 v; steep 急剧的； rush to rush to do sth 赶忙[赶紧]做某事； screeners 安检员；
lane 小路，队列； overpack 过度打包；
carry-on bags 随身行李； though 虽然，尽管；dispute 对……提出异议。
导致这一问题的部分原因是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增，所以美国运输安
全管理局现在正匆忙地在各机场增加新的安检人员。另一个原因是，机场只有这么多空间，
能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能是，越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李
以避免行李安检费用，尽管航空公司对此强烈反对。
为什么第四段使用了“another factor”, 而没有使用 the third factor?

4.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so
the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only
so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack
their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
为什么第四段使用了“another factor”, 而没有使用 the third factor?
两个因素 factors: 一方面是 service 服务方面的问题（安检资源有限：人，物）；另一方面
是消费者旅客的因素。
5.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to
hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for
travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited
screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks, saving time for
everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
take steps 采取措施； require 〔法律或规则〕要求，规定 be required to do sth 应该做某事/

是某事物； enroll 登记 win-win 双赢的，对各方都有利的； eligible 合格的；有资格的
eligible to do sth Over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote this year. 今年将有超
过 50 万人年满 18 岁，获得投票资格。 concentrate / focus on an aspect 着重于一个方面；
remodel v.改造；
美国运输安全管理局可以采取的一个不需要改造机场或仓促招聘人员的措施，那就是登记更
多的乘客参加预检项目。预检对游客和美国运输安全管理局而言是双赢的选择。通过背景检
查的乘客有资格使用 expedited 安检通道。这能使美国运输安全管理局能重点检查具有高风
险的乘客，从而节省了其他人的时间。美国运输安全管理局计划将 2500 万乘客纳入预检项
目。
下划线的 people 指的是什么人？[A]screeners; [B]passengers

23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to________.
[A] faster [B] quieter [C] wider [D] cheaper
拓展：分词引导结果状语。（文本位，优于题本位）
The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law
schools.
26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to 2014TEXT2
[D] the attraction of financial rewards.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer
performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce
“short-termism”. 2019TEXT1
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.
[C] the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
John M. Swales
6.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must
pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag
has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable
level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment
or to cut costs in other ways.
然而，这一计划还未达到预期目标，其中的一个主要原因就是定价太高。乘客必须每五年支
付 85 美元进行背景审核。从一开始这一价格就是预检项目的重大缺陷。接下来的改革也许
会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应该通过资助预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方
式直接参与到价格调整中去。
sticker shock 对高额费用的震惊； look into 调查；
upcoming 即将来临的；finance 资助；
6. It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must
pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag
has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable
level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment
or to cut costs in other ways.
24. One problem with the PreCheck program is___________.
[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale 预检规模的大范围削减
[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation 施行指导方向错误
[C] The government’s reluctance to back it
[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment
研究的局限性（limitation）
5. 研究人员指出，同人类一样，僧帽猴也受社会情感的支配。在野外，它们是协作、群居
的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有被欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的
愤怒感似乎并不只有人类才有。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪清晰地传达给其他成员。
但是这种公平感是在僧帽猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是源于三千五百万年前他们共
同的祖先，至今尚无定论。 2005TEXT1
25. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
研究者们承认他们的研究对公司应该在企业社会责任上投入多少这一问题没有明确的答案。
该研究也没揭示公司在制定行善政策时，他们在多大程度上是依赖于光环效应而非其余的因
素。但至少他们认为在公司陷入法律问题时，良好的形象能使他们受到更少的处罚。
2016TEXT3
35.[A] The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown
7.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the
traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.
在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的痛苦之时，美国运输安全管理局不能继续将资源投入到
未充分使用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的开始起作用，那还需要很长的时间。
divert: 使转移；underused 未充分利用的；
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Less Screening for More Safety 少一些安检，多一些安全
[B] PreCheck—a Belated Solution 预检——迟来的解决方案 flawed
[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines 被困于安检队伍
[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes 未充分使用的预检通道
第一段——第四段：
问题及原因分析（安检队伍长，原因有反恐需要，出行游客增加）
第五段——第七段：
解决方案及其局限性（预检但是价格贵, 问题仍然难以解决）
考查 cause and effect

2.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased
Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why.
21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to________.
[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks
Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving
economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s
O’Hare International.
复盘：
contribute to
get stuck
divert …into…
rush to do
be willing to do
in advance
not to mention
fatal flaw
be eligible to do
be supposed to do
show up
in combination with
take steps
win-win
authorities
be a drag on
in return for
be willing to
provide a remainder of
英语二 2013TEXT2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along
with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had
no intention to stay, and those who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908
and 1995, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all
Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an
affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.
immigrant 入境者《移民到底是 immigrant 还是 citizenship》
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/150396291 ； settler 〔到人烟稀少的新地区定居的〕移民，殖
民者，开拓者；sojourn n.逗留，暂住 stay a brief sojourn in Europe 在欧洲小住； permanent
长久的；永久的，永恒的；folk [plural 复数] 【尤美】 people 人们； intention 打算； depart
离开，起程，动身； a quarter of 四分之一； for good （=permanently）永远； affectionate
表示关爱的；深情的； bird of passage 候鸟；漂泊不定的人
下划线部分是定居者（settlers）还是旅居者(sojourners)：
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along
一个世纪前，横跨大西洋来到美国的移民中既有定居者，也有旅居客。同这些希望能在美国
永久居家的人一同到来的，还有一些无意久留的人以及打算赚点钱就返回故乡的人。1908
到 1915 年之间，大约 700 万人抵达美国，离开的则有 200 万人。例如，约四分之一的意大
利移民最终永久地返回了意大利。他们甚至有个亲切的昵称叫“uccelli di passaggio,”，意
思是“候鸟”。
1. A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along
26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____
[A] stay in a foreign country temporarily. temporarily 暂时的，临时的
[B] leave their home countries for good.
[C] immigrate across the Atlantic.范围扩大
[D] find permanent jobs overseas.
对比论证
2. Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories:
legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to
be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the
long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change
the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal.
To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas.
We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
rigid 方法、体制等〕严格死板的，僵化的； newcomer 新来的人；新手； category 类别，
种类，范畴；alien 外国人；mightily 强烈地； hail 把……称赞为，把……誉为 hail sb/sth as
sth : Lang’s first film was immediately hailed as a masterpiece. 朗的第一部电影立即就被誉为
杰作。 brand 给……加上〔往往是不公的〕恶名 brand sb (as) sth You can’t brand all football
supporters as hooligans. 你不能给所有的足球迷都加上流氓的恶名。
framework 体系；框架；准则；mightily 很，十分；contribute 促成，造成〔某事发生〕contribute

substantially / significantly / greatly etc to sth His work contributed substantially to our knowledge
of the disease and how to treat it. 他的工作大大增进了我们对这种病及其疗法的认知。
paralysis 不知所措；〔行动、决策、运行等〕瘫痪，停顿 a period of political paralysis 一段
时间的政治瘫痪； recognize 认出；认识；辨认出；
今天，我们的移民政策变得更加严格。我们将新来者划分为两类：合法的和非法的、好的或
坏的。我们或将他们誉为建设美国的人，或又将其归为需要被驱逐的异类。这一思维框架很
大程度上导致了我们漏洞百出的移民体系，也致使政府在“如何修复这一体系”的问题上长
期处于瘫痪状态。我们不需要更多的类别，但需要改变对类别的思考方式。我们需要超越对
“合法”和“非法”的严格定义。首先，我们可以认同那些“新候鸟”，那些在灰色地带且
生活滋润的人。之后，我们才有可能着手解决在移民方面面临的挑战。
gray areas 指的是：

[A]第三个区域；[B]替代“合法和非法”的态度
第二段是：[A]问题及解决方案；[B]并列的两个事实
今天，我们的移民政策变得更加严格。我们将新来者划分为两类：合法的和非法的、好的或
坏的。我们或将他们誉为建设美国的人，或又将其归为需要被驱逐的异类。这一思维框架很
大程度上导致了我们漏洞百出的移民体系，也致使政府在“如何修复这一体系”的问题上长
期处于瘫痪状态。我们不需要更多的类别，但需要改变对类别的思考方式。我们需要超越对
“合法”和“非法”的严格定义。首先，我们可以认同那些“新候鸟”，那些在灰色地带且
生活滋润的人。之后，我们才有可能着手解决在移民方面面临的挑战。
27. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US_______.
[A] needs new immigrant categories.
[B] has loosened control over immigrants
[C] should be adapted to meet challenges.
[D] has been fixed via political means.
3. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides
and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global
economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity
calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
第三段是对第二段的“To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and
thriving in the gray areas.”来展开。
4. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need
them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without
committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and
there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
permission 允许，许可，准许； straddle 包括，跨越〔不同的活动领域、团体、时间等〕
immigrants straddling two cultures 跨越两种文化的移民； jurisdiction 司法权；审判权；管辖
权；管辖区域；commit 使承担义务，作出保证 commit yourself to (doing) sth The banks have
committed themselves to boosting profits by slashing costs. 银行作出保证，要通过大幅度削减
成本来提高利润。；honorably 光荣地；nation 国家（民族）； state 国家（政府）
不论有无许可，他们都可能轻松跨越法律、管辖区域以及身份界限。我们需要他们将美国视
为一个能让他们有所成就而又无需承诺永久居住的地方。我们需要他们感受到既可以在美国
安家、也可以在别处安家，让他们觉得可以体面地属于两个国家。
28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want______.
[A] financial incentives. [B] a global recognition.
[C] the freedom to stay and leave. [D]opportunities to get regular jobs.
5. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of
the immigration battle. Looking beyond 【问题/方案】 the culture war logic of right or wrong
means opening up the middle ground and 【问题/方案】understanding that managing immigration
today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to
accomplish legally in the existing system.
accommodate 为……提供住处[工作场所]； in motion 运动中的； outcome 〔会议、讨论、
战争等无法预知的〕结果，后果； accomplish vt.〔尤指通过努力〕完成，实现
认可这样一个流动人群的新世界，需要讨论“移民之争”这一问题的双方都有新的态度。超
越这种非对即错文化战争的逻辑意味着我们要开辟一个中间地带，并理解当今的移民管理需
要多种途径及多样结果，包括一些在现有制度下通过法律难以达成的途径和结果。
5. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of
the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up
the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths
and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing
system.
29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _____.
[A] as faithful partners.
[B] with legal tolerance.
[C]with economic favors.
[D] as mighty rivals.
problem and solution 问题及方案。

situation
第一段：引出主题：移民中的“候鸟”群体（问题的历史背景）
problem
第二段：美国对待候鸟群体的态度是错误的，要解决。(recognize)
solution
第三四段：展开解释候鸟群体都是谁。
第五段：要改变非黑即白的态度（问题），且法律突破（方案）。
接下来可以写什么？
evaluation 评估
30 The most appropriate title for the text would be_______.

[A] Come and go: big mistake.
[B] Living and thriving: great risk. 第二段
[C] With or without: great risk.
[D] Legal or illegal: big mistake.
英语二 2016TEXT3
1.That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially
mournfully: There’s never any time to read.
cliché陈词滥调 C2 ；specific adj. 特定的；特有的
complaint n. 抱怨（你从文章中看到的搭配是：[A]a specific ～; [B]make a ～）
I've made a complaint (= formally complained) to the police about the noise. 我向警方投诉了噪
声问题。
mournfully 哀伤 adv
每个人都太忙在当下俨然已成了陈词滥调。但有一个抱怨却显得格外悲哀，那就是没有一点
儿时间去阅读。
第一段是提出一个
[A]问题（后面会有方案）；[B]现象（后面可能会有现象解释）
通过第二段首句可以得知，第一段是：提出一个问题
2.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem
sufficient.
使问题变得更棘手的是传统的时间管理技巧似乎并不足够
sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry
a book with you at all times”. But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30
minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps
spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The
modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward
communication...It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to
interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be
obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
a thorny question/problem/issue etc 棘手的问题; technique 技巧; sufficient 足够的; tip 窍门;
make / find time (for sth / to do sth) 安排/找时间（做某事）; give up 放弃; at all times 随时，总
是〔尤用于正式规定和声明〕free up 腾出; odd 临时的; work vi.起作用; flywheel n.飞轮; spin vi.
旋转; exhaust vt.使〔某人〕筋疲力尽; challenging 困难而有趣的;
modern 现代的; overwhelmingly adv.及其; be inclined to do sth/inclined to sth 有做某事的意
向，倾向于做某事 He was inclined to self-pity. 他爱自怜。
communication 沟通; interrupt 打扰; obtain 获取; efficient 效率高的;
下划线是：[A]立论（确立自己观点）；[B]驳论（反驳对方观点）
使问题变得更棘手的是传统的时间管理技巧似乎并不足够。网上到处是告诉你如何抽出时间
去阅读的文章：“别再看电视”或者“随身携带书籍”。但从我个人的经验来看，使用这些
传统的方法来挤出零散的 30 分钟进行阅读也并不起作用。坐下来阅读、工作上的想法会一
直在脑海里盘旋——或者说你是如此疲惫以至一本赋有挑战性的书成了你最不想要的东西。
小说家兼评论家蒂姆·帕克斯写道，现代思想太过倾向于交流。“这不仅仅意味着一个人被
打断；而是人们实际上倾向于去打断别人。”深度阅读所需要的不仅仅是时间，而是一种特
殊的时间，这种时间无法仅凭变得更有效率来实现。
4.So what does work? ...所以什么才能起作用呢？…… 第四段是立论
最后一句中的 which 定语从句是：[A]重复观点; [B]提出新观点

sufficient. … Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be
使问题变得更棘手的是传统的时间管理技巧似乎并不足够。…深度阅读所需要的不仅仅是时
间，而是一种特殊的时间，这种时间无法仅凭变得更有效率来实现。
31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because________.
A. what they can offer does not ease the modern mind （把 ease 改为 focus）
B. what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
C. what people often forget is carrying a book with them
D. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed (最后一句是总结)
31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because________.

D. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed (最后一句是总结)
语法拆解：
What does deep reading require?深度阅读需要什么？（比如需要注意力集中）
It cannot be guaranteed. 它无法被保障。

Most importantly, the summary restates only the main points of a text or a lecture without
giving examples or details, such as dates, numbers or statistics.
最重要的是，总结只重述文章或讲座的要点，而不要给出例子或细节，如日期、数字或统计
数据。
Christine Bauer-Ramazani
3.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be
maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in
so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being
willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot（安排） it as a to-do list
item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling
kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor
belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these
different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled,
we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
resource 资源； maximize 使最大化； approach 〔以某种方式或态度〕对付，处理 approach
a problem / task / matter etc；instrumentally 有帮助地；judge vt.判断; well spent 花得值 worth
the time money, etc. This computer wasn‘t cheap, but it was money well spent.; in so far
as/insofar as/in as far as to the degree that 到……的程度 The research suggests that the drug
will be successful, in so far as one can draw conclusions from such a small sample size.研究表明，
就目前这么小规模试用所得出的结论来看，这种药会成功。advance v.（使）有进展；progress
n.进步; some 某个; goal n.目标；immersive 沉浸式的；by contrast 相比之下; risk vt.冒险;
inefficiency 低效率;
slot （把）插进窄孔[狭缝]; fulfilling 令人满意的; infinite 空间或时间〕无限的，无穷无尽
的; conveyor belt 传送带，输送带; mindset 心态； lose yourself in sth 全神贯注于某事，专心
于某事 She listened intently to the music, losing herself in its beauty. 她专注地听着音乐，完全
沉浸在美妙的旋律之中。
下划线是：[A]时间导向；[B]阅读导向
3. 实际上，“变得更加有效率”就是部分问题所在。将时间视为可以变得最大化的资源意味
着你要以有用的方式得到它，你会认为只有将任何当下的时间花在能促使你达成某些目标的
事情上才算是值得的。相反，沉浸式阅读依赖于我们是否愿意去冒没有效率、没有目标、甚
至浪费时间的险。试着为必做事情的清单安排好时间，这样你能进行有目标的阅读——有时
有作用，但不是最完美的。“未来像在永不停息、看似无止境的传送带上的空瓶子一样来到
我们身边，”加里·埃博勒在其《神圣的时间》一书中写道，“随着时间的流逝，我们感到
有种压力要去填满这些不同尺寸的瓶子（天、小时、分钟），因为如果它们没有被填满，我
们就会浪费了它们。”没有比在书本中全神贯注更糟糕的思维模式。
以下哪种写作手法有涉及：
[A]对比论证；[B]引证；[C]比喻；[D]以上皆有
实际上，“变得更加有效率”就是部分问题所在。将时间视为可以变得最大化的资源意味着
你要以有用的方式得到它，你会认为只有将任何当下的时间花在能促使你达成某些目标的事
情上才算是值得的。相反，沉浸式阅读依赖于我们是否愿意去冒没有效率、没有目标、甚至
浪费时间的险。试着为必做事情的清单安排好时间，这样你能进行有目标的阅读——有时有
作用，但不是最完美的。“未来像在永不停息、看似无止境的传送带上的空瓶子一样来到我
们身边，”加里·埃博勒在其《神圣的时间》一书中写道，“随着时间的流逝，我们感到有
种压力要去填满这些不同尺寸的瓶子（天、小时、分钟），因为如果它们没有被填满，我们
就会浪费了它们。”没有比在书本中全神贯注更糟糕的思维模式。
3.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be
maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in
so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being
willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and
you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.
“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”
writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized
bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have
wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to
A update their to-do listsB make passing time fulfilling
C carry their plans through D pursue carefree reading
guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a
jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. ... 英语二 2019TEXT1
22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______. 考修辞（暗喻）
B)burdensome
4.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this
might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us
“step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical
books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work,
too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you
temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it
no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for
everything else.
以下单词给出了词义，请判断它们在文章中的词性。
schedule 预定，排定; regular 定期地，定时的; fuel 恶化; flow 流动; soul 灵魂;
distraction 使人分心的事物; physical 物质的，有形的; purpose 目的;
dip 将某物放入液体中，蘸，浸 dip sth in/into sth;
default 常规做法 This way of working seems to be the default these days.如今，这种工作方式似
乎成了常规做法。state 状态；temporarily 临时地;
surface [I] 〔尤在消失或隐藏很长一段时间后〕露面；重新出现；显露; else 其他 adv
4.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this
might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us
“step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical
books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work,
too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you
temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it
no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for
everything else.
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps________.
A encourage the efficiency mind-set （反） B develop online reading habits （未提及）
C promote ritualistic reading （重复题干） D achieve immersive reading 沉浸式阅读（暗喻）
34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if__________.
A reading becomes your primary business of the day (the default state)
B all the daily business has been promptly dealt with (未提及)
C you are able to drop back to business after reading （drop back to reading after business）
D time can be evenly split for reading and business
sufficient. 使问题变得更棘手的是传统的时间管理技巧似乎并不足够。
4.So what does work? ...所以什么才能起作用呢？……
35. The best title for this text could be________?
A How to Enjoy Easy Reading 如何享受轻松的阅读
B How to Find Time to Read 如何找到阅读的时间
C How to Set Reading Goals 如何设定阅读的目标
D How to Read Extensively 如何广泛阅读
Set reading as a default state
问题和方案
30 The most appropriate title for the text would be_______.
[D] Legal or illegal: big mistake.2013TEXT2 英语二
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[C] Average Is Over 2013TEXT1 英语二
Sheldon Smith: Problem-solution essays are actually a sub-type of another type of essay, which
has the following four components:
Situation
Problem
Solution
Evaluation
词组：
make a complaint
offer tips on doing sth
drop back down
a default state
be inclined to do
in so far as
providing = if
lose oneself in
at all times
well spent
a thorny problem
by contrast
make time
take care of
immersive reading
2018TEXT1
1. Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go
unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their
jobs?
annoying 讨厌的，令人气恼的；presidential campaign 总统竞选
come for sb/sth 为强行带走……而来 Members of the secret police came for him in the middle
of the night. 半夜里秘密警察来抓他。
中产阶级需要面对许多令人烦恼的挑战，其中之一也许会在下一届总统大选中避而不谈：当
机器人开始与他们竞争工作的时候，会有什么事发生呢？
第一段提出了一个：
[A]一个需要解决的问题 [B]一个需要批判的观点
你是通过哪个词看出来的？
jobs?
中产阶级需要面对许多令人烦恼的挑战，其中之一也许会在下一届总统大选中避而不谈：当
机器人开始与他们竞争工作的时候，会有什么事发生呢？
2. Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being
automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately
squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many
middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their
interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
dismiss vt. 拒绝考虑，不理会； at the risk of doing sth 冒着做某事的危险 At the risk of
sounding stupid, can I ask a question? 恕我愚昧，能问个问题吗？ automated 自动化的；
squeeze 压；挤；捏；disproportionately 不成比例地； day care 日间托儿服务；病人[老人]
日间看护；appeal to 对有吸引力； occupation 工作，职业；arouse interest/expectations etc 引
起兴趣/期望等；
第二段是：[A]对问题的展开；[B]提出了一个方案
2. Don‘t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being
squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many
interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. 千万不要完全排除这种可
能性。牛津大学的一份研究表明，大约一半的美国就业机会正处在被自动化取代的高风险中，
中产阶级也受到了很大程度的压迫。像园艺或日常护理这类低收入工作对机器人而言没有吸
引力。但许多属于中产阶级的职业，比如运输、财务顾问、软件工程等，则已经或即将引起
机器人的兴趣。富人由于拥有机器人，所以他们的日子还算好过。
作者如何比较中产阶级和其他人群（从什么词看出来）
[A]对比论证；[B]类比论证
千万不要完全排除这种可能性。牛津大学的一份研究表明，大约一半的美国就业机会正处在
被自动化取代的高风险中，中产阶级也受到了很大程度的压迫。像园艺或日常护理这类低收
入工作对机器人而言没有吸引力。但许多属于中产阶级的职业，比如运输、财务顾问、软件
工程等，则已经或即将引起机器人的兴趣。富人由于拥有机器人，所以他们的日子还算好过。
作者对比论证，中产阶级和其他人群（ disproportionately ）
squeezed.
This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and
have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West... 2008 完形 11
题
这一族群在智商测试中普遍得分较高，得分比平均值（100 分）高 12 至 15 分，而且他们对
西方学术及文化的发展也做出了与他们人口数量极不成比例的贡献，
jobs?
21.Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians. [B]Low-wage laborers. [C]Robot owners. [D]Middle-class workers.
[D]Middle-class workers. 考对比

本题考查对比（三个人群的对比）
观点：...middle class disproportionately squeezed
展开： low-income 和 rich 不受影响，只有 middle class 受影响。
About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford
study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
21.Who will be most threatened by automation? [D]Middle-class workers.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.
2010TEXT4
39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they _____.
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half
their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. 英语二 2012
[D] discourage students from doing homework
3. This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers
in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by
mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it
destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by
driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term,
middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
alarmist adj.危言耸听的； point sth. out 指出，指明 point out that ；upheaval n.〔往往会带来
问题的〕激变，剧变；动乱； displace vt.取代，替代； mechanized 机械化的；loom 织布
机； living standard 生活水平[水准] ；boost 促进 v; drive sth. down 〔迅速〕压低，降低〔价
格、成本等〕 We have to drive down costs. 我们必须把成本降下来。 free 释放，使自由 free
sb from sth ； in the medium term 中期； adjust （使）适应（使）习惯
这并非危言耸听。乐观派指出，过去所发生的技术剧变曾使工人获益。工业革命曾遭到勒德
分子的反对，因为他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代，但整体而言，工业革命改善了人们的
生活水平，同时其创造的工作机会比被冲击掉的工作机会更多。同样，自动化最终能提高生
产力，通过压低商品价格刺激了需求，同时也使得工人从繁重枯燥的工作解脱出来。但在中
期内，中产阶级也许需要一些帮助来适应。
在讨论工业革命和自动化这两种情况时，作者使用了什么论证手段：
[A]对比；[B]类比；你是从哪个词（组）看出来的？
这并非危言耸听。乐观派指出，过去所发生的技术剧变曾使工人获益。工业革命曾遭到勒德
分子的反对，因为他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代，但整体而言，工业革命改善了人们的
生活水平，同时其创造的工作机会比被冲击掉的工作机会更多。同样，自动化最终能提高生
产力，通过压低商品价格刺激了需求，同时也使得工人从繁重枯燥的工作解脱出来。但在中
期内，中产阶级也许需要一些帮助来适应。
在讨论工业革命和自动化这两种情况时，作者使用了类比论证。Likewise
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A]Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists‘ opinions on new tech find little support. （工业革命类比）
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
三段末句是文章中心句：四五六展开方案，且第七段在呼应。
4. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,
should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to
college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex
communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and
helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It
could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills
will be able to do so without going into debt.
vocational 职业的； rethink 再思考，重新考虑； evolve 逐步形成；逐渐演变；focus 集
中（注意力）[+on] ；complex 复杂的，难以理解的； foster vt. 促进，培养，助长；alongside
和……一起； supplement vt.补充，增补，增加；professional 专业人士；
acquire vt.[A]购得，得到 Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible.
曼宁希望以尽可能低的价格买到有价值的艺术品。[B]学到，获得〔知识、技能〕He spent years
acquiring his skills as a surgeon. 他花了许多年时间学习外科医生的技能。
首先，正如埃里克·布林约尔松和安德鲁·迈克菲在《第二次机器时代》中所论述的那样，
人们应该反思教育和就业培训。从文法学校到大学，课程的设置应着重培养学生的创造力和
复杂的沟通能力，而不是机械的知识能力。职业学校应该更好地培养学生解决问题的能力，
并帮助其与机器人合作。在线教育能补充传统教育。它使人们能负担得起额外的培训和指导。
试图学习新技能的专业人士就能在不举债的情况下接受培训和指导。
第四段：[A]进一步解释问题；[B]提出解决方案。你是从哪个词（组）看出来的。
第四段：提出解决方案（the first 还意味着，后面的段落都将是方案。）
展开解决方案的时候，作者使用了：
23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ______.
[A]creative potential [B]job-hunting skills 无中生有
[C]individual needs 无中生有 [D]cooperative spirit 无中生有
5. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading
business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic
technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine
labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The
U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
cope 〔成功地〕应付，对付[+with] ； underline 强调，使突出（ underpin vt.巩固，支持）；
fade vi.逐渐消失； dynamism 干劲，活力；成功志向； drastic 激烈的，严厉的；突然的；
smooth 使光滑 v； dream up 想出〔尤指不同寻常的计划、主意〕； combine （使）结
合；（使）组合；virtual reality 虚拟现实
应对自动化的挑战凸显出美国需要重振其日渐衰落的商业活力：必须得让创办新公司变得更
加容易。在之前技术剧变的时代，企业家想出各种方式将劳动力和机器结合起来，以实现平
稳过渡。3D 打印机和虚拟现实的最佳应用还未被发明出来。美国需要能发明这些新应用的
新公司。
6. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor
income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,
and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost
incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
widen the gap 扩大差距； safety net 〔一种帮助遇到严重问题或陷入困境者的〕安全保障措
施[系统] ； expand (使)扩大；(使)增加；income tax credit 所得税抵免; reward vt.酬谢，报
答，奖赏； inequality 不平等
最后，由于自动化会扩大资本收益与劳动收益之间的鸿沟，因此不得不重新思考税收和保障
措施。对低收入者的征税应当减少，加大所得税抵免之类的工资补贴力度：这会增加收入，
鼓励人们工作，奖励公司创造就业机会以及减少社会不平等。
四五六段分别对应哪个维度的解决方案：[A]政府；[B]企业；[C]学校
4.首先，正如埃里克·布林约尔松和安德鲁·迈克菲在《第二次机器时代》中所论述的那样，
人们应该反思教育和就业培训。从文法学校到大学，课程的设置应着重培养学生的创造力和
复杂的沟通能力，而不是机械的知识能力。职业学校应该更好地培养学生解决问题的能力，
并帮助其与机器人合作。在线教育能补充传统教育。它使人们能负担得起额外的培训和指导。
试图学习新技能的专业人士就能在不举债的情况下接受培训和指导。
5. 应对自动化的挑战凸显出美国需要重振其日渐衰落的商业活力：必须得让创办新公司变
得更加容易。在之前技术剧变的时代，企业家想出各种方式将劳动力和机器结合起来，以实
现平稳过渡。3D 打印机和虚拟现实的最佳应用还未被发明出来。美国需要能发明这些新应
用的新公司。
6. 最后，由于自动化会扩大资本收益与劳动收益之间的鸿沟，因此不得不重新思考税收和
保障措施。对低收入者的征税应当减少，加大所得税抵免之类的工资补贴力度：这会增加收
入，鼓励人们工作，奖励公司创造就业机会以及减少社会不平等。
6. Finally, 【问题】because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and
labor income, 【方案】taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor
need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This
would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at .
[A]encouraging the development of automation
[B]increasing the return on capital investment (无中生有)
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor （无中生有）
[D]preventing the income gap from widening
tax credit 税收抵免
题干是解决方案，选项是针对的问题。（问题加方案）
[B][C]非常符合常识：当文章没有占据你的大脑，常识就来占据你的大脑。
7. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be
little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the
machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be
indispensable.
upend v. 颠覆； nuts 疯狂的；发狂的；
adapt [I,T] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new
situation （使）适应，（使）适合
indispensable 必需的，不可或缺的
未来数年，技术将会从大大小小的各方面造福社会，但对那些生活和职业会被自动化颠覆的
人而言，他们很难从中获得宽慰。破坏那些取代我们工作的机器是愚蠢的。但是帮助就业者
适应这种新形势的政策是必不可少的。
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? 2019TEXT2
第七段呼应第三段：使用解决方案的必要性。
3.这并非危言耸听。乐观派指出，过去所发生的技术剧变曾使工人获益。工业革命曾遭到勒
德分子的反对，因为他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代，但整体而言，工业革命改善了人们
的生活水平，同时其创造的工作机会比被冲击掉的工作机会更多。同样，自动化最终能提高
生产力，通过压低商品价格刺激了需求，同时也使得工人从繁重枯燥的工作解脱出来。但在
中期内，中产阶级也许需要一些帮助来适应。
7. 未来数年，技术将会从大大小小的各方面造福社会，但对那些生活和职业会被自动化颠
覆的人而言，他们很难从中获得宽慰。破坏那些取代我们工作的机器是愚蠢的。但是帮助就
业者适应这种新形势的政策是必不可少的。
一二段是提出问题；
四五六段是三个解决方案，
那么第三段的功能是过渡。
3.这并非危言耸听。乐观派指出，过去所发生的技术剧变曾使工人获益。工业革命曾遭到勒
德分子的反对，因为他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代，但整体而言，工业革命改善了人们
的生活水平，同时其创造的工作机会比被冲击掉的工作机会更多。同样，自动化最终能提高
生产力，通过压低商品价格刺激了需求，同时也使得工人从繁重枯燥的工作解脱出来。但在
中期内，中产阶级也许需要一些帮助来适应。
一二段：提出问题
自动化带来就业风险
第三段：过渡段
四五六段：三个解决方案
学校，企业，政府
第七段：总结
重申解决方案的必要性
25.In this text, the author presents a problem with .

[A]opposing views on it
[B]possible solutions to it
[C]its alarming impacts
[D]its major variations
哪些解决办法？
第四段：学校；
第五段：企业；
第六段：政府（税收）
2014TEXT2[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.
problems and solutions

22. [C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
24. [D]preventing the income gap from widening
25. [B]possible solutions to it
错误技巧：不看插入语，不看从句
6. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor
income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.
24. [D]preventing the income gap from widening
不看介词
About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford
study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
21. [D]Middle-class workers.
2018TEXT1
2014TEXT2
Sheldon Smith
词组：
come for
dream up
disproportionately
appeal to
virtual reality
work alongside
arouse one’s interest
combine A and B
cope with
adapt to
free…from…
prevent…from doing sth
drive down
be displaced by
widen/narrow/close/fill the gap
foster skills
reduce inequality
focus on
put emphasis on
be aimed at
business dynamism
go into debt
boost incomes
threaten to do
in the medium/long/short term
raise living standards
at risk of doing/n
2016TEXT4
1.There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on
newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the
paper's publisher said back in 2010.
eventually adv.最终地； cease v. 停止，终止，结束 cease to do sth He ceased to be a
member of the association. 他不再是该协会的会员。
story n. [A]〔真实或虚构的〕故事，小说；[B]（新闻）报道
newsprint 新闻纸；
《纽约时报》终有停止发行印刷版的一天。准确来说，那一天将何时到来是一个值得讨
论的问题。“就在未来的某一天。”该报纸的发行人在 2010 年说道。
2.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there‘s plenty of incentive to ditch
print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper —printing presses, delivery
trucks— isn’t just expensive; it‘s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the
same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though
print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
nostalgia n.留恋；恋旧，怀旧 [+for] nostalgia for the good old days 对美好过去的留恋；
rustle n. 沙沙声，窸窣声 [+of] the rustle of leaves in the wind 风吹树叶的沙沙声； aside adv.
撇开，置之一边地；incentive n. 鼓励；ditch v. 抛弃； infrastructure n. 基础设施[建设]〔如
公路、铁路、银行等〕； physical 物质的，有形的； printing press 印刷机；delivery 递
送，交付；set〔物品的〕一套，一副，一组 [+of] ；constraint n.限制。financial / environmental
/ political etc constraints There have been financial and political constraints on development. 发
展受到了经济和政治上的限制。 migrate （使）改用操作系统; excessive a. 过高的；dwarf
vt. 使相形见绌； counterpart 职务相当的人；作用相当的事物；revenue 〔公司、机构的〕
收益，收入
抛开对于纸面墨汁的怀旧以及翻阅纸张的沙沙作响声，人们有足够的理由去抛弃印刷版。
印刷实物报纸所需要的基础设施——印刷机、运货车——非常昂贵；当线上竞争对手不需要
承担这些设备的财务压力的时候，对于这些设施的投入显得是过度多余的。不论怎么样，读
者正从印刷版流逝。尽管印刷版的广告销售额高于网络及移动断的销售额，但其收入仍处下
降趋势。
一二段讲述了：
[A]问题及原因分析；[B]问题及解决方案
1.《纽约时报》终有停止发行印刷版的一天。准确来说，那一天将何时到来是一个值得
讨论的问题。“就在未来的某一天。”该报纸的发行人在 2010 年说道。
2.抛开对于纸面墨汁的怀旧以及翻阅纸张的沙沙作响声，人们有足够的理由去抛弃印刷
版。印刷实物报纸所需要的基础设施——印刷机、运货车——非常昂贵；当线上竞争对手不
需要承担这些设备的财务压力的时候，对于这些设施的投入显得是过度多余的。不论怎么样，
读者正从印刷版流逝。尽管印刷版的广告销售额高于网络及移动断的销售额，但其收入仍处
下降趋势。
定语从句“at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial
constraints.”使用了_____来解释成本高：
2.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch
print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper —printing presses, delivery
trucks— isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the
same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though
print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
1.There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on
newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the
paper's publisher said back in 2010.
2.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch
print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper— printing presses, delivery
trucks—【原因 1:成本高】 isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online- only
competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. 【原因二：销售下降】Readers are
migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile
counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
36. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to_________.
题干替换了第一段（出题人是我们的朋友）：纽约时报终止纸质版
题干的 due to 替换第二段：第二段是背后的原因分析
[A] the increasing online ad sales
[B] the pressure from its investors 无中生有
[C] the complaints from its readers 无中生有
[D] the high cost of operation
千万不要就题讲题，另一个原因 declining revenue 也可以是正确答案。
3.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition
would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
overhead 〔企业的〕经常性支出，运营费用〔如租金、保险费、电费等〕；
circulation n.
[A] 血液循环 Exercise improves the circulation. 运动能促进血液循环。
[B]〔报纸或杂志的〕发行量，销售量；
rush to do sth 赶忙[赶紧]做某事；eliminate v. 消除；
BuzzFeed 的首席执行官佩雷蒂说道，尽管开支费用高、发行量少，但急于淘汰印刷版
将会是个错误。
第三段的作用：承上启下（总结上一段的问题：费用高，读者少）
2. 抛开对于纸面墨汁的怀旧以及翻阅纸张的沙沙作响声，人们有足够的理由去抛弃印
刷版。印刷实物报纸所需要的基础设施——印刷机、运货车——非常昂贵；当线上竞争对手
不需要承担这些设备的财务压力的时候，对于这些设施的投入显得是过度多余的。不论怎么
样，读者正从印刷版流逝。尽管印刷版的广告销售额高于网络及移动断的销售额，但其收入
仍处下降趋势。
3.BuzzFeed 的首席执行官佩雷蒂说道，尽管开支费用高、发行量少，但急于淘汰印刷版
例子：The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. ...2013 年 TEXT1
当然，这次革命的牺牲者（victims）并不仅仅限于设计师。
4.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they
go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense
for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers
really upset with you.”
the right way 正确的方式； go about 开始做某事 go about doing sth The leaflet tells you
how to go about making a will. 小册子上写明了如何立遗嘱。 figure out 弄懂，搞清楚；
accelerate （使）加快，（使）加速； make sense 说得通，有意义；
discontinue 停止，中断，终止；loyal 忠贞的，忠实的，忠诚；
be upset with sb 生某人的气，对某人恼怒；upset 难过的
佩雷蒂说，《纽约时报》不应该把时间浪费在如何摆脱印刷行业上，除非他们打算采取
恰当的方式做。“找到一条道路加速转型会对《纽约时报》有意义，”他说，“但是如果你
想完全终止纸质版，你让你最忠实的读者不开心。”
三四段指出了：
[A]正确的解决方案；[B]错误的解决方案
3.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition
would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
4.佩雷蒂说，《纽约时报》不应该把时间浪费在如何摆脱印刷行业上，除非他们打算采
取恰当的方式做。“找到一条道路加速转型会对《纽约时报》有意义，”他说，“但是如果
你想完全终止纸质版，你让你最忠实的读者不开心。”
4.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they
go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense
for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers
really upset with you.“
5.Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of. …
37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, The Times should___________.
[A] make strategic adjustments
[B] end the print edition for good 反（if discontinue...upset...）
[C] seek new sources of readership 无中生有
[D] aim for efficient management 无中生有
make adjustments 做出调整；for good 永久；aim for 以……为目标
注意：doing it= getting out of the print business
下面两列单词，分别适合与___搭配
[A]strategy 和 tactic [B]tactic 和 strategy
第一列
broad
long-term
coherent
comprehensive
integrated
carefully planned
第二列
useful
dirty
underhand（偷偷摸摸）
illegal
delaying
strong-arm（强制，高压）
Sarah Grieves 剑桥大学
...controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty
creams or unhealthy foods.
35. The author’s attitude ...is ° . 2010 英语二
[B] negative
除了 tactics，还有搭配：controversies...erupt; unhealthy foods
37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should .
[A] make strategic adjustments. 2016 英语一
The tactic never really works…2012 英语一

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is .
[D] questionable
5.Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix
discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said.
The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't
pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”
be worth doing sth 值得做某事；make a change 作出改变；streaming media 流媒体；
discontinue 停止，中断，终止；blunder n. 错误；turn out 结果证明； foresighted 有远
见的； legacy n.遗产；adj.系统、软件等〕旧版本的，老旧的
有时候，做些改变无疑是值得的。佩雷蒂举了 Netflix 的例子，该公司不再继续实行 DVD
邮寄服务，而专注于流媒体服务。“这曾被认为是失策的，”他说道。这一举动后来被证明
是有远见的。如果佩雷蒂执掌《纽约时报》又会如何呢？“我不会用一年的时间来停止发行
印刷版，”他说道，“我将会提高价格，将它们打造成具有遗产性的产品。”
第五段使用 Netflix 的例子是用于：

[A] 让纽约时报效仿；[B] 让纽约时报别做

4. 佩雷蒂说，《纽约时报》不应该把时间浪费在如何摆脱印刷行业上，除非他们打算
立马这么做。“找到一条道路加速转型，也许才对他们有意义，”他说，“但是如果你不想
再继续做下去，你将真的惹怒你的忠实读者。”
5. 有时候，做些改变无疑是值得的。佩雷蒂举了 Netflix 的例子，该公司不再继续实行
DVD 邮寄服务，而专注于流媒体服务。“这曾被认为是失策的，”他说道。这一举动后来
被证明是有远见的。如果佩雷蒂执掌《纽约时报》又会如何呢？“我不会用一年的时间来停
止发行印刷版，”他说道，“我将会提高价格，将它们打造成具有遗产性的产品。”
6.The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd
feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're
overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a
higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're
going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may
be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500
a year —more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.
favor v.喜欢； feel like feel like (doing) sth spoken【口】想要做某事；sustain the quality
维持质量；overpay 多付款； feel like feel like (doing) sth spoken【口】想要做某事；
rate 比率；率；generate additional revenue 带来格外的收入； obsess 使痴迷，使心神
不宁〔含贬义〕 be obsessed by/with sth/sb； subscription 订阅（费）
这一观念认为，最忠实的顾客仍会购买他们喜爱的产品，他们觉得自己是在帮助维持自
己所相信的事物的品质。“所以如果你的纸质版本买贵了，你会觉得你在帮助他们。”佩雷
蒂如是说。“然后每年以逐年涨价的方式来创造额外收入”换言之，如果你打算去生产印刷
产品，就要为那些已对此痴迷的人而生产，这也许也是如今《纽约时报》在做的事。仅就订
阅来说，一周七天都能拿到印刷版本要花费将近 500 美元——是订阅电子版本的两倍。
“那些已对此痴迷的人 the people who are already obsessed with it”是指：
[A] online-only customers [B] The most loyal customers
五六段提出了：
[A]正确的解决方案；[B]错误的解决方案
5.有时候，做些改变无疑是值得的。佩雷蒂举了 Netflix 的例子，该公司不再继续实行
DVD 邮寄服务，而专注于流媒体服务。“这看上去有些失策，”他说道。这一举动被证明
是有远见的。如果佩雷蒂执掌《纽约时报》又会如何呢？“我不会用一年的时间来停止发行
印刷版，”他说道，“我将会提高价格，将它们打造成具有遗产性的产品。”
6. 这一观念认为，最忠实的顾客仍会购买他们喜爱的产品，他们觉得自己是在帮助维
持自己所相信的事物的品质。“所以如果你的纸质版本买贵了，你会觉得你在帮助他们。”
佩雷蒂如是说。“然后每年以逐年涨价的方式来创造额外收入”换言之，如果你打算去生产
印刷产品，就要为那些已对此痴迷的人而生产，这也许也是如今《纽约时报》在做的事。仅
就订阅来说，一周七天都能拿到印刷版本要花费将近 500 美元——是订阅电子版本的两倍。
5.Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix
discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said.
The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't
pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.“
6.The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd
feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're
overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a
higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're
going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may
be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500
a year —more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a " legacy product"__________.
[A] helps restore the glory of former times 无中生有
[B] is meant for the most loyal customers ( be meant for 为……而有)
[C] will have the cost of printing reduced 反（可改为 will be overpaid）
[D] expands the popularity of the paper 无中生有
AD 是一个意思：卖得更好（但实际上文章写的是卖的更贵）
形式上是词汇题，实质上考查“问题+方案”
4....he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really
upset with you.”
5.... he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.“
6.The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, ...
38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a " legacy product"__________.
[B] is meant for the most loyal customers
3.... a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then ...

4. ...One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.
通过方案更能看透问题所在
2014TEXT2
7."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a
legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have
things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those
situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”
tremendous 巨大的； luxury 奢华，奢侈；remark v. 评论; aggressive a. 有进取心的
“这真的是一件很难做的事情， BuzzFeed 没有一个遗产性行业真的是一个巨大的浪费。”
佩雷蒂评论道。“但我们将会有遇到类似的问题：当市场和世界形势发生变化时，我们正在
做的事情变得毫无意义。在那些状况下，强势进去好过妥协退让。”
最后一段：[A]重申方案的必要性；[B]提出新方案
7."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a
legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have
things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those
situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."
39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,___________.
[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected 无中生有
[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving 反
[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges
[D] legacy businesses are becoming outdated 反
meet challenges 应对挑战
第一二段：问题及原因分析
纽约时报的纸版风险：成本上升+销售额下降
第三四段：错误的解决方案（直接停止发售）
直接终止纸版，伤害忠诚度者
五六七段：正确解决方案
加价，双赢
2016TEXT4 纽约时报的提价方案（block method 集中式写作）

第三四段：错误的解决方案
2014TEXT2 美国律师行业的降价方案 (point by point 点对点写作)

第一二段：问题（律师费贵）
第三四段：原因一及解决一（学费贵）
第五六段：原因二及解决二（只有专家可以操盘的高门槛）
40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once （与第三段反）
[B] Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand （无中生有）
[C] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion （无中生有）
[D] Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good（方案）
纽约时报的纸版风险：成本上升+读者锐减
第三四段：错误的解决方案
直接终止纸版，伤害忠诚度者
加价，双赢
2014 完形英语一：大脑功能随着年龄而退化，解决方案是训练（比如自适应练习）
30. In this text, the author mainly discusses .2014TEXT2
[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it
（美国法律行业的问题和解决方案）

40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?2016TEXT4
[D] Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good
30. In this text, the author mainly discusses 2014TEXT2
词组：
go about
make sense
cease to do
be obsessed with
make an adjustment
make a mistake
aim for
be upset with
for good
financial constraints
meet challenges
be meant for
2010 新题型
冒号之后是：[A]例子；[B]数据
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the
consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total
consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year
across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the
recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their
purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
破折号之间的内容是：[A]例子；[B]数据
[E]...wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany,
Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.
meanwhile 引导的内容体现出：
[A]类比（比相同）；[B]对比（比不同）
meanwhile：引出某具体局势的不同的一面（尤其是完全相反）。You use meanwhile to
introduce a different aspect of a particular situation, especially one that is completely opposite to
the one previously mentioned.（柯林斯，释义三）
Almost four million households are in debt to their energy company. Meanwhile, suppliers
profits have doubled. 近四百万家庭背负能源公司的债务，而同时（能源）供应商的利润翻了
倍。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the
same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply
moved forwards and backwards and side to side.英语二 2020TEXT1
The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: ...
Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a
tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving
European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already
tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,
profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to
be just the kind of market retailers need.
standstill 静止（状态）；停顿，停滞；at a standstill Traffic was at a standstill. 交通堵塞
了。leave [A]vi.vt. 出发；离开 My baby gets upset when I leave the room. 我一离开房间宝宝
就会不安。[B] vt.造成，使留下〔某种后果〕 An explosion at a chemical plant has left one worker
dead and four injured. 一家化工厂爆炸造成一名工人死亡，四人受伤。hungry 渴望的[+for]；
limited success (= not very much success) 有限的成功。expansion [A]〔尺寸、范围、数量等的〕
扩大，增加 an expansion in student numbers 学生人数的增加； [B]〔公司、企业等的〕扩张
expand The industry underwent a period of rapid expansion. 该产业经历了一轮快速扩张。
ignore vt.对……置之不理
in sb’s own backyard 在自己的后院，在自己的家门口〔指离某人居住、工作等的地方

很近〕Americans would probably react differently to the war if it was in their own back yard. 战
争要是发生在自己家门口，美国人可能就会有不一样的反应。
retailer 零售商；零售商店
行文思路：[A]解释一个现象；[B]提出一个方案
提出一个方案
[B]【问题】欧洲最大市场的食品和饮料零售处于停滞状态，这让欧洲食品零售商渴望
获得增长机会。大多数领先的零售商已经尝试了电子商务，取得了有限的成功，并向海外扩
张。【方案】但几乎所有人都忽略了自家后院的巨大盈利机会:食品和饮料批发交易，这似
乎正是零售商需要的市场。
【问题】有可能喜欢上你办公室的每个人吗？想想把 15 个人聚在一起有多难，更别说
50 个人了，他们都相处得很好。但与友谊不同，你需要同事。你每天和他们一起工作，你
依赖他们，就像他们依赖你一样。【方案】这里有一些方法可以让整个办公室的人都站在你
这边。英语二 2020 小标题第一段
得了吧, 每个人都这样啊。这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。当我们听到“同辈压力”
这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。【问题】同辈压力通常只会导致不好的结果，比
如酗酒、吸毒和滥交。【方案】但是，蒂娜·罗森伯格在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中认为，
同辈压力也可通过她所说的社会治疗成为一种积极的力量：相关组织和官方人员可以利用群
体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，而且也有可能改变世界。2012TEXT1
多余干扰选项
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink
market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by
potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy.
At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic
and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
variation n. 〔相似物体之间的〕差异；〔数量或形式的〕变化，变动
function vi.起作用，正常运转； base sth on/upon sth 使以……为基础，使以……为根据
be up to sb 由某人决定； At any rate 反正，不管怎样〔用于提出在不确定或令人不满意
情况中的确定因素〕； acclaim vt.公开称赞；推崇; regardless adv.不管；不顾 [+of]
take (a) hold 开始起作用，产生影响
variations 替换了 differences;

in other words（换句话说）很重要，这个词组意味着更简单的理解。
[C]项总结：买家决定市场。展望未来，这个变化会获得买家支持。
[D]段落的首句的：“this clearly seems to be a market”是啥市场？

[A]批发市场；[B]零售市场
[D]总而言之，这显然是一个市场（ this clearly seems to be a market ），大型零售商可
以利用其巨大的规模、现有的基础设施以及在产品系列管理、物流和营销情报方面成熟的技
能来获利。精通错综复杂的欧洲批发业务的零售商很有可能因此获得丰厚的利润。至少，从
整体上看是这样的。更仔细的观察揭示了最大的国家市场之间的重要差异，特别是在他们的
客户群和批发结构，以及个别食品和饮料类别的竞争动态。大型零售商必须先了解这些差异，
然后才能确定欧洲批发市场的哪些领域，他们的特殊能力可能会取代规模较小但根深蒂固的
竞争对手。零售商也需要新的技能和陌生的商业模式。
零售商做批发业务需要做哪两个准备
[D]总而言之，这显然是一个市场，大型零售商可以利用其巨大的规模、现有的基础设
施以及在产品系列管理、物流和营销情报方面成熟的技能来获利。精通错综复杂的欧洲批发
业务的零售商很有可能因此获得丰厚的利润。至少，从整体上看是这样的。更仔细的观察揭
示了最大的国家市场之间的重要差异，特别是在他们的客户群和批发结构，以及个别食品和
饮料类别的竞争动态。大型零售商必须先了解这些差异，然后才能确定欧洲批发市场的哪些
领域，他们的特殊能力可能会取代规模较小但根深蒂固的竞争对手。零售商也需要新的技能
和陌生的商业模式。
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply
their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges,
logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe
may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.
Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in
their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of
individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they
can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat
smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
profitable 有利可图的；有益的，有用的； proven 被证实的，经验证的；
range 成套产品；系列商品 We have a very large product range. 我们的产品范围很广。
intelligence 情报； the intricacies of sth 某事错综复杂的细节；
rake in 轻易赚得〔许多钱〕；
as a whole 整个来看〔用于表示所有部分都已考虑到〕；
segments 部分，段，片； unseat vt.罢免，拉……下马； entrenched 根深蒂固的〔常含
贬义〕
model 〔用于模拟实物的〕计算机模型，计算机模拟；科学模型，科学模式
[B]段落：问题：零售商增速乏力；方案：批发市场
[D]段落首句的“this clearly seems to be a market”是批发市场
[D]段落：总之，大型零售商可以在批发市场运用……来获利（profitably apply）。零售
商精通了批发的难点就可以攫取巨大利润。
their... Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in
substantial profits thereby. ...
出题已知选项（重点看首末句）
[E] [首句]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been
closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building
blocks. … [末句]Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same
sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing
trends.
[首句]尽管在细节上有所不同，但在被仔细研究过的国家——法国、德国、意大利和西
班牙——批发市场都是由相同的构件组成的。需求主要来自两个来源:独立的夫妻店，与大
型零售连锁店不同，它们规模太小，无法直接从生产商那里购买，以及为不在家吃饭的消费
者提供服务的食品服务运营商。这种食品服务运营商从小吃机到大型机构餐饮企业不等，但
大多数这类企业在业内被称为“horeca”:酒店、餐馆和咖啡馆。 [末句]总体而言，欧洲食品
和饮料批发市场的增长速度与零售市场一样缓慢，但这些数字加在一起，掩盖了两种相反的
趋势。
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely
examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.
Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike
large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that
cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack
machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the
trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and
drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added
together, mask two opposing trends.
examine vt.〔仔细地〕检查，探究； building blocks 构成要素； mom-and-pop 〔生
意〕家庭经营的； cater to 满足，迎合〔某群人或事物的需要〕； catering 承办饮食服务；
venture 风险投资；operators 经营者；公司； snack 〔正餐以外的〕小吃，点心；sluggish
行动缓慢的；反应迟缓的； mask vt.掩饰，隐瞒，掩盖； opposing 〔观点、意见等〕相
反的，截然不同的； trend 趋势，趋向
出题已知选项（重点看首末句）
opposing trends 和[A]一致（出去吃、在家吃）。
examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. （ . 中间
省略）.. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish
pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: 数据
省略... Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to
keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
从[E]段首句判断：可能是[D][E]。 1. 都在说批发；2. variations 替换 differences

examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.
[D][E][A]
这个例子证明批发业务：[A]优点；[B]缺点
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany,
Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover,
average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food
service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the
competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to
consolidate.
例如，2000 年，法国、德国、意大利、西班牙和英国的食品和饮料批发销售额达到 2680
亿美元，占零售总额的 40%以上。此外，批发行业的平均整体利润率高于零售行业；随着
越来越多的欧洲人更频繁地外出就餐，食品服务业的批发需求正在快速增长；这个分散行业
竞争态势的变化最终使得批发商整合变得可行。
margin [A]页边空白，页边，白边；[B]利润，赚头
dynamics 动态，〔事物或人〕相互作用的方式；
fragmented 打碎的 adj a fragmented society 四分五裂的社会
feasible 〔计划、想法或方法〕可行的，可实行的，行得通的
consolidate vi.vt.合并，统一
[B]项：解决方案是零售商搞批发
[F]项：批发业务的优势（销售额和销售利润都不错）
average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food
service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the
competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to
consolidate.
[B]项：解决方案是零售商搞批发
[F]项：批发业务的优势（销售额和销售利润都不错）
average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; ...
[D]总之，大型零售商可以在批发市场运用……来获利（profitably apply）。零售商精通
了批发的难点就可以攫取巨大利润。
their... Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in
substantial profits thereby.
总结的时候不要再给新例子！
Most importantly, the summary restates only the main points of a text or a lecture
without giving examples or details, such as dates, numbers or statistics.
Christine Bauer-Ramazani
第七段呼应第三段：使用解决方案的必要性。（2018TEXT1）
3.这并非危言耸听。乐观派指出，过去所发生的技术剧变曾使工人获益。工业革命曾遭
到反新机器的人的抨击，因为他们的工作被机械化织布机所取代，但整体而言，工业革命改
善了人们的生活水平，同时其创造的工作机会比被冲击掉的工作机会更多。同样，自动化最
终能提高生产力，通过压低商品价格刺激了需求，同时也使得工人从繁重枯燥的工作解脱出
来。但在中期内，中产阶级也许需要一些帮助来适应。
7. 未来数年，技术将会从大大小小的各方面造福社会，但对那些生活和职业会被自动
化颠覆的人而言，他们很难从中获得宽慰。破坏那些取代我们工作的机器是愚蠢的。但是帮
助就业者适应这种新形势的政策是必不可少的。
41.→42.→43.→44.→E→45.
[B]→[F] →[D] →44.→E→45.
[B]问题+方案[F]举例（支持）[D]总之（重复方案）
[D] →44. →[E] →45.[A] (DEA)
[D]... Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,
especially ... Big retailers must understand these differences...
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets... Overall, ...but the figures, when added
together, mask two opposing trends.
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: ...
Meanwhile, ...They tend to ... consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
硬怼不出[D][E][A] ，可以排除法：哪个选项更适合放在[D]之后？
[A][C][E][G] (BFD 已刨去)
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large
food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the
intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41.→42.→43.→44.→E→45.
[B]→[F] →[D] →[G]→E→[A]
1. 问题+方案 [B]
2. 观点+例子 [B][F]
3. 观点+数据 [A]
4. 对比论证 [E][A]
5. 总结 [B][F][D]
英语一 2019 完形 get started

Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are
available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.
[问题]But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3
you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, [方案]we have a
few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
In a world where average is officially over 英语二 2013TEXT1 in a world where business
opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly 英语二 2020TEXT2 navigation n.导航; app 应
用程序，应用软件； available 可用的；可获得的；walk into sth 〔无意中〕陷入〔令人不
快的境地〕walk straight / right into sth I walked right into a mob of maybe 50 young white guys.
我无意中走进了五十来个白人小子的包围中。battery 电池； die 停止运转 The engine
spluttered and died. 引擎噼啪响了几声就熄火了。 lost 迷路的 I got thoroughly lost on the
way here. 我来这里时完全迷了路。 compass 指南针 n; trick 诀窍；技巧，技法；
But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. [问题] 3
you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, [方案]we have a
few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All
关于双重否定
There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their
cultural heritage and to study the stars.
30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one
of____.2017TEXT2
[B] passive acceptance [D] full approval
2. [A] put(on) 穿上 [B] take (on)承担 [C] run (on)运转 [D] come(on)
run on electricity / gas / petrol etc (= get its power from electricity etc) 用电/煤气/汽油等驱
动
3. [A] Since 既然 [B] If 如果 [C] Though 尽管 [D] Until 直到
4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally
literally 的确，确实〔用于加强语气，尤指数目庞大〕
5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away
1. [C] Few 考察双重否定表强调

2. [C] run 以……为动力（run on）考察固定搭配
3. [B] If 前后一致(问题和方案)
4. [D] literally 确实地，表强调（actually）
5. [A] back 上下文（ civilization 替换首句的 a world where GPS...）
3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north,…
we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the
land(第二段展开).
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you
have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is
the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.
9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H₂O you find, you should 10 see signs of
people.
find [A]发现〔某人或某物处在某状态或在做某事〕 I’m sure we’ll find her hard at work
when we get home. 我确信我们到家时会发现她在努力干活。 [B] find yourself 发现自我〔常
为幽默用法〕She went to India to find herself. 她去印度寻找自我。well 大大地；远远地； The
village is well below sea level. 这个村子远低于海平面。 trail 小路 n; downhill 下山的 a;
overwhelmingly 巨大地；极其； fresh water 淡水； head [A]v.〔朝……〕前进，走；[B] 头，
头部
there is no sign of sb/sth 没有某人/某事物的踪影（替换 civilization）
3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north,… we
have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the
land(第二段展开).
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you
have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is
the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.
9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H₂O you find, you should 10 see signs of
people.
6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone
It(intelligence) takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6off the starting
line.2009 完形智力需要更多的维护，燃烧更多的汽油，并且起步慢。
7. [A] unattractive 不好看的 [B] uncrowded 不拥挤的

[C] unchanged 不变的 [D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的
8. [A] site 地址 [B] point 位置 [C] way 方向 [D] place 地方
9. [A] So 所以 [B] Yet 但是 [C] Instead 相反 [D] Besides 除此以外还有
10. [A] immediately 立即[B] intentionally 故意[C] unexpectedly 出人意料[D] eventually
最终
6. [B] off 上下文（迷路 lost）

7. [D] unfamiliar 上下文（迷路 lost）
8. [C] way 方向上下文（迷路找路）
9. [A] So（理论+实践）
10. [D] eventually（流程 process order）
Para 2 To test this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. ... He studied the
results of 9, 323 MBA interviews ... The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to
five. ...The scores were 15 then used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate
Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam ..., to make a decision on whether
to accept him or her. 2012 完形
为了验证这个观点，他转而研究（诉诸、求助）大学生的录取过程。他研究了由 31 位
招生官员开展的 9323 次 MBA 面试结果。面试官在 1 到 5 的评分范围内给申请者打分。
15 然后，这些得分将与申请人的 GMAT（一种标准化考试）成绩结合起来以决定是否
录取他/她。
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11
how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
explore 探索； keep an eye open/out (for sb/sth) 密切注意(某人/某物)，留神(某人/某物) Keep

an eye out for rabbits in the field. 要留意田里的兔子。 identify 认出，识别〔某人或某物〕；
distinctive a.独特的； restore 使恢复；bearings 方位
11. [A] surprised 惊讶 [B] annoyed 生气 [C] frightened 害怕 [D] confused 困惑
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense
forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other
paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At
night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk
toward the glow of light pollution.
habitation 居住 n; dense 密集的 a； gap 缺口，开口，豁口 [+in] The neighbors’ dog got in
through a gap in the hedge. 邻居的狗从树篱的缺口钻了进来。 tree line 林木线；
due to 由于，因为； track 〔铁路的〕轨道，铁轨； woods 小树林，林地
scan 细看，审视，查找 He scanned the horizon, but there was no sign of the ship. 他朝地平线
处仔细眺望，但是找不到那艘船的踪影。 horizon 地平线 n; streetlight 路灯 n；glow n.光亮
light pollution 光污染（呼应 civilization, human habitation,…）
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense
forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other
paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At
night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk
toward the glow of light pollution.
12. [A] problem 问题 [B] option 选择 [C] view 观点 [D] result 结果
13. [A] Above all 最重要的是 [B] In contrast 相比之下
[C] On average 平均来看 [D] For example 比如说（signs: gaps）
14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot 发现 [D] separate
15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under
16. [A] posts 职位 [B] links 联系 [C] shades 色度 [D] breaks 开口（替换 gaps）
17. [A] artificial 人造的 [B] mysterious 神秘的 [C] hidden 隐藏 [D] limited 有限的
12. [B] option （问题和方案 downhill; climb high）

13. [D] For example （支持手段：举例）
14. [C] spot 发现（上下文：登高望远）
15. [B] through （path 和 woods 的语义搭配）
16. [D] breaks（考指代：these breaks 指代 paths）
17. [A] artificial （体现人类文明 back to civilization 第五题；段首句 human habitation）
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave
on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
assume 假定； frequent [A]adj.经常发生的，频繁的；[B]vt. 常去，常到〔某地方〕 The bar
was frequented by actors from the nearby theatre. 这家酒吧常有附近剧院的演员光顾。
landscape 风景；Trail blazes 伐木标记、树皮刻痕；tire（tyre）轮胎；feature n.特征
方案 1:第一段...we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which
is to follow the land.
方案 2: 第四段：Another 12option: : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.
方案 3: 最后一段： 18Finally ,... look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we
leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 （第 5 题前的
navigate） you to civilization.
18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently (as a result) [C] Incidentally 意外地 [D] Generally 通常得
19. [A] memories 记忆 [B] marks 标记 [C] notes 笔记[D] belongings 所有物
20. [A] restrict 限制 [B] adopt 采用 [C] lead 领，带 [D] expose 使……接触
18. [A] Finally （最后一个建议） [B] Consequently(因果)

19. [B] marks （和 landscape 的语义搭配）
20. [C] lead （features 和 you 的语义搭配）
固定搭配
phones 2run on batteries
语义搭配
上下文（服从主题）
迷路：
6 off a trail, but not in a completely 7 unfamiliar area
学术思维（比如“问题和方案”）
第一段...we have a few tricks to help you ..., one of which is to follow the land.
第四段：Another 12option: : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.
最后一段： 18Finally ,... look for the 19marks we leave on the landscape.
词组：
follow the land
run on
walk into
get lost
look for
light pollution
keep an eye out for
restore one’s bearings
there is no sign of sb/sth
in a world where
on supplies of
1.“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning
monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.
Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of
the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s
view of the cosmos.
ancient 古代的；astronomer 天文学家； reign vi.为王，为君；
monarch 君主；国王；女王； watcher 观察者；观察员； all is well/all is not well formal
【正式】〔情况〕令人满意/不满意 All is not well with their marriage. 他们的婚姻不美满。
protest n.抗议； erupt vi. 搏斗、暴力事件、噪音等〕突然发生，爆发； construction 建造，
建筑 [+of] the construction of a new airport 新机场的建造； observatory 天文台；观象台；
气象台； promise vt. 预示……可能发生； revolutionize 使彻底变革；
时态切换体现的是：[A]对比；[B]类比
view of the cosmos.
“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家，”夏威夷最后一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女王在 1897 年写道。
观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有
望改变人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30 米望远镜”的修建计划引发了激烈的抗议。
view of the cosmos.
26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates_________.
[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy
[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society
[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times
[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time（were astronomers）
[D]项虽然是干扰项，但是也提醒了同学们时态的重要性。
2.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some
Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also
home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s
peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to
obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
at issue 在争论中的； location 〔某物的〕所处地点，位置； dormant 休眠的；
worship v. 崇拜； rest （被）支撑，（使）倚靠；bulk 大量； dense 浓的，浓密的； obtain
vt.〔尤指通过自身的努力、技能或工作〕获得，得到；unsurpassed 超凡的；image n. [A]〔某
人、组织、产品等的〕声誉；形象；[B] 镜子或相机镜头中的〕映像
where 定语从句在这里的功能是：解释了为什么
[A] 在火山建造望远镜的原因；[B]不能在火山建造望远镜的原因
抗议的焦点是 30 米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址，该休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉为
阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世界上功能最强大的望远镜的
所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以远远升到我们星球的大片的浓密大气层
之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无比清晰的图像。
27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to__________.
[A] its geographical features 地理特征
[B] its protective surroundings 保护性的环境
[C] its religious implications 宗教意义
[D] its existing infrastructure 现存的基础设施
be deemed as 被认为是……
But 之前：夏威夷当地人的看法；But 之后：天文学家的看法
定语从句表原因
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has
been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have
gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper
business. 这场席卷整个新闻界的风暴伤及每个人，但大部分损失集中于报纸内容最缺乏特
色的部门。汽车和电影评论员消失了。科学和大众商业记者也未能留下。驻外办事处被无情
撤销。因此，现在的报纸不再那么完整。但如今，完整性已不再是报纸行业的一个优势了。
2011TEXT2 英语二
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.英语二 2020TEXT2
3.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians
and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful
reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
opposition n.反对；反抗，对抗 [+to] There was a great deal of opposition to the war. 对这场战
争反对的意见很多。 vocal 激烈地表达意见的，敢于直言的，直言不讳的 vocal opponent /
critic / supporter etc She was a vocal opponent of the plan. 她是这个计划的强烈反对者。
disrespect 不尊敬，失礼，无礼[+for] disrespect for the law 目无法纪； reminder 起提醒作用
的事物 [+of] a reminder of the dangers of drinking and driving 关于酒后驾车种种危险的警示；
occupation n. [A]工作，职业；[B]〔尤指军队的〕占领，控制 [+of] the German occupation of
France 德军对法国的占领；
sovereign 〔国家〕主权独立的，有主权的，独立自主的
第三段提到了两个反对理由，哪个理由是第二段未曾提到的：
[A] 对这片神圣土地的不尊重;
[B]对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”痛苦事实的提醒。
2. 抗议的焦点是 30 米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址，该休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉
为阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世界上功能最强大的望远镜
的所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以远远升到我们星球的大片的浓密大气
层之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无比清晰的图像。
3. 反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷人和环保主
义者长期以来都认为[A]这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊重，[B]同时也是对“夏
威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。
3.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians
and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful
reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because________.
[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life 它可能存在破坏文化生活的风险
[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history 它提醒了他们一段羞辱的历史
[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival 他们的文化失去了复苏的机会
[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea 他们害怕失去对火山的控制
history 是对于文章中 was once…的时态的替换
4.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build
bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They
did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the
island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a
renaissance today.
一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。他们渴望建造更大的天文望远镜，
却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的保护
和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是
正在复兴的生动文化。
三四段是在：
[A]展开在火山上建造望远镜的支持理由；
[B]展开在火山上建造望远镜的反对理由
3. 反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷人和环保主
义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊重，同时也是对“夏威夷曾
经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。
4. 一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。他们渴望建造更大的天文望
远镜，却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统
的保护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，
它是正在复兴的生动文化。
5.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The
same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to
Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all
telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and
Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and
where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal
calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
root 起源；基础；根本；the dawn of civilization/time 文明的开端/宇宙初开等 People have been
falling in love since the dawn of time. 亘古以来就有爱情。 lie 〔问题、答案、责任等〕存在，
在于；the horizon 地平线； inspire 鼓舞，激励 inspire sb to do sth； assemble vt.组装，装配；
development [A]发育，成长；发展；[B]〔土地的〕开发
starry 布满星星的； primal 原始的，本能的
第五段如何比较夏威夷和天文学的诉求的：[A]类比；[B]对比
calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.然而，科学也有文化史，其根源可以追
溯至文明的初期。抱着希望发现地平线之外东西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了
夏威夷海岸，而同样的好奇心则鼓舞今天的天文学家去探索天堂。那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火
山上所有望远镜或禁止未来所有发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实，那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都
在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题。也许这就是
我们探索繁星天空的原因，好像我们正在回应一个原始的召唤，去了解我们自己以及我们真
正的祖先起源。
5.Yet science has a cultural history, too, ...

然而，科学也有文化史，……
1. ……这样的行为被认为是“非常人性”，……这也（as well）是“非常猴性”2005TEXT1
21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ____.
[C] making a comparison
calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy __________.
[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians（dreams 是什么：搞清楚我们的来龙去脉）
[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world 拼凑
[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture （humans）
[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility 缓解敌意（无中生有）
原文天文学和夏威夷文化，都在探索我们（人类）的来龙去脉。（astronomy and Hawaiian culture
both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are
going.）而不是[B][C]所说的：天文学在探索夏威夷文化。
6.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT
site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid
archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old
ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There
is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage
and to study the stars.
make compromises; minimize 把……减至最小量[程度]； visibility 可见性；明显性；
archaeology 考古学；remove 移走；拿走；去掉；
embrace [A] vi.vt.抱，拥抱；[B]vt.欣然接受，乐意采纳〔新思想、意见、宗教等〕
cultural / architectural / literary etc the cultural heritage of Italy 意大利的文化遗产
study [A]vi/vt.学习，攻读；[B] vt.〔用科学方法〕研究
双重否定表现出作者的态度是： [A]支持（强调）；[B]否定（强调）
and to study the stars. 天文学界正在做出妥协，他们改变了对冒纳凯阿火山的使用方式。他
们在岛上选了一个尽可能隐蔽的地方来修建 30 米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避免对考古和环
境造成影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量，旧的望远镜在达到使用年限时就会被
移除，并让它们的原址回归到自然状态。因此，任何人都应被欢迎在冒纳凯阿火山支持他们
的文化遗产，研究天空的繁星。
and to study the stars.
30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of_.
[A] severe criticism 严厉的批判 [B] passive acceptance 被动的接受
[C] slight hesitancy 轻微的犹豫 [D] full approval 全面的支持
题本位：绝对的选项不要选？排除了[D]?
1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All 2019 完形
词组复盘：
at the end of
blame for
all is not well
be home to
the occupation of
remind sb. of
the dawn of civilization/time
be deemed as
belong to
inspire sb. to do
intellectual life
make compromises
at issue
obtain images of unsurpassed clarity
英语二 2019TEXT3
1. American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The are
unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
farmer n 农民;complain v 抱怨（ complaint n ）;labor shortage 劳动力短缺;
for several years 多年来; unlikely adv 不可能地; without prep 没有;
overhaul n (制度或方法的)彻底改革;immigration n 移民;rule n 规则;
farm worker n 民工;
多年来，美国农户一直在抱怨劳动力短缺。如果不彻底改革农工移民政策，这些抱怨不大
可能停止。
2. Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers
that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this
doesn't change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
Congress n 国会; obstruct v 阻碍，阻挠; straightforward adj 简单的;
visa n 签证；agricultural adj 农业的; foreign adj 外国的;
stay longer 停留更长时间; change v 更换; within prep 在...里面;
industry n 行业; business n 企业; community n 社会;loser n 失败者;
语法：
a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in
the U.S…
that 引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词是：
[A] a more straightforward visa; [B] agricultural workers
美国国会一直在阻挠为农业工人创设一个更简易的签证以允许外籍劳工在美国停留更长时
间并在行业内更换工作的努力。如果这种情况不发生改变，美国企业、社会各界以及消费
者都将成为受害者。
陈仲凯知乎：《移民到底是 immigrant 还是 citizenship》

immigrant ['ɪmɪɡrənt] n. 入境者
citizenship['sɪtɪzənʃɪp] n. 国籍；公民权；公民身份。
当一个人更换了国籍，那么就是 citizenship 这个词。而 immigrant 则更多地表达“入境者”
的含义，并不是真的去移民了。美国有一个服务机构叫做 United States Citizenship and
Immigration Services。这里的 citizenship 就是负责更换国籍的，而你抵达美国下飞机经过边
检，则是 immigration 的范畴。
"Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the
borders is among them." 英语一 2013TEXT4
"联邦政府确实有一些专有的权力，其中包括对公民身份以及边界的控制。” 句子来自华尔
街日报 2012 年 6 月 27 号的文章《崛起的亚利桑那》。该文被选入中国大陆的研究生入学考
试 2013 年的第四篇考研英语阅读。
1.American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints
are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
2.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers
that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this
doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S. 无中生有
B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses. 无中生有
C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture. （agricultural workers）
题干告诉我们，这篇文章很有可能是问题方案型。
答案可以是 labor shortages; immigration rules
本题还涉及到双重否定： unlikely…without…
强调（双重否定）
There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural
heritage and to study the stars.
30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of________.
[C] slight hesitancy [D] full approval 2017TEXT2. 态度题
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are
unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs? 段落主旨题
C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.英语二 2019TEXT3
2019 年完形填空
1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All
题本位：态度题、段落主旨、完形
文本位：双重否定
3. Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter
the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today‘s farm laborers,
while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and
more likely to be married than single. They' re also aging. At the start of this century, about
one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. 6. Now more than half are. And picking crops
is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's
been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.
perhaps adv 也许; undocumented adj 无合法身份证明的;
fewer adj 更少的; characteristic n 特征; workforce n 劳动力;
while conj 虽然; predominantly adv 主要地; born v 出生;
be more likely to 更有可能; settle v 定居; rather than 而不是;
migrate v 移居; marry v 结婚; single adj 单身的; age v 变老;
at the start of 在...开始的时候; one-third 三分之一; crop workers 农作物工人;
more than 超过; pick v 采摘，收割; oft-debated adj 备受争议的;

cure n 对策，措施; remain v 依然; implausible adj 似乎不合情理的;
all along 自始至终，一直; native adj 本土的; return v 返回;
语篇分析：本段提到了农名工的哪些特点？
[A]settled; [B]aging; [C]all the above
也许一半的美国农工属于非法入境者。随着此类劳工赴美数量的减少，农业劳动力的特征也
正在发生变化。今天的农工，虽然仍然主要出生在墨西哥，但更有可能是定居而非移居，更
有可能是已婚而非单身。他们正在老龄化。本世纪初，大约三分之一的农作物工人年龄超 35
岁。现在，超 35 岁者过半。而且，收割庄稼对年老的人而言很难。针对这一劳动力短缺的
一个常被争论的解决办法仍然一如既往地不现实:美国本土工人不会回归农场。
3.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter
the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers,
more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about
one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is
hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s
been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is____ .
A. the rising number of illegal immigrants （reducing）
B. the high mobility of crop workers (文：settled, 应该为 the low mobility)
C. the lack of experienced laborers
D. the aging of immigrant farm workers
3.【问题一：非法移民数量减少，劳动力短缺】Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are

undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the
agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in
Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than
single. 【问题二：已有劳动力在变老，劳动力质量下滑】 They’re also aging. At the start of this
century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And
picking crops is hard on older bodies. 【问题三：本土美国人不会加入，劳动力短缺】One
oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S.
workers won’t be returning to the farm.
前两个问题都可以是 32 题正确答案，第三个问题被命题 33 题。请问，问题二有什么特点？
时态对比：were…are…
有数据支持。one-third…more than half…
5.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not
the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high
school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for
our kids, and rightfully so.
23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates . 英语二 2018TEXT1
[B] used to have more job opportunities 时态对比
3.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter
the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers,
more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about
one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is
hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s
been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
A. To attract younger laborers to farm work. ( native)
B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops. 无中生有
D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.无中生有
One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: To get
native U.S. workers back to farming. However, native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the
farm.
33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming. 连贯性考察（类似于完形填句）
economic strength 经济实力
Mechanization isn‘t the answer, either — not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice,
soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops,
such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have
a long way to go before they’ re automated. mechanization n 机械化; answer n 解决办法;
either adv 也;
not yet 还不是; at least 至少; production n 生产; corn n 玉米; cotton n 棉花; rice n 水稻;
soybean n 大豆; wheat n 小麦; largely adv 大部分;
high-value 高价值的; labor-intensive 劳动力密集型的; strawberry n 草莓;
even adv 即使;dairy adj 生产乳品的; robot n 机器人;a share of 一部分;milk v 挤奶; have a
long way to go 有很长的路要走; automated adj 自动化的;
从段首句可以推测出上一段提到了：[A]成功的解决方案；[B]失败的解决方案
机械化也不是解决办法，至少现在还不是。Mechanization isn‘t the answer, either — not yet, at
least.
5. As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A
visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply;
from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
as a result 因此; increasingly adv 越来越; reliant on 依赖;
temporary adj 暂时的，临时的; guest worker (尤指来自穷国的)外籍工作者; fill the
gaps 填补空缺; around adv 大约; request n 申请;
rose v 上升(rise 的过去式); sharply adv 急剧地，突然大幅度地;

the number of ...的数量; issue v (正式)签发; doubled adj 双倍的;
因此，农场越来越依赖于使用 H-2A 签证的临时外籍工人来填补劳动力缺口。从 2012 年
左右开始，申请此类签证的人数突然大幅上升;从 2011 年到 2016 年，签发的签证数量增
加了一倍多。
6. The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is
limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.
The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays
led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by
federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
numerical adj 数字的; cap n 限制; unlike prep 与...不同;
nonagricultural adj 非农业的; limit v 限制; even adv 即使;
process n 过程; cumbersome adj 缓慢复杂的; expensive adj 昂贵的;
unreliable adj 不可靠的; survey n 调查; found v 发现(find 的过去式);
bureaucratic adj 官僚的，官僚主义的; delay n 耽搁; lead v 导致;
average adj 平均的; arrive on the job 开始工作;compound v 加剧; federal adj 联邦的; raid n
突击搜查; remove v 驱逐; drive v 驱赶; underground adv 在地下;
与非农工 H-2B 签证(每年上限为 6.6 万个)不同，H-2A 签证没有数量限制。即便如此，雇
主仍抱怨未能获得足够劳工。这个过程繁琐、昂贵且不可靠。一项调查发现，官僚主义所致
的迟滞使得 H-2A 签证工人的上工时间平均晚 22 天。联邦政府对移民的突击搜查也加剧
了劳动力短缺，一些工人被驱逐出境，另一些则被迫转入地下。
语篇分析：
五六段和第一段是什么关系？
[A]五六段反驳了第一段；[B]五六段展开了第一段
1. 多年来，美国农户一直在抱怨劳动力短缺。如果不彻底改革农工移民政策，这些抱怨
不大可能停止。
5. 因此，农场越来越依赖于使用 H-2A 签证的临时外籍工人来填补劳动力缺口。从 2012
年左右开始，申请此类签证的人数突然大幅上升;从 2011 年到 2016 年，签发的签证数量
增加了一倍多。
6. 与非农工 H-2B 签证(每年上限为 6.6 万个)不同，H-2A 签证没有数量限制。即便如此，
雇主仍抱怨未能获得足够劳工。这个过程繁琐、昂贵且不可靠。一项调查发现，官僚主义所
致的迟滞使得 H-2A 签证工人的上工时间平均晚 22 天。联邦政府对移民的突击搜查也加
剧了劳动力短缺，一些工人被驱逐出境，另一些则被迫转入地下。
6.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is
limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need.
The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. 【数据】One survey found that
bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is
compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others
underground.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .
A. slow granting procedures 授予程序缓慢（cause and effect）
B. limit on duration of stay 限制逗留时间

C. tightened requirements 要求严格
D. control of annual admissions 控制每年的准入人数(反。no numerical cap)
本题呼应了第一题。第六段呼应了第一段。
7.In a 2012 survey,71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry
growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving
operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was
imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
survey n 调查; fruit n 水果; grower n 种植者; raisin n 葡萄干;
berry n 浆果，莓; short of labor 缺少劳动力; respond v 应对;
move v 移动; operation n 业务; consume v 消费;import v 进口;
a decade later 十年后; share n (分担的)一部分
在 2012 年一项调查中，71%的果农和近 80%的葡萄干和浆果种植者说他们缺少劳动力。
一些西部农户则将生产转移至墨西哥以作应对从 1998 年到 2000 年，美国人消费的水果中
有 14.5%是进口的。仅仅十年后，进口占比为 25.8%。
8. In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
in effect 实际上;
实际上，美国可以进口食品，也可以进口采摘食品的工人。
语篇分析：最后两段提到了
[A]其他失败的解决方案；[B]可能奏效的解决方案
7.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry
growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving
operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was
imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
8.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline? B. Import Food or Labor? （方案）
C. America Saved by Mexico? D. Manpower vs. Automation? （失败方案）
（Manpower 人力与自动化）
还可以是什么成为文章标题？
[A]Native Americans may not return to the agriculture;
[B]American agriculture in dire need of laborers
1.American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages ...

第一段提出问题。
4.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yet, at least.
第四段可以看出很多方案是失败的（2-4 段）。
5.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A
visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.
6.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is
limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain...
第六段提到 H-2A visa 方案的问题。
7.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry
growers said they were short of labor.
8.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
唯一方案：进口食物
本文的行文脉络：problem+solution （问题+方案）
考查双重否定
The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
时态对比
They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age
of 35. Now more than half are.
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .
D. the aging of immigrant farm workers
因果论证(34 题呼应 31 题)
...employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome,
expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker
to arrive on the job 22 days late.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .
A. slow granting procedures
问题+方案
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
B. Import Food or Labor?
类似的还有 2016TEXT4 纽约时报加价方案
40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?2016TEXT4
[D] Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good
30. In this text, the author mainly discusses 2014TEXT2
词组：
be short of
fill the gap
all along
complain about/of
be compounded by
an overhaul of
have a long way to go
discrimination against
in favor of
undocumented immigrants
reliant on
the lack of (be lacking in)
lead sb to do
2009TEXT4
1.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and
political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of
American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to
intellectual pursuits ”. According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established
the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American
intellectual life.
intellectual 知识分子； minister 〔某些基督教会的〕牧师；
nowhere adv.什么地方都不，无处； attach importance to sth (= think it is important) 认为某
事物很重要 She attached great importance to loyalty. 她认为忠诚很重要。preoccupation 专心
之事；unfolding 发展的；dominant 主流的
在新世界历史中被研究地最透彻的知识分子是 17 世纪新英格兰的那些牧师和政治领袖们。
根据美国哲学标准历史，殖民地美国没有任何其他地方比新英格兰更重视对知识和文化的追
求。根据大量书籍文章记载，新英格兰的领导者们确立了美国知识生活逐渐发展并成为主导
的清教传统中的基本主题与关注要点。
intellectual pursuit 做学问

Anything that entails using research, reasoning, or your intellect to reach an answer is an
intellectual pursuit. It could be studying in college, or it could be a hobby like reading about
history.
It might help to differentiate intellectual pursuits from other kinds of pursuits. The trait that
separates intellectual pursuits from other kinds is that it requires mental effort to attain knowledge.
Knowledge or insight is the goal.
Chris Torgersen
intellectual pursuit 做学问
Examples of intellectual pursuits:
Studying chemistry
Learning a language
Inventing a new way to solve an arithmetic problem
Figuring out new ways to determine how much value individual players in a team sport provide to
their teams
...
Examples of pursuits that are not intellectual:
Becoming rich (attainment of wealth rather than knowledge of some kind)
Winning a race (accomplishing a task)
Mastering the piano (enhancement of ability rather than attainment of knowledge)
...
According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was
“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits ”
1. A attach importance to B: A 重视 B；
2. A attach so much importance to B: A 非常重视 B
3. so much importance was attached to B; 非常重视 B
4. so much importance was attached to B nowhere else in colonial America
求。
语篇分析：[A] 从概括到具体（范围由大到小）；[B]从具体到概括
1.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and
intellectual life.
求。根据大量书籍文章记载，新英格兰的领导者们确立了美国知识生活逐渐发展并成为主导
的清教传统中的基本主题与关注要点。
从概括到具体（范围由大到小）
放眼世界，也许除了新闻行业之外，律师是最遭人愤恨的行业（可能新闻行业例外）。但是，
美国律师的客户相较于别的地方，最有理由抱怨。2014TEXT2
1. 【现代科技】想一下这样一个瞬间：你从飞机窗户向外望去，意识到自己在飞翔，比鸟
儿飞的还高。现在想想比牛皮纸信封还薄的笔记本电脑，或是你手中的手机。花一些时间来
惊叹这些奇迹。你是美梦成真的幸运后继者。
3. 【电脑】20 世纪下半叶涌现出大批的天才、勇士、企业家和梦想家，他们创造出一种绝
妙的机器，可以同时用作打字机和打印机、电影制片室和影剧院、画笔和画廊、钢琴和收音
机、邮件和邮递员。【联网电脑】他们不仅开发出这种装置，而且还在千禧年之交成功地将
其嵌入几十亿人每天使用的世界系统中。2011 新题型
1. The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and
intellectual life.
36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged （倒装表强调，否定+比较级表强调）
[C] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment
2.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’
theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church — important subjects that we
may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may
consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World
circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of
widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
approach 方法，方式 organizations which take a positive approach to creative thinking 对创造
性思维采取积极态度的组织。 theology 神学； distinctive 〔特征、性格或外表〕独特的，
特别的，与众不同的； in keeping (with sth) 与(某事物)一致；适合〔某情况〕 In keeping with
tradition, everyone wore black. 按照传统，所有人都身着黑色的衣服。 episode 一段经历；一
段时期；adjust [I,T] to gradually become familiar with a new situation （使）适应；（使）习
惯； ideal 典范，完美的典型 [+of] ； civility 礼貌，客气，谦恭；virtuosity 艺术鉴赏；
用这种方法来研究新英格兰人通常意味着要从清教徒的神学变革和他们对我们不能忽视的
教会重要课题的独特见解开始，而这些主题我们也许是不会忽略的。但是，如果要进一步研
究美国南方的知识生活，我们可以把美国最初的清教徒看作是欧洲文化的传递者，他们对欧
洲文化做了调整，使之适用于新大陆的环境。在追求广为民众理解的礼节和精湛技艺的过程
中，新英格兰殖民地发生了很多重要事件。
2. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’
theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church — important subjects that we
may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may
consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World
circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of
widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
37. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders___.
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life 无中生有
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations 无中生有
3.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in
England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the
decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,
and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published
extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an
atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
settler 〔到人烟稀少的新地区定居的〕移民，殖民者，开拓者；
impressive 令人钦佩的（好的）；besides 除……之外（还）；
learned 有学问的，博学的； journey [A] n.〔尤指长途的〕旅行，旅程；[B] vi 旅行
extensive 广阔的；大量的；大规模的； earnest 非常认真的，真诚的
第一句和其他句子的关系：[A]主题句+例子支持；[B]观点+反驳
马萨诸塞湾的早期定居者中包括一些在英格兰受过很好的教育并且很有影响力的人物。除了
90 多位在 1629 年之后的十年内来到马萨诸塞教会的学识渊博的教长之外，还有像 John
Winthrop 这样的政治领袖。John 不仅是一个受过良好教育的绅士、律师，在他来到波士顿
之前他还是国王的大臣。这些人大量的写作，出版著作，这些著作在新旧两个世界的读者群
中传阅，为新英格兰营造了一种热衷才智的氛围。
3. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in
England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the
decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,
and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published
extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an
atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings 无中生有
be famous for 因……而出名
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs 无中生有（intellectual）
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World 无中生有
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
分词引导结果状语
4. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few
crafts-men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed,
it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional
superstitions quality. A tailor named Jane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his
reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and
religious hope — all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father
the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among
them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders
what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.
let alone 更不用说，更谈不上〔用于否定句之后〕The baby can’t even sit up yet, let alone walk!
这个宝宝连坐都不会，更不用说走了！
literary compositions 文学作品； intellectualize （对……）作理论性探究；（使）理智化
superstition n.迷信；quality 素质；品德，品性[+of] the qualities of honesty and independence 诚
实、独立的品性；account n.叙述，描写，报道 [+of]； sign n. 迹象，痕迹，征兆
confusion 困惑，不确定，混乱; frustration 受挫，受阻，挫败；
settle vt. [A]和解；结束〔争论〕；解决〔分歧〕；[B]确定，决定
sermon 〔基督教的〕布道，讲道 give / preach / deliver a sermon (on sth)
然而，我们不要忘记大多数的新英格兰居民并没有受到过那么好的教育。尽管很少有手工业
者或是农民，更不用说侍从和仆人，留下任何的文字资料可供我们分析，很明显他们的观点
并没有完全地在知识领域中被反映出来。这些人的思维经常充满着传统的迷信色彩。一个名
叫 John Dane 的裁缝于 17 世纪 30 年代晚期移民至此，留下了一些文字记录他离开英格兰的
原因，而这些文字就充满了这样的征兆。性困惑、经济受挫、宗教希望这些都在那个关键时
刻汇集到了一起：他打开圣经，并且告诉他的父亲他看到的第一行字将决定他的命运，然后
他就读出了那句充满魔力的句子：“从他们中间走出来，不要触碰任何不干净的东西，我将
是你们的上帝，而你们将成为我的子民。”人们都很好奇当 Dane 在清教徒教会中听到这些
严谨的福音宣讲时到底在想些什么。
第四段首句使用了什么方式实现了过渡：
3. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in
England.
4.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.
然而，我们不要忘记大多数的新英格兰居民并没有受到过那么好的教育。
4. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few
crafts-men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed,
it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. [观点]Their thinking often had a
traditional superstitions quality. [例子]A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late
1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion,
economic frustrations, and religious hope — all came together in a decisive moment when he
opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical
words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you
shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible
that he heard in Puritan churches.
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ________.
show 是观点，是结论。
[A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons [D] frustrated with family earnings
5.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman
learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World
for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish.”
commitment 〔对某一组织、某项活动等的〕投入，忠诚，奉献；
confront 〔问题、困难等〕临到……头上，使面对；
与此同时，很多人就没有像 Dane 那样坚定的宗教信仰了。正如一个牧师在海边与人相遇时
所获知的那样，那人以嘲笑的口吻说到他们并不是为了宗教信仰而来到新世界的。“我们最
主要的目的是捕鱼。”那个人说道。
没出题也要精读掌握原因状语的否定转移：
…humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to
flow. 2011 完形
19 世纪末有观点指出，人不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是因为哭泣才变得悲伤。
本段是[A]类比；[B]对比。你是怎么看出来的？
根据 meanwhile 看出是对比
meanwhile：引出某具体局势的不同的一面（尤其是完全相反）。You use meanwhile to

introduce a different aspect of a particular situation, especially one that is completely opposite to
the one previously mentioned.（柯林斯，释义三）
Almost four million households are in debt to their energy company. Meanwhile, suppliers
profits have doubled. 近四百万家庭背负能源公司的债务，而同时（能源）供应商的利润翻了
倍。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the
same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply
moved forwards and backwards and side to side.英语二 2020TEXT1
The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: ...
Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a
tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.

[A] were mostly engaged in political activities
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect
[C] came from different backgrounds.
[D] left few formal records for later reference
第三段：有文化
第四段：没文化但有信仰
第五段：没文化没信仰
第四五段首句使用了对比实现了过渡。
4.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. ...
然而，我们不要忘记大多数的新英格兰居民并没有受到过那么好的教育。
5.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, ...
与此同时，很多人就没有像 Dane 那样坚定的宗教信仰了。
词组：
attach importance to sth.
let alone
intellectual pursuit
consider…as…
or so
less well educated
be famous for
bring …with…
be filled with
literacy compositions
in the pursuit of
take an approach to
of impressive education
倒装表强调
英语一 2014TEXT1
1.In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor
of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the
job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be
eligible for benefit — and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be
more reasonable?
for the better 有所好转 a definite change for the better 明显的好转；chancellor 大臣；
Exchequer 英国财政部； introduce [A]介绍，引见；使相互认识 Have you two been introduced?
Tom, this is Greg. 有人给你们俩互相介绍了吗？汤姆，这位是格雷格。[B]引进，实施，推
行 They want to introduce a system of identity cards. 他们想推行身份证制度。 upfront 预付
(of a payment) made in advance. scheme 方案；CV 履历；register for 注册；
eligible 合格的；有资格的 [+for] Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan. 非全
日制课程的学生没有资格申请贷款。 benefit 津贴；fortnightly 每两周一次的；
benefit [A]好处，益处，裨益；[B]〔政府为病人、失业人士或穷人提供的〕补助金，救济金，
津贴 unemployment / housing / child etc benefit
fortnightly 每两周一次的；
正常语序：
They (the jobless) will be eligible for benefit — and then they should report weekly rather than
fortnightly if the jobless (they) arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search,
and start looking for work. 2014TEXT1
倒装语序：only+状语+be／情态动词／助动词+主语
Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start
looking for work will they be eligible for benefit — and then they should report weekly rather
than fortnightly.
倒装例二：
According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was
“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits ”. 2009TEXT4
36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged
第一段脉络：
[A] a problem and its solution [B] an explanation of a phenomenon
1.In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor
of the Exchequer, [提出方案] introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. [方案细节展开]
Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start
looking for work will they be eligible for benefit — and then they should report weekly rather
than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?
为了“使生活变得更美好”并降低“依赖”，财政大臣乔治·奥斯本推出了“先期工作搜索”
计划。失业者只有带着简历到求职中心、注册网上求职、并开始寻找工作，才有资格领取失
业救济金。此后，他们必须每周而非每两周汇报一次就业的进展情况。还有什么措施比这更
合理呢？
1.【方案目的】In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne,
Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. 【方案展开】Only if
the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking
for work will they be eligible for benefit — and then they should report weekly rather than
fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?
题本位：连连看是做不出来的：题干 was intended to---文章 in order to。“降低依赖 reduce
dependency”是方案目的，但是如果不结合方案内容，是看不出来这个抽象表达的。正如之
前，我们结合例子看观点，我们也需要结合方案内容来理解方案目的。
文本位：倒装的，就是强调的。
21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to
[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. 反向干扰
[B] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.
[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. （表面上是汇报，实质上是时刻切段救济金。
降低对救济金的依赖。reduce dependency）
[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits. 反向干扰
Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other
things. 2009TEXT3
34. [C]when people no longer went hungry.
倒装：强调
When only after, only if, only in this way etc. are placed at the beginning of the sentence for
rhetorical effect, the subject and auxiliary are inverted:
Only after lunch can you play. (You can only play after lunch.)
If only is followed by the subject at the beginning of the sentence, there is no inversion:
Only you can understand. (No one else can understand.)（Peter Simon, Grammaring 网站）
2 上.More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the
jobseeker's allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign
on.” he claimed, “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits
and help those on benefits get into work faster.”
以下为更多合理之处。现在，失业者将要经历一个 7 天的等待期才能拿到失业救济金。“最
初那几天本应用于找工作的，而不应该指望 sign on”，奥斯本说道。“我们之所以这样做是因
为我们知道这些能帮助人们远离救济金，并且能帮助那些依靠救济的人更快找到工作。”
apparent 明显的； allowance 津贴，补助，补贴 a monthly / annual etc allowance；spend time
doing sth. 花费时间做某事
claim to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved 声称；断言；主张； stay
off 远离；
2.More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's
allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he
claimed, “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help
those on benefits get into work faster.
22. The phrase “to sigh on”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means
[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre. 没有提到救济金

check on 检查，查看〔是否安全、令人满意或在做应该做的事〕
[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.
[C] to register for an allowance from the government.登记获得政府救济金
[D] to attend a governmental job-training program. 没有提到救济金
1. 第二句是政策的间接引用，第三句（22 题所在句）是政策的直接引用。
关于 because 的强调作用。because we know they help people stay off benefits…
参考文章：2019TEXT2（区分 because/as/since）
those on benefits get into work faster.
22. The phrase “to sigh on”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means
[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.
[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.
[C] to register for an allowance from the government.
[D] to attend a governmental job-training program.
sign on 登记失业〔以领取政府的救济金〕
2 下. Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change
lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too
little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him,
we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness” — protecting the taxpayer,
controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
complete with 附有；deserving adj.应得到帮助的；claimant n.社保金申领人；indulge v.纵容；
zeal n.热情；
帮助？真的吗？乍一听，这是位心系社会的财政大臣，试图通过“改革”一个明显具有纵容
性的社会福利体系来努力使人们过得更好。现有体系对新失业者找工作的努力程度要求太低、
从而滋生了他们的惰性。不过我们要明白，他的动机是出于对“基本公平”的热忱——保护
纳税者，控制财政支出并确保只有那些最应资助的申请者才能领到失业救济金。
本段是在：[A]展开奥斯本的观点；[B]展开对奥斯本的批判
2. 以下为更多合理之处。现在，失业者将要经历一个 7 天的等待期才能拿到失业救济金。
“最初那几天本应用于找工作的，而不应该指望 sign on”，奥斯本说道。“我们之所以这样做
是因为我们知道这些能帮助人们远离救济金，并且能帮助那些依靠救济的人更快找到工作。”
帮助？真的吗？乍一听，这是位心系社会的财政大臣，试图通过“改革”一个明显具有纵容性
的社会福利体系来努力使人们过得更好。现有体系对新失业者找工作的努力程度要求太低、
从而滋生了他们的惰性。不过我们要明白，他的动机是出于对“基本公平”的热忱——保护纳
税者，控制财政支出并确保只有那些最应资助的申请者才能领到失业救济金。
those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially
concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an
obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,
and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for
“fundamental fairness” — protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the
most deserving claimants received their benefits.
23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
prompt 促使；激励 prompt sb to do sth
[A] A desire to secure a better life for all. 表象
[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed. 张冠李戴
[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants. 反向干扰
[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
What 从句的强调功能
我们的学生渴望在语言学校精通英语。
Our students desire to master the English language at a language school.
我们的学生想要在语言学校掌握英语语言。
What our students desire to do is to master the English language at a language school.
我们的学生想要做的，是在语言学校掌握英语语言。
It is our students that desire to master the English language at a language school.
正是我们的学生，想要在语言学校掌握英语语言。
It is at a language school that our students desire to master the English language.
正是在语言学校，我们的学生才想要掌握英语语言。
Money is not important; What matters is love.
钱不重要；爱才重要。
what 和 it is that 啥区别？
强调动作／主语／地点状语
不能采用 It is/was...that...强调句对动词进行强调这一遗憾，由 what 强调句完美地弥补起来。
cleft structure 分裂结构的强调功能： Cleft structures include the reason why, the thing that,
the person/people who, the place where, the day when and what-clauses which are usually
linked to the clause that we want to focus on with is or was.
如：I've come to discuss my future with you.
强调：The reason why I've come is to discuss my future with you.
Roger Woodham
Money does not matter. Love matters.
Money does not matter. It is love that matters.
Money does not matter. What matters is love.
课堂练习
1.The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just
announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn, but two years
ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which
doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and
finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.
offer sb sth: WhatsApp offered Facebook an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’
friendships and social lives.
英语二 2018TEXT3
31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its_____.
[A]digital products (很好地替换了 not...physical product)❌
[B]user information
3.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,
delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially
terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily
hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers
purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and
(省略 to) pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the
answer is always: a job.
skip 蹦跳； down 沿着，顺着 A young man came hurrying down the street. 一个年轻人急匆
匆地沿着街道走来。delighted 快乐的；prospect 希望；generous 大方的；state 国家；terrifying
可怕的；embarrassing 难堪的； extraordinarily 极其地； excluded 〔尤指以看起来错误或不
公正的方式〕不准……参与，不准……进入，排斥〔某人〕exclude sb from (doing) sth The press
had been deliberately excluded from the event. 这一活动有意不让记者参与。
失去工作无疑是令人痛苦的：你不可能在心里哼着歌儿、蹦蹦跳跳地走向就业中心，欣喜地
幻想着慷慨的政府会给你相当于两倍收入的救济金。失业在经济上是可怕的，在心理上是尴
尬窘迫的，而且你知道救济是极少且极难得到的。你现在不被需要，排除在赋予你意义和规
划的工作环境之外。更糟糕的是，使你能养家糊口并用来支付账单的重要收入来源已不存在
了。去问任何刚失业的人们他们想要什么，回答一定是：一份工作。
附加题：下面哪个选项放在第三段的段首合适？_____, Losing a job is hurting:…

[A]In addition; [B]Thus; [C]However; [D] Above all
一二段是奥斯本的想法；第三段是失业者的想法
2. 以下为更多合理之处。现在，失业者将要经历一个 7 天的等待期才能拿到失业救济金。
“最初那几天本应用于找工作的，而不应该指望登记领取失业救济金”，奥斯本说道。“我
们之所以这样做是因为我们知道这些能帮助人们远离救济金，并且能帮助那些依靠救济的人
更快找到工作。”帮助？真的吗？乍一听，这是位心系社会的财政大臣，试图通过“改革”
一个明显具有纵容性的社会福利体系来努力使人们过得更好。现有体系对新失业者找工作的
努力程度要求太低、从而滋生了他们的惰性。不过我们要明白，他的动机是出于对“基本公
平”的热忱——保护纳税者，控制财政支出并确保只有那些最应资助的申请者才能领到失业
救济金。
3.【但是】失去工作无疑是令人痛苦的：你不可能在心里哼着歌儿、蹦蹦跳跳地走向就业中
心，欣喜地幻想着慷慨的政府会给你相当于两倍收入的救济金。失业在经济上是可怕的，在
心理上是尴尬窘迫的，而且你知道救济是极少且极难得到的。你现在不被需要，排除在赋予
你意义和规划的工作环境之外。更糟糕的是，使你能养家糊口并用来支付账单的重要收入来
源已不存在了。去问任
3.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,
delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially
terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily
hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers
purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and
pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is
always: a job.
24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel ____.
[A] uneasy. [B] enraged. [C] insulted. [D] guilty.
uneasy 心神不安的，不自在的；忧虑的
enrage 使〔某人〕非常愤怒，激怒； insult vt.侮辱；冒犯
养家糊口的人 breadwinner
4.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if
you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20
years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.
The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of
unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase
“jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no
fundamental right to benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.
Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job:
no entitlement and no insurance, at ₤71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.
fall vi.进入〔新的或不同的状态〕；instinct 本能；only too=more than 非常；falsehood 谎

言； tough [A]难办的，棘手的，费力的; [B]严厉的；强硬的 [+on/with]。
%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95/as-if-and-as-though
welfare [A]幸福，健康；福祉 Our only concern is the children’s welfare. 我们唯一关心的是孩

子们的幸福。[B]〔对有个人或社会问题的人提供的〕帮助；福利 welfare benefits / services /
programmes
contribution [A]贡献[+to/towards] Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to
Quantum Theory. 爱因斯坦因对量子论的贡献而获授诺贝尔奖。 [B]〔医疗金、养老金等的〕
定期缴款 Have you been making regular contributions to a pension plan? 你有没有定期缴纳养
老金
entitlement 〔拥有或获得某物的〕权利；应得的数额 benefit / holiday / pension etc entitlement
The paid holiday entitlement is 25 days. 可享有的带薪假期为 25 天。
as if/ as though 用于虚拟
虚拟语气：与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设。
She talks as if / as though she knows everything. (Perhaps she knows everything.)
She talks as if / as though she knew everything. (But she doesn’t.)

It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration
system never happened.
定语从句省略 that
benefit（定语从句省略 that） he or she has earned through making national insurance
contributions.
但是在奥斯本的眼里，你的第一本能是陷入依赖——若能得到，你希望能永远的依赖——这
被一个过于纵容你这种错误思想的政府所支持。这就如同二十年来日益严厉的就业和救济管
理体系改革从来没有进行过一样。英国福利制度的原则不再保障你抵抗失业的风险、在灾难
降临时无条件获得救济。甚至“求职者补贴”这一术语也将失业者重新定义为“求职者”，
他们失去了基本的权力，无法享受他们通过缴纳国民保险而获得的利益。取而代之的是，申
请者获得一种具有时限、附带积极寻找工作的条件的“补贴”：没有权益，没有保障，有的
仅仅是欧盟最低的补贴之一，一周 71.7 英镑。
段首句
1.In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne...introduced
the “upfront work search” scheme.
George Osborne 政策
2.More apparent reasonableness followed.
（呼应一段末句：What could be more reasonable?）
展开 George Osborne 政策。
3.Losing a job is hurting: ...失业者观点
4. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if
you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.
末句：Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” ...one of the least generous in the
EU.
George Osborne 观点 vs 失业者现状
4.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if
you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20
years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.
The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of
unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase
“jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no
fundamental right to benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.
Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job
（呼应首段）: no entitlement and no insurance, at ₤71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the
EU.
25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness. 奥斯本的观点
[B] Osborne’s reform will reduce the risk of unemployment. 积极
[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs. 积极
[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.
总结：
分裂结构的强调作用。（what, it is…that…）
倒装结构的强调作用。
词组：
make contributions
sign on
only too
register for
for the better
be eligible for
work/job search(名词词组)
stay off
zeal/passion for
be excluded from
skip down to
fall into
be delighted at
financially terrifying
psychologically embarrassing
英语二 2018 TEXT 3

ambition 雄心； giant n.行业巨头，大公司；astonishing 令人惊讶的；
upmarket a.高端市场的； grocery 食品杂货；chain 连锁店；
acquire vt. 购得；intricate a. 错综复杂的;
finely 精致地；精确地
1.数字经济巨头的力量和野心令人震惊——亚马逊刚刚宣布以 135 亿美元收购高端杂货连锁
店 Whole Foods，但两年前脸书支付的价格甚至更高，收购了 WhatsApp 消息服务，该服务
根本没有任何实体产品。WhatsApp 为脸书提供的是一个复杂而精细的用户友谊和社交网络。
31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its_____.
[A]digital products [B]user information
[C]physical assets [D]quality service
如果是定位法，就会误选[A]digital products
分裂结构包括 the reason why, the thing that, the person/people who, the place where, the
day when 和 what-从句，它们通常使用 is 或者 was 来联系我们要关注的从句。Roger
Woodham
...What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less
at a time of a global shift in thought. 英语二 2018TEXT2
30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy_____.
[C]is not really encouraged by the US government
... On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,
complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the
newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to
understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling
spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. 英语一
2014TEXT1
乍一听，这是位心系社会的财政大臣，试图通过“改革”一个明显具有纵容性的社会福利体
系来努力使人们过得更好。现有体系对新失业者找工作的努力程度要求太低、从而滋生了他
们的惰性。不过我们要明白，他的动机是出于对“基本公平”的热忱——保护纳税者，控制
财政支出并确保只有那些最应资助的申请者才能领到失业救济金。
23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme? 是什么促使财政大臣生成该计划？[A]
A desire to secure a better life for all. [B] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the
This keeps fees high and innovation slow.
29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it .
[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession
[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares
2. Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to
Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even
without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was
enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not
want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently
plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns,
but the records of which customers have purchased what.
European commission 欧盟委员会； link be linked to/with sth 有联系：Some birth defects are
linked to smoking during pregnancy. 有些先天缺陷与孕期吸烟有关。 identity 身份； as soon
as 一 ……就……；
go through [A] 经受某事，经历某事〔指困境、痛苦等〕 When you’re going through a crisis,
it often helps to talk to someone. 遇到危机的时候，找个人说说往往很有帮助。[B]〔交易或协
定〕被认可；成交 He accepted the offer and the deal went through. 他接受了这个报价，生意
成交了。
knowledge 知识；学问；认识 [+of] He did not have much knowledge of American history. 他
对美国历史所知不多。 revealing 揭露性的，揭示内情的；whip n.(政党的)纪律委员；makeup
构成成分；plot vi.密谋
脸书当时向欧盟委员会承诺，它不会将电话号码与脸书人的身份联系起来，但几乎在交易一
完成，它就食言了。即使不知道信息中有什么，知道是谁发的，发给谁，也是非常有启发性
的，而且可能仍然如此。哪个政治记者、哪个党鞭不想知道特里萨·梅的敌人目前正在策划
的 WhatsApp 团体的构成？可能全食超市对亚马逊的价值不在于它拥有的 460 家店铺，而在
于哪些顾客购买了什么的记录。
2. Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to
Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even
without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was
enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not
want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently
plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns,
but the records of which customers have purchased what.
32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may_____.
[A]worsen political disputes [B]mess up customer records
[C]pose a risk to Facebook users [D]mislead the European commission
mess up 弄糟，毁掉〔尤指重要物品或精心策划的事情〕
（mielead 改为 cheat） AB 是论据干扰，区分论点和论据。
3. Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is
clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.
By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,
to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too.
Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this
is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are
not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and
Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media
and entertainment companies. address vt.解决； balance of power 政治或军事上的〕势力均
衡，均势；clumsy a. 笨拙的； For one thing 首先，其一〔用来列举理由〕 remedy vt. 补救；
vanish vi.消失；replace vt. 取代；abuse n. 滥用；conceptual a.概念的；interpret vt.解释；
disadvantage n. 不利地位；virtual a.虚拟的；dominate vt.统治；to the disadvantage of 对……
不利；entertainment n.娱乐
语篇分析：顾客和用户是在[A]类比讨论；[B]对比讨论
3.竞争法似乎是解决这些权力失衡的唯一途径。但是很笨拙。首先，与数字经济的变化速度
相比，这是非常缓慢的。当问题得到解决和补救时，它可能已经在市场上消失，被新的滥用
权力所取代。但是还有一个更深层次的概念问题。按照目前的解释，竞争法处理的是消费者
的财务劣势，当这些服务的用户不付费时，这一点并不明显。他们服务的用户不是他们的顾
客。这将是从他们那里购买广告的人——脸书和谷歌这两个虚拟巨头主导着数字广告，使所
有其他媒体和娱乐公司处于劣势。
clumsy. [33D]For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital
economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the
marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem,
too. [34]Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers
and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. ...
33.According to the author, competition law_____.
根据 34 题题干，将定位压缩至前半段：34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly
protect Facebook users because_____.
[A]should serve the new market powers反向干扰

[B]may worsen the economic imbalance 没有提到 worsen
[C]should not provide just one legal solution
[D]cannot keep pace with the changing market
考查两个原因解释中的第一个原因（1.For one thing...2.But...too.）
clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.
By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,
to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too.
Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this
is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are
not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and
Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media
and entertainment companies.
34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because_____.
[A]they are not defined as customers 考区分考对比
[B]they are not financially reliable 答非所问
[C]the services are generally digital (重点不在于数字，而在于是否花了钱)
[D]the services are paid for by advertisers 拼凑（the advertising are paid by）
考查原因解释中的第二个原因（1.For one thing...2.But...too.）
4. The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of
convert v. 转化；for the benefit of 为了某人的利益；
farm 养殖；bug 虫子；yield vt.产生；predatory a. 捕食性的；spammer n. 滥发邮件的人
4.他们销售的产品是数据，而我们，用户，为了数字巨头的利益，将我们的生活转化为数据。
就像一些蚂蚁养殖被称为蚜虫的虫子是为了它们进食时产生的蜜露，谷歌养殖我们是为了我
们的数字生活产生的数据。蚂蚁让食肉昆虫远离它们的蚜虫进食的地方；Gmail 将垃圾邮件
发送者挡在我们的收件箱之外。感觉不像是人情或者民主关系，即使双方都受益。
4. The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of
35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate_____.
[A]a win-win business model between digital giants
[B]a typical competition pattern among digital giants
[C]the benefits provided for digital giants’ customers
[D]the relationship between digital giants and their users
迅速选出正确选项
7.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. 【主题句】New, disruptive
technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.【类比论证】
Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the
21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The
justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they
must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. （英语一 2015 年
TEXT2）
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.

[D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
考强调：
What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’
friendships and social lives.
31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its user information.
考对比：
Competition law as presently interpreted ...The users of their services are not their customers.
34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because they are
not defined as customers.
考类比
35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate the relationship between digital giants and their users.
词组复盘：
keep pace with
mess up
keep…away from…
define… as…
the knowledge of
link…to…
the value of a to b
convert to
just as
break the promise
by the time
for one thing
go through
the makeup of
address/remedy a problem
deal with
abuses of power
to the disadvantage of
as soon as
pose a risk to
英语二 2014TEXT4
1.When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually
on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
infrastructure 基础设施[建设]〔如公路、铁路、银行等〕； contribute 促成，造成〔某事发
生〕 [+to] ；
当政府谈及促进经济发展的基础设施时，通常着眼于公路、铁路、宽带和能源。很少提及房
地产。
语篇分析
在第二句之间填入什么单词或词组合适？
[A]Similarly, [B] In contrast
on roads, railways, broadband and energy. _______ Housing is seldom mentioned.
答案：[B] In contrast
2.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been
good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there
is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among
multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.
But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
extent 到……程度；在……程度上 to a certain extent / to some extent / to an extent (= partly)
在某种程度上； take / accept / shoulder the blame (= say that something is your fault) 承担责任；
communicate [I,T] [A] 〔他人〕交流信息，沟通 We communicated mostly by e-mail. 我们主
要是用电子邮件沟通。 [B]表达，传达 convey A baby communicates its needs by crying. 婴
儿用哭来表达需要。 scale 规模，范围，程度；sector 行业； shove 〔用手或肩〕推，推
挤，推撞； inevitable 必然发生的，不可避免的；
focus sb’s attention/mind on 集中注意力在……上
以下哪个原因是被强调的？
2.Why is that? [A] To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been
good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. [B] Then
there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among
[C] But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically
charged.
这是为什么呢？在某种程度上，房地产行业必须承担责任。我们一直不善于传达住房能够促
进经济增长的真正价值。然后是典型住宅项目的规模。在数十亿英镑的基础设施项目中很难
吸引注意力，因此注意力不可避免地集中在其他地方。但也许最重要的原因是，这个问题总
是充满政治色彩。
第三个原因最重要：转折表强调，且有最高级。（36 题）
on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
2.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been
good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there
is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among
But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
36. The author believes that the housing sector______.
[A] has attracted much attention 吸引了很多的注意力（反向干扰）
[B] involves certain political factors （转折强调）
[C] shoulders too much responsibility 纯“定位法”更容易错选 C
[D] has lost its real value in economy 失去了在经济中的真实的价值（改为 not conveyed）
3.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time
and we are simply not building enough new homes.
nevertheless adv.尽管如此，不过； affordable housing 负担得起的住房
desperate 〔局势〕危急的，严峻的； waiting list 等候者名单
all the time 一直，始终；经常
然而，经济适用房的形势却很严峻。一方面，轮候名单一直在增加，另一方面，我们确实没
有建造足够多的新房。
4.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify
this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent
housing need.
comprehensive 详尽的；全面的；彻底的 comprehensive review / study / survey / account etc a
thorough and comprehensive review of the case 对此案彻底而全面的审查；
review 审查，检查，检讨； rectify 纠正，矫正;
put/leave/set sth to one side 把某事物搁置一边〔以待日后解决或使用〕
take a step 采取措施；
address （着手）解决，处理〔问题〕 address a problem / question / issue etc
综合开支审查给政府提供了一个纠正这一状况的机会。政府需要将历史偏见搁置一边，采取
一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。
三四段之间的关系：
[A]problem and solution; [B]cause and effect(2014TEXT2 自我拉抬)
然而，经济适用房的形势却很严峻。一方面，轮候名单一直在增加，另一方面，我们确实没
有建造足够多的新房。
housing need.
综合开支审查给政府提供了一个纠正这一状况的机会。政府需要将历史偏见搁置一边，采取
一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。
回答：三四段是问题和方案
housing need.
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_______.
[A] increased its home supply 增加了住房供应（反向干扰）
[B] offered spending opportunities 拼凑
[C] suffered government biases 遭受了政府的偏见（方案反推问题 solution-problem）
[D] disappointed the government 定位法更喜欢 D （误以为 disappointed 是 desperate 的替换）
通过方案来反推问题的，还有例子英语一 2014TEXT2
5.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don
Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more
flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing
stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if
the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
indication 迹象；标示 indication (that) Taking a career history along with you will be a clear
indication that you are well organized. 随身携带履历表，这能清楚表明你做事很有条理。 hint
v.暗示，示意 hint (that) He hinted strongly that he might be prepared to send troops in. 他明确暗
示他可能要派部队进驻。 introduce vt.[A]介绍，引见；使相互认识；[B]引进，实施，推行
They want to introduce a system of identity cards. 他们想推行身份证制度。
cap 预算限制； the authorities [plural 复数] 〔国家或地区的〕当权者，当局，官方
Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣

有迹象表明，政府正准备这样做。社区大臣唐·福斯特已经暗示财政大臣乔治·奥斯本可能会
采用一些更灵活的政策，提高地方政府住房的借债上限。有证据表明，如果上限被提升，未
来 5 年内将有另外 6 万套新房竣工，GDP 将提高 0. 6%。
5.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don
Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more
flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing
stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if
the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may_______.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing （词汇题 cap）
[B] stop local authorities from building homes 反
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt（与 A 反）
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast 发布 GDP 增加的预测。（无中生有）
6.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would
have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from
revenues.
look at [A]看〔某人或某物〕 The twins looked at each other and smiled. 这对双胞胎相视而笑。
[B]仔细地考虑，研究〔尤指要决定做什么〕We need to look very carefully at ways of improving
our efficiency. 我们需要仔细研究提高效率的方法。impact 作用；影响 [+on/upon] major /
significant / profound etc impact Higher mortgage rates have already had a major impact on
spending. 抵押借款利率提高已经对消费产生了重大影响。
fund [A]n. 基金；专款；[B]vt. 为〔活动、组织、事件等〕提供资金，资助。
development n. [A]发育，成长；发展；[B] 新开发区，新建住宅区 a new housing development
新建住宅区。 revenue 〔公司、机构的〕收益，收入
部长大臣们还应该考虑提高房屋租赁市场的稳定性，这将对注册租赁商们凭借租赁房屋所得
收入投资新的开发项目产生重大影响。
6.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would
have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from
revenues.
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.
[A]lower the costs of registered providers 无中生有
[B]lessen the impact of government interference 无中生有
[C]contribute to funding new developments
[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities 无中生有
7.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short
term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new
affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party
has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns
to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of
large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
be down to 归因于； in the short term/run 在短期内； face up to 勇于面对〔难以接受的事
实或问题〕 She had to face up to the fact that he was guilty. 她必须接受他有罪这一事实。
grant 〔尤指政府等发给的〕补助金，拨款；set 安排好的，设定的； extend vi.持续；延
长，推延〔期限〕； retain 保留，保有；继续拥有 You have the right to retain possession of the
goods. 你有权保留这些物品。Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the
marriage…2016 完形。 adjust （使）适应；（使）习惯 adapt
但这不仅仅是政府的责任。虽然这些措施在短期内将受到欢迎，但是我们必须面对现实：目
前用于投资经济适用房的 45 亿英镑拨款项目将于 2015 年到期，并且不可能延期。工党最近
宣布，如果能重掌大权，他们将保留大部分联合政府支出计划，房地产行业需要明白：我们
不可能回到大规模公共拨款的年代，我们需要适应当前变化的形势。
从下划线（前两句）可以看出，本段之前的内容涉及到了：
政府可以采取的措施
但这不仅仅是政府的责任。虽然这些措施在短期内将受到欢迎，但是我们必须面对现实：目
前用于投资经济适用房的 45 亿英镑拨款项目将于 2015 年到期，并且不可能延期。工党最近
宣布，如果能重掌大权，他们将保留大部分联合政府支出计划，房地产行业需要明白：我们
不可能回到大规模公共拨款的年代，我们需要适应当前变化的形势。
本段在进一步指出这些方案的：[A]积极作用；[B]局限性
回答：本段在进一步指出这些方案的局限性。（40 题）
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may______.
[A]implement more policies to support housing 反
[B]review the need for large-scale public grants 反
[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector
抓住学术写作思维：Problem and solution
一分钟时间，就下面的选项来判断是属于问题还是方案？
36. The author believes that the housing sector______.
[B] involves certain political factors （problem/solution）
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_______.
[C] suffered government biases （problem/solution）

38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may_______.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing（problem/solution）
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.
[C]contribute to funding new developments （problem/solution）
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may______.
[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector （problem/solution）
词组复盘
affordable housing
to some extent
return to
comprehensive review
should the blame
face up to
be down to
shove for attention
take a step
focus sb’s attention on
look at
address the need
put…to one side
cap

2022年4月阅读专项班讲义（不断更新中）

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2023 考研英语

感谢远在英国的 Susan Maingay 女士，是她树立了我在教学活动的榜样。与填鸭式教学相比，

第一篇 The wild gardens

克赖斯特彻奇是新西兰南岛的一个大城市。2010 年和 2011 年的两次大地震伤害了这座城市。

destroyB1; more than 超过；homeA1 住宅（house）；a part of ……的一部分

become 变得; dangerous 危险的 adj. (danger n.)；possible adj.可能的；

build houses 建造房屋；garden n.花园；fruit trees 果树；grow v.生长；

make fruit; make a decision 做决定; make strides 大踏步前进;

剑桥学习者语料库显示， （错误的）学习者经常说 get 生个孩子/出事故/找乐子；而没说 have

Michael McCarthy 2018.1.4

结合 the earthquakes 和本段第二句的 the city，理解定冠词 the 的用法。

形式主语 it:（to do 作逻辑主语）

To build new houses there is not possible.

It is not possible to build new houses there.

To do the right thing is important.做正确的事很重要。

It is important to do the right thing. 做正确的事很重要。

改写： …it is possible to reach its goal.

[A]To reach its goal is possible.

[B] Reach its goal is possible.

Gardens full of fruit trees are still there.

Gardens are full of fruit trees.

Gardens are still there.

They sent us some brochures.

Some brochures are full of information about the park.

请给这句话“There are shelves in the room.”增加”full of books”,并确保句子正确：

[A] There are shelves full of books in the room.

[B] There are shelves are full of books in the room.

本段中 get 出现了两次，分别理解为哪些含义？get；

获得 A1 We stopped on the way to get some breakfast. 我们在路上中途停车吃了点早饭。

变得 B1 He gets really upset if you mention his baldness. 你要是提他谢顶的事儿，他就会很生

expensive adj.昂贵的；recent adj.最近的 B1；look for 寻找；cheap adj.便宜的；

adj 野生的/未经栽培的未经驯化的 A2 wild grasses 野草

adj 未经开垦的 B2 a wild, mountainous region 荒无人烟的山区

pick 在文中和真题中分别是哪层含义：挑选 B1；摘下 B1

look for 寻找；happy adj.开心的；spend time 花费时间；nature n.自然；howA2 adv.如何

taste 吃起来好吃／难吃／甜（等等）This sauce tastes strange. 这种酱汁味道很怪。

super adj 超级的；market 市场；supermarket n.超市

level2 （蓝思指数 710）

2010 年和 2011 年，两次大地震摧毁了新西兰南岛最大城市克赖斯特彻奇的 7500 多所房屋。

the largest, the biggest, the+最高级（如 the biggest）

empty adj.空的; street 街道; backyardB1 后院，后花园；stay vi.停留;

inflation 通货膨胀；increase 增加;

根据例句，找出 forage 的搭配用法：

The pigs foraged in the woods for acorns. 那些猪在树林里找橡果吃。

discover v.发现（cover v.掩盖）

enjoy 享受……的乐趣 A1; 享有 C2

intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment 知识追求 enjoy 自由的环境 2009 选项

I only learned about the accident later. 那起事故我只是后来才听说的。

turn to doing/ turn to + n.

定冠词 the 的部分用法

level3 蓝思指数 960

在南岛最大的城市克赖斯特彻奇，觅食很受欢迎，在 2010 年和 2011 年，地震摧毁了 7500

His untidiness sends her crazy/mad/wild. 他的邋遢让她大为恼火。

local authority（尤指管理城市的）地方当局(authority 当权者 C1)

It is the first worldwide epidemic 1.designated by the World Health Organization in 41

连接 B1 connect the dots 连接点

第二篇 A study on autism

level1 蓝思指数 550

disorder 疾病 C1（an illness of the mind or body）

提问：本段中 have problems，在第二段和第三段分别是什么替换？

语法：动词不定式的省略 to do and to do = to do and do

to talk (with) and (to) interact with

one in xx: 每 xx 个中有一个；in the US; in the UK;

study v. 研究；for + 一段时间； work with 与交道；check 检查；

剑桥学习者语料库显示，（错误的）学习者经常说 get 生个孩子/出事故/找乐子；而没说 have